#rules of sawan month

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Sawan 2024: सावन में कैसे करें शिवलिंग की पूजा? जानिए शिव पूजन की सही विधि Sawan 2024: इस बार सावन की शुरुआत और अंत दोनों सोमवार को हो रहा है इसलिए कुल 5 व्रत आएंगे। सावन 22 जुलाई सोमवार से शुरू होकर 19 अगस्त सोमवार को ही पूर्ण होने जा रहा है

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Sawan Somvaar Vrat: Do's & Don'ts To Follow While Observing Fasts During Sawan Month | Lord Shiva

During Sawan, which began on July 22 and will end on August 19, devotees observe fast every Monday of the month to seek the blessings of Lord Shiva. If you too are observing a fast, then there are certain fasting rules that you need to follow. Watch this video to know the do’s and don’ts of observing fasts during Shravan. Source link

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Sawan 2024 Fasting Rules: Do's and Don’ts To Keep In Mind While Fasting On Shravan Somwar | Culture News

The month of Sawan (Shravan) holds a special place in the hearts of many devotees, especially during the auspicious Shravan Somwar (Monday) fasts. This period is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is observed with great devotion and reverence. As Sawan 2024 approaches, here are some essential dos and don’ts to help you observe the Shravan Somwar fasts effectively and spiritually. Do’s Perform a…

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3 Mukhi Rudraksha

is considered to be the form of Lord Shiva in the scriptures. Those who wear Rudraksh, Lord Bholenath has special blessings on them. 3 Mukhi Rudraksha originated from the tears of Lord Shiva.

Wearing 3 Mukhi Rudraksha has health benefits. Three Mukhi Rudraksha is considered to be the symbol of three powers. By wearing it around the neck, a person gets freedom from many types of physical sufferings. Wearing three faced Rudraksh around the neck destroys planetary defects related to Mars and Sun.

Wearing Rudraksh is very beneficial for the students. It is believed to increase their energy and courage.

Three Mukhi Rudraksha is related to the God of Mars. So it is very beneficial for people with the zodiac signs of Aries and Scorpio. According to astrology, people who have negative or inauspicious position of Mars in their horoscope can also wear three faced Rudraksha.

People doing jobs should wear three faced Rudraksh. Wearing three Mukhi Rudraksha gives success in work. At the same time, respect is earned.

Rules for wearing Rudraksha: Always wear Rudraksh in red or yellow thread only. Never touch it with impure hands and wear it only after taking a bath. While wearing Rudraksha, the mantra of Lord Shiva should be chanted Om Namah Shivay. The Rudraksha worn by a person should never be given to someone else to wear.

How to Wear Rudraksha : To get the desired result, 3 Mukhi Rudraksha should be worn on any Monday in the month of Sawan by chanting Shiva Mantra. On Mondays of Sawan, first bathe the Rudraksha with pure water, then with a mixture of Panchamrit (milk-curd-honey-ghee-Ganga water) and finally bathe it with Gangajal. Sitting in the place of worship in the house or in any Shiva temple, light a lamp using cow’s ghee, do tilak and put the 3 Mukhi Rudrakasha on a red cloth in the holy place of worship in front of you. Take a little water in hand and make a resolution – O Tridev, I (say your name and gotra) am invoking this Rudraksha to get the special grace of Lord Shiva and to get the desired fruit, may it give me perfection in my work. Saying this leave the water on the ground below. After worshiping like this, chant this mantra 108 times. Mantra- Om Kleem Namah or Om Namah Shivay. After chanting the mantra, rotate the Rudraksha 21 times over the flame of the lamp and wear it while chanting the mantra Om Namah Shivay.

What is the benefit of 3 Mukhi Rudraksha? Is 3 Mukhi Rudraksha rare? What is the story of 3 Mukhi Rudraksha? What is the price of 3 Mukhi Rudraksha in India?

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Putrada Ekadashi: Know the time and rules of fasting on Putrada Ekadashi, which fills you with wealth and grains in the month of Paush.

Ekadashi of Shukla Paksha of Paush month is known as Putrada Ekadashi. It is said that the importance of this Ekadashi is also written in the Puranas. According to the Hindu calendar, Putrada Ekadashi falls twice a year. The first one falls on the Ekadashi date of Shukla Paksha of Pausha month. Whereas the fast of the second Putrada Ekadashi is observed on the Ekadashi date of Shukla Paksha of Sawan month. This fast is dedicated to Lord Shri Vishnu and it is believed that by observing Pausha Putrada Ekadashi fast, one gets virtuous results equal to Vajpayee Yagya. According to religious scriptures, this fast is considered very fruitful for those who do not have children. This time in Putrada Ekadashi. Si. Yoga is being formed, due to which the sanctity of this fast has increased further.

Putrada Ekadashi Putrada Ekadashi 2024 date and time:

This time Ekadashi of Shukla Paksha of Paush month is falling on Sunday, 21 January 2024. This Ekadashi is considered very special, especially for those who wish to have a son, this fast is considered very important. This time a very auspicious Yoga i.e. Shukla Yoga is being formed in Putrada Ekadashi. Worshiping Lord Vishnu in this yoga increases happiness and prosperity. The work done in this yoga leads to auspicious results.

Putrada Ekadashi Ekadashi Tithi Start: 20th January 2024 at 07:28 PM

Ekadashi's date ends on 21 January 2024 at 07:29 pm. According to Udaya Tithi, the Ekadashi fast will be observed on the 21st of January.

Paush Putrada Ekadashi Paran Muhurta: 07:13 AM to 09:21 AM on 22nd January.

Duration: 2 hours 7 minutes

Putrada Ekadashi Importance of Putrada Ekadashi:

According to religious beliefs, if a person observes this fast as per the rituals then he gets the happiness of having a child. By observing the Putrada Ekadashi fast, the devotee gets all kinds of material comforts. Also, he finally goes to Vaikuntha Dham and is liberated from all sins. Apart from this, the health of the children of those who observe this fast also remains good and their married life also remains happy. By observing fast on this auspicious day one gets freedom from all kinds of sins. By observing this fast, all the wishes of a person are fulfilled. By observing this fast, childless couples also get a child. According to religious beliefs, observing Ekadashi fast leads to salvation after death.

Ekadashi fast puja material

Picture or statue of Shri Vishnu flower Coconut Betel Fruit cloves Sunlight lamp Ghee Panchamrit intact sweet Basil Sandalwood sweet stuff

Putrada Ekadashi worship method of Putrada Ekadashi:

Install the idol of Lord Vishnu in the temple. Then take water from the conch and anoint the idol.

Apply sandalwood tilak to Lord Vishnu. Worship with rice, flowers, abeer, gulal, perfume, etc., and light a ghee lamp in front of the idol.

On this day, if possible, worship wearing yellow clothes and also offer yellow clothes to Lord Vishnu.

Also, offer amla, clove, lemon, and betel nut along with seasonal fruits to Shri Hari Vishnu. After this, offer kheer made from cow's milk. Keep in mind that Tulsi must be kept in the offering because Tulsi is very dear to Lord Vishnu.

After this, perform Aarti and read the story of Putrada Ekadashi because without it the fast is considered incomplete.

Shukla Yoga is being formed on this day. In such a situation, go to the temple and worship Shri Hari and Har and also do bhajan-kirtan of Lord Vishnu on the night of Ekadashi and ask for forgiveness from Shri Hari Vishnu for any mistake or sin committed unknowingly.

Feed the Brahmins the next day. Break the fast only after this.

Fast story of Putrada Ekadashi

Lord Krishna himself had told the importance of Putrada Ekadashi to Dharmaraj Yudhishthir. According to the legend, in a city, there lived a king named Suketuman, whose wife's name was Shaivya. The king and queen had no children, about which he was always worried. He was always worried about who would take over his throne after that who would perform his last rites, Shraddha, Pind Daan, etc. after his death who would liberate him, and who would satisfy his ancestors. Just thinking about all this, the king started falling ill.

Once the king went out to visit the forest and started seeing the beauty of nature, there he saw how deer, peacocks, and other animals and birds were enjoying life with their wives and children. Seeing this he became even more disturbed. He started thinking that despite doing so many good deeds, I was childless. Then the king felt thirsty and started wandering here and there in search of water. While wandering, his eyes fell on the hermitage of sages built on the banks of a river. Being a devotee, the king went there and paid obeisance to all the sages. Seeing the simple nature of the king, all the sages were extremely pleased with him and asked him to ask for a boon. To which the king replied, “O God! By the grace of God and you Saint Mahatmas, I have everything, only I have no children, due to which my life is meaningless.”

Hearing this the sage said, “King! God himself has sent you here today with a special blessing on you. Today is Putrada Ekadashi and you should fast on this Ekadashi with full devotion. By doing this you will get a son. Hearing this from the sage, the king observed that fast and according to the rules Break the fast on the day of Dashashi. After a few days, the queen became pregnant and gave birth to a bright and successful son and finally, the king attained salvation. In this way the importance of this fast increased manifold.

Surefire and effective remedies on the day of Putrada Ekadashi

Putrada Ekadashi to get the blessings of Lord Vishnu

On the day of Putrada Ekadashi, Lord Vishnu should be anointed by pouring milk in the Dakshinavarti conch. Also, Lord Vishnu should be garlanded with yellow flowers, and applying sandalwood tilak on the forehead of Shri Hari is especially fruitful. It is believed that by doing this, Lord Vishnu can be pleased quickly and his special blessings can be obtained.

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Still no answers three years after Beirut mega-explosion

Three years on, the probe into the traumatic disaster caused by a huge pile of poorly-stored fertiliser remains bogged down in legal and political wrangling, to the dismay of victims' families.

BEIRUT: One of history's biggest non-nuclear explosions rocked Beirut on August 4, 2020, destroying swathes of the Lebanese capital, killing more than 220 people and injuring at least 6,500.

Three years on, the probe into the traumatic disaster caused by a huge pile of poorly-stored fertiliser remains bogged down in legal and political wrangling, to the dismay of victims' families.

The mega-blast

The massive explosion, heard as far away as Cyprus, destroys much of Beirut port and entire districts of the city in scenes that shock the country and the world.

The blast leaves a 43-metre (141 foot) deep crater and registers as the equivalent of a magnitude 3.3 earthquake.

The disaster spreads fear and chaos, with mountains of broken glass littering roads and bloodied survivors flooding overwhelmed hospitals.

The blast was caused by a fire in a warehouse where a vast stockpile of the industrial chemical ammonium nitrate had been haphazardly stored for years.

The tragedy strikes amid a deep economic crisis, almost a year after mass demonstrations erupted against a ruling class deemed inept and corrupt as living conditions worsen.

On August 10, Prime Minister Hassan Diab resigns under a barrage of pressure over the explosion.

Probe thwarted

In December 2020, the lead investigator examining the blast, Fadi Sawan, charges Diab and three ex-ministers with negligence.

Two of them file a complaint, the probe is suspended, and Sawan is removed from his post by court order.

In July 2021, the new investigating magistrate, Tarek Bitar, moves to interrogate four former ministers but parliament stalls on lifting their immunity.

He is forced to suspend the probe following a series of court challenges.

Gun battle

In October 2021, the powerful Shiite movement Hezbollah and its ally Amal call for demonstrations to demand Bitar's dismissal.

Seven people are killed in gun battles during the rally.

At the end of 2021, Bitar resumes his investigation but less than two weeks later is forced to suspend work for a fourth time following more legal challenges.

Silos collapse

On August 4, 2022, several grain silos damaged in the explosion collapse in a cloud of dust, a traumatic reminder of the disaster that struck exactly two years before.

Days earlier, other parts of the silos crumbled after a fire broke out when remaining grain stocks fermented and ignited in the summer heat.

Judicial showdown

In January 2023, 13 months after his probe is suspended, Bitar resumes work and charges Prosecutor General Ghassan Oueidat and seven others with probable intent to murder, arson and other crimes.

Oueidat in turn charges Bitar with insubordination and "usurping power" but the investigator refuses to step down.

Oueidat also orders the release "of all those detained" over the port blast, leaving the investigation stalled and nobody yet held to account.

Victims' families and rights groups urge the United Nations to create an independent fact-finding mission.

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Sawan 2023: Adhikamas Monday Falls on Sawan's Third Monday

Monday holds a sacred place for devotees of Lord Shiva, as it is a day of special worship dedicated to Him. Those who observe a fast on this auspicious day are blessed with the fulfillment of their heartfelt desires. This fasting ritual takes place during the highly revered month of Sawan, specifically on the Monday falling within it. To understand this celestial alignment better, one can seek guidance from the best astrologer in Kolkata "Kolkata Astrologer," a reliable source of astrological insights.

Devoutly worshipping Lord Shiva on this propitious day brings solace amidst life's tribulations, leading to a blissful existence. The significance of this day is further elevated during the extra month of Adhikamas, making it an opportune time to celebrate and please the easily appeased deity, Lord Shiva. Embracing this day with utmost devotion allows one to seek His divine grace and blessings abundantly.

Detailed Worship Rules for Monday's Fast:

Rise Before Sunrise: Commence the day dedicated to Lord Shiva by waking up before sunrise. This early start sets the tone for a spiritually enriched day.

Purify with a Bath: After waking up, purify the body and soul with a cleansing bath. Wearing clean and fresh clothes adds to the sense of reverence before embarking on the day's worship.

Vow of Fasting: Take a solemn vow to fast, dedicating the entire day to the worship of Lord Shiva. Fasting is believed to purify the mind and intensify spiritual devotion.

Light the Lamp: Illuminate the temple or sacred space within the house with a lamp, symbolizing divine enlightenment and the eradication of darkness from one's life.

Anoint Lord Shiva with Ganges Water: One of the most sacred acts is anointing the Shivling or Lord Shiva's idol with water from the holy river Ganges. This ritual signifies the infusion of divine purity.

Worship Shiva and Mother Parvati: Engage in heartfelt worship of Lord Shiva and His divine consort, Mother Parvati. Offer prayers and express devotion through mantras and bhajans.

Water Offering on Shivling: After offering milk, curd, honey, or any other sacred substance to the Shivling, follow it with a generous offering of water. Water symbolizes purity and the divine life force.

Fasting Phases: Devotees observing the fast should eat only once during the day, selecting one of the three phases (morning, noon, or evening) for their meal. This self-discipline and restraint manifest as acts of devotion.

Apply Sandalwood Tilak: Adorn the Shivling with a tilak of sandalwood paste, symbolizing reverence and gratitude towards Lord Shiva.

Offerings on Mondays of Sawan for Auspicious Worship:

On Mondays during the month of Shravan (Sawan), offering various items to Lord Shiva brings special results of worship. Let's explore the offerings that lead to auspicious outcomes on this day:

Anointing with Water: As mentioned earlier, anointing Lord Shiva with water, especially from the holy Ganges, holds great significance and bestows divine blessings.

Dedicate White Clothes: After performing the water offering, devotees can dedicate white clothes to the deity, symbolizing purity and devotion.

White Sandalwood and Akshat: Offering white sandalwood paste and unbroken rice grains (Akshat) represents respect and devotion towards Lord Shiva.

White Flowers, Datura, Belpatra, Cannabis, and Garland: Presenting white flowers, datura flowers, belpatra (leaves of the wood apple tree), and, where culturally appropriate and legal, cannabis, along with garlands, adds beauty and sanctity to the worship.

Lighting a Lamp with Ashwagandha and Dhoop: Light a lamp after offering ashwagandha (Indian ginseng) and dhoop (incense) to create a sacred ambiance during worship.

Offering Seasonal Fruits or Vines: Offering seasonal fruits or vine fruits symbolizes gratitude and abundance, while naivedya (food offering) to God fulfills wishes and desires.

By diligently following these worship rules and offering the specified items on the Mondays of Sawan, devotees can experience the divine benefits of their worship and deepen their connection with Lord Shiva. Seeking guidance from "Kolkata Astrologer" can further enhance understanding and spiritual growth.

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2023 Mangala Gauri Vrat Katha: Puja Rules, and Meaning

Knowing the Rituals and Meaning of the Mangala Gauri Vrat Katha

In Hindu culture, the Mangala Gauri Vrat Katha is of utmost significance. This year, Hindus all throughout India will observe the Mangala Gauri Vrat, also known as the auspicious fast, each Tuesday in Sawan. Read the blog to learn more about the 2023 Mangal Gauri Vrat Katha's rites, significance, and processes.

The story of Goddess Gauri, a manifestation of Goddess Parvati, is told in the Mangala Gauri Vrat Katha. It is thought that carrying out this Vrat with the utmost devotion and sincerity can result in blessings, luck, and a happy marriage. The Vrat, which is dedicated to requesting the heavenly favor of Goddess Gauri, is observed on Tuesdays throughout the Sawan/Shravana month.

Mangla Gauri Puja Samagri

Devotees practice fasting and adhere to a precise set of rites during the Mangala Gauri Vrat. The Vrat starts with early rising, a cleansing bath, and dressing in customary clean clothing. Sacred objects like vermilion (sindoor), turmeric (haldi), flowers, fruits, incense, and a clay statue or portrait of Goddess Gauri are all included in the puja samagri.

Mangala Gauri Puja Rules

The Goddess Gauri's picture is placed on a spotless platform to start the puja. To summon the goddess, devotees offer prayers, recite mantras, and engage in aarti. To enlist the help of Goddess Gauri, special offerings like sweets, coconut, and vermillion are made. Particularly married ladies practice this Vrat in order to ensure their husbands' happiness and fulfilling marriage.

Conclusion

One of the most popular customs that allows followers to show their devotion to and ask for the blessings of Goddess Gauri is the Mangala Gauri Vrat Katha. Let us savor the purity, love, and faith associated with this auspicious event as we mark this vrat in 2023. May the divine favor of Goddess Gauri bless us with wealth, joy, and happy marriage.

Article Source: Mangala Gauri Vrat Katha 2023: Puja Vidhi, Dates and Significance

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Significance Of Sawan Somvar Vrat

Sawan is the Hindu calendar’s fifth month. Shravana is another name for savan. It is a month dedicated to the worship of Lord Shiva, also known as Mahadeva, Maheshwar, Neelkanth, Rudra, Naresh, Shankar, and other names. savan is one of the most desired months on the Hindu calendar, as worshippers of Lord Shiva wait all year for this auspicious month to pay their respects to him. A large number of devotees go to Haridwar, Devghar, and other important sites while holding Kanvar on their shoulders. During the holy month of Sawan, a variety of celebrations are observed. Sawan is also a month that is joyfully welcomed by the people, since the month of Shravan ushers in the monsoon, bringing respite from the blistering heat of summer.

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Sawan's Festivals

During this holy month, a lot of celebrations are held. As we all know, India is a diverse country, and sawan celebrations differ in the northern and southern parts of the country. In the month of Sawan, the northern area celebrates a variety of festivals.

● Sawan Somvar Vrat ● Kamika Ekadashi ● Hariyali Teej ● Nag Panchami ● Shravana Putrada Ekadashi ● Varalakshmi Vrat

What exactly is the Kanwar Yatra?

Kanvar Yatra, also known as Kanwar Mela, is a religious fair that begins in the sacred month of Shravana and lasts for three months (Savan). Lord Shiva devotees trek barefoot to Har ki Pauri in Haridwar, Gangotri in Uttarakhand, and other locations to collect holy water from the sacred river Ganga and dedicate it to Lord Shiva. Kanwariyas are devotees who engage in this yearly pilgrimage (Kanwar Mela).

The narrative of Kanvar Mela goes back to the period when the ocean was being churned (Samudra Manthan). A fatal poison was also received as a product, along with various other items. Mahadeva swallowed all of the poison to rescue the world, and as a result, his neck went blue. It is for this reason that he is also called Neelkanth. Ravana, a fervent disciple of Lord Shiva, is said to have taken Gangajal and sprinkled it over Shiva Lingam using a Kanvar (a wooden pole at the ends of which weights are tied). Lord Shiva was finally set free from the negative effects of the poison he had swallowed.

Read Also:- How Yoga Can Open Your Subconscious Mind?

Sawan’s Vrat

In the month of savan, people observe three types of Vrats (fasts). The following is a list of them:

1. Sawan Somvar Vrat: Sawan Somvar Vrat is a fast practiced on Mondays throughout the month of savan. 2. Solah Somvar Vrat: Solah Somvar Vrats are a set of 16 fasts that are practiced on 16 consecutive Mondays. 3. Pradosh Vrat: Pradosh Vrat is a fast kept till Pradosh Kaal in respect of Shiva Parvati to obtain their heavenly blessings.

Vrat rules based on scriptures

● There are particular traditions to perform when fasting in the month of Sawan, according to the scriptures. The following is a list of them: ● The person who is fasting should get up in the morning and shower to get rid of any impurities from their body. ● In any Shiva Temple, milk should be served to Shiva Lingam. ● To worship Mahadeva, an altar should be put up, and the Puja Sthal should be carefully cleansed. Participants of the fast must take the oath to invest themselves in Mahadeva’s devotion during the fast with all their hearts and soul. ● Lord Shiva’s prayers are offered multiple times a day. The very first puja must be performed first thing in the morning, and the second after sunset. ● An oil lamp is lit for the puja, and flowers are presented to Lord Shiva. ● Mantras are recited, and Mahadeva is given nuts, Panchamrit, coconut, betel leaves, and other offerings. ● The Sawan Vrat Katha (Solah Somvar Vrat Katha) is an essential aspect of Sawan that must be performed during the Vrat. Mahadeva’s life is chronicled in the Vrat Katha. ● Prasad is given among family members as soon as the Puja is over. ● The fast can be broken and normal meals taken after the evening Puja.

Mantra for Sawan Somwar Vrat:

Throughout savan, any Shiva Mantra, including Om Namah Shivay, can be recited.

Who observes the Vrat?

Marital ladies practice the Vrat to live a happy and contented married life. This fast is also observed by unmarried women to be graced with a good spouse and a happy married life. Anyone who follows the fast with unwavering faith and devotion is said to be granted by Mahadeva himself.

History of Sawan

sawan Vrat, like every other Hindu religious event, has a backstory. It is said that once there existed a person who was extremely wealthy and lived a lavish lifestyle. He had all he needed, but the lack of a kid was the single source of anxiety and worry in his life. The guy and his wife were Lord Shiva enthusiasts who used to fast on Mondays to appease him. Goddess Parvati, seeing their unwavering devotion, urged that Mahadeva reward the couple with a child. As a consequence, they were able to have a normal son at long last. Amar was the name given to the son, but with his birth came the prediction that he would die just at age of 12.

The youngster was taken to Kashi for his schooling when he got older. His maternal uncle accompanied him, and his parents instructed him to practice Yagna and charity everywhere he went. They passed by a princess’s wedding ceremony, where the groom-to-be was partially blind. The groom’s family was concerned that the mystery of their son’s half-blindness would be revealed. They asked Amar to stand in for the groom, which he consented to. He married the princess out of love, but he didn’t want to mislead her. He opted to write this truth on his bride’s bridal stole (chunri). When the bride got his message, she stayed at her parents’ place and waited for her first husband. Amar went on his trek and arrived at Kashi.

Throughout this period, Amar stayed true to his parents’ words and committed to holy activities. He sat at a Shiva temple on his 12th birthday, continuing to present Bel Patra (Bilva leaves) to Lord Shiva. Lord Shiva opted to gift the infant with the boon of long life when Lord Yama arrived to take away the boy’s life, and as a consequence, Amar did not die and Yamaraj departed empty-handed. Amar came home with his wife, blessed by Mahadeva himself, and his family’s unwavering devotion.

Astrological Importance

It is thought that when sawan begins, the Sun enters the Zodiac Sign Leo, which has varied effects on each of the 12 Zodiac Signs.

Conclusion:

Mahadeva demonstrated that he has always been there for his sincere believers to assist them and shower their wonderful blessings. And, that is why there are thousands of devotees who observe the Sawan Somwar Vrat during Sawan.

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Read Also:- Locker Vastu Tips To Attract Money!

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भूलकर भी नहीं करने चाहिए सावन के महीने में ये काम, वरना झेलना पड़ सकता है बाब भोलेनाथ का प्रकोप!

भूलकर भी नहीं करने चाहिए सावन के महीने में ये काम, वरना झेलना पड़ सकता है बाब भोलेनाथ का प्रकोप! #Shiv #mahadev #Gorakhnath #LordShiiva #सावन #सावन2020

भूलकर भी नहीं करने चाहिए सावन के महीने में ये काम, वरना झेलना पड़ सकता है बाब भोलेनाथ का प्रकोप!: आज हम आपको बताएंगे कि सावन के महीने में शिव भक्त को क्या नहीं करना चाहिए। माना जाता है कि इस पवित्र माह में ऐसे कई काम है जो नहीं करने चाहिए, ऐसा करने से भगवान शिव के साथ-साथ अन्य देवी देवताओं की कृपा बनी रहती है।

भूलकर भी नहीं करने चाहिए सावन के महीने में ये काम, वरना झेलना पड़ सकता है बाब भोलेनाथ का…

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Hariyali Teej 2022 | Women should not do this work on the day of 'Hariyali Teej', it may be bad

Hariyali Teej 2022 | Women should not do this work on the day of ‘Hariyali Teej’, it may be bad

File Photo -Seema Kumari According to the Panchag, ‘Hariyali Teej’ is celebrated on the third day of the month of Sawan. This year this fast is on 31st July, Sunday. On this day, Hindu married women worship Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati by observing a fasting fast. There are many types of rules regarding this fast, which are considered necessary to follow. There is a fear of breaking the fast…

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When Is The Nag Panchami, Puja Vidhi, History, Wishes, Fasting Rules

When Is The Nag Panchami, Puja Vidhi, History, Wishes, Fasting Rules

When is Nag Panchami 2021? The Nag Panchami celebration takes place on the fifth day of Shukla Paksha in the Sawan month. This year, Panchami will begin at 03.24 p.m. on August 12th and will end at 1.42 a.m. on August 13th. Nag Panchami, according to the acharyas, will be celebrated on August 13th. On August 13, from 5:49 a.m. to 8.28 a.m., the most auspicious period for worship will be from 5:49…

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Tuesday, February 23, 2021

Positive Coronavirus Test? Canadians Worry Their Neighbors Will Find Out (NYT) For a time, Cortland Cronk, 26, was Canada’s most famous—and infamous—coronavirus patient. Mr. Cronk, a traveling salesman, went viral after testing positive in November and recounting his story of being infected while traveling for work to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. He was called a virus-spreader, a job-killer, a liar and a sleaze. Online memes painted him as the Grinch, since subsequent outbreaks led to restrictions against Christmas parties. Many people, including a newspaper columnist, made elaborate fun of his name. He also received threats. So many, in fact, that he fled his hometown, Saint John, for Victoria—a city on the opposite end of the country, 3,600 miles away. “They were acting like I purposely got Covid,” Mr. Cronk said from his new apartment. “I had hundreds of death threats per day. People telling me I should be publicly stoned.” Canadians might be known internationally as nice, apologetic and fair-minded. But, a year after the pandemic arrived, some Canadians worry it has exposed a very different national persona: judgmental, suspicious and vengeful. Covid-shaming has become fervent in parts of the country, with locals calling for the heads of not just politicians and doctors breaking the rules but their own family members and neighbors. “It’s not getting Covid—it’s breaking the rules that worries us,” said Randy Boyagoda, a novelist and English professor at the University of Toronto, noting that a Canadian foundational motto is “peace, order and good government.”

A Utah city has been forgiving parking tickets in exchange for food donations (CNN) city in Utah is letting residents donate food in exchange for wiping out their parking tickets. Heber City tried to get folks to move their parked cars off the streets to make room for snowplows, but the warnings didn’t work and police had to issue a lot of citations. So, starting last week and going to February 22, police will toss a parking ticket for anyone who brings in five non-perishable, non-expired food items. “Covid has taken means away from people and it’s tough times. We wanted to be able to have another solution and maybe have a positive charge to the negative on the parking citations,” said police Sgt. Tammy Thacker. The city has received tons of donations since announcing the program on a Facebook post, she said. “We did have several people that have called in and donated food without (having) parking citations,” Thacker told CNN.

What a Texas Plumber Faces Now: A State Full of Burst Pipes (NYT) Randy Calazans is one of the hottest commodities in Texas right now. He’s a plumber. The winter weather nightmare that swept through the state last week cut off power and heat to millions of homes that were never designed for frigid temperatures. Up and down the state, people were driven from their homes, or came back to find them badly damaged, by pipes and valves and tanks that froze and burst. So when the snow started to defrost and the sun made a coveted return, plumbers were suddenly like roofers after a hurricane: Everybody seemed to need one, all at once. At One Call Plumbing, the plumbing business where Mr. Calazans works, employees have been answering the phones nonstop in a small office with sprawling maps of Houston on the walls. The owner, Edgar Connery, said he had been in the business for nearly 40 years and had never seen a crush like this after other natural disasters. Some other companies had gotten so swamped that they stopped answering the phone at all. With power largely restored and temperatures back to the more seasonable 60s and 70s, Texans continued to grapple on Sunday with the state’s continuing water crisis. Some reservoirs in the state were refilling again after nearly being drained by all of the burst water mains, leaking pipes, and faucets that were left running to keep from freezing.

Shops, haircuts return in April as UK lifts lockdown slowly (AP) British Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced a slow easing of one of Europe’s strictest pandemic lockdowns on Monday, saying children will return to class and people will be able to meet a friend outside for coffee in two weeks’ time. But those longing for a haircut, a restaurant meal or a pint in a pub have almost two months to wait, and people won’t be able to hug loved ones that they don’t live with until May at the earliest. Britain has had Europe’s deadliest coronavirus outbreak, with more than 120,000 deaths. Faced with a dominant virus variant that scientists say is both more transmissible and more deadly than the original virus, the country has spent much of the winter under a tight lockdown. Bars, restaurants, gyms, schools, hair salons and nonessential shops are closed, people are urged not to travel out of their local area and foreign holidays are illegal.

China calls for reset in Sino-U.S. relations (Reuters) Senior Chinese diplomat Wang Yi said on Monday the United States and China could work together on issues like climate change and the coronavirus pandemic if they repaired their damaged bilateral relationship. Wang, a Chinese state councillor and foreign minister, said Beijing stood ready to reopen constructive dialogue with Washington after relations between the two countries sank to their lowest in decades under former president Donald Trump. Wang called on Washington to remove tariffs on Chinese goods and abandon what he said was an irrational suppression of the Chinese tech sector, steps he said would create the “necessary conditions” for cooperation. Before Wang spoke at a forum sponsored by the foreign ministry, officials played footage of the “ping-pong diplomacy” of 1972 when an exchange of table tennis players cleared the way for then U.S. President Richard Nixon to visit China. Wang urged Washington to respect China’s core interests, stop “smearing” the ruling Communist Party, stop interfering in Beijing’s internal affairs and stop “conniving” with separatist forces for Taiwan’s independence.

Myanmar grinds to a halt as hundreds of thousands strike against military coup (Washington Post) Bank tellers, cooks, grocery workers and hundreds of thousands of others in Myanmar answered a call for a general strike on Monday to protest the military coup, bringing cities to a standstill despite fears of a violent crackdown. The show of defiance was the largest and most coordinated since the military seized power on Feb. 1, and it came against the backdrop of official warnings of bloodshed. Protesters hoped to send a signal that they will not accept military rule and are willing to cripple the economy and risk death to achieve democracy. Killings of protesters “can happen anytime in Yangon, but we have to keep doing what we should do, even if the soldiers are ready to shoot us,” said Thura Zaw, a 32-year-old resident. “Under the military dictatorship, no one is safe whether you take to the streets or sit at home, so we chose to voice our objection rather than staying silent.” Resistance has been building since the armed forces ousted Myanmar’s elected government three weeks ago, returning the country to direct military rule after a decade-long quasi-democratic experiment. Since then, the military has detained more than 400 people, including civilian leader Aung San Suu Kyi and ousted Myanmar president Win Myint, charging them with minor infractions to keep them locked up.

Six months after massive Beirut explosion, official investigation has been upended (Washington Post) The Lebanese judge leading the investigation into the August explosion that tore through Beirut had set his sights on the caretaker prime minister and three former ministers, charging them with negligence for ignoring the highly combustible material stored for six years on the waterfront. But when two of the former ministers filed a complaint, alleging Judge Fadi Sawan had demonstrated a lack of neutrality by charging prominent figures to appease the public, he was dropped last week from the case. More than six months after the explosion, which killed more than 200 people, injured more than 7,500 others and devastated large portions of the capital, the official investigation is struggling to break through Lebanon’s culture of corruption and political influence to hold anyone of consequence accountable.

Deals For Doses (NYT) The official story given for last week’s release of a young Israeli woman being held in Syria was that it was a straight prisoner swap, with Israel releasing two Syrian shepherds it had been detaining. That wasn’t the whole story, however. Pursuant to a ‘secret’ deal negotiated by Russia, Israel also agreed to pay Moscow to send enough Russian-made Sputnik V coronavirus vaccines to Syria to inoculate nearly half that country’s population. The Israeli government declined to comment on the vaccine part of the deal, while the Syrian Arab News Agency denied that vaccines were ever part of the arrangement. Even so, the story highlights how vaccines are increasingly becoming part of international diplomacy. It also reflects the vast and growing disparity between wealthy countries like Israel that have made considerable headway with coronavirus vaccines and could soon return to a kind of normalcy, and poor ones like Syria that have not.

Oil spill leads Israel to close beaches (CNN) Israeli authorities are trying to locate the source of a suspected oil spill that has been described as one of the most severe ecological disasters to hit the country, threatening wildlife, forcing beaches to close and prompting a mass cleanup. Blobs of sticky tar started washing up on the country’s Mediterranean shores last week. Images posted on official government accounts showed sea birds and turtles covered in tar and sticky oil. “The enormous amounts of tar emitted in recent days to the shores of Israel from south to north caused one of the most severe ecological disasters to hit Israel,” the country’s Nature and Parks Authority said Sunday. The extent of the pollution is so bad, Israel’s Ministry of Interior issued an advisory Sunday urging people to stay away from the country’s beaches. A massive cleanup is underway but the Nature and Parks Authority said it would take a long time to make the marine area safe again.

Dozens of Boeing 777 planes grounded in US and Japan after engine failure (The Verge) Airlines in Japan and the US have grounded dozens of Boeing 777 aircraft after the dramatic engine failure that United Airlines flight 328 experienced over Denver this weekend. According to the National Transportation Safety Board’s ongoing investigation, two fan blades on the plane’s number 2 engine had developed fractures. The Federal Aviation Administration issued an emergency airworthiness directive that requires “immediate or stepped-up inspections of Boeing 777 airplanes equipped with certain Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engines.” The administration noted that this was likely to result in aircraft being removed from service. Boeing has also told airlines to stop flying planes equipped with the engine, according to The Wall Street Journal. “We reviewed all available safety data following yesterday’s incident,” FAA administrator Steve Dickson said in a statement. “Based on the initial information, we concluded that the inspection interval should be stepped up for the hollow fan blades that are unique to this model of engine, used solely on Boeing 777 airplanes.”

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Famous Governors of Multan Under the Sikh Regime in Punjab-Juniper Publishers

Introduction

The land of Multan has been remained the target of insurgent activities of the foreign invaders and dictators. These foreign forces not only exploited its brave, hardworking, fearless and dauntless people but also divided it into pieces. They attracted the local people with the lust for earning and enrolled them in the army because their sole aim was to prepare them for fight against their accused enemies. These foreigners belonged to different religions, civilizations and geographical tracts. Multan has also enjoyed the Muslims rule for three centuries. During this period, it maintained its social, political and religious position till 1707. Multan was a vital province which was vanquished by Ranjit Singh in 1818. He, till the permanent governor of Multan, ordered to Misr Diwan Chand to stay here for proper arrangements. At that time, its condition was far behind from attractive [1]. Individuals of the city had been lustfully plundered by the Sikh soldiery. The agriculturists had surrendered the fields and the populace had betrayed the town. The silk makers and weavers had stopped their activities and the trade was at a halt [2]. During the Sikh period, the Muslims had to face tyranny and injustice. From 1818 to 1821, many changes occurred in the history of Multan and six Nazim (governors) were appointed in which Sukhdayal was the first [3].

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Statement of the Problem

After the death of Aurangzeb Alamgir, the Mughal Empire began to scatter. At last Ahmad Shah Abdali conquered Multan in 1752. In 1766, the Sikhs and the Afghans fought many battles but the most important and decisive adventure occurred in 1818. During this battle, Ranjit Singh conquered Multan and killed Muzaffar Khan, the governor of Multan, and succeeded in establishing the Sikh Raj here. The Sikhs, in such a way, looted, killed the masses and destroyed Multan that history will not face such kind of destruction and catastrophe. The political circumstance also stayed extremely melted and geo-political changes frequently occurred so that no unfaltering predominant proprietorship was made. Different Muslim feudal chiefs were staunch supporters of the Sikhs, yet this was not satisfactory to protect their control in the Punjab. During his regime in Multan, he appointed many Governors (Nazims) one after the other but no one, in prestige and reputation, could reach to Sawan Mal. After having been appointed the Governor of Multan, he reconstructed Multan and attended towards his subjects. So, keeping all these occasions, conditions and essentialness of this period as a primary concern, I decided to conduct a research entitled with “Famous Governors of Multan under the Sikh Regime in Punjab”

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Hypothesis/Research Questions

a) Personalities exist but it is conceptualized in collective terms. Is it true?

b) Can a system of check and balance serve as a check on popular political passions?

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Significance of The Study

The first half of the nineteenth century was a time of radical changes in the Punjab, especially in Multan, which was dominated by the Sikhs. During proposed period, the Muslim rule was on the verge of closure and the new Sikh rulers were attempting to obtain the entire Subcontinent. The present work related to the politico-economic lifestyle of the general population of Multan and the governmental system from 1821 to 1843. Its main aim is to examine the role of invaders of Multan in promoting or demoting Sikh rule and development and is to highlight the origin and role of Ranjit Singh in history of Multan. This period is momentous in the historical backdrop of Multan because it was the time of decay of the Mughal-Afghan reign and the rise of the Sikhs. They rose as autonomous rulers of the Punjab, including Lahore, Multan, Peshawar and Kashmir, by dint of their own arms and forecasted to build up a jurisdiction under Ranjit Singh. Multan stayed under Muslim power for about eight centuries, however, disappointingly, no steady and secured control could build up here and the populace, remained destitute, offensive and backward in perspective of socio-political and financial conditions.

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Literature Review

After the fold of the Mughal Empire, the bigger part of the Punjab was again attached to the Sikh kingdom. This work has a multidimensional structure in which local history, the attitude of trespassers towards people of Multan, traditions and its reaction has been covered. History of the Sikh rule in Multan indicates its hostility and, a long time ago, settled custom of communal bitterness. Local historians have also observed all the disparities and profound religious resentment in pre-colonial Punjab. For instance, the general population of Multan can be seen in the shape of three groups: the Muslims, the Hindus and the Sikhs, yet there was not a single parameter in native historian’s works by which we could separate the general population of Multan into social gatherings. The criteria, they utilized, ranged from sectarian belief, religion, occupation and tribe.

Other than this, the formation of local identity draws out the design of regional contrasts. Local history is productive for local studies. It, more extensively, highlights the regional conditions as well as present angle of dream to look at challenging situations. Furthermore, the regional history, when a locality has more extensive part to play in its geographic situation, becomes significant to understand general histories. Sukhdayal was the first governor of Multan. According to Kohli (1971), he was a vital Hindu of Ranjit Singh’s court and he, as a Nazim of Multan, got salary of 36000 rupees per annum [4-7]. He participated in the initial campaign of Attock in 1812 and captured it in 1813 which proved a gateway towards the territories of the North-West [8]. At that time, it was under the control of Jahandad Khan who was the brother of Ata Muhammad Khan and the Governor of Kashmir [9,10]. Ranjit Singh concentrated on its key preference and persuaded that he did not check and tide the trespassers unless he would conquer it.

After the victory of Kashmir, Jahandad Khan felt that the ball is in his court, so he met Ranjit Singh and consented to surrender the citadel on the condition that he would be given legitimate help to expel Wazir Fateh Khan from the fort. (Murray, 1846) Ranjit Singh quickly offered him the Pargna of Wazirabad as a Jagir and dispatched his armed forces under the headship of Fakir Aziz-ud- Din, Bhawani Das, Mit Singh and Sukhdayal to assume charge of the Attock Fort [11,12].

In 1817, Jhang had also granted him at the cost of 400000 rupees and then it was raised to 410000 in 1821 [13]. On June 02, 1818, Multan was apprehended, and a huge plunder fell to the Sikh troops. Sukhdayal repaired fortress by financing of 3000 rupees daily [7]. He attained the Ijara of the Sairat for thirteen lac rupees. Under the Sikhs, the Ijardari framework was not limited to the lands. Truly, taxes or Sairat other than the land revenue were also given in Ijara to imperative and liable authorities of the State [7]. However, in Kashmir and Multan, Ijara could be substitute with direct accumulation. The magnitude of revenue, gathered through Ijara, seemed to have been significant. In many areas, the quantity of the Ijara was close to the quantity of the revenue on behalf of the Government. The Ijaradar was given a little edge to meet the costs, regarding the collection, to get his share of benefit. Yet, the Mushakhasa was also enforced in the light of records of collections. If the income of a specific region expanded, the revenue of Ijara was raised too. Before giving a region in Ijara, the Maharaja got the right data with respect to the wage from the revenue of that region. By commenting on Sukhdayal, the Maharaja mentioned that he was an extremely valour and brave man, so he, for his preservation, granted him a home of 10000 rupees [11,12]. As I described that he received 36000 rupees per annum, yet he could not gather revenue competently and the Maharaja detached him on the charges of misuse of State duties in September 1819 [14]. The Suba was then handed over to Sham Singh for a yearly sum of 650000 rupees.

The second governor of Multan was Sham Singh. During the Sikh Kingdom, mostly Ijaradars related to the Government and Sham Singh Peshawaria as well as Diwan Sawan Mal were also regarded as colossal Ijaradars. The Zamindars could submit grievances against the Ijaradars before the Maharaja. Furthermore, the Ijaradars could protest the imperiousness of the high-ups of the Government officials and their cultivators [12]. Similarly, when Diwan Kirpa Ram, Nazim of Kashmir, could not pay revenue to the Maharaja, Sham Singh, the Jamadar of Dewhri, was sent to confiscate his property at Kunjah. Sham Singh, with the help Nazar Ali, governed at Multan harshly. Sham Sigh also could not deal with Multan properly and failed to submit fixed revenue. Other than this, the officials poisoned the Maharaja’s mind by telling him that he would make upheaval and never come to meet the Maharaja [10].

Therefore, the Maharaja sent instructions recurrently to visit him. At last, the Maharaja reached Multan through Chaniot and stayed here for three months [14]. But, when he reached Lahore, the Diwan was instructed to pay the pending revenues along with the fine. He was not able to pay this and thus he was removed from the governorship and then detained him. The Toshahkhana of the Diwan was apprehended too. However, on hearing the news of his disrepute, the people of Multan enjoyed the celebrations. Owing to his pitiless despot, it was justified to punish him even for the minimum offensive [15].

The third personality, who governed in Multan as a governor, was Bhai Badan Hazari. After Sham Singh’s removal, the Maharaja appointed Badan Hazari as the next governor of Multan. In 1820, Sawan Mal joined him as the head of the record office at a wage of 250 rupees per month. Badan Hazari attempted his best to set right the finance of Multan which was in perplexity. Due to some reasons, Badan Hazari and Sawan Mal quarreled with one another. As a result, Sawan Mal was made the chief of Shujabad in 1820.

Badan Hazari also could not handle Multan and failed to submit settled revenue. After a brief time, he was also dismissed and imprisoned [14]. Gilani cites Major Edward’s book in these words: He is alive and healthy and working as Darogha of Magazine in Lucky Marwat at salary of one rupee per day. He never saw such kind of unreal and rascal person in his life. It is believed that he has been granted the governorship of Multan merely as a joke because he had not a little sense of politics and clout. He is neither educated nor valour. After him, Mehta Mal Shikarporia, Jamadar Baj Singh and Siva Mal were appointed as governors of Multan for a brief period. Yet, their enough record in history of Multan was not found because they had been appointed for a very short period.

They also could not run the Suba in proper manner and were removed from the governorship [3]. Sawan Mal stands sixth in number as governor of Multan. From 1818 to 1821, above six governors could neither maintain law and order situation nor as good management in Multan. Besides this, they could not gather revenue proficiently, so the Maharaja evacuated and detained them. At last in 1821, he appointed Sawan Mal as the governor of Multan who had already pulled in the consideration of the Maharaja [7]. Great may thy name be, Lala Sawan Mal Thou last repopulated a ruined country [4]. Sawan Mal was a Khatri of Chopra sub-caste from Akalgarh in Gujranwala region [16,17]. He was born in 1788 [18-22]. His father, Hoshnak Rai, was an employee of Sardar Dal Singh of Akalgarh [23]. Hoshnak Rai had three sons and Sawan Mal was the youngest one. Sawan Mal started his profession in the office of his elder brother Nanak Chand who worked with Diwan Mohkam Chand. In 1820, he participated as the head of the record office under Governor Bhai Badan Hazari at a monthly payment of 250 rupees [21].

In a brief time, he set right the record of Multan which was in a practically inseparable misperception. As a decent scholar of Persian and Arabic, he won the gratitude of the Maharaja for his Insight and secretarial aptitudes and rapidly rose to sophisticated positions. Truly in 1821, another period unfolded when Sawan Mal was designated as Kardar of the half area of Multan. Besides this, Shujabad was also handed over to him. Within two years, the income of this Ilaqa expanded by 50% and the Maharaja gave him Multan in Ijara too [24]. In 1829, he was made the Nazim of the entire province and held this office till 1844 [25-28]. Besides this, different Ilaqas were added to the Diwan’s agreement until he held most of the regions which fell under the Governorship of Multan. These were Montgomery, Jhang, Dera Ismail Khan as well as and Dera Ghazi Khan and Muzaffargarh. In December 1832, he was awarded the title of Diwan by the Maharaja. He worked as a Kardar in the Pargna Ram Nagar and Hafiz Abad too [29]. During a brief period, he changed the entire appearance of the province by introducing unique and innovative reforms.

He regulated equity with solid and unbiased efforts. He dedicated his entire energies to the betterment of his charge and its restoration from the rot into which it had collapsed owing to the battles and uproars of the late years. His impartiality was eminent for his justice. He was an extremely thoughtful and generous administrator. Ranjit Singh was constantly satisfied with his services to the general population [23]. Amid his life time, Sawan Mal had allotted the supervision of some of the domains of Multan to his two sons. Mulraj, the eldest son, ruled Shujabad and Jhang while Karam Narain was made the chief of Leiah. During the sovereignty of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, he expanded his force step by step, yet he never got to be revolted. He was minimal irritated; however, he paid his compliment with such consistency that there was no reason for protest [30]. Diwan Sawan Mal was the arc adversary of the Dogra brothers who had deep impact on Ranjit Singh.

After Ranjit Singh’s demise, the Dogra brothers endeavored to devastate him, yet they could not be fruitful in their goal. Amid the reign of Kharak Singh, Sawan Mal was instructed to build a fortress at Mithan-Kot [20]. In Multan, he, with a sight to inspire trade by the way of river, instructed to construct a Gunj at Adam Wahin. He, for incitement of the traders, reduced the domestic duty of Merchandize one half. As a result, a few of the most dominant traders of Multan had set up a branch of their business. During his regime, a solitary intruder did not occur in Multan. It was a great achievement of his regime [31-36]. During Nau Nihal Singh’s era, the Dogras became so influential that they suggested the Maharaja to call Sawan Mal at Lahore Durbar to submit the records of fifty lakhs rupees. In September 1840, he was called, yet he failed to comply. (Foreign Department, Secrte Consultation, October 20, 1840) It was decided to send the troops against him, yet, due to his shrewdness, he succeeded in scrutiny of his records. For this purpose, he paid 100000 rupees to Ram Singh and Gobind Ram, 50000 rupees to Raja Dhian Singh and Hira Singh, 25000 rupees to Diwan Dina Nath, 25000 rupees to Sardar Fateh Singh Mann and 100000 rupees to Rani Chand Kaur. After this friendly agreement, he came back to Multan. In March 1841, when Maharaja Sher Singh had recently got the incomparable power, Dhian Singh attempted to poison the Maharaja’s brain against him. The Maharaja engaged both Sawan Mal and Dhian Singh to increase new entities with which to substitute a portion of the stormy Khalsa soldiery [37]. Diwan Sawan Mal, with the genuine object of shielding himself against Dhian Singh, started to increase the Muhammadan troops. On the other hand, Raja Dhian Singh was not less dynamic. He, to overpower Sawan Mal and to defend Jammu, was preparing his new troops against the British and the Sikhs.

On December 16, 1841, the Raja insisted the Maharaja to expel Sawan Mal from Multan, yet the Maharaja replied him to keep quiet until the landing of Raja Gulab Singh and Kanwar Partap Singh at Lahore [37]. On April 23, 1842, Diwan revealed that he had represented the whole province of Multan for a long time and now he was demanded an explanation due to the deceptions of some intrigued individuals. He expressed his availability and pleaded the Maharaja not to listen his adversaries. Devi Ditta, Sawan Mal’s nephew, was instructed to ask his uncle to submit the accounts and not to suspend it. The Mazari tribe, due to the inconvenience of the Sikh governors, began to loot Rojhan in January 1842. However, Sawan Mal marched against them and constrained to retreat.

Like the Dogras, Gurmukh Singh was not harmonious to Sawan Mal because he had affectionate terms with Bhai Gobind Ram and Bhai Ram Singh. Gurmukh Singh was not happy with them since Ranjit’s era. This situation perplexed Sawan Mal and thus he, from dawn to dusk, engaged in assembling his own actions with both Bhais and the Sandhawalias. On April 26, 1842, reports at Ludhiana expounded the correspondence between Bhais and Sawan Mal. On this Raja Dhian Singh watched that the Maharaja’s employees were exceptionally treacherous. But, after the assassination of Dhian Singh, the Diwan freed from his cleverest foes because Gulab Singh was also feeling threat to the Diwan [32]. Pundit Jalla decimated Raja Gulab Singh with the help of the Sikh armed forces and then planned to annihilate Diwan Sawan Mal but he was killed by the troops in December 1844 [38].

After that, Sawan Mal began to interact with the British. It is noteworthy that he achieved some auspicious chances to divert his faithfulness to Lahore Durbar and announce his freedom, yet he did not do so because he had consumed so much cash and worked at Multan. In 1844, three regiments of mounted troops and forty-six little and enormous guns under his charge [39]. Sawan Mal had an appalling end. On September 16, 1844, when he was riding near the historical prison in the city, an Afghan grabbed a gun from one of his Guards and fired at him [14]. He tumbled from his horse and had quickly dispatched him to his dwelling in a state of obliviousness. In the morning, he slightly recouped and gave expansive sums in philanthropy and instructed that the man who sacked at him ought to be killed. Yet, because of that injury, he expired on September 29, 1844 [40]. In this way, deceased the shrewdest and best of every Sikh governor.

Edwards has narrated an alternate event of his demise in these words: Murderer was a soldier who had worked devotedly for a long time. He came to Durbar to request against his wage and expulsion. Sawan Mal not only negated his demands but also affected him with his uncovered sword. He instructed him to go out from Durbar. So, the warrior, in retaliation for the critical abuse, shot him [41]. He was a shrewdness, sincere and a tolerant man [42]. He left a huge entirety of seventy lakhs rupees which had been accumulated during twenty-three years of blameless governorship. His inheritance was partitioned among his six sons. At the stage of his demise, he was almost fifty-six years old.

He sustained his work in the office till his final gasp. He was a man of incredible vigor and capacity and the richness of the region is mainly inferable from his management [43]. He was the most imperative administrator who presented imaginative modifications in Multan and granted an incredible distinction to the Sikh Kingdom. In the provincial management, his commitment was exceptional. He, with respect to diligent work, showed a gigantic capability and introduced incredible changes [14]. Roseberry quotes Edwards, statement in these words: He served Sawan Mal for three years and sat before him at Durbar where he transacted business every day.

During that period, he never heard one foolish word come out of his mouth [44]. Sawan Mal displayed himself effective and dynamic in each ground and performed awesome duties in the arena of judiciary. Throughout his governorship, various masonry wells were dug up. He made canals in the surroundings of Multan and gave an incentive force to commerce, business and industry. He encouraged colonization by giving land and insurance to the individuals. In this way, he transformed the barren areas into a developed one. His revenue improvements depended upon the standards of low excise duties and taxes. Adequate evaluation and diminishment in additional charges enforced on the cultivations. These flourishing activities pulled in the consideration of some renowned Britishers and travellers who came here to pass various circumstances. In the fight between Sawan Mal and the Dogras, Ranjit Singh supported the Dogras, yet he neither committed a revolt nor distorted his influence and vitality [40]. His regime is still respected by the general population.

They, irrespective with the Muslim, the Sikhs, the Hindus, the Pathan, the peasant and the labourer, gained something from his government. A few people say that he had partialities against the Mohammedans. It is most apparently fallacious. He was fair and tried his best to provide decent rule to the community [36]. He should be called one of the best Governors. He could use pen and sword equally well and it involved extraordinary credit to him [23]. The last governor of Multan, who governed the province of Multan, was Diwan Mulraj. Sawan Mal had six sons, one of them was Mulraj who became his successor. No record was found about his actual date of birth, yet, evidences proves that he was born in 1814. Sawan Mal had allotted the supervision of some of the domains of Multan to his two sons. Mulraj, the eldest son, ruled Shujabad and Jhang while Karam Narain was made the chief of Leiah [14]. But after his death, Mulraj was appointed as the Nazim of Multan.

The conditions for the governorship were that he would pay definite quantity to the Lahore Durbar annually. These terms and conditions had been liked by his father who had saved 900000 rupees too [28]. When Mulraj was affirmed as governor, the British raised its yearly tribute from 25000 to 30000 rupees. (Gilani, 1938) In 1846, he, knowing that Prime Minister Lal Singh was intense to displace him, admitted all the settings enforced on him [16]. Afterwards, the British eradicated definite duties in the province without decreasing that amount of Ijara which was remunerated by the governor. The purpose of this action was to destabilize his legal powers so that he could not create typical collection. These activities of the British Government caused of his insurgency. Similarly, after the end of first Anglo-Sikh War, Lahore Durbar claimed him to pay revenue. He refused the compliance, so the British referred the troops against him. Both met force by force and he defeated the Lahore troops near Jhang [45]. The British then interfered and the following treaty was signed [28].

The request of his resignation should be admitted but this resignation should be retained underground from Lahore Government. It should take effect from the end of the following April till the submission of revenue by Mulraj. Two or three months before his resignation, two British officials should proceed to Multan and he should pledge the State and ultimately install its charge. This pact did not gratify him because it restricted him just for his father’s district. Furthermore, the people, knowing his irritating transfer and enforcing the eliminated taxes, discontented with the monetary system on which Sawan Mal had grown prosperous [46]. In all these circumstances, Mulraj displayed his failure to pay this tribute and sent his resignation in December 1847.

This resignation was accepted by the British and Lahore Durbar on March 24, 1848. This resignation produced a power space in South-Western Punjab and caused violent penalties for the complete Land of Five Rivers [44]. After this resignation, Sardar Kahn Singh was nominated the governor and he, along with Agnew and Anderson, was sent to Multan to assume the charge [3]. On April 16, 1848, they reached here with 500 horses and cavalry [14]. On April 19, 1848, when they came to Multan, Agnew and Anderson were slaughtered and Kahn Singh was detained by the Sikh fighters [5]. This incident occurred due to the conspiracy of Mulraj’s brothers because they were desirous of to see him at the governorship. Mulraj had no idea to rebel, yet this incident compelled him to do so against the British.

On getting the initial report from Agnew, on April 21, 1848, Sir Frederick Currie decided to send the troops under the headships of Dina Nath, Sher Singh Attariwala and Shamsher Singh Sandhawalia on April 21, 1848. Yet, it was delayed on April 24, 1848. During this break, Jhanda Singh Butalia was sent to destroy Chattar Singh Attariwala’s revolt [22]. This mission flopped as previous one too because Chattar Singh was a strong-minded and upheld by the Sikhs. It is said that Dina Nath was a double crosser [38]. He did not care of the measures adopted by the British Government for rebuffing the traitors. He also did not dread by the seizure of his Jagirs and balancing the plots of the revolutionary. Yet, amid the second Anglo-Sikh War, Sahib Dayal stayed loyal to the British [32,33].

Bhai Maharaj Singh, having an expansive number of warriors, marched from Majha to Multan to join the rebellious Mulraj in June 1848. Yet, Sahib Dayal assaulted and scattered his armed forces [22]. In November 1848, he was chosen Commander-in- Chief by Lahore Durbar [47]. In 1849, Devi Sahai joined Mulraj and exhibited his ability during the siege of Multan. He battled the war of Chillianwala but, after its occupation, all his Jagirs were seized [48]. Mulraj died near Buxur on August 11, 1851, at the age of only 36 years [9]. This brought awful devastation to his family and inhabitants of Multan. His family, containing of his wife, son and daughter along with Sawan Mal’s three widows, three sons, a sister and a daughter-in-law, affected the most [9]. In October 1850, these unfortunate people were brought by William Ford and kept them in very penniless environments in a single room [49- 52].

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सावन 2018: शिवलिंग से इस दिशा में बैठकर करें पूजा, पूरी होगी हर मनोकामना श्रावण मास में भगवान शंकर की पूजा का विशेष महत्व है. जो व्यक्ति सावन में प्रतिदिन पूजा नहीं कर सकते, उन्हें सोमवार के दिन शिव पूजा और व्रत रखना चाहिए.