#rickettsiae

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Science Research Journals of Satyendra Sunkavally, page 19.

[strigops]

old lady boris and her little white leg 🤍

she’s my oldest and largest a. vulgare and even in her advanced age is currently FULL of mancae!!! i regularly check the bellies of my isolated and hopefully healthy vulgare’s to make sure they are aren’t infected, and was pleasantly surprised to see many babies in the grand ol dame’s pouch. the do-over culture has tons of babies already and im so glad these guys have hope. i won’t know for a very long time if the whole culture is uninfected since the disease can take so long to progress to being symptomatic but i feel good about it, knock on wood. may boris and her many kids help save the florida bugs <3

[gamboagarcia]

Gracias de antemano por sus comentarios Exhorta Salud Municipal a reportar aparición de garrapatas en domicilios La aparición de garrapatas en las viviendas de los juarenses trae consigo un grave problema de salud pública, pues estos artrópodos transmiten el virus de la Rickettsia con su mordida, enfermedad que puede causar la muerte, informó Daphne Santana Fernández, directora de Salud Municipal. Ciudad Juárez, Chih .- Por ello, la funcionar... Sigue leyendo: https://www.adiario.mx/en-la-salud/exhorta-salud-municipal-a-reportar-aparicion-de-garrapatas-en-domicilios/?feed_id=163282&_unique_id=668aa8ca1d643

[adiariomx]

Reportan en la clínica 66 del IMSS el deceso de menor de 4 años a causa de la morderá de una garrapata. Ciudad Juárez, Chih (ADN/Arturo Hernández) - ...

[jornale]

#febremaculosa #carrapato #saude #Rickettsia #brasil #news #noticias

[tanadrin]

some absolute nerds named a proposed subgroup of the rickettsia cellular parasites (from which mitochondria are suspected to have evolved) "midichloriaceae"

[flyonthewallmedstudent]

Q Fever

Aka, Query fever. What a weird name for a disease. Imagine telling people that's what you got.

in the 30s-40s, an Australian pathologist in QLD/Brisbane, came across an outbreak of the same or similar illness among abbatoir or slaughterhouse workers.

At the time, he called the disease "Q" fever or query as a temporary name until the pathogen could be identified. Unfortunately it stuck.

decades later, now nobel prize winner and virologist, MacFarlane Burnett isolated and identified the microbe responsible. I think this discovery contributed to his prize. i forget already.

Microbe responsible: Coxiella burnetti. Named for Burnett and HR Cox, the American bacteriologist who found the genus Coxiella where C burnetti falls under.

Initially they felt it was related to Rickettsia, responsible for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, but as science progressed, this was disproven.

Now for a Case Report

A 55 yo Italian man with a history of aortic valve replacement was diagnosed with pyrexia of unknown origin twice. Further signs included myalgias/splenomegaly/night sweats. The 2nd time he was admitted for PUO he deteriorated rather dramatically and was put on meropenem and teicoplanin.

A host of organisms was tested for on serological testing based on the man's travel and epidemiological history, all negative. Even a rheumatological panel was done, also less revealing. He also had a history of MGUS (a haem disoder), which is kind of a red herring here.

Cultures were negative, no vegetations were seen on a TTE - so they did consider IE. Which is an important differential for PUO.

Eventually a PET-CT was done (often favoured when investigations do not yield much for a sick patient with fevers), finally revealing a focus of infectious on his ascending aorta, where he'd also had previous surgery done. And in a round about way, they also further identified Coxiella Burnetti. He was treated doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine. As it's so rare in Italy, it wasn't really considered even though he mentioned rural travel.

Bottomline: Q Fever is an important consideration in the work up for culture negative IE. Further to this, always consider IE in the differentials for PUO particularly if they're at increased risk for IE (prosthetic valves, damaged valves, select congenital heart issues, previous IE). IE can present with night sweats, fevers, weight loss and splenomegaly. It can be insidious and chronic in nature. other risk factors can be more suggestive as we'll get into below.

Causative organism

Coxiella burnetti, it's a zoonoses - i.e. transmissible from animals. Special powers: very tough/hardy, can survive extreme environments (high temps and UV light etc.) over prolonged periods and is resistant to many common disinfectants/surface cleaners.

It's an intracellular pathogen and gram negative coccobacilli (PINK!)

name coccobaccili reminds me of cocopuffs.

it's mainly associated with farm animals, which the CDC so wholesomely displays on its website on Q fever (wtf).

goats, sheep, cattle typically (but many other animals, even birds, dogs and horses can be reservoirs)

in particular bodily fluids - amniotic fluid, placenta, faeces/urine, milk etc.

you can get it through unpasteurized milk and through inhaling it if it lands on dust in the area

ever visit a farm or petting zoo lately? OMG WASH YOU HANDS.

That said, it's typically inhaled in inorganic dust. You inhale it, it goes to the lungs, and then the bloodstream.

Increased risk for Coxiella burnetti (What to take on history of exposures and when to strongly consider it)

live on a farm or near one

exposure to a farm

work as a vet on a farm

farm worker, dairy workers, researchers on these animals/facilities

slaughterhouse/abbatoir

Also from CDC:

Clinical presentation

Most won't get sick after exposure and remain asymptomatic, a very small minority does. even though it is highly infectious.

incubation time is 2-3 weeks (consider this time in your history of exposure, did they work on the farm 2-3 weeks ago as opposed to yesterday).

Nonspecific acute infectious symptoms:

nonspecific systemic fevers/malaise/arthralgias/myalgias--> key is high fevers though and can be associated with headache and photophobia.

non specific GI - N/V/diarrhoea

respiratory ones - SOB or cough, consider it as atypical cause of community acquired pneumonia.

rare: hepatitis and jaundice (granulomatous) or encephalitis with neurological complications such as demyelinating disease or CN palsies, also haemolytic anaemia and HLH (yikes)

really it's the history of exposure that will lead you down the garden path to Q fever.

Chronic Q fever is perhaps worse, and can present as culture negative IE/PUO. Months/years later, as B symptoms as above above + LOW/LOA, night sweats. More likely to occur if you are predisposed for IE as above, have a weakened immune system for any reason, including pregnancy.

Chronic Q fever has a mortality of 10% if left untreated. About <5% of those with acute Q fever develop this if left untreated. Speculation is that it's more of an autoimmune process or abnormal immunological response to the bacteria.

To be honest, most who walk in the door with community acquired pneumonia get treated empirically for atypicals anyway, (standard course of doxycycline), so we hardly really ponder the question of Q fever in every patient. But if they present chronically and did not have atypical cover at the onset of acute symptoms, then it's something important to consider.

Other important conditions - can cause complications in pregnant women and 20% will get post Q fever syndrome. like chronic fatigue.

investigations

Serology! nice and easy. Look for IgG antibodies in the chronic presentation. Or PCR. Down side to serology - can take 2-3 days for the body to make said antibodies to the bacteria for detection. PCR can be done on any fluids/tissue sent.

Cultures useless, hence it fall under the umbrella of culture negative (hard to grow outside a host cell, it is an obligate intracellular pathogen).

Other hints on bloods (as serology/PCR takes time to return) - elevated or low platelet's, transaminitis with normal bili, opacities in CXR with hilar lymphadenopathy, CSF will show raised protein levels if done when encephalitis is suspected.

imaging can also support the diagnosis.. as illustrated by the case report.

Treatment

Acute disease - as standard for atypical bugs, doxycycline 100 mg BD for 14 days. Alternatives - TMP SMX or Clarithromycin.

Chronic Q fever or IE:

native valves: doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine (200 TDS) for 18 months

prosthetic: same but 24 months

why hydroxy: enhances the action of doxycycline (increases the pH of the phagolysosome)

Follow-up: look for 4 fold decrease in IGG

Sources:

CDC

Stat Pearls

Wiki as linked above

[valentineblacker]

Let's hear it for the obligate intercellular parasite, Mitochondria! I have a lot to say about this!

[theqhreator42]

I think Rickettsia wrote its own Wikipedia article

Some Rickettsia species are pathogens of medical and veterinary interest, but many Rickettsia are non-pathogenic to vertebrates, including humans, and infect only arthropods ... Many Rickettsia species are thus arthropod-specific symbionts, but are often confused with pathogenic Rickettsia (especially in medical literature), showing that the current view in rickettsiology has a strong anthropocentric bias.

[mleprae]

🦠 lymes! the stupid tick disease </3

Diseases caused by insect vectors, also very bad at it.. 😔

Im willing to bet that its a rickettsia behind it. wolbachia, even. always a dumb rickettsia at the scene of the crime when theres bugs involved!!!!

[nerdgirlnarrates]

Doxycycline: the only tetracycline in this tournament, doxy works by binding the ribosomal 30S subunit, inhibiting initiation of translation. Doxy has a crazy resume: it's used to treat skin infections, STIs, Lyme disease, acne, Rickettsia, and on and on. It can even be used for malaria prophylaxis. As with other tetracyclines, it has the rather odd risk of tooth discoloration. This discoloration is due to tetracyclines' chelation with calcium and incorporation into calcifying tissues such as teeth or bone (does this mean it discolors your bones too??)

Clofazimine: clofazimine is an odd drug. It is exclusively used as part of the therapy for lepromatous leprosy (not even tuberculoid leprosy), though there is evidence it could be effective in treating MAC pneumonia in combination with a macrolide and ethambutol. It is a phenazine dye, and it works by binding to bacterial DNA and preventing transcription. A match to doxycycline, clofazimine's oral formulation frequently causes red skin pigmentation.

Which hyper-pigmenter deserves to win this round?

Vote for the best antibiotic

[centers-for-disease-control]

HI TRICK OR TREAT

Rickettsia rickettsii

[crevicedwelling]

what are the biggest challenges you face keeping bugs as pets? i keep plants, a friend of mine keeps fish. it seems to me that fungi, algae and parasites are inevitable everywhere on planet earth. do these ever cause problems?

no algae since everything is in the dark, parasites stop being an issue if the animals are captive bred and fed proper food, and the only fungi that mess with my bugs are occasional molds and mushrooms that make the substrate gross. (part of why I like dirt over water!)

“porcelain disease” (not actually the aquatic fungal crayfish one but symptoms look the same) has been an issue for me, Rickettsia bacteria that infects isopods and kills them although they usually look normal at a glance. I’ve been sold infected isopods and collected them myself, and while the bacteria can be persistent it typically only spreads through cannibalism and it’s easy to control by quarantining and separating newborn isopods from the infected generations.

porcelain is pretty much the only issue I have with that sort of thing! my springtail and mite crews control mold, rot, parasitic mites, and fungus gnats, and all my feeders (roaches, beetle larvae) are bred by me, so I don’t worry about parasites.

maintaining humidity is a big issue with many inverts, and it takes some practice and good watering to figure out how to maintain a humidity and ventilation balance that suits a species. substrate composition is a minor issue but cocofiber can be ingested by centipedes and cause impactions that can kill them.

[bloodakoos]

i've been tagged by @iwillstealyourpotatoes in a tag game. thank you stealy

last song i've listened to: hellfire from the hunchback of notre dame. it kinda goes hard so I downloaded it and it was the last song that appeared in the shuffled playlist before I went asleep

currently watching: I am not really 'currently' watching, as I'm just waiting for episodes to release. no evil, humans b gone, dungeon meshi, kaiju no 8. I'm not someone who goes out of their comfort zone so picking things is real hard

favourite color: I like yellow, blue and black, so I like to think the combination of the three is my favourite color (forest green?) but tbh I don't really like it that much

sweet/savoury/spicy: clearly savoury is the best option here

relationship status: single

current obsession: I don't have one I am a very boring person

last thing I searched: rickettsia, the disease. or as they like to call it in english, rocky mountain spotted fever. I think. I was searching for a map of cases in North America because I was curious

I shall tag @thatqueerchoirkid @synopiss @charles-snippy

[o-craven-canto]

Again on the subjects of parasites.

Meet Wolbachia.

These handsome fellows are three individuals of Wolbachia, happily residing in their place of choice -- an insect cell. Wolbachia is a bacterium, loosely related to Rickettsia, whom we have to thank for typhus and other louse- or tick-borne diseases. As it happens, they are also relatives of those ancient bacteria that took residence in our own cells and became our faithful mitochondria.

You don’t have to fear ever being infected by Wolbachia: it does not enter vertebrates. Arthropods, however, are not so lucky. (Nor are their close relatives, Nematode worms.) After all, Arthropods make up >90% of all (known!) animal species, and 40% of all animal biomass. A feast for parasites!

Now, Wolbachia has done one better than most pathogens. Not content with horizontal transmission (i.e., from individual to nearby individual), it has graduated to vertical transmission (i.e., from parent to child). The way Wolbachia accomplishes this is quite simple: it hides away in eggs.

Every time its host lays an egg, the parasitic bacterium slips in some copies of itself. Every time a host cell divides, the bacteria divide with it. Every time a host individual reproduces, the bacteria reproduce with it. Every time a host population moves away... well, you can put several sections of the Nematode or Arthropod phylogenetic trees right next to the phylogenetic tree of the Wolbachia they host, and you will see they have the same shape, branching and splitting in the same points and with the same pattern. Host and parasite evolve together.

Alas, this trick works only with eggs -- sperm cells are far too small to contain clandestine bacteria. Which means a full half of all hosts are useless for Wolbachia to propagate its own genes! Our fair bacterium wants (in the same sense that water “wants” to flow to the sea, or that fire “wants” to consume its fuel) to be hosted only by females.

How to accomplish that? Over millions of years (and billions of generations) of trial and error, Wolbachia found four ways.

(source: Werren et al. 2008)

Feminization. Straightforward enough, and yet the rarest. If you are in a male, and want to be in a female, why not make it so? In some butterflies and true bugs, and most commonly in wood lice, Wolbachia works its magic -- during male development, the bacterium interferes with the hormon signals of its host (remember Sacculina?) to turn it into a fertile female.

Parthenogenesis. In some thrips, wasps, and mites, Wolbachia has so perfected its biochemical manipulation of its host that it can grant its female carriers the ability to reproduce asexually. (It’s not so uncommon, among insects.) A parthenogenetic female will, with few exceptions, generate only females, so all will be able to carry the parasite.

Male killing. Simple but paradoxical. Some Wolbachia species, mostly carried by flies, beetle, butterflies, and funky little pseudoscorpions, simply kill their host before hatching whenever they find themselves inside a male. You might think it absurd -- is it not suicide? It is. But every Wolbachia cell is an exact clone of all the ones surrounding it (more so than most pathogens, thanks to its reliance on vertical transmission). So if you, a male-carried bacterium, happen to contain a male-killing gene, then your female-carried kin, which being your clones will also carry the male-killing gene, will enjoy more resources to produce more infected eggs. So the male-killing gene prospers. You will die; but your genes won’t care.

Cytoplasmic incompatibility. The most sophisticate, and yet the most widespread, known in many orders of insects as well as mites and wood lice. In a partially infected population, four possible pairings may occur, as both the female and the male can each be infected or not. As long as the female is infected, Wolbachia carries on, regardless of the male’s status. If neither party is infected, the bacterium is powerless. But what happens when the male is infected, and the female is not? Well, then Wolbachia makes sure to kill its host’s children (or at least some). Over and over, until the male happens to mate with an infected female -- and then he will find he can have an offspring at last. What the parasite actually does is modify the sperm of an infected male so that its chromosomes will be misaligned during the fertilized egg’s first division. This always results in aborted embryos, unless the egg is modified in the same way by resident parasites, in which case development proceeds as intended. Of course the bacteria carried by the male will not reproduce in any case: they are not in the sperm. But their sibling-clones in their host’s partner will, as uninfected females find themselves slowly dying out, and that’s enough.

Strangely enough, Wolbachia has taken a different route altogether in some Nematodes. No longer a parasite, for them it’s a mutualist, cooperating with its host to the benefit of both. Unfortunately for us, it does so mostly in Filarioidea, which includes such charming fellows as heartworms, eye worms, and the agent of elephantiasis. And they definitely attack vertebrates. Happily, though, this gives us an avenue of counterattack: killing Wolbachia with antibiotics effectively kills the filaria as well.

There are plans to weaponize Wolbachia against malaria-carrying mosquitoes and other disease-carrying insects. Perhaps it can make itself useful to us, too.

[all-devouring-history-hub]

Black Death: The Plague That Nearly Killed Europe.

Welcome, My to be amazing readers, to the first-ever history post on this blog. Apologies for the long wait, I had a lot of things on my shoulders, But now I'm here.

As I said, This is the first of many history essays that I will be doing on the weekends. Any topic of history, except anything current as I don't have much info about it to get that in-depth, will be discussed

I will break it down and uncover each piece into each section to function properly.

You might have thought I was going to start this off with WW2 or something, and while I would definitely like to analyze Parts of ww2, I figured we start this with a more historical approach, going back in time with the Middle Ages.

Today, People see Covid -19 as a thing that should not exist. I mean, they aren't wrong. Others see this as it is going to wipe out humanity.

So many people are concerned about covid and think it's the worst disease out there when in reality we faced something worse than that.

The black death was a disease that almost wiped out European civilization, as well as fundamentally changed European society. But what was the black death? How did it start? How did it spread to all of Europe?

Well, That's what I want to explore with this analysis. Buckle in folks, this is going to be a long one.

Where It All Started.

Now there have been a lot of questions as to how the black death started in the first place and how it spread to the extent that it did., More importantly, where did it come from?

Some sources say that it came from Asia from countries Like China or Kyrgyzstan, or even the Slik road during the Mongol invasions. Others say It came from the Middle East. We may never know where it originated.

Now while these sources have been helpful in getting info, I wouldn't call them correct in any way. Some say That the bubonic plague( the real name for the black death) Didn't have records in China until the 1640s. Yet they are still adamant about China as a source.

China's Role in the plague is still being disputed to this day. I don't believe they did it because there aren't any records that It directly came from China, What I am certain is who is the culprit who started this.

The Culprit of the Plague.

This is Xenopsylla cheopis, Or As it is commonly known as the Oriental rat flea. This isn't your typical flea, as indicated by the name alone. It spreads through rats.

This Flea is able to live on any kind of warm-blooded mammal and is able to transmit diseases such as Rickettsia typhi, Murine typhus, Or the main disease responsible for the plague, Yersinia pestis 

Yersinia pestis was without a doubt the main disease that caused the plague in the first place. And It very much still exists today. Yersinia pestis was able to be transmitted into fleas.

Basically, the bacteria build up in the gut of the flea to the absolute extent that it can barely swallow, instead, it is only able to draw the host's blood into its esophagus or food pipe, which is the part of the body that runs from its throat to its stomach.

From there the blood mingles with live plague bacteria. unable to swallow because it is full of plague, the flea regurgitates the blood and bacteria into the bloodstream of the host. In other words, It pukes.

So In short, Flea vomit was the cause of the epidemic. I'm sorry If I gave you all nightmares through this description but best to say something than to not say anything at all.

From there the flea is able to be hosted inside rats, Like this one for example.

This is Rattus Rattus Or the black rat. It was a common sight in Europe at the time, especially aboard the ships sailing across the sea. this made it a perfect host for the rat flea to get itself on there and to transmit the disease.

The Spread.

In 1347, Genoese traders were coming from the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea. During a siege of the city by the Mongols under Jani Beg, who was leading the golden horde army. Deciding to end the siege due to his troops suffering from the disease, Jani decided to catapult dead and infected bodies into the city walls.

Although it's more likely the rats were the ones who spread this, this terrified the traders to flee and sail to Constantinople in the summer of 1347. And this is where the disease begins to spread.

The plague killed the 13-year-old son of the Byzantine emperor, John VI Kantakouzenos. The outbreak lasted a year but would recur ten times before 1400.

In October of the same year, Genoese galleys arrived on the island of Sicily, which then the disease proceeded to spread rapidly across the island. By January of 1348, It had spread to the entirety of Italy including Venice and Genoa.

It soon made its way to France, Spain, Portugal, and England By June 1348. It made its way to northern Germany, Scotland, and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. Norway got it by 1349. Finally, Russia got it in 1351.

It wasn't just Europe as well, The middle east and North Africa got it as well. Egypt got it in 1347 as a result of slaves. Cario got infected in the late summer of 1348. The Nile River was full of corpses as the sickness spread.

By that year, The cities of what is today Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and Palestine were infected. In the span of two years, the plague had spread throughout the Arab world.

Pretty big Huh?

Now as the plague was spreading in Europe, What are the symptoms of this plague that made it so deadly? Now if you guys know how plagues work then I'm not going to give you a full recap, but for those that don't, here is a list of the symptoms.

•Fever of 38-41 °C (100–106 °F)

• Headaches.

• Painful aching joints.

• Nausea

• Vomiting

• Malese

• Buboes, which ooze pus and stuff.

And those are just the more notable ones. Other symptoms included blood vomiting, gangrene ( which causes the skin to rot) Purple skin patches, And many more symptoms. Of those that were left untreated, 80% died within eight days.

Yes, You read correctly, 80% of those that get the plague, if left untreated, Die within eight days. 80% Not 8%, 80%. Which means more people die as a result of this. Since this was the middle ages and nobody had a clue what proper hygiene was, you are more likely to die from that.

Because of this, The plague was such a nightmare for Europe and the Europeans did some, Well crazy things.

Society In the black death.

When the black death spread throughout the continent, Life just collapsed for the Europeans. People were dying on the streets in horrendous conditions. Carts and wagons were filled with corpses being taken to the graves.

The hysteria got so bad that people thought this was the end times for Europe. Old noble families were being wiped out, The feudal system that lasted hundreds of years was falling apart, and society in many ways was just collapsing on itself.

This was made incredibly worse by the uselessness of the doctors at the time. they believed that the plague circulated in the air. Thus their solution was to order patients to close their doors and avoid bathing, which probably didn't help the situation either.

Mass graves were being built in cities like London because the graveyards were too full of corpses. The rats were pretty much thriving in this entire chaotic mess because of their numbers.

The only animal available to stop them, The cat, was nearly wiped out due to European medieval superstition that the cats were connected to witches, thus they were killed eliminating one of the only things that could have made things better.

Other people went incredibly unhinged. The Christians believed this was the punishment sent by god himself. In Germany, people joined the Flagellants who asked for the forgiveness of god and proceeded to Whip themselves in the back bloody with iron-tipped lashes

Eventually, the flagellants were stamped out by 1350 by the orders of the pope himself, but not before turning the blame on the Jews. In those days It actually wasn't hard to get a mob against Jews. As a result across the continent, Hundreds of Jews were being hunted down.

They did this every easter, But the plague massacres were bigger and huge than anything the Jews of Europe would experience until the holocaust. between 1348 and 1349, thousands of Jews were killed, tortured, burned, and executed by Christian Europeans.

Other people instead turned to looting and stealing, even killing in some instances. Some partied to get by.

Doctors tried their best to heal the sick and wounded by treating them. Most skilled physicians had fled, so it was up to second-rate doctors to combat this challenge. They wore costumes in all black with bird masks. Yep, those are what we modern folk would call plague doctors.

These doctors were hired by city officials to cure people of the plague. And the methods that they used to do this more than likely did more harm than good. For example, they attempted to use leeches to cure the patient. Yes, you heard me, leeches. This is not a joke, This is actually real.

While I would like to go more in-depth about plague doctors, this is already long enough as it is so let's do this.

The Aftermath

By 1351, The black Death was over. In the aftermath, thousands of people were dead. The old order was gone. Medieval society had collapsed. In its place was a new society coming in with new ideas and more ways to replace the new.

Death estimates are hard, to say the least, as many who did them did it based locally. But in Europe alone, Some 75 to 200 million people died. 80% of the population was gone. Over a third of Europe's population, Now no longer existed.

Yes, this was truly one of the darkest times for Europe.

It was clear that society had to be rebuilt from the ground up. But not in the way they expected. The Plague pretty much was the death of feudalism in Europe.

What followed is what we Modern folks consider to be capitalism or at least the beginnings of the system. For the peasants, they were no longer bound to an estate, so now they could work at whatever they pleased, they dressed better, ate better, and lived better than before.

Of course, for many, this was temporary, But for some who were lucky, This gave them numerous opportunities. The Merchant class was born. Noble family's fortunes declined as disputes over their money started. What became known as real estate laws, began over this.

Socially, things have changed as well. The nobility were no longer the only high-class people here. They now have to compete with merchants for social status. Nobles were often quite hostile and gave the newly rich contempt. Eventually, over time, They would outshine the nobles as the dominant working class.

The power of the church began to decline as well. The plague had taken its toll on the church. three archbishops were dead, seven cardinals and many, many priests were gone as well. Latin, which was once the dominant language, now was in decline.

New languages, Like English, Spanish, german, and many others flourished. Art was given more expressive freedom. The most important thing was that it gave rise to new religious ideas, eventually leading to the Protestant Reformation and the Age of Enlightenment respectively.

In 1348, Pope Clement VI lifted the ban on human dissection or studying the insides of a dead body, so that people can understand what caused the Black Death. Thus was born the age of modern medicine. Let's wrap this up, shall we?

In Conclusion

The Black Death was an event that changed Europe forever. Before the plague, The nobles were still the power that they were, as was the church. Knights still existed as a force to be reckoned and peasants were still peasants. But the plague changed all of that. It was the death of the feudal system and the medieval age.

Now in its place was a new society, with more ideas, and more change economically, The middle class was now a power. New ideas in law, art, and religion flourished in this new post-black Death world.

That doesn't mean the black death is a good thing. Not at all. Millions still died in the end. It's more than likely that had things gotten worse, It could have wiped out European society as a whole. While the middle eastern and Asian societies would have survived because they weren't affected as much ( though they would still be affected).

In short, this could have been the death of European society, Luckily it never wiped every single European out, though it came close.

Today, we have modern medical procedures to prevent epidemics of the black like this from happening again. while covid is huge, I don't believe it will reach a point like what happened in Europe during the black death, thanks to medicine being far more advanced than back then.

In the end, the black death, Or bubonic plague, Changed the history of Europe and the world. by the end of this, A old generation and order were gone, But with that came a new generation that was born from the ashes, set to give birth to the systems that make up our modern generation.