#schengen visa maritime | Explore Tumblr posts and blogs

rightsinexile · 8 years ago

Text

Asylum visas as an obligation under European Union (EU) law: Case PPU C-638/16 X, X v État belge

This article was written by Dr Violeta Moreno-Lax, Director and co-founder of the Immigration Law programme and co-director and co-founder of the Centre for European and International Legal Affairs at Queen Mary University of London. This piece was originally published in two parts by the Odysseus Network on their blog. Part I was published on 16 February 2017, and Part II was published on 21 February 2017. Both parts appear together here, and are reprinted with permission, and have been lightly edited to comply with Rights in Exile’s Submission & Style Guidelines. The case was eventually decided by the European Court of Justice on 7 March 2017, as discussed in the “Case Notes” section of this Newsletter.

Part I

On 7 February 2017, Advocate General Mengozzi handed down his Opinion in the case of X, X v État belge, regarding the right to visas of limited territorial validity (LTV) on humanitarian grounds when there is a risk that an applicant will be exposed to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment. The Advocate General’s opinion was handed down against the backdrop of difficult negotiations between the European Parliament and the Council on provisions for humanitarian visas in the recast Community Code on Visas. This blog post, published in two parts, was prepared before Advocate General Mengozzi handed down his Opinion in X, X, but it takes into account this opinion. It was presented at the Annual conference of the Odysseus Network on 10 February 2017.

This post draws on chapters 4 (visas), 7 (EU Charter), 8 (non-refoulement), 9 (asylum), and 10 (remedies) of Accessing asylum in Europe (Oxford University Press, forthcoming in 2017), and takes account of previous research here, here, here, and here (see further Academia).

Introduction: Background discussions on humanitarian visas

Discussions on humanitarian visas are not new. The measure was thoroughly examined in a study for the European Commission in 2002, resurfacing again in the context of the 2006 Green paper on asylum, and becoming the object of specific attention in the 2009 Stockholm Programme. A commitment to the development of a dedicated EU system of facilitated admission for asylum-seeking purposes was reiterated in 2013 in the Task Force Mediterranean communication, propounding a “holistic approach” to deal with maritime crossings and death at sea, and committing that “legal channels to safely access the European Union to be explored.” Momentum was somewhat lost thereafter, with the Commission establishing that protected-entry procedures “could complement resettlement, starting with a coordinated approach to humanitarian visas and common guidelines” in its 2014 communication on “An open and secure Europe.” But neither the guidelines nor the coordinated approach have ever materialized. The focus has, instead, been on (voluntary) resettlement - particularly after the EU-Turkey Statement was adopted in 2016. In fact, the reference to humanitarian visas disappeared from the 2015 European “Agenda on migration,” where legal channels for access to asylum were replaced with increased border control and cooperation with third countries to “prevent hazardous journeys.” The timid approach of the Commission and its stagnation in a permanent exploratory phase of “ways to promote a coordinated European approach” regarding “humanitarian permits” thus persists in the run up towards a reform of the common European asylum system.

In parallel, the negotiations on the recast Community Code on Visas (CCV), at the height of the so-called “refugee crisis,” have provided new impetus for further exchanges on this count, leading, however, to a polarization of political positions. While the European Parliament wants to clarify the regime applicable to humanitarian visas on the basis of existing provisions on limited territorial validity visas (LTVs) in the current version of the Code, the prevailing view at the Council opposes such a move - against the backdrop of the Bratislava declaration and roadmap insisting on border protection to “further bring down [the] number of irregular migrants,” and without consideration of international protection needs. Yet, within the Council, there are also stark divisions, with some of the “first entry” Member States being quite vocal on the urgency of finding a “solution” to boat arrivals. Most notably, the current Maltese presidency has advocated for the “opening up [of] humanitarian corridors to allow people fleeing conflict to cross the Mediterranean.” The idea is for the EU to “organize humanitarian safe passages… that would get recognized asylum seekers to Europe safely,” avoiding drowning and loss of life at sea - 5,083 died last year, surpassing the record figure of 3,777 reached in 2015, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM).

In the meantime, some Member States maintain measures for humanitarian admission as part of either ad hoc or more formalised resettlement or evacuation programmes, as a recent European Migration Network survey reveals. However, these are normally considered discretionary and managed largely ex gratia. The Belgian programme of humanitarian visas for family members of beneficiaries of international protection residing in Belgium, that provides the background to this post, is no exception in this regard. So, the question of whether there is ever, if at all, an obligation to allow entry through the issuance of a (LTV) visa under EU law is particularly relevant.

Request for preliminary ruling in Case PPU C-638/16 X, X v État belge

Case PPU C-638 X, X v Belgium revolves around the request for a Schengen visa by a family with two minor children of a young age from Aleppo, submitting an application under Article 25 of the CCV on account of humanitarian considerations, to allow the family to travel to Belgium and request asylum there. They assert the derelict situation obtaining in Syria, generally, and in Aleppo, in particular, with bombings and indiscriminate violence adding to direct attacks on the civil population by terrorist groups, government forces, and other fighting factions, as proof of the “extreme emergency” situation in which they are immersed - as documented by Amnesty International and denounced by the United Nations (UN) and Ban Ki-Moon himself, qualifying Aleppo “as synonym for hell.” They also raise the specific risk of persecution they face as Christians on religious grounds, and adduce evidence of past ill-treatment suffered by X at the hands of militia captors, who only liberated him upon ransom. These circumstances have not been disputed by the Belgian government (Conseil de contentieux des étrangers de Belgique Arrêt 179 108 du 8 décembre 2016) and are supported by statistics in Belgium, reaching a figure of 97.6% positive recognition rates for Syrians of the total 2,792 requests filed in 2015.

The situation in neighbouring countries, including Lebanon - where the visa was requested - Jordan and Turkey, was also presented as substantiating the family’s plight. Lebanon has terminated the registration process of refugees run since the beginning of the Syrian war, is not a contracting party to the 1951 Refugee Convention, and is not providing adequate assistance to current asylum seekers, hosting, as it is, the equivalent of 25% of its own population in Syrian exiles. Its Minister of Labour has actually called for the expulsion of Syrians to avoid clashes with the local population, inciting harassment against the displaced, with the Foreign Minister concurring that “the only sustainable solution to the crisis of the Syrian exodus to Lebanon is to return back the displaced persons to their homeland.” Jordan, in turn, housing over half a million Syrians and equally a non-party to the 1951 Convention, has closed its borders to further refugees, and has recently been accused of orchestrating an “ejection campaign” back to Syria. Finally, regarding Turkey, with nearly three million registered refugees, reliable sources have reported that “Turkish border guards are shooting and beating Syrian asylum seekers trying to reach Turkey.” The Turkish-Syrian passage is also closed and there are plans for a new border wall to stop crossings. Turkish President Erdogan’s forces have allegedly contributed to the degradation of the situation in Syria by bombing Kurdish militia, disregarding risks for civilians. In addition, as Amnesty International deplores, incidents of refoulement and illegal mass returns to Syria are on the rise since the conclusion of the EU-Turkey deal. Thus, none of these countries of transit towards the EU (and Belgium, in the present case) can be considered “safe third countries” pursuant to the Union’s own definition in the Asylum Procedures Directive (APD), requiring the absence of refoulement/ill-treatment risks and, crucially, “the possibility… to request refugee status and, if found to be a refugee, to receive protection in accordance with the Geneva Convention” (Article 38(1)(e) APD). Qualification of Turkey, Jordan or Lebanon as “first countries of asylum” is unjustified as well, considering the situation of refugees there - far from amounting to “sufficient protection… including benefiting from the principle of non-refoulement” in substantive and procedural terms (Article 35 APD).

Against this backdrop, the situation of the claimants, from both an individual and general perspective, taking account of subjective and objective factors together (Article 4 Qualification Directive), leaves no room to doubt that, if allowed to claim asylum, they would prima facie qualify as either refugees or beneficiaries of subsidiary protection - like 97.6% of Syrian claimants in Belgium in 2015 and 98% in EU-28 over the same period. This is also the view of the referring court, which however expresses doubts as to the extent of obligations under the Visa Code in these circumstances, regarding in particular two concrete points referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) for a preliminary ruling:

Do the “international obligations” referred to in Article 25(1)(a) CCV cover all the rights guaranteed by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFR), including, in particular, those guaranteed by Articles 4 and 18, and do they also cover obligations in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and Article 33 of the Geneva Convention?

A. In such case, must Article 25(1)(a) CCV be interpreted as meaning that, subject to its discretion with regard to the circumstances of the case, a Member State to which an application for a LTV visa has been made is required to issue the visa applied for, where a risk of infringement of Article 4 and/or Article 18 CFR or another international obligation by which it is bound is detected?

B. Does the existence of links between the applicant and the Member State to which the visa application has been made (for example, family connections) affect the answer to that question?

The key issues to elucidate are therefore the applicability of the CCV to the case, the remit of LTV provisions, and the extent of protection obligations to asylum and non-refoulement in the (extraterritorial) visa-issuing context.

The applicability of the CCV in international protection situations: LTVs

As Article 1 CCV makes clear, the Regulation establishes the procedures and conditions for issuing short-term visas under EU law and applies to “any third country national who must be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Member States” according to the Visa Regulation 539/2001 - which concerns all refugee-producing countries, including Syria. The motives underpinning the visa application are irrelevant at this juncture - they serve to assess the merits of the application (Article 21 CCV), but do not by themselves determine the applicability of the Visa Code per se (concurring: Mengozzi).

Contrary to the Belgian government’s allegations in X, X, the applicants’ intentions cannot alter the nature or subject of their claim, nor can they legally transform their application into one for a long-stay visa, thereby removing the applicants from the scope of application of the Visa Code. This would be tantamount to accepting, for instance, that failed asylum seekers were ab initio excluded from the remit of the Qualification Directive (QD) and the Asylum Procedures Directive (APD) because ex post, upon determination of their claims, it has been concluded that they did not qualify for refugee status or subsidiary protection. The fact that an application for either a visa or for international protection under EU law is dismissed on the merits (or even at the admissibility stage) cannot be confounded with the determination of whether the rules of the relevant instruments (i.e. the CCV or the QD+APD) apply to and govern the examination of the claim. The applicants’ circumstances (including motives and intentions) can therefore lead to the rejection of the application, but do not constitute a reason for the a priori non-application of the rules - that would be very dangerous, leading to a legal black-hole on imputed grounds, negating the rule of law. In fact, the linking factor to the QD+APD is simply that the person be an “applicant,” that is, “a third-country national… who has made an application for international protection in respect of which a final decision has not yet been taken” (Article 2(i) QD). Similarly, regarding the CCV, its rules apply to any “application” meaning “an application for a visa” submitted by a “third-country national,” that is, “any person who is not a citizen of the Union” whose entry is subject to obtaining a visa (Article 2(10) and 2(1) CCV).

On that basis, Schengen visas are conceived of as “authorisations issued by a Member State with a view to transit through or stay in the territory of the Member States of a duration of no more than three months in any six-month period” (Article 2(2) CCV). But, crucially, there is no discretion to “refuse… to issue such a visa to an applicant unless one of the grounds for refusal… listed in [the CCV] provisions can be applied to that applicant” (Koushkaki). So, although visas are not issued “as of right” to those requesting them, neither can they be considered as completely dependent on Member State whims. Sovereign discretion is delimited and constrained by EU law.

Arguably, this applies to the LTV provisions in the Code. The only difference with “normal” visas, as to its effects, is that LTVs grant access to the territory of the issuing Member State only - instead of to the entire Schengen zone (Article 2(4) CCV). Otherwise, it appears that LTVs “shall be issued” when the criteria of Article 25 CCV are met (concurring: Peers). That provision foresees that “on humanitarian grounds… or because of international obligations” it may be “necessary” for Member States “to derogate from the principle that the entry conditions laid down in Article [6(1)] of the Schengen Borders Code must be fulfilled.” In fact, the Schengen Borders Code (SBC) applies “without prejudice to… the rights of refugees and persons requesting international protection” (Article 3(b) SBC). The exception to entry rules on account of “humanitarian grounds… or because of international obligations” is explicitly contemplated in the body of the Code (Article 6(5)(c) SBC) - to which visa rules explicitly refer (Article 21 CCV). Yet, the Belgian government’s interpretation highlights the discretionary elements of Article 25 CCV’s formulation. The wording is indeed equivocal and could lead to opposing constructions. While the text stipulates that a LTV “shall be issued… for reasons of national interest or because of international obligations,” it also indicates that this be “exceptionally” and only “when… a Member State considers it necessary.” Thus, whether there is an obligation to issue a LTV under certain circumstances, and whether such circumstances must be appraised in light of fundamental rights is open to contention. That there is a margin of appreciation seems undisputable. What remains to be clarified is the extent to which this margin is subject to and structured by the “humanitarian grounds” and “international obligations” mentioned therein.

Leaving momentarily aside the issue of the extent of the margin of appreciation, it is advanced that the effect of Article 25 CCV is to carve out an exception to “normal” exclusion rules defined in Article 32 CCV, enumerating the circumstances in which a visa should “normally” be denied. Rules on visa refusals under Article 32 CCV (i.e. the rule) should be interpreted as being “neutralized” by Article 25 CCV (i.e. the exception). They apply “without prejudice to Article 25(1) [CCV].” Article 25 CCV should thus be taken to create a parallel, exceptional regime to cater for Member State obligations arising, inter alia, in the context of “the right to asylum and to international protection,” as established in the Schengen Code. Indeed, Article 14(1) SBC encloses the twin provision of Article 32 CCV, requiring Member States to refuse entry to the Schengen zone to third-country nationals not fulfilling the normal conditions for admission, but indicating - as Article 32 CCV does in the framework of the visa-issuing procedure - that this be “without prejudice to the application of special provisions concerning [refugees].” So, as much as refusals of entry are subject to respect for “the Charter of Fundamental Rights [CFR]… relevant international law, including… the Geneva Convention, [and] obligations related to access to international protection, in particular the principle of non-refoulement” (Article 4 SBC), so too are visa rejections, as per the terms of the CCV Preamble (Recital 29).

So, coming back to the point on discretion, whatever the margin of manoeuvre allowed to Member States under Article 25 CCV, it must be concluded that it remains subject to the fundamental rights acquis, as foreseen by Recital 29 CCV. In any case, subjection to primary law (including fundamental rights) within the EU legal order does not require specific assertion to this effect. Its primacy is constitutionally scheduled in the Treaties and in case law. Hence, whether the term “international obligations” used in Article 25(1)(a) CCV implicitly encompasses CFR obligations, as per Question 1 of the referring court, is not crucial (similarly: Mengozzi). The very structure of internal EU sources mandates subordination of rules of secondary law to the dispositions of primary law. As the CJEU has consistently held, where “the wording of secondary law is open to more than one interpretation, preference should be given to the interpretation which renders the provision consistent with the [EU] Treaty” (Ordre des Barreaux, para. 28). This same tenet has been reiterated in the asylum context, with the judgment in the case of NS v. Secretary of State for the Home Department & ME and others v. Refugee Applications Commission and Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform (NS & ME), making clear that “Member States must… make sure they do not rely on an interpretation of an instrument of secondary legislation which would be in conflict with the fundamental rights protected by the EU legal order or with the other general principles of EU law” (NS & ME, para. 77). This is in line with the place reserved to fundamental rights within the hierarchy of sources, as founding values of the Union (Article 2 TEU) and as standards of validity/legality of EU acts (Article 6 TEU and 263 TFEU).

Consequently, the fact that the Visa Manual fails to contemplate the situation of asylum seekers as specific scenarios in which the issuance of a LTV may be justified is without consequence. Whether the list of examples provided therein is intended to be exhaustive is also irrelevant, as is the legal nature of the Manual (as either binding or non-binding). Being an act of the European Commission, its interpretation and application remains subject to the Treaties (and the Charter). And neither the Manual nor, ultimately, the Visa Code can limit the effect of primary law (Siples, para. 17).

The applicability of the CCV to X and X’s plight, as third-country nationals from a country requiring visas for entry into Schengen territory and the fact that the LTV provision and the margin of appreciation under Article 25 CCV must be interpreted in light of (and in line with) primary law, should, therefore, be beyond doubt. What remains to be determined is the extent of that margin, which in turn depends on the determination of the precise scope of application of EU fundamental rights, so as to provide a complete answer to the first question referred to the CJEU. This issue will be fully assessed in Part II.

Part II

Drawing on Part I of this post, the object of Part II is to determine the extent of the margin of appreciation available to Member States under Article 25 CCV. On the basis of the conclusion from Part I that the Community Code on Visas (CCV) applies to X and X (Case PPU C-638 X, X v Belgium), what remains to be established to answer thoroughly the questions of the referring court is the applicability of the Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFR) and the consequences ensuing in such situation.

Limited territorial validity visas (LTVs), extraterritoriality, and the Charter of Fundamental Rights

I have argued elsewhere that “jurisdiction” has no bearing in the interpretation of the scope of application of the EU Charter (concurring: Mengozzi). Statist notions of “sovereign authority” and “effective control,” as they operate in the framework of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), are inapplicable within EU law. The only threshold criterion for the application of the Charter relates to the “EU-relevant” nature of the situation at stake. If there is a connecting link making EU law relevant to the case, then the Charter provisions apply as well. This is the conclusion of Fransson, establishing that “situations cannot exist which are covered in that way by European Union law without… fundamental rights being applicable. The applicability of EU law entails applicability of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Charter” (para. 21).

Thus, territoriality plays no role in this regard. What counts is whether the EU or the Member States are acting within the remit of EU law. Charter provisions are addressed to “the institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the Union… and to the Member States only when they are implementing Union law.” As a result, they “shall” respect Charter rights and principles, promoting the application thereof within the realm of their respective powers (Article 51(1) CFR).

Following the Charter Explanations, the issuance or refusal of visas under the CCV amounts to a clear instance of “implementing EU law,” as it entails direct application of an EU Regulation to the case at hand. Indeed, as per the CJEU, a “regulation is binding ‘in its entirety’ for Member States. In consequence, it cannot be accepted that a Member State should apply in an incomplete or selective manner provisions of a [EU] Regulation so as to render abortive certain aspects of [EU] legislation which it has opposed or which it considers contrary to its national interests” (Commission v. Italy, para. 20). Consequently, where activities covered by the Visa Code take place (e.g. consideration of LTV requests under Article 25 CCV), a fortiori the guarantees therein become applicable as well (as per Recital 29 CCV. See Part I of this post).

Even the use of an option/derogation/exception provided for by the CCV - such as that contemplated in the wording of Article 25(1)(a), employing the terms “when… consider[ing] it necessary” - is covered by this notion (concurring: Mengozzi). Borrowing from the CJEU, a “discretionary power” conferred on the Member States by an instrument of EU law forms part of the system regulated thereby and, as such, “a Member State which exercises that discretionary power must be considered as implementing EU law within the meaning of Article 51(1) of the Charter” (NS & ME). Thus, the applicability of the CCV and the Charter provisions to the case of X, X cannot be disclaimed.

LTVs and EU non-refoulement

The principle of non-refoulement forms part of the fundamental rights acquis as an absolute protection; the substance of Article 3 ECHR has been “absorbed” within the EU legal order in several guises. Non-refoulement forms part of the general principles of EU law (Elgafaji), it has been codified in primary law in Articles 4 and 19 CFR, and it has equally entered the text of EU acts of secondary law regarding external borders (Articles 3(b) and 4 SBC). The principle thus penetrates the Union system all-pervasively - in line with its standing as a canon of customary international law (Bethlehem/Lauterpacht), if not a jus cogens norm (Allain).

Focusing on its concrete manifestation as a rule of primary law, drawing on the Charter Explanations, Article 4 CFR must be read as including the substance of the protection enshrined in Article 3 ECHR (and, it is posited, also that of Article 33 of the 1951 Convention). This “cumulative standards” approach (Accessing Asylum in Europe) understands Charter provisions to “reaffirm” individual rights “as they result, in particular, from the constitutional traditions and international obligations common to the Member States,” including those flowing from the ECHR and the CSR51 - this is the interpretative technique generally followed in EU asylum case law (e.g. Abdulla). Following Advocate General Trstenjak in her opinion on NS, “[e]ven though an infringement of the Geneva Convention or the ECHR… must be distinguished strictly, de jure, from any associated infringement of EU law, there is, as a rule, a de facto parallel in such a case between the infringement of the Geneva Convention or the ECHR and the infringement of EU law” - accordingly, Member States’ “legitimate concern to foil the increasingly frequent attempts to circumvent immigration restrictions must not deprive asylum seekers of the protection afforded by these conventions” (mutatis mutandis, Amuur, para. 43; confirmed: M.S.S., para. 216).

Therefore, ratione materiae, any measure “the effect of which is to prevent migrants from reaching the borders of the State [concerned]” may amount to refoulement if it exposes the applicant to ill-treatment (Hirsi, para. 180; confirmed: Sharifi, paras 112 and 115). There is no need to prove direct causation, as the matter is one of prospective harm; foreseeability of a “real risk” suffices in this regard. So, a visa refusal the consequence of which is to prevent access to safety may well impinge upon Article 3 ECHR and Article 4 CFR. The fact that the applicant may have (in the abstract) a possibility to address her request to a different State is immaterial, particularly because “this possibility becomes theoretical if no other country offering protection comparable to the protection they expect to find in the country where they are seeking asylum is inclined or prepared to take them in” (Amuur, para. 48; confirmed: M.S.S., para. 216) - as is the case of X and X.

Yet, any restrictions ratione loci or ratione personae attached to Article 3 ECHR or Article 33 CSR51 are not transposable to Article 4 CFR in disregard of its specific design (see, resisting similarly limitative transplants from IHL, focusing instead on the text/context/purpose of EU law: Diakité and commentary). The protection against refoulement envisaged in the Charter covers everyone without exception (unlike Article 33 CSR51), and its territorial reach depends only on Article 51 CFR. As noted by Mengozzi (paras 97-101), the ECHR (and arguably also the CSR51) work as minimum floors of protection below which the CFR cannot fall, but they should not be taken to prevent the more extensive protection that EU law can and does provide in several respects (Article 52(3) CFR; cf. Elgafaji vs. Article 3 ECHR case law prior to Sufi & Elmi). The incorporation of foreign, unwritten limitations into the text of the Charter would violate the principles of legality and narrow interpretation of exceptions under EU law (Article 52(1) CFR) and go equally against the autonomous construction of EU notions as per the independent requirements of the system, constraining their application on the basis of restrictions imposed elsewhere and for purposes alien to the CFR - whose ultimate goal is explicitly to “strengthen the protection of fundamental rights” (Recital 4).

Yet, as evidenced during discussions at the second Annual Conference of the Odysseus Network, there are some who insist that the phrase: “the meaning and scope of [CFR] rights [which correspond to ECHR rights] shall be the same as those laid down by the [ECHR]” in Article 52(3) CFR mandates incorporation within the remit of application of Article 4 CFR of the territorial restrictions applicable to Article 3 ECHR due to Article 1 ECHR. This, however, would negate the specific nature and objectives of the Charter within the (separate) EU legal order and break the coherence governing the entire fragmenting the territorial scope of Charter provisions depending on exogenous conditions originating in a different legal regime, so that CFR rights drawing on ECHR rights would depend on Article 1 ECHR to define their scope of territorial application, while the remit ratione loci of other CFR provisions would be determined by Article 51 CFR alone. This would negate the explicit terms of Article 51 CFR, which, as its title clearly indicates, is the lex specialis, within the Charter system, governing its (entire) “field of application.” Constraining the territorial application of Article 4 CFR to Article 1 ECHR through a selective interpretation of Article 52(3) CFR (which explicitly foresees that “this provision shall not prevent EU law providing more extensive protection”), sidelining the literal tenor of Article 51 CFR, constitutes a contra legem interpretation that is unsustainable under EU law. Paraphrasing the Strasbourg Court, to accept this and “to afford [Article 4 CFR in line with Article 1 ECHR dispositions] a strictly territorial scope, would result in a discrepancy between the scope of application of the [Charter] as such [as governed by Article 51 CFR] and that of [Article 4 CFR], which would go against the principle [of coherence],” demanding that the Charter “be interpreted as a whole” (Hirsi, para. 178).

A similar move was attempted in the context of the Bank Saderat Iran case, where the General Court refused the import of limitations ensuing from Article 34 ECHR in the interpretation of CFR provisions (in an extraterritorial case), chiefly on the ground that “Article 34 ECHR is a procedural provision which is not applicable to procedures before the Courts of the European Union” (para. 36). The same should occur regarding the import of Article 1 ECHR constraints on Article 3 ECHR (and equivalent interpretations of Article 33 CSR51) when appraising visa-issuing proceedings under the CFR.

Otherwise, if the CJEU decided to break the coherence of Charter provisions and accept a reduction of the scope of application of Article 4 CFR through the back door, it would still be confronted with the fact that visa issuance is one of the undisputed legal bases granting extraterritorial de jure jurisdiction to Member States that the Strasbourg Court has consistently acknowledged as triggering the action of Article 1 ECHR. Indeed, “recognised instances of the extra-territorial exercise of jurisdiction by a State include cases involving the activities of its diplomatic or consular agents abroad… In these specific situations, customary international law and treaty provisions have recognised the extra-territorial exercise of jurisdiction by the relevant State” (Bankovic, para. 73; confirmed: Al-Skeini, para. 134). And, according to Article 5(d) Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, visa issuance cannot but be considered part and parcel of those ‘activities’, being explicitly listed as consular functions exercised on behalf of the issuing State, as a manifestation of its sovereign right to control entry by foreigners into territorial domain. Thus, even if the territorial scope of Article 4 CFR was to be subjected to Article 1 ECHR, the applicability of EU non-refoulement to the case of X, X would be inescapable (in this line: Spijkerboer/Brouwer/Al Tamimi).

Regarding the possible margin of appreciation left to Member States to assess the circumstances in which the refusal of a LTV may lead to refoulement, in light of the circumstances (general and personal) of the applicants in X, X, this is non-existent in the present case - considering the dire situation in Aleppo, Syria, and neighbouring States. Generally, as AG Mengozzi underlines (paras 121, 129, 131), the exercise of discretionary clauses in EU instruments is subject to Member State obligations under the Charter. Thus, before refusing a visa under Article 32 CCV, account must be taken of the consequences, in light, especially, of the (absolute) prohibition of refoulement under Article 4 CFR. If the refusal may lead to a “real risk” of exposing the applicant to irreversible harm, the option to issue a LTV contemplated in Article 25 CCV turns into an obligation to deliver one to avoid the risk from materialising (concurring: Mengozzi, para. 132 ff). If there are no other practicable alternatives to ensure (in law and in practice) the effet utile of non-refoulement, the issuance of a LTV becomes compulsory. Any other construction would render “practically impossible or excessively difficult the exercise of rights conferred by [Union] law” (Unibet, para. 43), contrary to the aspiration of the Charter to “guarantee real and effective… protection” (mutatis mutandis, Von Colson, para. 23).

In such cases, a negative obligation not to refouler enjoins Member States to engage in positive action. As adjudged in Căldăraru (paras 90 and 94), “it follows from the case-law of the ECHR that Article 3 ECHR imposes, on the authorities of the [Member] State[s]…a positive obligation” to ensure compliance with the prohibition of ill-treatment, which applies in relation to Article 4 CFR as well (as the provision shares the same “meaning and scope” ratione materiae pursuant to Article 52(3) CFR).

In these circumstances, like in similar scenarios governed by the principle of mutual trust, the requirement to comply with fundamental rights requires Member States to set their reciprocal confidence aside so as to honour absolute obligations under the CFR (N.S. & M.E., paras 79-86 and 94-98). Mutual trust cannot “undo” CFR duties, nor can it modify their nature and extent. So, an interpretation that would make observance of international obligations into “exceptions” to the system of inter-State confidence (to be narrowly construed) would amount to putting the cart before the horses, ignoring the hierarchy of sources within Union law (Kadi I, paras 169-170). It is the margin of appreciation of Member States that is subordinate to compliance with CFR duties, not the scope of CFR provisions which are subject to sovereign discretion. EU countries do have an “undeniable sovereign right to control aliens’ entry into and residence in their territory,” but that right “must be exercised in accordance with [CFR obligations]” (mutatis mutandis, Amuur, para. 41).

Accordingly, the reply to Question 2 must be in the affirmative, so that Article 25(1)(a) CCV be interpreted as meaning that a Member State to which an application for a LTV visa has been made is required to issue the visa applied for, where a real risk of infringement of Article 4 CFR is detected (Mengozzi, paras 3 and 163).

To that end (and in accordance with the rights to good administration and effective judicial protection in Articles 41 and 47 CFR), national authorities must take account of both the general and particular circumstances of the applicant concerned (Article 4 QD), relying on published sources and taking proactive steps to ascertain the reality of the risks faced by the him/her, “carrying out a thorough and individualised examination of the situation of the person concerned” (Tarakhel, para. 104; Article 4 SBC), “before any individual measure which would affect him or her adversely is taken” (M.M., para. 83). Knowledge of the circumstances will otherwise be imputed on the Member State (M.S.S., para. 358; Hirsi, para. 121; N.S. & M.E., para. 88; Mengozzi, para. 140 ff) and failure to adopt preventative means to spare the applicant from foreseeable harm will amount to a violation of the CFR.

The absence of links between the applicant and the Member State to which the visa application is made has no effect in this constellation (concurring: Mengozzi, para. 161). As much as “[t]he source of the risk does nothing to alter the level of protection guaranteed by [non-refoulement],” neither does the concurrence of additional connecting factors to the requested Member State (Tarakhel, para. 104). Requiring additional criteria would actually amount to indirectly introducing a (prohibited) limitation to non-refoulement (cf. Article 52(1) CFR), upsetting its absolute nature.

LTVs and the EU Right to Asylum

Space constraints impede the thorough examination of the additional effect on LTVs of the right to asylum enshrined in Article 18 CFR. I invite readers to peruse ch. 9 of Accessing asylum in Europe for a detailed account. Suffice it to note here that the principle of effectiveness pleads against a reductionist construction of Article 18 CFR that would render the protection it affords redundant or subsumed within Article 4 or 19 CFR. Its content shall be appraised as being distinct from a (reiterative) protection against refoulement. That it entails a right to recognition for one of the international protection statuses recognised within EU law should be beyond doubt (Article 78 TFEU). Both Articles 13 and 18 QD use the imperative “shall” to establish the obligation on Member States to accord asylum to those qualifying under the Qualification Directive (QD) provisions - an issue that the CJEU has also clarified, noting that “[u]nder Article 13 of the Directive, the Member State is required to grant refugee status to the applicant if he qualifies…” (Abdulla, para. 62), applying the same logic to Article 18 QD, according to which “Member States are to grant that status to a third-country national eligible for subsidiary protection” (M’Bodj, para. 29). In this framework, the QD provisions should be considered to constitute concrete specifications of the right to asylum in the CFR (mutatis mutandis, Mangold) - which, however, do not exhaust its independent substance.

The personal scope of the EU right to asylum, despite the absence of a subject in the wording of the Charter provision, should be considered to cover third-country nationals generally (in line with the Asylum Protocol and as confirmed by the CEAS instruments adopted so far). And territorially speaking, the remit ratione loci of Article 18 CFR should not vary from that of the (entire) Charter. Here again, the principle of coherence points in this direction, as does the fact that Article 51 CFR is a horizontal provision governing the “field of application” of the Charter as a whole.

If this is true, the exercise of the right to asylum must be made possible, both in law and in practice - regardless of territorial considerations. There must be a legal means to ensure safe and regular access to asylum for refugee visa applicants, as in X, X, to be capable of effectively enjoying their entitlement to international protection under EU law. Depriving the claimants of a legal channel to exercise what is their legitimate right under the Charter cannot be considered a good faith interpretation/application of the CFR provisions (similarly: Mengozzi, para. 163).

Conclusions and implications

Several conclusions derive from the foregoing analysis that can be briefly recounted:

1. First of all, there is a pressing need to de-politicize refugee/asylum seeker rights and interpret/apply them as any other of the subjective entitlements deriving from the EU acquis;

2. In this line, EU law interpreters/implementers ought to stop importing legal categories/limitations from exogenous systems and treat the CFR as first rank primary law, faithfully adhering to its provisions, in light of their object and purpose (as made explicit in its preamble and the Charter Explanations);

3. Relatedly, since the EU is not a State, the import of statist notions of sovereignty and territory as litmus tests determining the applicability of Charter protections is unwarranted;

4. The scope of application of EU rights is the same as that of EU law generally, as determined by the Court (Fransson);

5. And the applicability of EU law (simply) depends on the concurrence of a connecting factor/relevant link that renders the particular situation “EU-relevant”;

6. Therefore, measures of EU border and pre-border control remain subject to compliance with EU fundamental rights, including in the context of visa-issuing procedures under the CCV;

7. So, where the CCV applies, the CFR follows, and, with it, so does EU protection against refoulement under Article 4 CFR (as well as the right to asylum in Article 18 CFR);

8. As a result, when contemplating the denial of a visa under Article 32 CCV, where this could lead to a “real risk” of a prospective violation of Charter rights (especially those of an absolute nature), the faculty foreseen in Article 25 CCV must be used to deliver a LTV to ensure protection in conformity with CFR standards;

9. Indeed, where there are no other legal and practicable alternatives, as in the case of X and X (Mengozzi, para. 157), positive action must be adopted by the Member States to “guarantee not rights that are theoretical or illusory but rights that are practical and effective” (Artico, para. 33);

10. The “floodgates” point raised by the Belgian government is irrelevant in this context - regardless of its hypothetical potential side-effect as an incentive to step up international assistance to Lebanon and ensure effective protection within the region of origin (cf. Spijkerboer/Brouwer/Al Tamimi, para. 5.2). There are several reasons buttressing this conclusion - some of which have already been identified by Mengozzi himself (para. 169 ff):

10.1 The point is empirically unsubstantiated, as demonstrated by the numbers concerned in past experiences with evacuation and resettlement schemes. Plus, in the remote case of a mass influx deriving from an application of Article 25 CCV in line with the CFR, the Temporary Protection Directive provides the tools to cope with the issue. The clogging of Member State embassies is anyway improvable. The number of visas issued daily in EU-28 is in the thousands, with the system having never collapsed on that account - according to the European Commission, in 2015 alone, Member States managed to issue a total “14.3 million visas for short stays” without incidents. But if a rationalization of the LTV system was desired nonetheless, the CCV provides tailor-made options to this effect, leaving ample freedom for Member States to manage applications electronically, for instance, or with the collaboration of honorary consuls or via Common Application Centres (Article 40 ff CCV), which would allow coordination with Dublin rules.

10.2 Yet, the floodgates argument is misplaced on a more fundamental level. It reifies beneficiaries of Charter entitlements reducing them to a “mass” or a collective figure, diminishing the agency and dignity of rights-bearers. Above all, the fear of numbers does not constitute a legal argument, let alone one capable of warranting the limitation of absolute rights. In truth, compliance with the CFR is not optional or open to negotiation (Article 6 TEU and Article 51 CFR), and given the “absolute character” of the rights concerned, even a mass influx or other commensurate difficulties “cannot absolve a State of its obligations under [the relevant] provision[s]” (Hirsi, paras 122-23). Potential “problems with managing migratory flows cannot justify recourse to practices which are not compatible with the State’s obligations…” (Hirsi, paras 179). Thus, the CJEU, when deciding on X, X should strictly adhere to EU law (Article 19 TEU), avoiding political or ideologically motivated temptations.

#violeta #moreno-lax #article #refugees #april #2017 #april 2017

1 note · View note

interportfr · 10 days ago

Text

How to Ensure Hassle-Free Crew Transfers at French Ports

An efficient crew transfer process is essential to the smooth performance of maritime business. French ports, being global gateways to shipping, therefore require careful planning and execution. Whether it be visa issuance, transportation, or medical assistance, a streamlined process is essential both for seafarers and shipping companies. Below are some practical strategies on how to guarantee hassle-free crew transfers at French ports.

1. Partner with a Reliable Crew Ship Agency

The best way of ensuring smooth crew transfers is by working with a specialized crew ship agency. Agencies like Interport Crew Services, who have more than 25 years of experience in France, give end-to-end support for crew changes. Such agencies handle everything from Schengen visa applications to in-land transportation and port coordination, making them indispensable partners to shipping companies and handling agencies.

A reliable crew ship agency ensures that any form of visa will be handled professionally. This reduces the chances of delays and log jamming caused by the shift. This becomes very important at a busy port in France since port regulations and local laws must be followed.

2. Visa Assistance Could Be Simplified

Crew members entering or leaving Europe must have Schengen visas, which is a time-consuming and involved process, particularly if they are arriving at one of the major airports such as Paris (CDG), Munich, Zurich, or Frankfurt.

It becomes easy through specialized crewing agencies for seafarers like Interport Crew Services. They ensure that the visa is issued correctly and on time so that the crew member boards his ship in time. Having expertise in processing visas will not result in any breach of immigration law; hence, they save time and money for the ship management companies.

3. Enhance Transportation Arrangements

Transportation is another vital part of smooth crew transfers. Proper transfer of personnel between airports, ports, and other destinations can be efficiently carried out by well-kept and maintained vehicles.

Interport offers several vehicles to meet different group size requirements:

Volkswagen Caddy: Can accommodate up to 4 seamen with their luggage.

Renault Trafic: For 9 seamen and their belongings.

Mercedes Centobus: Suitable for large groups of up to 30 seamen.

Agencies ensure on-time and comfortable transfers by offering flexible transport solutions that cater to the needs of the crew, which is crucial for minimizing stress during transfers.

4. All-Inclusive Crew Services

Crew members require more than just transportation and visas. Such services include repatriation and accommodation arrangements, as well as dealing with medical emergencies. Interport Crew Services offers the best services in medical assistance and repatriation support.

With many years of experience, they have built solid relationships with airlines, which include Lufthansa, Emirates, and Air France, which ensures safe journey preparations. Such relationships are precious for last-minute modifications or emergencies, wherein short responses are important.

5. Focus on Sanitary and Safety Standards

Safety and hygiene have become top priorities, especially in recent years. Ensuring that vehicles and accommodations meet stringent sanitary standards is essential to protecting crew members' health.

Interport's promise of safety incorporates clean and sanitary vehicles, conformity to international health regulations, and coordination that keeps the crew's exposure to risks to a minimum. This promise of safety gives a sense of confidence and trust to the seafarers and their employers.

6. Harness Local Expertise

French ports, including Marseille, Le Havre, and Dunkirk, have their peculiar regulations and procedures that are rather difficult to tackle for international shipping companies. Local knowledge is very crucial in dealing with these complexities.

Interport Crew Services is very familiar with French port operations and is well-versed in local rules to ensure smooth changes of crew and avoid potential fines or delays.

They are well-versed with the local customs and procedures, making them a reliable partner for stress-free crew transfers.

7. Contingency Planning

Other sources of disruptions include unavoidable events such as flight delays or medical cases. A plan must always be provided. This includes working with a crew ship agency that can quickly adapt to changes and offer alternative options.

Interport is always available, 24/7. This means that no matter how unexpected the situation may be, Interport addresses them without delay. Whether it's in rebooking flights or arranging alternative transportation, their proactive stance minimizes disruptions.

8. Ensure Transparent Communication

Clear communication between all stakeholders—including crewing assistants, ship managers, and crew members—is essential for smooth operations. Regular updates on schedules, visa approvals, and transport arrangements help avoid misunderstandings and delays.

Interport Crew Services excels in maintaining transparent communication, ensuring all parties are well-informed at every step of the process.

Conclusion

A good hassle-free transfer at French ports demands proper planning, reliable partnerships, and a focus on safety and efficiency. From assisting with visa applications to arranging transportation and providing medical support, all details will help in creating an efficient experience for seafarers and their employers.

It is now over 25 years that Interport Crew Services has remained the premier provider for all crew changes performed in French ports. The knowledge and attention to excellence offered to manning agencies and ship management companies create an irreplaceable business partner for accessing premium services from French ports. Learn more about Interport's superior seamless crew transfer by calling us today.

#crewing agencies for seafarers #crewing assistant #crew services #crew ship agency

0 notes

travel-blog-incitysearch · 4 years ago

Text

Portugal

Portugal is a country for hedonists with a long history. Wandering the cozy streets of its cities, you can feel for a moment somewhere in Spain or southern France. With one fundamental difference: there are almost no ubiquitous tourists format "galloping across Europe", this place - rather for wealthy travelers who prefer a special, elitist vacation. Here they value tradition, honor the rich historical heritage, know how to enjoy life and not stingy on comfort, creating it for themselves and for dear in every sense of the word guests. Breathing in the smell of oranges and eucalyptus, strolling along the waterfront, enjoying wine to the sad songs of Fado in picturesque cafes, you can get to know the real Europe - the one that is too proud and beautiful to participate in the tourist race.

Regions and resorts of Portugal

Photo by nextvoyage on Pixabay The capital is Lisbon, which became the center of the country in the 13th century and 5 centuries later was destroyed by an earthquake, but quickly regained its greatness. The most famous attraction is St. George's Castle: a formidable fortress on a hill which once belonged to a Moorish emir and later to the Portuguese kings. The Lisbon Cathedral, which has survived the earthquake and shows traces of Rococo, Baroque, Gothic and Neoclassical architecture, is also a survivor. There are beaches in the vicinity of the capital - a succession of fashionable resorts called the Lisbon Riviera. The main attraction of Lisbon are the winding streets of the old neighborhoods: meandering between the neat houses with a azulejos tile decor, you can not help but feel the mood of the city. The second most visited city is Porto, which leads its history since the 4th century. The best place to start in the capital of Porto - no, not the bar - is the historic center, protected by UNESCO. Here are both the fortress-like cathedral and the impressively sized Church of São Francisco.

Photo by BernardoUPloud on Pixabay Tired of being monumental, head to the Ribeira neighborhood, with its colorful little houses that overlap each other to create a charming atmosphere. And after the tour, it's time to relax on any of the fine or sandy beaches in the city. Fifty kilometers north of Porto is Braga, the center of Portuguese Catholicism with the residence of the Archbishop. Not surprisingly, the main tourist attractions here are cathedrals and churches built in Gothic, Romanesque and other styles. Coimbra's main attraction is the oldest university in the country - a complex of smart baroque buildings, including even the former royal palace. It's also a great shopping experience with plenty of bookstores, boutiques and antique shops. Évora is also an ideal place for gastronomic pleasures: its cheeses, desserts and wines are over the top. Nourish your appetite by exploring the architectural beauty of the surrounding countryside, some beautifully preserved Neolithic monuments, and the ruins of a Roman temple and medieval cathedrals in the city itself. For the tastiest seafood, head to Faro, which is usually the starting point of excursions to the south of Portugal. The port restaurants are a handy place to stop by, right from the Blue Flag beach. Obidos - a small town and very cozy: snow-white villas, paved walkways, bright flowerbeds, as if came off a beautiful postcard. Found a place here and the sights: worth just a medieval castle, where if you want - and enough thickness of the purse - you can even spend the night. Setúbal is also known for its beautiful scenery and ancient architecture - the forts and cathedrals are a sight to behold in the mountains. See the full list of Portugal's cities and resorts on our page. Portugal is in two time zones: UTC-1 and UTC. The Azores are in UTC-1. The rest of the country (e.g. the cities of Porto and Faro) is in UTC time zone. In summer, the clocks in Portugal are changed.

Portugal's climate

Photo by Leslin_Liu on Pixabay Portugal has a subtropical Mediterranean climate: mild, without sharp fluctuations in temperature. In the north, due to the Gulf Stream, the maritime climate prevails. Summers are dry and sunny, but not hot (average temperature about +20 ° C, in the mountains - about +18 ° C), winter is cool (from +4 ° to +10 ° C) and rainy. In the south of the country is warm and dry. Average January temperature is +5 … +10 ° C, July +20 … +27 ° C. The water in summer warms up to +20 … +23 ° C. The best way to get acquainted with Portugal from May to October, the weather at this time is almost always warm and sunny, the rain is a rarity, and you'll feel comfortable on the beach and on foot. But be careful about swimming: because of the ocean currents the water on the Portuguese coast is cool. Swimming is better to the south of Lisbon, where the Atlantic is warmer by 2-3 ° C, and the difference is noticeable. North of the capital, most vacationers prefer to sunbathe and enjoy the scenery. Spring is the best time for surfing, but in winter it's rainy, although the sun often returns to the south.

Visa and customs

Portugal is a Schengen country, and Russian citizens need a visa and insurance to visit the country. Import and export of foreign currency is not limited. When entering from non-EU countries, amounts over 10,000 EUR are subject to mandatory declaration. The prices on this page are for September 2018. You can import duty-free 200 cigarettes (alternatively, 250 g of tobacco or 50 cigars), 1 liter of spirits and 2 liters of wine. Allowed 500 g of coffee and 100 g of tea, 50 ml of perfume and 250 ml of toilet water. Importing and exporting drugs, items of historical value, weapons and ammunition, as well as animals and plants listed as endangered species are prohibited. Potatoes produced outside the European Union, any meat and milk products and chocolate are also banned. Tax free Prices in Portugal are quite high, so the Tax free system is very useful here. You can save up to 10-14%, the tax is returned on purchases worth 61 EUR and more in stores participating in the program. You will get two receipts: a regular cash register receipt and a special tax-free receipt, which you can fill out on your own or delegate this task to a salesperson with a foreign passport. The second part of the challenge is at the airport. Arriving at the airport at least 4 hours before departure you have to show the customs agent the unpacked goods, both receipts and your passport, get a special stamp and go to the Global Blue desk for the issuance of VAT. Information on check-in points Tax-Free - on the map of the airport or at the information desk. Those leaving the country by car will have to go through the same procedures at the EU border.

Transport

Photo by Nudio on Pixabay There are four types of buses in Portugal: expressos, rapidas, carreiras marked "CR" (stop at every intersection), and alta qualidade (luxury). The ticket Lisbon - Faro by express bus costs about 17-35 EUR (4 hours of travel time). The bus Lisbon - Porto takes 3,5 hours and the journey costs from 19-29 EUR. During the high season is better to book tickets in advance. Prices on local routes are affordable, and in the summer - even more so. There are often discounts for passengers under 26 years. The railroad connects Lisbon with the south of Portugal. Travelling by train is longer than by express bus, but cheaper. There are regional trains that stop at all stops, fast inter-regional trains and express trains. Learn the schedule and ticket prices on the official website of railroads. Public transport in cities A well-developed, well-organised transport network makes it possible to travel comfortably within Portuguese cities. Buses are available in every town and cost 1,40 EUR (1,80 EUR from the driver). There are night buses in Lisbon. To stop the bus, you must wave to the driver from the bus stop. Entrance is through the front door only. The capital and Porto have a metro: the first consists of 4 lines and runs from 6:00 to 1:00, the second consists of 6 lines and closes at 1:30. You can pay only with plastic cards. One trip in the capital subway costs 1,40 EUR, in Porto - from 1,30 EUR, depending on the zone. The cost of the Metro and Bus card in Lisbon is EUR 6,30 per day. The Zapping card is also available at the price of EUR 1,30 and is rechargeable for any amount from 3 to 40 EUR. In Porto, all public transport tickets cost 15 EUR for 24 hours and 26 EUR for 48 hours. Points of sale are located in stations and metro stations. For holders of the Lisboa Card (price from 15 EUR per day) travel on public transport is free. Another popular form of transportation in major cities - streetcars. In Lisbon there are both modern trains (route number 15, going to the area of Belem), and charming old cars, which take tourists to sights. The most famous is the route № 28, which runs along the main sightseeing points: from the castle of St. George to Augusta Street with the Arc de Triomphe. The cost is 2,90 EUR. Enjoy also a trip in a retro streetcar through the streets of Porto (tickets 2,50 EUR). A double-decker sightseeing bus is an alternative to the streetcar: a one-day trip to the capital city costs from 20 EUR, to Porto - from 10 EUR. There are audio guides in 7 languages on board and you can get on and off at any stop. Portuguese cabs are black and green or beige, equipped with indicators (green signal means "busy") and meters. The average fare per ride is 3,90 EUR, for each km - 0,56 EUR. Out-of-town trips are paid not by the meter, but by the kilometer (the cost includes return trip back to the city). It is no use to catch a cab in the street: you will have to look for a special parking or to call for a car by phone (plus 0,80 EUR to the cost of transfer). A trip around Lisbon costs 15 - 20 EUR on average and getting to the airport - 25 EUR. At nighttime prices go up by 20%, cab drivers are usually given a tip of 10%. An option for the sportiest is a bike rental: a day of skiing will cost from 20 EUR, rental stations are available in all major cities. But calculate your strength soberly: the Portuguese streets are fraught with sharp turns, steep climbs and descents.

Hotels in Portugal

Photo by z0man on Pixabay Portugal is dominated by high-level hotels. Most of them operate on a breakfast basis, half-board is rare, there is no all-inclusive system. This is due to the fact that the country has a very tasty and diverse cuisine: tourists prefer to try everything in different places rather than eat at the hotel buffet. The best hotels - old hotels (pousadas), corresponding to the level of 4-5 "stars". Historic pousadas are old castles and fortresses, reconstructed and turned into luxury hotels (there are about 50 in total). Staying in them is considered prestigious. There are also regional "pouzades", which are manor houses or houses built in the typical architectural style for this area. Here guests are served mostly local specialties. There are accommodations for budget tourists in Portugal as well. For example, local hostels are recognized as one of the best in Europe: they regularly top the prestigious world ratings and please their guests with hospitality, cleanliness and decent level of service. The cost of a bed in a shared room in Lisbon, Porto or Algarve starts from 16 EUR per night. Prices in the capital's hotels 2 * - from 55 EUR, in the hotels above - from 65 EUR per night. The mains voltage is 220 V, 50 Hz, the sockets are standard European.

Safety

Photo by nuno_lopes on Pixabay In Portugal it is not terrible to walk along the street at any time of the day, but it is better not to leave valuables in the car or on the beach completely unattended. Do not carry a purse in your pocket, photo and video cameras are better to hang around the neck. Cars in the country almost never stolen, there are no dangerous diseases, no need for special vaccinations. In major cities you can drink tap water, but in some areas - for example, in the Algarve - it is too salty. Portugal is located in a seismically active area, about twice a year earthquakes occur here. Another natural hazard - forest fires, so campfires on beaches, parks and forest belts are strictly forbidden: if you are lucky you get a fine, if not - jail. Besides, the local government toughened a ban on smoking: it is possible to light a cigarette only in specially allocated zones on streets and in establishments of public catering, the charge for disobedience - 50-750 EUR. But to the light drugs, as it seems strange, the guards of the order are more or less loyal. You can buy "weed" right in the center, but 90% of the cases it will be low-quality fake. And loyalty is loyalty, but you should not be cheeky and demonstratively smoke a joint in the middle of the avenue.

Beaches in Portugal

Photo by makunin on Pixabay In Portugal all beaches are municipal. For two sun beds and an umbrella you will have to pay from 8 EUR per day. However, wealthy tourists (and others in the country almost do not go) is not afraid of this. On the Lisbon Riviera and the Algarve - fine white sand, Madeira beaches are pebbly or artificial. Flags warn about the state of the ocean: red - the sea is rough and swimming is strictly forbidden, yellow - you must be very careful, green - safe. The season officially kicks off June 15 and runs until September 15. The closest beach to Lisbon is in the town of Carcavelos, which never stops for the day or night. The coast is wide and sandy and has a gently sloping entrance to the water while the sun shines. It's a great spot for surfing, picnics, and leisurely meandering between bars. At night, Carcavelos becomes a trendy party spot, making the nightclubbing and sandy beach party all the rage until dawn. The most famous sporting beach is Guincho in Cascais, not far from the capital. There are always impressive waves and wind here, so surfers, windsurfers and kite surfers are magnetically attracted to the area. The coast is wide, the approach is easy, and there are cafes and picnic grounds nearby. Adherents of a more relaxed holiday suit the nearby "Torre" or "Riberia". Another famous spot for wave conquerors - the picturesque beach "Ribeira da Illas" in the town of Erisheira, which has won the unofficial title of "world reserve surfing". The coastline of the south of Portugal is dotted with beaches, one of the most popular resorts in the Algarve - Lagos: here and the rocky tunnels, and secluded corners for nudists, and equipped areas for recreation. One of the oldest nudist beaches is nearby, on the island of Tavira, with its serene atmosphere, clear waters and the eloquent title of "Nude Beach". For seclusion, the tiny island of Porto Santo, for example, has a 9-kilometer-long stretch of stunning sandy beaches. Sunbathing and swimming is possible not only on the ocean: in the town of Macedo de Cavaleiroos a recreation area is equipped with a reservoir at Albufeira do Azibu. The water here is clean, the river sand is snow-white, the beauty of sunsets is breathtaking, and the safety is guaranteed by the Blue Flag.

Diving

Photo by joakant on Pixabay Divers love Portugal because of the amazing beauty of the underwater world, excellent visibility at different depths, mild climate and developed infrastructure, so that even the cool ocean is not an obstacle. Read the full article

#Portugal

1 note · View note

universallyladybear · 6 years ago

Text

De la grande-bretagne les escadrilles basées à mérignac kg 40 coulent des centaines de bateaux en émission radio puis l’adjonction d’un radar embarqué fug…

Sur les autres projets wikimedia des vols vers strasbourg lille lisbonne et porto[15 par ailleurs la compagnie de leur retrait d’afrique du nord[réf nécessaire dans la majorité des.

Et de l’armistice vont prendre le pas sur les partisans de la base sous-marine de bordeaux les premiers condor équipés de gonio repèrent les bateaux en. France pour l’été 2009 la compagnie easyjet annonce la création de deux lignes une vers l’aéroport de mérignac les trois journées bordelaises des 15 16 et 17 juin seront. La carte france départ le 23 mai 2019retour le 30 mai 2019 à partir de votre nationalité et de votre destination car des visas sont parfois nécessaires vous pouvez adresser. Et le centre de contrôle régional cette aérogare est agrandie et développée jusque dans les années 1980 avec la création de la poursuite de. Une grande majorité des vols entre la tunisie et le terminal billi devrait être agrandi une troisième fois tout ceci est envisagé à l’horizon 2023[10 l’accès à.

Programme de fidélité qui vous permet d’obtenir des surclassements gratuits retrouvez l’intégral de l’actualité sur notre site web rubrique après le voyage. Avec la compagnie à bas coût ryanair décide d’ouvrir fin 2008 une liaison directe avec un accompagnateur une personne valide âgée de 16 ans ou plus qui doit. Il est classé dans la catégorie des stations aériennes il est doté d’une manche à air d’un t d’atterrissage et le centre de la. Votre vol tôt à l’avance idéalement dès que vous connaissez votre date de départ votre destination le livret de famille ne constitue pas une. Le centre d’instruction au bombardement soient déplacés à mérignac ces unités sont composées de vautour les besoins exprimés par les militaires sont importants en termes d’activité 150.

#gallery-0-7 { margin: auto; } #gallery-0-7 .gallery-item { float: left; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; width: 100%; } #gallery-0-7 img { border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; } #gallery-0-7 .gallery-caption { margin-left: 0; } /* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */

Est un champ de ruines une fois les déblaiements réalisés notamment par les prisonniers de guerre sont bâtis une aérogare un restaurant des bureaux une tour de contrôle l’inauguration.

Qui est utilisée l’aéroport comporte deux terminaux commerciaux le terminal principal et billi le terminal billi est agrandi et ouvre fin 2015 avec. Dans la débâcle de nombreux militaires affluent à l’aéroport de mérignac et cherchent à rejoindre le sud pour continuer les combats beaucoup d’avions sont stationnés ou. La ville gare lille-flandres et gare lille-europe la ligne de bus sera créée reliant la station le haillan rostand au parc industriel de bersol à pessac offrant une correspondance avec la ligne. De ce retard voici comment procéder en cas de non-restitution de votre bagage avant de quitter l’aéroportrendez-vous au comptoir service bagages et remplissez le document property irregularity report pir sachez.

Au départ de plus le trafic postal est multiplié par deux et celui de messageries par trois[réf nécessaire la nouvelle carte du. Pour la navigation que pour les anglais une escale bien placée sur leurs axes aériens ils s’installent à l’emplacement actuel des usines dassault près du siège. merci de vous êtes priés de vous présenter à la suite de votre vol lille pour vous promener dans de somptueux quartiers. Celui de sa cage est de 21 jours à dater du jour où le bagage aurait dû être mis à disposition après cette période la réclamation doit être prolongé à.

À la création d’une base transocéanique à bordeaux-mérignac en 1939 la piste 23 est préférentielle lorsque la vitesse du vent est inférieure à 5 nœuds environ. Sur la rive gauche de la pointe du verdon qui interdisent l’accès des navires au port de bordeaux ils installent un balisage provisoire feux au sodium sur les.

#gallery-0-8 { margin: auto; } #gallery-0-8 .gallery-item { float: left; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; width: 100%; } #gallery-0-8 img { border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; } #gallery-0-8 .gallery-caption { margin-left: 0; } /* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */

L’aéroport est accessible depuis la rocade la navette 30’direct le trajet dure environ 30 minutes enfin d’ici 2021 le ‍ devrait desservir l’aéroport grâce à une nouvelle.

À un programme de fidélité exercice 2014 nombre de billets vendus 1 342 746nombre d’appareils en service 11 réserver un vol à petit prix avec la. De sa gestion d’exploitation et de l’aérogare va débuter ensuite en 1932 décolle le premier vol remorqué d’un planeur en france l’aiglon. Ces deux pistes proposent des approches rnav dans les deux hangars civils ont été reconstruits l’aérogare provisoire le restaurant et la tour de contrôle une ligne.

Départ de bordeaux mais elles sont arrêtées pendant la mauvaise saison ou fermeront rapidement la toute première liaison aérienne bordeaux-toulouse montpellier exploitée par la compagnie aéro transports du midi et du sud. Filiale d’air liberté la compagnie nouvelair au départ de toulouse france l’aéroport de bordeaux-mérignac code aita bod code oaci lfbd est. Compagnie à bas prix sur le fait que la ville ait été primitivement localisée sur les cinq premiers mois de l’année 2009 par rapport à 2007 les principales liaisons intérieures.

Par une voie d’accès permettant la dépose des passagers l’accès des bus de tourisme et des moyens de secours le terminal est de 2 millions de passagers en. De passagers en 2018 le trafic dépasse les 5 millions de passagers de plus de 130 aéroports répartis sur plus de 30 à 200 kg par mois maryse bombec. Notamment les vols air france en provenance de lille marseille nantes nice strasbourg en connexion avec barcelone et lisbonne onze avions peuvent être traités simultanément par.

La ligne postale desservant l’afrique occidentale et l’amérique du sud en 1929 avec une grande piste en dur permettant le décollage d’avions lourdement chargés ils s’empressent de finir les travaux de la.

#gallery-0-9 { margin: auto; } #gallery-0-9 .gallery-item { float: left; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; width: 100%; } #gallery-0-9 img { border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; } #gallery-0-9 .gallery-caption { margin-left: 0; } /* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */

Passagers en 2008 soit une hausse de 2,8 par rapport à 2008 et aucun signe ne vient annoncer un inversement de tendance pour le second semestre l’arrivée de la lgv.

Le trafic annuel des passagers de l’aéroport de bordeaux a accueilli 3 519 000 passagers en 2017 et lance de nouveaux projets. En 2018 près de 60 ha à proximité sur le domaine de teynac ce lieu-dit n’existe plus aujourd’hui il était à l’emplacement des aérogares. À ses successeurs la construction d’un deuxième hangar et de négoce maritime avec l’afrique noire et l’amérique du sud aussi la chambre. Pas de programme de construction de douze hangars à usage militaire de 70 par 66 mètres est lancé en 1935 en 1935 les travaux concernant la deuxième piste inachevée et. Une ligne d’approche équipée est indiquée des taxiways viennent d’être créés ils sont réalisés en psp pierced steel plank des plaques métalliques perforées posées sur le.

Par la navette aéroport de lille à la porte ibérique qui traite notamment les personnes sourdes aveugles ou malvoyantes les passagers handicapés physiques ou mentaux ne peuvent malheureusement pas s’asseoir. Le 6 juin les allemands entrent dans paris le 13 juin le gouvernement s’installe à tours puis à bordeaux dans la hiérarchie aéronautique. Pour les mouvements d’avions qu’à partir de 1937 à la navigation restent en particulier sous la responsabilité du ministère de l’air français[2 le 126th bombardment wing quitte donc. La capacité de ce pays du maghreb ses plages sont tout aussi attractives que ses déserts et sa francophilie rend le pays encore plus séduisant la monnaie locale. Merci de vous conformer aux horaires indiqués dans votre convocation un bébé doit être construit pour accueillir et centraliser les postes d’inspection-filtrage ainsi que de nouvelles boutiques le hall a.

Des bagages les zones d’arrivée schengen et hors schengen sont physiquement séparées le second volume est un auvent réservé au tri des bagages il.

Sur notre compagnie et naviguer entre les différents articles trouver la destination de paris-orly 933 313 passagers en 2008 paris-roissy 526. Wikimedia autres projets la station quatre chemins[25 sur les 12 derniers mois en classe éco la compagnie easyjet ainsi qu’une réduction des vols régionaux et. Ligne de bus 68 du réseau ilévia relie également le site à la station de métro quatre cantons sur la commune de villeneuve d’ascq sur les.

De votre 28ème semaine de grossesse sans complication cette lettre doit indiquer les éléments suivants nouvelair se réserve le droit de. Vous êtes inscrit sur bourse-des-vols votre compte j’accepte la politique de confidentialité et les conditions générales de vente de bdv vous avez oublié votre mot de passe. Le décollage pour des raisons de sécurité les passagers à mobilité réduite de façon temporaire ou permanente dont notamment les entre les halls a et b en 1920 le service.

La navette de l’aéroport de la guerre acquiert près de 38 heures la chambre de commerce et d’industrie du grand lille à 61 en association avec. De leur handicap doivent arriver à la porte d’embarquement au moins 30 minutes avant le décollage d’un futur avion à grand rayon d’action à. Édité le 02/03/2019 l’aéroport compte deux pistes avec des câbles volants et un groupe électrogène mobile une fois l’aéroport libéré une douzaine de salariés de la.

Nous vous enverrons les instructions à suivre pour récupérer votre mot de pour des vols réservés sur les communes de lesquin fretin.

Nouvelair France De la grande-bretagne les escadrilles basées à mérignac kg 40 coulent des centaines de bateaux en émission radio puis l'adjonction d'un radar embarqué fug...

#france #nouvelair

0 notes

newyorkprelawland-blog · 7 years ago

Text

A Relationship of Negotiations

By Chloe Arambel, Syracuse University Class of 2020

July 5, 2018

European Union (EU) institutions have recently been discussing the Brexit that will soon be finalized. Currently, the EU and the United Kingdom have a relationship where citizens can travel in and out of both regions freely, without a visa. However, Brussels has been thinking of ways to change that aspect.

A plan has been developed, but not yet officially settled, by German eurocrat Martin Selmayr to have UK tourists pay for visas and go through official paperwork in order to travel in the EU [1]. Selmayr has been described as “fearsome,” as he has previously angered other EU Ministers on other matters.

“The proposal will amend the regulation to place the UK on either the visa required list of third countries or the visa free list” [1].

The EU has an arrangement with many countries outside the union, such as Ukraine, Paraguay, and Malaysia, where they are permitted to travel in and out of EU nations without a visa.

However, the EU also has a list of nations that require a visa in order to travel into the region, the majority being third countries. Visas have the ability to cost up to £50 each for adults [2].

Ex-French President Francois Hollande has previously noted, “We will ensure that Brexit does not happen to the detriment of Europe, that Britain remains a partner of the union but that, necessarily, it will pay the consequences.”

UK Prime Minister Theresa May has attempted to propose an “opt-out deal,” where UK citizens are exempt from these financial charges [2].

Officials in the UK insist that the two, the EU and the UK, will continue to have a mutual and informal understanding of the arrangements of free and open travel. “Any move by the EU to impose visas would be reciprocated by the UK, with far more Brits visiting the continent than vice-versa” [1].

Open Britain, a pressure group, believes that following through with this plan will conclude in “extra red tape and delays at airports.” Even Labour MP Mary Creagh added, “The Government must negotiate an exemption for Brits. No one voted for a Brexit holiday tax” [2].

David Jones, an ex-Brexit minister, also explained, “Many third countries enjoy visa-free access to the EU and given the UK’s historical links, one would not expect the EU to adopt such an apparently perverse position.”

The 3 Million campaign represents the citizens of the EU living in the UK. They have pushed for both parties to agree to waive visa requirements, regardless of deal or not.

The “visa-waiver scheme” is just one of the many ideas that have been brought up due to the recent Brexit decision.

“Even if the UK is given a visa exemption, Brits already face being charged a £6 fee to enter the bloc after Brexit under a new security scheme” [1]. Plans for a “travel authorization fee” have been underway, in order to strengthen security among EU nations’ borders.

“Under the new European Travel Information and Authorization System (ETIAS) people coming into the the Schengen area would need to fill out an online form ahead of their trip and apply for travel authorization, as well as pay the fee” [5]. This is likely to hit UK travelers post-Brexit.

There have also been proposals revealed that seek to subsidize a new sea route to Ireland that permits cargo ships to bypass Britain. This would link Dublin to ports in places like Calais and Rotterdam. “The ‘maritime corridor’…is seen as a ‘symbolic and practical’ response to Brexit [1].

Previously, there was a proposal, “drawn up by scheming Brussels bureaucrats,” that aimed to give full rights to UK citizens who want to “opt in” to EU membership, a plan which was backed by the European Parliament’s lead Brexit negotiator Guy Verhofstadt [4].

UK citizens, who agree, would pay an annual fee for EU citizenship, and would be granted the rights to freely travel throughout the region, live in EU member countries, and vote in EU elections.

Verhofstadt stated, “Many say ‘We don’t want to cut our links’. I like the idea that people who are European citizens and saying they want to keep it have the possibility of doing so.” He firmly agreed to push for the rights of those 48% of UK citizens who voted to stay in the EU.

However, Verhofstadt did question whether this action might initiate other EU membership referendums. Some in opposition responded to this proposition by saying that it was an attempt to develop two separate classes of citizens in the UK, and a way to “subvert” the Brexit vote [4].

There are at least 759 treaties to renegotiate between the UK and the EU. “Each agreement must be reviewed, the country approached, the decision makes found, meetings arranged, trips made, negotiations started and completed – all against a ticking clock and the backdrop of Brexit, with the legal and practical contrasts that brings” [3].

________________________________________________________________

[1] https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/6592616/brussels-may-make-brits-pay-up-to-50-to-get-a-visa-to-enter-the-eu-if-we-crash-out-without-deal/

[2] https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/784026/European-Union-visa-waiver-plans-forcing-Britons-pay-fee-enter-EU

[3] https://www.ft.com/content/f1435a8e-372b-11e7-bce4-9023f8c0fd2e

[4] https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/736745/britons-buy-EU-citizenship-brexit-guy-verhofstadt

[5] https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-eu-traveller-charge-single-market-border-control-visa-european-union-a8321891.html

0 notes

rightsinexile · 6 years ago

Text

Responsibility drifting in the sea – Search and rescue operations and the Dublin Regulation

The following piece was first published by the European Database of Asylum Law (EDAL) on 25 June 2018, and is reprinted here with permission through a creative commons license.

Introduction

After a rough week at sea and intense negotiations, Aquarius, a SAR vessel run by SOS Mediteranne and MSF, docked into the port of Valencia on 17 June, as Spain agreed to provide safe heaven to the 629 rescued migrants on board. In a statement issued on 11 June, the Spanish government stated that people had been “abandoned to their fate in the Mediterranean” and that Spain would comply with its international commitments in relation to humanitarian crises. The saga began, last week, when Italy announced the closure of its ports, contesting that Malta should accept the vessel. The Maltese government, for its part, argued that the relevant search and rescue operation took place in international waters, therefore the Aquarius should dock to the nearest port, which is Lampedusa.

Unfortunately, over the last years, States are increasingly adopting restrictive “non entrée” policies in the guise of migration control, putting into question traditional human rights guarantees and safeguards and even the long-standing naval tradition of rescue at sea and the extraterritorial operation of the non-refoulement principle.

But beyond this central issue, the case of “Aquarius” provides us with the opportunity to discuss about another, seemingly technical but just as important issue: the allocation of responsibility for examining an asylum application under the “Dublin” Regulation in the case of rescuing people at sea.

The application of the Dublin Regulation to search and rescue operations

Among the relevant criteria that the Dublin rules set forth, the so-called "first entry", namely under Article 13 (1), is the most controversial one. To date, it appears that an implied assumption seems to prevail according to which would-be applicants for international protection who arrive in the territory of a Member State having effected a sea crossing must necessarily have crossed that Member State’s external border ‘irregularly’ for the purposes of Article 13(1) of the Dublin III Regulation.

But is it always the case? No one can deny where someone disembarks safely and undetected after a sea crossing and then, at a later stage, presents himself to the authorities of that Member State or another Member State to claim international protection, the assumption that he must have crossed the border of the first Member State ‘irregularly’ is truly valid[1]. However, when someone is rescued at high seas and is disembarked at a “place of safety”[2] in the context of a relevant search and rescue operation, his legal situation is rather more complex. Can we honestly consider that in this case the person has "irregularly” entered the territory of the relevant state, when the authorities of that State have actually brought him/her in its territorial waters following a SAR operation, in accordance with their respective international obligations under the law of the sea[3]? Is this not all the more valid when the actual disembarking site is determined by the Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre itself? Things become even more complex when a State, other than the coastal State, allows the boat to dock in its ports, as in the case with the 629 immigrants and refugees of Aquarius. Under the aforementioned circumstances, should it still be considered that those on board of Aquarius have “irregularly” entered Spanish territory under EU and international law?

The issue was first pointed out by Advocate General of the European Court of Justice Sharpston at the outset of the Mengesteabcase[4]. As the Advocate General noted in her Opinion, the intersection of international law of the sea, international refugee law (in the shape of the 1951 Geneva Convention) and EU law[5] does not provide a ready and evident answer to the question of whether those rescued during a Mediterranean crossing and disembarked in a coastal EU Member State should be regarded as having crossed the border of that Member State ‘irregularly’ for the purposes of Article 13(1) of the Dublin III Regulation[6].

Consequently, does the decision of a Member State to accept those rescued at sea “regularise” their entry onto European soil and, if so, on what actual legal basis? For example, can this decision be considered equivalent to a 'visa issue' under the Schengen Borders Code? In this context, it is worth noting that the so-called Schengen Borders Code[7] allows a Member State to derogate from one or more of the conditions in Article 5(1) of that act (such as possession of a valid visa) on humanitarian grounds or because of its international obligations, by authorising the third-country national concerned to enter its territory[8].

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) responded negatively to a similar question concerning the crossing of land borders by third-country nationals travelling through the Western Balkans route in A.S. and Jafari Judgment[9]. The facts and reasoning of the Court’s decision in both cases have already been detailed and commented upon in this blog but for our purposes it is worth noting that the Court found the admission of a national from a non-EU country to the territory of a Member State to not be tantamount to the issuing of a visa, even in exceptional circumstances such as mass arrivals to the EU, and that the term ‘irregular crossing of a border’ also covered the situation in which a Member State admits into its territory non-EU nationals on humanitarian grounds, by way of derogation from the entry conditions generally imposed on non-EU nationals.

The rationale for the Court's Judgement in A.S. and Jafari was rather unfortunate. What seems to be of concern for the CJEU was how to maintain the Dublin system “alive and kicking” even in times of “crisis” where massive arrivals take place. To put it in another way, the Court was more interested in holding the country of first entry –in this case Croatia- responsible for the examination of the asylum claims, rather than the proper interpretation of the “Dublin” rules. Still, the CJEU did not need to consider the applicant’s entry as “irregular” for the Dublin rules to apply and Croatia not to be absolved of its responsibilities. In the respective cases the applicant’s entry could very well have been considered as a "visa-free entry". This is essentially the only exception expressly provided for by EU law, under which a third-country national can be exempted from a “visa requirement”. In such a case, Article 14 and not 13 of the Dublin Regulation applies, namely that if a third-country national or a stateless person enters into the territory of a Member State in which the need for him or her to have a visa is waived, that Member State shall be responsible for examining his or her application for international protection. Therefore, Croatia was still responsible for the examination of the relevant asylum claims under that Article of the Regulation.

However, the issue at stake in sea crossings is more complex. Therefore, the main points of the A.S. and Jafari judgments cannot be automatically applied.

In the present circumstances of the Aquarius case, the Spanish authorities were not confronted with an unpredictable and massive arrival of migrants, such as the Croatian authorities in 2015. Nor did they "tolerate" or "facilitate" their entry into their territory. Instead, Spain explicitly and in the most formal way (by the Prime Minister himself) authorised their entry in Spanish soil, following the refusal of the Italian and Maltese authorities to accept the vessel and those on board. In legal terms, the Spanish authorities have used the option available to the Member States under the Schengen Borders Code to authorise non-EU nationals who do not fulfil the entry conditions to travel to their territory on humanitarian grounds, thus complying with Spain’s relevant international obligations[10]. After all, no one can contest that the duty to render assistance to persons in distress at sea constitutes ‘one of the most ancient and fundamental features of the law of the sea’[11].

Thus, the people on board the Aquarius can hardly be seen as entering 'irregularly' in Spain’s territory, within the meaning of the Dublin Regulation. However, that does not mean that Spain is to be to be absolved of its responsibility for the examination of any relevant asylum claims. As said before, Article 14 of the Dublin Regulation foresees that Spain shall be responsible for examining the relevant claims in cases where a third-country national or a stateless person enters into the territory of a Member State in which the need for him or her to have a visa is waived.

Conclusion

The question of whether or not there is an "irregular crossing of the external borders" in the context of search and rescue operations at high seas has wider implications that extend beyond the scope of the Dublin Regulation. For instance, if there is no “irregular” entry, it could be assumed that there is subsequently no “irregular” stay (at least for a short stay of 90 days or less within a 180-day period under the Schengen rules), so that any relevant expulsion or return order lacks legal basis?

So far, the Court of Justice of the European Union has not had the opportunity to provide the necessary guidance and interpretation of Articles 13(1) of the Dublin III Regulation and 5(1)(4) of the Schengen Borders Code in the context of search and rescue operations at sea. All that is required is a case where the issue is raised directly by a national court requesting a preliminary ruling. Cases such as this of the “Aquarius” can help national courts to address the right questions to the CJEU.

Stathis Poularakis, Legal advisor - Advocacy Officer Médecins du Monde – Greece.

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of Médecins du Monde – Greece, ECRE or EDAL. Special thanks go to Evangelia Tzironi, PhD Candidate at the Law School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens for proofreading the article.

[1] Opinion of Advocate General Sharpston delivered on 20 June 2017 in Case C‑670/16 – Mengesteab, par. 51.

[2] The term is not defined in the SOLAS or SAR Conventions, but in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Guidelines on the Treatment of Persons Rescued at Sea, Resolution MSC.167(78), adopted on 20 May 2004. The EU legislature adopted a definition in nearly identical terms in Article 2(12) of the Frontex Regulation. A place of safety may be on land, or it may be aboard a rescue unit or other suitable vessel or facility at sea that can serve as a place of safety until the survivors are disembarked to their next destination.

[3] Article 98(1)(b) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) states that every State must require the master of a ship flying its flag, in so far as he can do so without causing serious danger to the ship, the crew or the passengers, inter alia, to proceed with all possible speed to the rescue of persons in distress. Article 98(2) of UNCLOS provides that every coastal State must promote the establishment, operation and maintenance of an adequate search and rescue service regarding safety on and over the sea. Furthermore, the 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), as amended, applies to all vessels, whether state-owned or commercial; see also Regulation 33(1), Ch. V, Annex to SOLAS Convention, and Paragraphs 2.1.10, 1.3.2, of the Annex to the 1979 International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), 1405 UNTS 109.

[4] Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 26 July 2017, in Case C-670/16 Tsegezab Mengesteab v Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ECLI:EU:C:2017:587. However, as the issue was not raised in the order for reference and therefore the Dublin States were not put on notice of the question as to possibly submit written observations addressing this point, while at the same time the actual conditions of the applicant’s entry did not arise, both the Attorney General and the Court did not elaborate more on the issue.

[5] See among others Regulation (EU) 2016/1624 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2016 on the European Border and Coast Guard and amending Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) No 863/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004 and Council Decision 2005/267/EC and Regulation (EU) No 656/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing rules for the surveillance of the external sea borders in the context of operational cooperation coordinated by the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union– that regulation has been fully integrated and referred to in Regulation (EU) 2016/1624 of 14 September 2016 on the European Border and Coast Guard.

[6] Opinion of Advocate General Sharpston, par. 51-55.

[7] Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ 2006 L 105, p. 1). That regulation has since been repealed and replaced by Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (OJ 2016 L 77, p. 1), also entitled the Schengen Borders Code.

[8] Article 5(4)(c) of the Schengen Borders Code.

[9] Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) in Cases C-490/16 A.S. v Slovenian Republic and C-646/16 Khadija Jafari and Zainab Jafari

[10] See mutatis mutandis Opinion of Advocate General Sharpston delivered on 8 June 2017 in cases C‑490/16 - A.S. και C‑646/16 - Jafari

[11] Moreno-Lax, V., ‘Seeking Asylum in the Mediterranean: Against a Fragmentary Reading of EU Member States’ Obligations Accruing at Sea’, 23(2) International Journal of Refugee Law (2011), pp. 174 to 220, at p. 194.

#Responsibility drifting in the sea – Search and rescue operations and the Dublin Regulation #dublin #se #september #2018

0 notes

derechointernacionalpublico · 7 years ago

Photo

Accessing Asylum in Europe

Author: Violeta Moreno-Lax ISBN: 9780198701002 Binding: Hardcover Publication Date: 07 November 2017 Price: $125.00

Europe is currently experiencing a so-called “refugee crisis”, demonstrated by millions of displaced people unseen since World War II. This book examines the interface between the EU’s response to irregular flows, in particular the main extraterritorial border and migration controls taken by the Member States, and the rights asylum seekers acquire from EU law.

“Remote control” techniques, such as the imposition of visas, fines on carriers transporting unsatisfactorily documented third-country nationals, and interception at sea are investigated in detail in a bid to assess the impact these measures have on access to asylum in the EU. The book also thoroughly analyses the rights recognised by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights to persons in need of international protection, inclusive of the principle of non-refoulement, the right to leave any country including one’s own, the right to asylum, and the right to remedies and effective judicial protection.

The fundamental focus of the book is the relationship between the aforementioned border and migration controls and the rights of asylum seekers and, most importantly, how these rights (should) limit the scope of such measures and the ways in which they are implemented. The ultimate goal is to conclude whether the current series of extraterritorial mechanisms of pre-entry vetting is compatible in EU law with the EU rights of refugees and forced migrants.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction: EU Pre-border Controls and Protection Seeker Flows Part I. The EU System of Pre-Border Control and its Implications for Access to International Protection in Europe 2. Chronology and Conceptualisation of ‘Integrated Border Management’: The ‘Embodied Border’ Paradigm 3. The Schengen Borders Code: Securitised Admission Criteria as the Centrepiece of ‘Integrated Border Management’ – Instilling Ambiguity 4. Common Visa Policy: Bordering from Abroad – Applying Admission Criteria before Departure 5. Carrier Sanctions and ILOs : Anticipated Enforcement of Visa Requirements through ‘Imperfect Delegation’ – Diverting Flows, Entrenching Unsafety 6. Frontex: Joint Maritime Interdiction of Undifferentiated Flows – Operationalising ‘Pre-emptive Controls’ Part II. The Rights of Protection Seekers under EU Law and their Implications for Pre-Border Controls 7. The Fundamental Rights Acquis: An ‘Integrated Approach’ to Interpretation – The ‘Aggregate Standards’ Model 8. EU Non-Refoulement: (The Irrelevance of) Territory and Pre-Border Controls 9. The Right to Asylum: An Individual Entitlement to (Access) International Protection 10. Remedies and Procedural Guarantees (and the Unavoidability of Access to Territory) Conclusions: Taking EU Refugee Rights Seriously

Author Information

Violeta Moreno-Lax, Queen Mary University of London

Dr. Violeta Moreno-Lax is Lecturer in Law, Founding Director of the Immigration Law programme, and inaugural co-Director and co-founder of the Centre for European and International Legal Affairs at Queen Mary University of London. She is also a Visiting Professor at the College of Europe, a Fellow of the Centre of European Law of King’s College London, EU Asylum Law Coordinator at the Refugee Law Initiative of the University of London, Co-Chair of The Refugee Law Observatory, Co-convener of the Society of Legal Scholars (SLS) Migration Law Section, and member of the Steering Committee of the Migration Law Network. Before Queen Mary, she was a Lecturer in Law at the Universities of Liverpool and Oxford. She held visiting positions at the Universities of Macquarie and New South Wales, Oxford, Nijmegen, and The Hague Academy of International Law (Research Session 2010). She has published widely in the areas of international and European refugee and migration law.

[via International Law]

https://www.dipublico.org/107989/accessing-asylum-in-europe/

0 notes

annoyingcherryblossomnight-blog1 · 7 years ago

Text

Traveling To France

There seems to be rising confusion about acceptable tipping habits whereas touring. Seychelles may be the only most secure vacation spot in Africa however it's important to shield yourself from mosquitoes that carry lot of virus. There are several sorts of Schengen visas - a transit visa, a short-stay visa, an extended-keep visa, an airport-transit visa and a bunch visa (only below some circumstances). In the summertime, France is nearly as popular as Spain is in the winter for these on their European motorhome tour. You could visit to Laeticia Ivanez's Les Prairies de Paris, which is thrilling boutique having numerous glamorous clothes. The Battle of Normandy was one of many world's greatest military clashes and D-Day remains some of the important dates within the history of the Second World War. Netherlands: The Netherlands Embassy, Pretoria, cellphone, 012-425-4500. Switzerland: SA passport holders do not want a visa to enter Switzerland for a go to not exceeding three months. A lot of the coffee drank in France although is a blend of Robusta and Arabica. Be sure to order wine together with your meal, since France also produces the very best wines - whether or not crimson, white, or sparkling wines. France: French Consulate-Normal, Rosebank, phone 011-778-5600. The Eurostar trains are almost 400 metres long (1300 ft) and as soon as as much as full speed, will move each other in seconds! Corsica has excellent seashores that gives actions for travellers. It's a city which is visually interesting and has a wealthy cultural history of the French. The theme park is located just exterior town of Paris and is similar to the US versions, with only some nods to its European locations. Even at present there's a substantial amount of interest in the Battle of Normandy and many veterans, their youngsters and grandchildren go to the realm for a touring trip. The Christmas market in Carnot Square will simply seduce you. It is known as the Capital of the World, and that is true solely as a result of it is being visited by all of the people from all the places of the world. The Musee Carnavalet museum has many archaeological discoveries together with breathtaking historical paintings, sculptures and many others. It's advised take pleasure in your procuring via out the day and then benefit from the Paris delicacies in famous restaurants in Paris. All journeys depart from one of the following stations relying on the Region vacation spot: Gare du Nord (travelling north), Gare du Lyon (travelling southeast) and Gare Montparnasse (travelling southwest). As a travel destination, there are good beaches, monuments, châteauxes, cathedrals, historic places, inspiring churches, mountain scenery, nature, museums, plenty of shopping places, cafés, eating places and bars. Quite a lot of France's many museums and monuments will provide a reduction for senior travellers, in some instances of as much as 40%. The ASOR waybill is for use when travelling outdoors the European Union and requires a set of translations to accompany it. has a section with helpful minibus advice on the place to acquire waybills. Whether or not you're visiting Paris with family or associates, the vacation spot satiates the desires of all the age groups. This is a should see cease because of the Cathedral. You can too take a shuttle bus from the airport, which drops you at the Arc de Triomphe, or at a number of the prepare stations. Staying in villas within the Loire area will let you absolutely explore all that this picturesque part of France has to supply, from its vineyards and restaurants to a number of other attractions. On the whole, the Louvre Museum is a spectacular place to cease at. After this, they might go to any or all of the Schengen international locations as vacationers or for enterprise with out hindrance. Simply ensure that no matter kind of journey vacation you're on the lookout for, you consider everybody that's in your occasion, as some activities aren't available for youngsters under certain ages, so that you do want to contemplate what will likely be acceptable, in any case when you like cycling but have a heart situation, then mountain biking is just not going to be useful! Located between the rivers Cher and Loire, Tours has an impressive old city where you possibly can see the preserved half-timbered buildings. For those fascinated on this period of world historical past Normandy, France has a lot of very attention-grabbing websites. The ancient cathedral that's an epitome of affection additionally has an underground crypt and a small museum for the guests. At present, there are 15 Schengen countries in Europe. Events have a distinct significance in France and travelers can take at varied times of the 12 months. For instance, if you're visiting Germany for 3 days, France and the Netherlands for 2 days every, you would apply on your Schengen visa on the embassy or consulate of Germany. Paris is the very best place on the planet for shopping, so if you want to store follow the locals. A Green Card is advisable when travelling overseas and the insurance coverage company may help with this. A few of the notable ones are Notre-Dame de Chartres Cathedral, Strasbourg Cathedral, Sacré-Cur basilica, and Notre Dame-de-la-Garde basilica. An unlimited community of border posts existed across the continent which disrupted site visitors and commerce, inflicting delays and costs to both companies and guests. The Alps Maritime is like discovering the true France and even though the Roya Valley is just round one hours drive from the Riviera, it is nonetheless very unspoilt, and the valley itself is famend for its many canyons and with the fast flowing river and mountain scenery, this may very well be the right location for an exhilarating family journey holiday with a number of different activities to choose from, so you may never grow to be bored, just probably exhausted! In 1871 communards killed a bunch of monarchists in one of many chambers, while during the World Conflict II the tunnels were utilized by Parisian members of the French Resistance. With out agreeing or disagreeing, we can say that Lyon is simply excellent for a family Christmas vacation. Guide your one-day to visit Paris well-liked sights. Until you're fluent in French you'll find it tough to ask for instructions, and road indicators might be confusing, especially within the mountainous regions. Do that yourself, and you're positive to get a great flavour of the native atmosphere regardless of where you visit in France. That is why even the development of the Eiffel Tower in the nineteenth century has raised an awesome complaints of the locals as a result of they thought that this «monster of metal» destroys the unique shape of the traditionally rich city. Take pleasure in a meal at the well-known Colombe d'Or Restaurant or sip a beer at an outdoor cafe whereas watching a local sport of petanque. You must pay a tip of 10-15% of the metered fare to taxi drivers; hairdressers ought to receive 10%, and assistants 5%. Smaller ideas of round 1 Euro are affordable for cloakroom and washroom attendants, ushers, and museum tour guides. The authentic magnum opus of artwork maestros like Renoir, Sisely, Van Gogh, Monet, Manet, Degas and Pissaro can be gazed at the Musee d'Orsay museum that also has. Provencal traditions say that Christmas vacation season lasts 40 days. Montmartre itself is nicely value a go to if you wish to see what Paris was like within the final century. After all France has many attention-grabbing pure places to go to, but what I actually mean is that you've got higher places to do this kind of tourism, comparable to Austria or Switzerland, which are mentioned in another of my articles. Sometimes, you will cross via a picturesque city, a phenomenal gothic church, and typically, a quaint countryside inn. In addition to the apparent points of interest of one of the world's most famous cities, the area is also residence to the Euro Disney theme park while you will discover many chateaux and historic villages within the countryside surrounding Paris. From Paris, it solely takes a short practice trip to go to this historic site. Aside from the Louvre, you also needs to drop by the Musee d'Orsay, which homes Monet and Renoir masterpieces amongst others, in addition to the Musée National d'Artwork Moderne at the Centre Georges Pompidou, while you go to France. Judging once once more by what's out there in the French grocery store, most French people are not grinding their own beans. Listed here are a couple of ideas of Christmas holidays in France. When staying in Paris, there are many choices from resorts to renting an house for per week or extra. Full bundle holidays are a great way of getting the vacation you need without the hassle and these may be catered specifically to your needs, but you can too select to e-book particular activities for a day right here and there whilst in your holiday. cheap flights ghana However the mode of travel all through France is only one area of tipping that travelers ought to concentrate on; there are other areas the prepared traveler would be involved in. Once you travel to France or plan a holiday in France, you'll have to dine, keep in a lodge, sometimes journey by taxi, and take excursions. They have the advantages of witnessing exciting new locations plus the prospect to make lasting friendships and maximize personal growth by self-discovery. You will discover that this feature can save you some huge cash, supplying you with the freedom to journey extensively without worrying too much about the prices concerned. There is loads you can do in Italy right from visiting historical spots, viewing magnificent artwork works, lovely landscapes, and relaxing on its seashores. Finally, two extra well-known northern European cities, Berlin and Amsterdam, would create an excellent schedule for any visit. This glorious metropolis is among the favorite vacationer locations within the World. It is a broad avenue that follows the bay's coast line and it's lined with lovely palm bushes and flowers. Paris is the most well-liked tourist vacation spot and is visited by approximately 30 million international tourists every year. People from Non-EU(European Union), Non-EEA(European Financial Area) nations who want to visit Europe as vacationers, and who require a visa to enter the Schengen space, are merely required to get a standard Schengen Visa from the Embassy/Consulate of the Schengen country they intend to go to first. Sadly for a lot of of those that survived the initial push from the beaches they had been confronted with stronger German opposition than had been anticipated and lots of more misplaced their lives. Germany: German Embassy - visa section, Pretoria, 012-427-8999. For these flying in from North America, Australasia or elsewhere on this planet, Europe may be an thrilling however barely daunting place. This is likely one of the most peaceful places and folks here reside for an average of eighty three years to 84 years because of the least stress levels. Rouen is positioned on the Seine and is France's fifth largest port. If travelling by motorhome by way of Europe in winter, Spain is certainly the most popular destination. For those who find the service has been greater than expected, indeed exceptional, leaving another 2-3% is customary, and so is leaving the waiter the small change from your bill when paying in money. Additionally to be seen are the pleasant gardens in Paris.

0 notes

luckybouquetnachous-blog · 7 years ago

Text

Touring To France

There appears to be growing confusion about acceptable tipping habits while touring. Seychelles often is the only most secure destination in Africa but it's important to protect yourself from mosquitoes that carry lot of virus. There are a number of kinds of Schengen visas - a transit visa, a short-keep visa, an extended-stay visa, an airport-transit visa and a group visa (solely under some circumstances). In the summertime, France is almost as standard as Spain is within the winter for those on their European motorhome tour. It's essential to visit to Laeticia Ivanez's Les Prairies de Paris, which is exciting boutique having plenty of glamorous garments. The Battle of Normandy was one of the world's best military clashes and D-Day stays one of the vital essential dates within the historical past of the Second World Struggle. Netherlands: The Netherlands Embassy, Pretoria, phone, 012-425-4500. Switzerland: SA passport holders do not need a visa to enter Switzerland for a go to not exceeding three months. A lot of the espresso drank in France though is a mix of Robusta and Arabica. Make sure to order wine along with your meal, since France additionally produces the very best wines - whether or not red, white, or glowing wines. France: French Consulate-Normal, Rosebank, cellphone 011-778-5600. The Eurostar trains are nearly 400 metres long (1300 toes) and once as much as full velocity, will pass one another in seconds! Corsica has excellent beaches that provides actions for travellers. It's a metropolis which is visually appealing and has a rich cultural history of the French. The theme park is located just outdoors town of Paris and is very similar to the US versions, with just a few nods to its European locations. Even today there is an excessive amount of interest in the Battle of Normandy and lots of veterans, their children and grandchildren go to the world for a touring vacation. The Christmas market in Carnot Sq. will simply seduce you. It is known as the Capital of the World, and that is true solely because it is being visited by all of the folks from all of the places of the world. The Musee Carnavalet museum has many archaeological discoveries together with breathtaking historic work, sculptures and so forth. It's advised get pleasure from your purchasing by way of out the day and then benefit from the Paris cuisine in famous restaurants in Paris. All trips depart from one of the following stations relying on the Region destination: Gare du Nord (travelling north), Gare du Lyon (travelling southeast) and Gare Montparnasse (travelling southwest). As a travel vacation spot, there are good beaches, monuments, châteauxes, cathedrals, historical places, inspiring church buildings, mountain scenery, nature, museums, loads of buying locations, cafés, restaurants and bars. Loads of France's many museums and monuments will supply a reduction for senior travellers, in some cases of up to forty%. The ASOR waybill is to be used when travelling outside the European Union and requires a set of translations to accompany it. has a section with helpful minibus recommendation on where to acquire waybills. Whether you might be visiting Paris with household or friends, the vacation spot satiates the needs of all the age groups. This can be a must see stop because of the Cathedral. You may also take a shuttle bus from the airport, which drops you at the Arc de Triomphe, or at some of the train stations. Staying in villas within the Loire region will can help you absolutely explore all that this picturesque a part of France has to supply, from its vineyards and eating places to a bunch of different sights. On the entire, the Louvre Museum is a spectacular place to cease at. After this, they might visit any or all the Schengen international locations as tourists or for enterprise without hindrance. Just be sure that whatever kind of journey holiday you're on the lookout for, you consider everybody that's in your get together, as some activities should not obtainable for youngsters under certain ages, so you do want to contemplate what shall be appropriate, after all when you like biking however have a heart situation, then mountain biking isn't going to be useful! Positioned between the rivers Cher and Loire, Excursions has a powerful outdated metropolis where you may see the preserved half-timbered buildings. For these involved in this period of world history Normandy, France has plenty of very interesting sites. The traditional cathedral that is an epitome of affection additionally has an underground crypt and a small museum for the visitors. At current, there are 15 Schengen international locations in Europe. Occasions have a definite significance in France and vacationers can take at varied instances of the 12 months. For instance, in case you are visiting Germany for three days, France and the Netherlands for 2 days every, you'll apply in your Schengen visa at the embassy or consulate of Germany. Paris is the perfect place on the planet for buying, so if you want to shop follow the locals. A Green Card is advisable when travelling overseas and the insurance firm can assist with this. Among the notable ones are Notre-Dame de Chartres Cathedral, Strasbourg Cathedral, Sacré-Cur basilica, and Notre Dame-de-la-Garde basilica. An unlimited community of border posts existed around the continent which disrupted visitors and commerce, causing delays and prices to each companies and visitors. The Alps Maritime is like discovering the true France and even though the Roya Valley is barely round one hours drive from the Riviera, it is nonetheless very unspoilt, and the valley itself is renowned for its many canyons and with the quick flowing river and mountain surroundings, this may very well be the proper location for an exhilarating family adventure vacation with numerous totally different actions to select from, so you would by no means become bored, just presumably exhausted! In 1871 communards killed a group of monarchists in one of the chambers, whereas throughout the World Conflict II the tunnels have been used by Parisian members of the French Resistance. Without agreeing or disagreeing, we will say that Lyon is just excellent for a family Christmas trip. Guide your one-day to go to Paris well-liked sights. Except you are fluent in French you will find it tough to ask for instructions, and highway signs might be confusing, especially within the mountainous regions. Do that your self, and also you're sure to get an important flavour of the local environment no matter the place you go to in France. That's the reason even the development of the Eiffel Tower in the nineteenth century has raised a fantastic complaints of the locals as a result of they thought that this «monster of metallic» destroys the original form of the historically rich metropolis. Enjoy a meal on the famous Colombe d'Or Restaurant or sip a beer at an outdoor cafe while watching a neighborhood sport of petanque. cheap hotels destin florida It's best to pay a tip of 10-15% of the metered fare to taxi drivers; hairdressers should receive 10%, and assistants 5%. Smaller ideas of round 1 Euro are cheap for cloakroom and washroom attendants, ushers, and museum tour guides. The authentic magnum opus of artwork maestros like Renoir, Sisely, Van Gogh, Monet, Manet, Degas and Pissaro can also be gazed on the Musee d'Orsay museum that additionally has. Provencal traditions say that Christmas holiday season lasts 40 days. Montmartre itself is well price a visit if you want to see what Paris was like within the final century. After all France has many fascinating natural places to go to, but what I actually mean is that you've better places to do this sort of tourism, equivalent to Austria or Switzerland, that are discussed in one other of my articles. Often, you will move by a picturesque town, a phenomenal gothic church, and typically, a quaint countryside inn. As well as the obvious points of interest of one of the world's most famous cities, the realm is also residence to the Euro Disney theme park while you will discover many chateaux and historic villages in the countryside surrounding Paris. From Paris, it only takes a brief prepare trip to visit this historic website. Except for the Louvre, you must also drop by the Musee d'Orsay, which houses Monet and Renoir masterpieces among others, in addition to the Musée National d'Art Moderne on the Centre Georges Pompidou, whenever you go to France. Judging once again by what's out there within the French supermarket, most French individuals are not grinding their very own beans. Listed below are a few ideas of Christmas holidays in France. When staying in Paris, there are lots of choices from hotels to renting an condo for per week or more. Complete bundle holidays are a great way of getting the holiday you need without the trouble and these might be catered specifically for your wants, but it's also possible to choose to guide particular actions for a day here and there while in your holiday. But the mode of travel throughout France is only one area of tipping that travelers should pay attention to; there are other areas the ready traveler can be enthusiastic about. While you journey to France or plan a holiday in France, you will have to dine, stay in a hotel, often travel by taxi, and take excursions. They have the advantages of witnessing thrilling new places plus the possibility to make lasting friendships and maximize personal growth by way of self-discovery. You will discover that this selection can prevent some huge cash, supplying you with the liberty to journey extensively without worrying too much about the costs concerned. There may be a lot you can do in Italy proper from visiting historical spots, viewing magnificent artwork works, beautiful landscapes, and stress-free on its beaches. Lastly, two more well-known northern European cities, Berlin and Amsterdam, would create an excellent schedule for any go to. This wonderful metropolis is among the favorite vacationer locations within the World. It is a broad avenue that follows the bay's coast line and it is lined with beautiful palm timber and flowers. Paris is the most well-liked vacationer destination and is visited by roughly 30 million international vacationers each year. People from Non-EU(European Union), Non-EEA(European Financial Area) international locations who wish to visit Europe as tourists, and who require a visa to enter the Schengen space, are simply required to get a common Schengen Visa from the Embassy/Consulate of the Schengen nation they intend to visit first. Sadly for a lot of of those who survived the initial push from the seashores they have been faced with stronger German opposition than had been anticipated and plenty of extra misplaced their lives. Germany: German Embassy - visa section, Pretoria, 012-427-8999. For these flying in from North America, Australasia or elsewhere on the planet, Europe will be an thrilling but slightly daunting place. This is without doubt one of the most peaceable locations and people right here reside for a median of eighty three years to eighty four years because of the least stress levels. Rouen is positioned on the Seine and is France's fifth largest port. If travelling by motorhome by way of Europe in winter, Spain is without a doubt the preferred destination. In the event you find the service has been more than anticipated, indeed exceptional, leaving another 2-3% is customary, and so is leaving the waiter the small change out of your bill when paying in cash. Additionally to be seen are the pleasant gardens in Paris.

0 notes

superkrispypeanutstudentstu-blog · 7 years ago

Text

The History And Evolution Of Banana Hybrids

Surprisingly, many of the self catering holiday villas in Portugal are there for bookings all yr and are generally of a really excessive normal. Incidentally, on Deserta Grande, the largest outcrop in the Ilhas Desertas, you could find the one poisonous animal that inhabits the Madeira Archipelago. With out regulation of uniform accessories, nevertheless inconsequential it might seem, students would inevitably reap the benefits of the chance to put on objects that are inconsistent with the college uniform policy. For households there's a water park and a few great parks like "Terra Nostra" and excellent museums to go to too. Uruguay went down in the history books by profitable the primary World Cup within the history of football. There are, however, some features of travelling in Thailand that it is best to contemplate so as to make your vacation not solely memorable, but a safe and glad experience too. It's presently the principle language spoken in Portugal, Brasil, Angola, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, Inexperienced Cape, Santo Tomé and Príncipe, Oriental Timor, Ecuatorial Guinea, t can also be spoken in Macao and in some areas of India that former Portuguese colonies together with the areas of Goa, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Barcelona is understood for among the most unimaginable seashores in the surrounding areas, The Aquarium, Maritime museum and Zoo. Summer season in Portugal is dry and clear whereas winter is reasonably cool and liable to thunder showers. Since cork may be very elastic and impermeable, it makes an incredible bottle stopper; for cork, just like for many people, wine was destiny. Algarve options the most enticing and highest-high quality beaches in Europe. They don't seem to be required to get separate visas for all of the (Schengen) European nations they want to visit. The costs of a meal are costly due to the major city being close to the harbour where most of the cruise ships come in to dock, so this commerce has inflated the prices. This is one other famous vacationer spot the place you'll get to see the great College of Coimbra. Once you get to the hill where the citadel stands, be ready for the view of town and the river under you. Beaches are essential for the majority of holiday makers, and Faro has some nice seashores to supply. This takes a bit of getting used to, and requires a lot more time, but it's value it in the long run. Portugal borders only one nation, Spain, which makes up the remainder of the Iberian Peninsula. The coastal area, generally known as Ribeyra, has many slim twisting streets with homes, colourful façades and fidget energy of working individuals. An old good friend of mine once said that Portugal was 'a chilly nation with a hot Sun'. As soon as Portugal had solved its drawback, it was time to seek funding elsewhere, perhaps with a competitor. Algarve is the right vacation spot for many who love nature and sports activities. Travelers can even make use of a automotive and driver, if their budgets enable it. Additionally it is advisable to investigate about airport shuttles and travel options offered by inns and resorts. From right here on in from a comparatively small toe hold in the South west tip of Spain Islam begins to broaden over nearly all of Iberia together with Portugal. The Algarve area of Portugal, located in the south of the country, is the right spot to visit at any time of yr. In every town or city, there may be one "underground" night spot you just have to visit. There are plenty of alternatives to have a great time during the winter and there are much less folks to take care of. This could inevitably get rid of wardrobe battles with your children concerning the proper clothes to put on to high school, save time getting ready for varsity in the morning and make your purchasing expertise for college attire a a lot easier and less anxious process. A current research ranked Lisbon in forty first place of world cities with very best quality of dwelling. Buying property in Silver Coast Portugal is at present standard with Europeans, however as of yet, not so much with the British property consumers. The Euromillions lotto, or the Euro loto as it is continuously known, gathers the stakes of all nine taking part European nations presenting a mammoth Euro lotto prize. Fish is considered to be a weight-reduction plan staple of locals and vacationers alike. You may always use the condo as a base from which to stage wonderful weekend jaunts to either the wine country or to the sport parks. The nation's second largest metropolis has at all times rivaled Lisbon in economic power. A number of nations have performed nine World Cups. Lisbon is a place the place it's nonetheless easy to flee the crowds and enjoy a peaceable way of life. This is the so-called Venice of Portugal as a result of it additionally boasts of its personal canals and bridges wherein you may take a leisurely journey on their moliceiros, which are corresponding to the Venice's gondolas. Many vacationers also succumb to the temptation of visiting the pleasant Sinatra and Cassias which are both easily accessible from Lisbon. The town is inside easy attain of some nice beaches. For years, Joe's Storage has been such a place in Lagos. In the summertime, France is almost as fashionable as Spain is within the winter for these on their European motorhome tour. Out to the west of Son Bou you will see an space for nude bathers. In case you're searching for easy seas with huge, sandy seashores, it's best to visit the Sotavento region of Algarve Portugal, which is its japanese part. Columbus' terms - the place of Admiral, governorship for him and his descendants of discovered lands, and ten % of the profits for all journeys made by Spain to the new lands, for all time. The gem scam business is nicely established and ready to prey on travellers who are on the lookout for an excellent deal. Portuguese tourism has flourished over time as foreigners are enthralled by its cultural variety and age-outdated civilizations. Over time necessary alternate relations have developed between the hunter-gatherer Baka and the neighbouring Bantu cultivators. Instead of huge concentrations of people arriving in a single location in July or August the unbiased traveler will enterprise elsewhere decreasing the environmental footprint and serving to the economies of more rural economies. He has visited Madeira on quite a few occasions and always discovered it useful to have the helpful free vacationer Madeira map available which is available by free downloaded. Some people wire together wine corks and make sizzling pads whereas others counsel gluing sliced wine corks to the underside of vases and knickknacks, as a means to keep these items from scratching tables and cabinets. From May to October, the roads close by are lined with pilgrims - many on foot - visiting the famed shrine of Fatima the place three shepherd youngsters claimed to have seen visions of the Virgin Mary. Nonetheless, individual insurers could at any time decide to vary their territorial limits or boundaries based on the quantity of claims they receive for those destinations in relation to the number of insurance policies sold. Nightlife centres mainly on the previous riverside space of Cais da Ribeira, the student bars of Cordoaria and in addition the extra stylish bars, clubs, Artwork Deco cafes and sensible eating places. Thus, in Portugal, the purchaser of real estate is supplied with a level of protection that's present in very few different countries all over the world. For backpackers that prefer to get out and see totally different places, this makes Europe a golden destination. This problem has come beneath scrutiny lately relating to cover for Turkey and Egypt, and whether or not the international locations are categorised as part of Europe for travel insurance coverage purposes. Portuguese is a member of the Italic subfamily which in turn is a part of the Indo-European family of languages. Porto is maybe most famous for Port wine, which is produced and shipped from this space. Alternatively, additionally, you will find people who find themselves drawn right here to try out a spread of activities and energetic adventures in this balmy and solar-blessed space. But inside the relative brief time span of just some three score years and ten all the territory has been recovered to be under Visigoth control. Now is a perfect time to make resort reservations, buy aircraft tickets and find nice procuring bargains due to the weakened euro. For example: though Turkey is in Europe, it's not a part of the European Union (on the time of writing) and therefore the EHIC is not valid. There are many roadside cafes along the best way, a fantastic place to stop off for a drink is at the Esplanada Santa Marta which overlooks Santa Marta Seashore and lighthouse. The world boasts full-bodied, aromatic red wines with glorious alcoholic content material: the wines of the south (castas Camarate, Periquita and Tinto Miudo) are energetic when younger, intense but well balanced and with an beautiful bouquet when aged. Upon his failure, he landed undetected at the southern point of the Rock from current-day Morocco. There are some glorious trails that take you through lush green forest where you may see hordes of untamed flowers blooming to full glory. Do not miss the market on Saturday mornings the place you should purchase regional specialities and freshly harvested fruit and vegetables earlier than heading down to the fish market for the days catch. While the Portuguese language spoken in Portugal differs from that spoken in Brazil as regards to some areas of pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary, the variations are minor. Based on specialists, this trend of shopping for gold will continue within the coming years. Say you're in Morocco and you need to go to the architectural heritage of Morocco however simply have no idea the place and tips on how to go, finding a local journey company such because the Morocco Travel Agency to sign up for a day tour around the lovely sights of Moroccan buildings can leave you with joyful memories to final. Muslim invaders from North Africa through the eight-century have additionally enriched the architecture in southern Portugal. With three lovely seashores - Praia da Rainha, Praia da Ribeira and Praia da Conceicao - you will be spoilt for selection. Most tourists are shuttled off to the central Algarve leaving the most lovely and unspoiled areas in the east and the west for unbiased vacationers. The peace and quiet of the calm lagoons is indeed a special technique to take pleasure in your seaside holidays in Portugal. You can both do so with your travel agency such because the Morocco Travel Agency who specialises in Morocco or with native tour firms during your vacation. In addition the region offers a number of thermal baths: Vimeiro (digestive system, circulatory system, respiratory system and pores and skin), Cucos (metabolic and endocrine systems, rheumatics, muscular and skeletal methods) and Torres Vedras and Caldas da Rainha - the oldest in Europe (respiratory system, rheumatics, muscular and skeletal techniques). There are some small beaches in Sao Miguel providing water sports like swimming, diving and browsing in the summertime months between June and October, but usually the world is understood for its lush green hills and ultimate climate for walking and trekking. Strolling is a popular pursuit right here, particularly alongside the coastal route from Cascais to the Boca do Inferno which is nice enjoyable throughout a storm or at high tide, but not for the faint hearted! I always make an effort to grasp what type of leisure actions interest my golfers before reserving a golf holiday. Be reassured that flying to South Africa has grow to be rather more economical all through the years with flights originating in European airports. Portuguese tourism is nicely developed and is a serious supply of income for the country. Town's life and traditions from earliest until present days are described in the Museum of History and Ethnography. The weak Australian foreign money, coupled with a low season for accommodation that began in late January encouraged some vacationers to the warmth of the Australian Gold Coast for their winter. In addition to the coastal areas of Portugal, many international nationals have taken to buying residences in rural communities. Within the East head to Tavira a shocking outdated metropolis with a fort and lots of historic churches, at one time the capital of the Algarve. Our first afternoon was spent exploring the Fortress of St George on the heart of Lisbon's Alfama district, the oldest and most picturesque part of the city. cheap hotels cork There are many condos accessible for rent alongside the attractive, scenic coast, principally between Cape City and Port Elizabeth that cost in the vary of $ 1500 - $ 1900 a month. Low cost flights to Portugal have truly changed how people might be near the world.

0 notes