#revolutionary war airports

[lizardsfromspace]

Does anything sum up The Current Media Ecosystem like

Joe Rogan declaring that people must regret voting for Biden bc he said "they took over airports in the Revolutionary War"

Playing a clip where Biden's clearly quoting Trump, and thinking he said "stable Jesus" instead of "stable genius"

When told Trump said it & played the clip of Trump saying it, going "ah, well, he just misspoke! Not a big deal" & then ranting about how "that's what the media does"

"You have to double check everything the media says" when THEY'RE the media being double checked

Highest paid podcaster in the world everyone. Our Greatest Thought Leader (TM)

[girlactionfigure]

🔘 WEDNESDAY night - ISRAEL REALTIME - Connecting to Israel in Realtime

❗️ATTACK ORDER AGAINST ISRAEL - In the last hour:  Iran's spiritual leader Khamenei ordered direct revenge for the elimination of Hamas leader Haniyeh while in Iran.  Israeli President Israel Herzog this evening called on citizens to remain vigilant.  In Israel it is estimated that the reaction is close, but it will not be tonight.

.. Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei ordered the Revolutionary Guards and the army to prepare plans for attack and defense should the war expand.

.. According to the same Iranian sources: The possibility of attacking military sites in the Tel Aviv and Haifa area with suicide drones and missiles is being considered, while avoiding civilian targets.

.. Iranian sources to the New York Times: Khamenei ordered to attack Israel directly.

❗️HAIFA MAYOR.. Mayor Yona Yahav: "calls on residents to stay near protected areas in the near future."

❗️ US ISSUES TRAVEL WARNINGS.. level 4 - maximum-do not travel - to all of Lebanon.  Level 3 - reconsider travel - to northern Israel.  “Do not come to these areas.”

♦️PALESTINIAN CLASHES - KALKILYA.. Report of clashes now at the Eyal crossing (Kalkilya) as violent armed protestors move on the checkpoint - IDF forces are responding with live fire.  At least 1 terrorist of the Israel Defense Forces was wounded by our forces.

⭕ In recent hours, Arabs have been carrying out dozens of terrorist attacks with stones, Molotov cocktails, and firecrackers in Judea and Samaria, along with marches and gatherings in cities and villages.  A march in Jenin with armed men with visible faces condemning the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh.

▪️EXPLOSION IN BAGHDAD, IRAQ.. Smoke rises in the Sabaa Qusour area, northeast of the capital, Baghdad, after hearing an explosion, the cause of which is unknown.

▪️AIR TRAVEL - VARIOUS RUMORS.. we’ve seen supposed reports that various US airlines have suspended travel to Israel, but have only been able to confirm United has paused flights for the moment.  “If your flight is canceled by a U.S. airline or departing from a U.S. airport, you are entitled to a cash refund, even if you purchased a nonrefundable ticket.”

▪️Report in Iran: Milad Bedi, an Iranian military adviser to the Revolutionary Guards, was killed yesterday in the Israeli attack against Hezbollah in Beirut.

[reinathevocaloid]

My USUK Fic Rec

(Bc apparently my feels for these two always come back even after all these years)

Lying in that Sound, Tonight by stardropdream

Before the victory of the allies, before the United States of America joined the war, before Lend-Lease, before everything — there were just two nations, two men, who just refused to meet halfway until it was forced upon them.

Misplaced Soil by stardropdream

An argument leaves England and America to reassess and redefine their "special" relationship, all the while England is stuck in a country he doesn't fully understand despite his best efforts.

Bottle it Up by stardropdream

Arthur thinks to himself that at this point he should be used to war, used to the loss of his men. But he is not, and after two ambushes in one day, he is forced to realize that Alfred, too, is in many ways much too young for war. How sweet it is, to die for one's country.

The Pieces Don't Fit Anymore by stardropdream

With the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, the War of 1812 came to its conclusion, but there are still things left unsaid.

Here's to the Daylight by stardropdream

England's relationship with mornings. Four vignettes (colonial times, revolutionary times, world war two time, and current time).

Meet Along the Way by stardropdream

England comes to meet America at the airport.

Raining of the Lone Star by stardropdream

England, angry that America isn't home when he said he would, goes off to clear his head and finds America participating in a tradition England would never have expected of him.

This One Old Street by stardropdream

Alfred and Arthur spend a slow Sunday day together, before Arthur is slotted to leave for London that evening.

And Bury My Body at Sea by stardropdream

When the water comes to take Arthur away in order to repay a debt from centuries ago, Alfred is the one to bring him back.

You Can’t Take the Sky from Me by Haro

Ace pilot America is on a mission for the World Military when a chance encounter with a group of sky-pirates leads him to team up with their captain, England, against a malevolent group that wants to fill the sky with zeppelins.

To Drive the Cold Winter Away by Haro

America waits at the airport on a bitter winter day.

To the End of the Universe by Haro

The year is 2650. Many things have changed, but just as many remain the same. America and England, for example, still hate goodbyes and love each other.

Somnium by Haro

Somnium, they had named it. When the United Federation of America and the United Kingdoms had made the decision to terraform this planet together, it was hailed as the largest project of its type to date. And it was.

All Roads Lead by PennyLane

It’s WWII, and England is a prisoner in a German POW camp. America’s mission it to rescue him before the Germans discover who he really is.

Born on the Fourth of July by PennyLane

It’s America’s Bicentennial and the celebration is going to be epic. Despite England’s bouts of ill health he suffers during this time of the year, he knows his duty, and his duty is to attend the festivities and play his part. But this celebration doesn’t turn out as either America or England thought it would. (Set during America’s Bi-Centennial, 1976)

Written in the Stars by rierin

Alfred wakes up after an assassination attempt to find Arthur at his bedside. He's told he and Arthur are engaged— but the last thing Alfred remembers is the Revolutionary War, and all he feels for Arthur is anger and resentment bordering on hatred.

caressed by thorns by aiwendor

America once looked at the mark on his chest with excitement. Now, he only looks at it with disdain.

i'll show you the stars by aiwendor

Once, a long time ago under a starry night sky, America made a promise.

The Secret Ingredient by Ferrero13

It is a fact. All the nations know it. England cannot cook. He must, in fact, not be allowed within spitting distance of a kitchen. Except, it turns out, it isn't.

American in America by Ferrero13

America, being America, says something he should've known better than to say in his own airport, whereupon he is taken in for questioning and finds it very difficult to explain why this particular nineteen-year-old seems to be as politically active as the President himself.

Cold December Night by Car

All England wanted was one kiss from America, and if wearing a -not ugly at all, thank you very much- sweater and wallpapering his penthouse with mistletoe was how it was going to happen- so be it.

(I'll add more to this list as I gain more favs!!!)

[hale-nathan]

Trump Weird News - GOPBUSTERS Meet WEIRDBUSTER - Tim Walz

Tim Walz - VP Candidate: “The fascists depend on us going back, but we’re not afraid of weird people,” Walz said. “We’re a little bit creeped out, but we’re not afraid.”

Trump: Continental Army "manned the air" and "took over the airports" during the Revolutionary War

[beardedmrbean]

DUBAI (Reuters) -Iranian leaders vowed revenge on Thursday for two explosions that killed nearly 100 people at a ceremony to commemorate top Revolutionary Guards commander Qassem Soleimani on the anniversary of his death in a U.S. drone attack.

"A very strong retaliation will be handed to them on the hands of the soldiers of Soleimani," First Vice President Mohammad Mokhber told reporters at a hospital were some of the wounded from Wednesday's blasts were receiving treatment.

Tehran has blamed the explosions on unspecified "terrorists", but no one has yet claimed responsibility for the bloodiest such attacks since the 1979 Islamic Revolution.

An unnamed source told the state news agency IRNA that the first explosion at the cemetery in the southeastern city of Kerman "was the result of a suicide bomber's action".

"The cause of the second blast was most likely the same," the source told IRNA.

State TV showed crowds gathered at dozen cities across Iran, including Soleimani's home town Kerman, chanting: "Death to Israel" and "Death to America".

Iranian authorities have called for mass protests on Friday, when the funerals of the victims' of twin blasts will be held, state media reported.

Iran's powerful Revolutionary Guards Corps described the attacks as a cowardly act "aimed at creating insecurity and seeking revenge against the nation's deep love and devotion to the Islamic Republic".

The Guards commander in Kerman denied state media reports of a shooting in Kerman on Thursday.

Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi has condemned the "heinous and inhumane crime", and Iran's top authority, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei, vowed revenge for the twin bombings, that also wounded 284 people, including women and children.

EARLIER ATTACKS

The United States on Wednesday said it was not involved in any way in the explosions and had no reason to believe Israel was.

Washington said the blasts appeared to represent "a terrorist attack" of the type carried out in the past by Islamic State militants.

Tehran often accuses its arch enemies, Israel and the United States, of backing anti-Iran militant groups that have carried out attacks against the Islamic Republic in the past. Baluchi militants and ethnic Arab separatists have also staged attacks in Iran.

In 2022, the Sunni Muslim militant group Islamic State claimed responsibility for a deadly attack on a Shi'ite shrine in Iran which killed 15 people.

Earlier attacks claimed by Islamic State include twin bombings in 2017 which targeted Iran's parliament and the tomb of the Islamic Republic's founder, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

The U.S. assassination of Soleimani in a Jan. 3, 2020, drone attack at Baghdad airport, and Tehran's retaliation - by attacking two Iraqi military bases that house U.S. troops - brought the United States and Iran close to full-blown conflict.

As chief commander of the elite Quds force, the overseas arm of Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), Soleimani ran clandestine operations abroad and was a key figure in Iran's longstanding campaign to drive U.S. forces from the Middle East.

Tensions between Iran and Israel, along with its ally the United States, have reached a new high over Israel's war on Iran-backed Hamas militants in Gaza in retaliation for their Oct. 7 rampage through southern Israel.

Yemen's Iran-backed Houthi militia have attacked ships they say have links to Israel in the entrance to the Red Sea, one of the world's busiest shipping lanes.

U.S. forces have come under attack from Iran-backed militants in Iraq and Syria over Washington's backing of Israel and have carried out their own retaliatory air strikes.

[shiningdesignersreflections]

Vermillion Snow: Midnight Neon

Designer's Reflection: Midnight Neon

Obtained: Welfare

Rarity: SSR

Attribute: Green/Fresh

Awakened Suit: Midnight Spotlight

Story - transcripts from Designer's Reflection

Chapter 1 - Wine Party Invitation

Chapter 2 - Assistant Experience

Chapter 3 - Unexpected Challenge

Chapter 4 - New Year's Eve

Story - summarized

Vermillion is decorating her dorm for the winter break when Chi Xiaoyu offers her a chance to take her place as Helz's assistant for the Designer's Cocktail this year. It's a huge opportunity to network with other designers and learn insider secrets. Naturally, Vermillion is excited to go.

A week before New Year's Eve, she and Helz land in Lodden Airport. Everything is still festive for Starsnow as they get ready for the conference at the hotel. It's hard work being an assistant, but Vermillion Snow takes careful notes and pays attention to the hottest designers.

One of them is Caroline, who works for a brand under Mercury Group. She prefers flashy, modernist styles, and she sees fashion only as a status marker. But worst of all, she berates her assistants for even things so small as a color palette she disagrees with.

Vermillion approaches an assistant that Caroline had just screamed at, and offers kind words and encouragement. Caroline hadn't gone far, and she scolds her as well.

Helz finds out about the incident, and he suggests that Vermillion Snow get three letters of recommendation so that she could attend the finale party as well and prove Caroline wrong with her own design. He signs the first letter, and Sonya (the carousel-dress girl) signs the second. A mysterious third designer signs the last letter.

By the start of the Cocktail's finale party, Vermillion has a dress styled and finished: fresh, simple, yet breathtakingly stunning. As soon as Caroline sees the dress, she falls into silence. It's clear that Vermillion Snow wins this challenge - even better, she wins best design at the party. In her speech, she thanks Helz and Sonya, as well as the third person "who inspired this design."

She figured out that Caroline sent the third recommendation letter. Caroline began as a lowly assistant as well, and while she still thought herself above the assistants, she wanted to give Vermillion a chance.

Bells ring in the New Year, and Vermillion Snow has emerged a more confident indie designer with contact cards from famous designers all across the continent.

Connections

-You first meet Sonya in her Reflection for Carnival Scene. Just like in her memories there, she has no character art here. The given reason in-game is that she is shy.

-Helz used to be an assistant, too, but in Morning Mist, his boss, Mr. Doge, was a lot more abusive than Caroline, going so far as to trigger eating disorders.

-Vermillion Snow may not design a lot of Apple clothes, but she is from Apple herself. She and her parents had to leave Apple during the revolutionary war, as explained in her memories in Flowery Silhouette.

-It's fitting that Vermillion would be Helz's assistant, since both are passionate about fashion and seek to reveal the true self, like when Helz designed the wedding pantsuit in Romantic Visit. And both of them earned praises and got contact cards from other famous designers.

-It's actually good that Chi Xiaoyu didn't go as Helz's assistant. While she loves designing, she doesn't like doing extra work... probably because she has bad memories of Jiang Xitong giving her lots of extra work in Early Summer Shower.

-You've seen Lodden before in Vol. 1 Chapter 6 with the auction and the Lodden's Night SSR gacha. Thankfully, no one gets hurt this time.

-Vermillion Snow and Helz land "seven days before New Year's Eve." That means they get into the airport on Christmas Eve, which makes sense with the Night of Twin Queens still performing at the theater. You've seen one queen's Reflection earlier this year in May (Erika) and a couple week's ago you met the other queen, Erinka.

Fun Facts

-This is Vermillion's only Apple-themed suit. All her other ones are Cloud-based, since she considers that country her home and inspiration.

-Chi Xiaoyu knows that Vermillion hates the name "Reddish," but she still calls her that to this day.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 8.20 (1920-1990)

1920 – The first commercial radio station, 8MK (now WWJ), begins operations in Detroit 1920 – The National Football League is organized as the American Professional Football Conference in Canton, Ohio 1926 – Japan's public broadcasting company, Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK) is established. 1938 – Lou Gehrig hits his 23rd career grand slam, a record that stood for 75 years until it was broken by Alex Rodriguez. 1940 – In Mexico City, exiled Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky is fatally wounded with an ice axe by Ramón Mercader. He dies the next day. 1940 – World War II: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill makes the fourth of his famous wartime speeches, containing the line "Never was so much owed by so many to so few". 1940 – World War II: The Eighth Route Army launches the Hundred Regiments Offensive, a successful campaign to disrupt Japanese war infrastructure and logistics in occupied northern China. 1944 – World War II: One hundred sixty-eight captured allied airmen, including Phil Lamason, accused by the Gestapo of being "terror fliers", arrive at Buchenwald concentration camp. 1944 – World War II: The Battle of Romania begins with a major Soviet Union offensive. 1948 – Soviet Consul General in New York, Jacob M. Lomakin is expelled by the United States, due to the Kasenkina Case. 1949 – Hungary adopts the Hungarian Constitution of 1949 and becomes a People's Republic. 1955 – Battle of Philippeville: In Morocco, a force of Berbers from the Atlas Mountains region of Algeria raid two rural settlements and kill 77 French nationals. 1960 – Senegal breaks from the Mali Federation, declaring its independence. 1962 – The NS Savannah, the world's first nuclear-powered civilian ship, embarks on its maiden voyage. 1968 – Cold War: Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia, crushing the Prague Spring. East German participation is limited to a few specialists due to memories of the recent war. Only Albania and Romania refuse to participate. 1975 – Viking program: NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars. 1975 – ČSA Flight 540 crashes on approach to Damascus International Airport in Damascus, Syria, killing 126 people. 1977 – Voyager program: NASA launches the Voyager 2 spacecraft. 1986 – In Edmond, Oklahoma, U.S. Postal employee Patrick Sherrill guns down 14 of his co-workers and then commits suicide. 1988 – "Black Saturday" of the Yellowstone fire in Yellowstone National Park 1988 – Iran–Iraq War: A ceasefire is agreed after almost eight years of war. 1988 – The Troubles: Eight British soldiers are killed and 28 wounded when their bus is hit by an IRA roadside bomb in Ballygawley, County Tyrone. 1989 – The pleasure boat Marchioness sinks on the River Thames following a collision. Fifty-one people are killed.

[casbooks]

Books of 2023

Book 51 of 2023

Title: Chasing Chaos: My Decade in and Out of Humanitarian Aid Authors: Jessica Alexander ISBN: 9780770436919 Tags: AU African Union, AU AUMIS African Union Mission in the Sudan, BDI Burundi, COG Congo-Brazzaville, Disaster - Cyclone Nargis (2008), Disaster - Hatian Earthquake (2010), Disaster - Hurricane Mitch (1998), Disaster - Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami (2004), GBR BA British Army, GBR United Kingdom, HND Honduras, HND Teguchigalpa, HTI Delmas 31 Camp, HTI Gaston Margon Camp, HTI Haiti, HTI Jacmel, HTI MINUSTAH United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti, HTI Port-au-Prince, Humanitarian Aid, ICC International Criminal Court - Hague, IDN Banda Aceh, IDN Indonesia, KEN Kenya, KEN Nairobi, LBR Liberia, LBR National Patriotic Front of Liberia, LBR President Charles Taylor, LKA Sri Lanka, LKA Tamil Tigers, MOZ Mozambique, RWA Hutu Tribe, RWA ICTR International Criminal Trial for Rwanda (Rwandan Civil War), RWA KGL Kigali International Airport, RWA Kibuye, RWA Kigali, RWA Kinbungo, RWA Kiziba, RWA President Juvenal Habyarimana, RWA Rwanda, RWA Rwandan Civil War (1990-1994), RWA Rwandan Genocide (1994) (Rwandan Civil War), RWA Tutsi Tribe, SDN Abu Shouk Refugee Camp, SDN Al Salam Refugee camp, SDN Dar Zagawa, SDN Darfur, SDN Darfur - Abu Shouk Refugee Camp, SDN Darfur - Al Salam Refugee Camp, SDN Darfur - Zam Zam Refugee Camp, SDN Hamadyia Refugee Camp, SDN Hassa Hissa Refugee Camp, SDN Janjaweed Militia, SDN Jebel Marra, SDN Jebel Si, SDN JEM Justice and Equality Movement Army, SDN Juba, SDN Kalma Refugee Camp, SDN Khartoum, SDN Korma, SDN Mukjar, SDN North Darfur, SDN North Darfur - El Fasher, SDN Nuba Mountains, SDN Nyala, SDN President Omar Al-Bashir, SDN Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005), SDN SLA Sudanese Liberation Army, SDN South Darfur, SDN Sudan, SDN Tawila, SDN Zalingei, SDN Zam Zam Refugee Camp, SLE Bo, SLE Child Soldiers (Sierra Leone Civil War), SLE Freetown, SLE IMATT International Military Advisory and Training Team, SLE Kailahun, SLE Makeni, SLE RUF Revolutionary United Front, SLE SCSL Special Court (Sierra Leone Civil War), SLE Sierra Leone, SLE Sierra Leone Civil War (1991-2002), TCD Chad, TMP East Timor, TMP Free Aceh Movement, TZA Tanzania, UN UNDP United Nations Development Programme, UN UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund, UN United Nations, US NY JFK International Airport, US NY New York, USAID Rating: ★★★★ (4 stars) Subject: Disasters

Description: An eye-opening and intimate memoir about life as an international humanitarian aid worker in the field in Rwanda, Sudan, Sierra Leone, and Haiti. Jessica Alexander arrived in Rwanda in the aftermath of the genocide as an idealist intern, excited to be a part of the international humanitarian aid community. But the world that she encountered in the field was dramatically different than anything she could have imagined. In this honest and irreverent memoir, she introduces readers to the reality of the life of an aid worker. We watch as she helps to resettle refugees in Rwanda, manages a 24,000-person camp in Darfur, and helps a former child soldier in Sierra Leone get rid of a tattoo that was carved into his skin by a rebel group. But we also see the alcoholic parties and fleeting romances, the burnouts and cyncism, the plans and priorities that constantly shift and change. Tracing her personal journey from idealistic and naïve newcomer to hardened cynic to hopeful but critical realist, Alexander transports readers to some of the most troubled locations and shows us not only the impossible challenges, but also the moments of hope and recovery. Review: It was a pretty decent book that gave the reader some insight into the situations in Darfur, Haiti, and Sierra Leone from the perspective of a humanitarian aid worker. You'll understand why the help offered is rarely helpful at all, and good intentions is really a double edged sword. There's some good, a lot of bad, a lot of stress, confusion, and a system rigged to fail for the most part. But there's also the human element, and the people that are affected at every level make this a story worth reading.

[cutneteel]

Can someone tell me if screenshotting books is illegal, thanks.

Transcript:

"Brilliant . . . An engrossing book, both fluid and economical.

Page after page you can hear the music; Gould's deft hand makes the book sing. This is music writing at its best. ..

Gould elucidates the mystery of the band that changed the course of Western popular music."

NEARLY TWENTY YEARS IN THE MAKING, Can't Buy Me Love is a masterful work of group biography, cultural history, and musical criticism. That the Beatles were an unprecedented phenomenon is a given. In Can't Buy Me Love, Jonathan Gould seeks to explain why, placing the Fab Four in the broad and tumultuous panorama of their time and place, rooting their story in the social context that girded both their rise and their demise.

Beginning with their adolescence in Liverpool, Gould describes the seminal influences from Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry to The Goon Show and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland that shaped the Beatles both as individuals and as a group. In addition to chronicling their growth as singers, songwriters, and instrumentalists, he highlights the advances in recording technology that made their sound both possible and unique, as well as the developments in television and radio that lent an explosive force to their popular suc-cess. With a musician's ear, Gould sensitively evokes the timeless appeal of the Lennon-McCartney collaboration and their emergence as one of the most creative and significant songwriting teams in history. And he sheds new light on the significance of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band as rock's first concept album, down to its memorable cover art.

Behind the scenes Gould explores the pivotal roles played by manager Brian Epstein and producer George Martin, credits the influence on the Beatles’ music of contemporaries like Bob Dylan, Brian Wilson, and Ravi Shankar, and traces the gradual escalation of the fractious internal rivalries that led to the group's breakup after their final masterpiece, Abbey Road. Most significantly, by chronicling their revolutionary impact on popular culture during the 1960s, Can't Buy Me Love illuminates the Beatle g charismatic phenomenon of international proportions, whose anarchic energy and unexpected import was derived from the historic shifts in fortune that transformed the relationship between Britain and America in the decades after World War II.

From the Beats in America and the Angry Young Men in England to the shadow of the Profumo Affair and JFK's assassination, Gould captures the pulse of a time that made the Beatles possible and even necessary. As seen through the prism of the Beatles and their music, an entire generation's experience comes astonishingly to life. Beautifully writ-ten, consistently insightful, and utterly original, Can't Buy Me Love is a landmark work about the Beatles, Britain, and America.

PROLOGUE

They went to sea in Sieve, they did, in a Sieve they went to sea:

In spite of all their friends could say, on a winter's morn.

on a stormy day.

In a Sieve they went to sea!

Edward Lear, "The Jumblies"

On a gray, blustery Friday afternoon in February 1964, the four young British musicians collectively known as the Beatles arrived on a gleaming Pan American Airways jetliner at Kennedy Airport in New York, where they were met by a crowd of two hundred jostling reporters and photographers and some four thousand fans, mostly teenaged girls, who lined the rooftop observation deck of the airport's International Arrivals Building in a great singing, shrilling mass.

The reporters and photographers were there because, over the preceding three months, news of a phenomenon that had consumed the attention of the British public since the summer before had been drifting across the Atlantic in reports filed by the London bureaus of American newspapers, magazines, and television networks. The British press had coined the term "Beatlemania" to describe the relentless and seemingly hysterical response of that country's teenagers to an indeterminate mixture of musical presence, public personality, and social significance that was projected by this pop group from the port city of Liverpool, whose fresh-faced exuberance and insouciant wit had endeared them to a substantial number of adult Britons as well. Beginning with a smattering of articles in the fall of 1963, early coverage of the Beatles by the American press had been playfully condescending. There were repeated references made to the stereotype of English "eccentricity" and much reliance placed on metaphors of infestation and epidemic: BEATLE BUG BITES BRITAIN read a headline in the show business weekly Variety. The British had gone mad for--of all things-rock'n' roll.

Rock-n'-roll hysteria was considered old news in America in 1964.

Most people thought of it as something that had come and gone in the years since Elvis Presley had burst upon the national consciousness in the spring of 1956. By the early 1960s, the pop-singing teen idol hag become a cliche epitomized by the character of Conrad Birdie in the 1963 Hollywood musical Bye Bye Birdie: a loutish, leering naif, plucked from obscurity briascunically manipulative manager and foisted on needy, worshipful adolescent public. Though nobody had thus far been able to expose the hands that were pulling the strings, the American reporters who were assigned to cover the story took it for granted than “Beatlemania” were noter spectacular example, with an unaccountably British twist, of an established promotional technique by which the hormones of pubescent femininity were milked for money and fame.

Having cleared the formalities of Customs and Immigration, the Beatles and their small entourage were escorted into the terminal's press room and grouped around a podium for an impromptu news conference, Uninitiated as to which of these slim, dark-suited figures was which, reporters directed their questions at the group, whose members seemed to vie with one another to come up with the most flippant or outrageous answer. They began by affirming their professionalism with a bluntness that was startling by the prevailing standards of show-business cant.

“Won't you please sing something?" asked a woman reporter. "No!" said one. "Sorry!" said another. "We need money first!" said a third. And away it went from there: "Are you for real?" they were asked. "Come and have a feel."

"How many of you are bald, that you have to wear those wigs?"

"Oh, we're all bald ... and deaf and dumb, too." "How do you account for your success?" "We have a press agent." What started as a press conference rapidly devolved into a parody in which the Beatles, speaking in the droll, hooded accents of their native Liverpool, seemed to gather up the banality of the entire proceeding and toss it back good-naturedly in the faces of the New York press. "What do you think of Beethoven?" "We love him-especially the poems." Through it all, the four of them exuded an almost mysterious sense of solidarity and self-possession. They were their own show, and their own audience. Having attracted the sort of attention for which most people in their line of work would be willing to sell their souls, here they were, cracking dumb jokes for their own amusement, calling attention to the mercenary motives of their visit, and generally acting as if it really didn't matter what the newspapers and television stations reported about them after all.

And what of the thousands of fans who squealed on the roof and raced down the corridors and pressed like love-starved orphans against the doors of the room where this curious rite of transatlantic passage was taking place? By and large, their motivations were more complex, and their intentions more honorable, than those of the New York press. They were there because, for the past month, they had been listening to an incessant crescendo of Beatles songs on the radio and buying unprecedented numbers of Beatles records as fast as the group's American label, Capitol Records, could press them and ship them to stores. On the basis of what they had heard in the tough, bluesy rhythms and tender pop melodies of those songs, they were in thrall to a form of passionate enthusiasm that was, for most of them, unlike anything they had ever experienced before.

In a uniquely American gesture of hospitality, the four Beatles were then individually placed into four black Cadillac limousines and driven into midtown Manhattan. As they rode into the city, they listened with amazement to the sound of their own songs blaring forth wherever they turned on the radio dial, interspersed with the disc jockeys' simultaneous accounts of their trip into the city and their approach to the Plaza Hotel on Central Park South.

The Beatles spent their first weekend in New York holed up behind the imposing faux-Renaissance façade of the Plaza, insulated by a thickening blanket of police, press, and fans. "I don't want to talk to them. I just want to stand here and get images," announced a reporter from The Saturday Evening Post. "I don't want to interview them. I just want their autograph for my managing editor," echoed his colleague from Life. In the public square that adjoined the hotel, a crowd of several hundred teenagers maintained a constant vigil, their eyes riveted on the entrance to the Plaza, their backs pressed against the stonework of the Pulitzer Fountain, a gift to the city from the famous newspaper publisher, its granite basins topped by the statue of Pomona, the Roman goddess of abundance. Periodically the Beatles would reward the attention of these sentries by emerging from the hotel on one pretext or another--a photogenic stroll by the boathouse in Central Park, a visit to local night spots like the nearby Playboy Club, a television rehearsal at the CBS studios on Broadway at 53rd Street. Then, on Sunday evening, February 9, the group performed live on The Ed Sullivan Show, while an estimated 74 million Americans, or 34 percent of the population, watched from the comfort of their homes. According to the Nielsen rating service, this was the largest audience that had ever been recorded for an American television program. Included in the total was an extremely high percentage of the country's 22 million teenagers.

Looking like the world's most nervous substitute teacher as he faced a studio audience of 1,500 fans, the dour, square-shouldered Sullivan-man renowned for the awkwardness of his stage presence-introduced the Beatles at the top of the show. Their appearance was greeted by a sustained screech from the audience that one New York television critic likened to the sound of a subway train rounding a curve in the track.

The Beatles went on to perform three songs. Two of these, "All My Loving" and "Till There Was You," were drawn from an album called Meet the Beatles, which had sold two million copies in the three weeks since its release. The third song, "She Loves You," had been issued as a single in the United States the previous summer and had sold negligibly at the time. That record now stood at number three on the American charts, two positions behind the Beatles' most recent single, "I Want to Hold Your Hand."

By the time of this performance, most of the material on the two albums and five singles the Beatles had released in Britain over the preceding year was familiar to their American fans. The saturational press coverage had helped to familiarize most teenage viewers with the faces and emblematic personality traits of the individual Beatles as well. (For many adult Americans, by contrast, it would take years to learn to tell them apart). What came as a complete revelation to the budding Beatle-maniacs who first saw them on The Ed Sullivan Show was just that: the sight of the group onstage. For the Beatles looked and acted like no performers they had ever seen. The four of them were dressed identically in dark suits, white shirts, and knit ties, the conventionality of which was subverted by the tight fit of their jackets and trousers and the sleek, almost reptilian line of their pointy-toed, Cuban-heeled boots. The band's defining physical feature, however, was the helmetlike profusion of hair that shook and bounced around their faces as they sang, longer and fuller than the hair on any males these kids had ever seen outside of storybook illustrations of the Middle Ages. In addition to the novelty of their physical appearance, another notable feature of the Beatles' performance involved the absence of any obvious leader or focal point. All three of the guitarists not only played but sang, while the two on either side, their guitar necks pointing in opposite directions, shared the lead vocals on the songs. The television cameras reflected this egalitarian arrangement by dividing their attention between shots of the group, shots of its individual members, and shots of the fans in the audience-shriek-ing, shouting, waving their arms, and careening in their seats. At the end of each number, the Beatles acknowledged the bedlam in the studio by performing a courtly, well-synchronized bow. The final chord of "She Loves You" was followed by the reappearance of a relieved-looking Ed Sullivan, who read a brief benedictory telegram from Elvis Presley before inviting his viewers to partake of "a word from Anacin."

The supporting acts on the program that night included the juvenile cast of Oliver!, a hit Broadway musical based on the story of Oliver Twist, and an impressionist named Frank Gorshin, whose routine was based on the then-ludicrous concept of Hollywood stars running for political office. Near the end of the hour-long show, the Beatles returned for two more numbers, "I Saw Her Standing There" and "I Want to Hold Your Hand," the two sides of their current number-one single. The girls in the audience now rewarded themselves for forty minutes of good behavior by completely cutting loose.

The press coverage redoubled on the morning after the broadcast with reviews in all the New York papers and a formal news conference at the Plaza that was likened by Variety to a White House briefing. (Capitol Records later claimed that its nationwide clipping service had collected 13,882 newspaper and magazine articles about the Beatles by the end of their two-week stay.) "How did you propose to your wife?" a reporter asked John Lennon, the acknowledged wit of the group, whose wife Cynthia had accompanied him to New York. "The same as anyone else," said Lennon, clearly irritated by the question. "I want to do it right," the reporter insisted. "You want to do it right?" Lennon responded coldly.

"Then do it with both hands." Asked if they had found "a leading lady" for their upcoming film, the Beatle named George Harrison replied, "We're trying to get the Queen. She sells." "Obviously, these kids don't give a fig about projecting any sort of proper image," a reporter was heard to say.

On Tuesday a snowstorm forced the Beatles to travel by train to Washington, where they were scheduled to play their first live concert in America and attend a reception in their honor at the British embassy.

The concert was held at a sports arena whose centrally located stage required the Beatles to pause after every few songs to physically reorient themselves and their equipment toward another quadrant of the eigh, themschis reaming participants. The embassy reception was attender shousand r the Washington diplomatic corps and marred by an incident by much a scissors-wielding guest and the hair of Ringo Starr. After involving a fastered apology from the wife of the British ambassador, Ringo turned to her hushand and asked, "And what do you do?"

The following day the group returned to New York to play two concerts at Carnegie Hall, where they paid their respects to America's great Serine of classical music by opening their set with Chuck Berry's "Rot Siti Becthoven" to the delight of two thousand fans and those members Wow Yorks political, social, and cultural establishment who had the clout to demand and receive tickets. (I loved it. They were marvelous," said Mrs. Nelson Rockefeller, wife of the governor.)

Next the Beatles flew to Miami Beach, where on Sunday, live from the Napoleon Ballroom of the Deauville Hotel, they performed before another 70 million viewers on The Ed Sullivan Show. (This time Sullivan introduced them as "four of the nicest youngsters we've ever had on the show." Then, after several days of exceedingly well -reported relaxation in the Florida sun, the Beatles flew back to Britain. On American news-stands, their faces filled the covers of Life, Look, and The Saturday Evening Post. On the American record charts, their music occupied the first and second positions for both singles and albums. (The trade journal Billboard later estimated that the Beatles accounted for 60 percent of all the singles sold in the United States during the first three months of 1964.) At London's Heathrow Airport, a crowd of ten thousand British patriots turned out at seven o'clock in the morning to afford their heroes the sort of welcome that General Gordon might have received if Gordon had returned from Khartoum.

FOR ALL THAT came after, the events of February 1964 remain to this day the best-known chapter of their well known story: the Beatles' "conquest" of America, a moment worthy of mention in the most cursory chronicle of the 1960s, preserved for posterity in a set of iconic photographs and grainy black-and-white video images whose familiarity has served, over time, to obscure the sheer strangeness of it all. Until this point, the influence of American and European models on their music and fashion sense notwithstanding, the Beatles' lives and their popular phenomenon had been bordered by the bounds of a British world. The outbreak of Beatlemania in Britain had marked the culmination of nearly seven years of self-improvement and self-promotion on their part, in a career that had progressed through distinct stages of success at the local, regional, and national level. Now this same crazed enthusiasm had leaped the borders of Britain to arrive in New York City, the world capital of mass culture and communications, where a state of full-blown pop hysteria had been achieved in five weeks' time, with most of it occurring before the group had set foot on American soil. In Britain the popularity of the Beatles was widely understood to be an expression of social and cultural forces that had been in motion for many years. In America, like princes in a fairy tale, they seemed to awaken some great, slumbering need.

Though the Beatles seemed utterly new to the millions of young people who first saw them perform on The Ed Sullivan Show in February 1964, two generations of American adolescents had already bestowed a similar form of frenzied adulation on musical heroes of their own, Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley. At the first opportunity, both Sinatra and Presley had managed to parlay their initial success as teen idols into extraordinarily lucrative but otherwise conventional show-business careers.

After weathering a celebrated "downfall" in the late 1940s, Sinatra went on to establish himself as the preeminent all-around entertainer of his generation: a best-selling recording artist, a major Hollywood movie star, a top-drawing Las Vegas headliner, and a paragon of middle-aged cool.

(All told, in a career lasting half a century, he released more than seventy albums and starred in more than fifty films.) On a less artistically acclaimed level, Elvis Presley also assimilated eagerly into the world of conventional show business, making his mark as the best-paid B-movie star in the annals of Hollywood. Earning more than a million dollars a picture, Presley from 1960 onward settled into a numbingly remunerative routine that yielded two or three feature films and two or three best-selling soundtrack albums in every fiscal year. Though he, too, would experience a modest downfall and comeback during the second half of the 1960s, by the time of his death in 1977 he had recorded more than forty albums, released nearly a hundred hit singles, and starred in fifteen films.

With the Beatles, there would be no downfalls or comebacks, no scores of singles and albums, no headlining appearances in Las Vegas, no catalog of Hollywood films. With the Beatles, there would be nothing cataloguld properly be described as a "show business career" at all. While that count of their commercial success, artistic influence, and enduring popularity would qualify them as one of the greatest phenomena in the history of mass entertainment, by their own insistence they never consid. oned themselves to be "entertainers" in the accepted sense of the word.

Instend, February 1964 marked not only the climax of a pop craze, but also the beginning of a remarkable metamorphosis.

Over the next six years, drawing on untold reserves of creativity and ambition, the Beatles would play a leading role in revolutionizing the way that popular records were made, the way that popular records were lis. tened to, the nature of popular songwriting, and the role that popular music itself would play in people's lives. They would preside over the transforma-Lion of the music business into the record business, and over the expansion of that business into a branch of the entertainment industry whose international sales and scope would come to rival those of Hollywood.

At the same time, from its frenzied, inchoate beginnings in Britain and the United States, the great upsurge of adolescent fervor that the press called Beatlemania would coalesce into one of the main tributaries of a broad confluence of pop enthusiasm, student activism, and mass bohemianism that would flood the political, social, and cultural landscape of much of the industrialized world during the second half of the 1960s, spinning off whorls and eddies- the women's movement, the gay liberation movement, the environmental movement -in its wake. In a manner that was inconceivable prior to an era when pop stars, film stars, and sports stars began to achieve the sort of fame and exert the sort of influence that had once been reserved for political, military, and religious leaders, the Beatles would serve as prominent symbols, spokesmen, or, as some would have it, avatars of this great international upheaval. Bridging nationalities, classes, and cultures, they became the common property of a generation of young people who idealized them, and then identified powerfully with that idealization of them- -even as the Beatles them-selves, in their music and their public lives, struggled to deflate those idealizations in an effort to retain their own grip on reality. Through it all, they would demonstrate an uncanny ability to be all things to all people while remaining true to themselves.

Nor would their influence wane. For a few years after the Beatles disbanded in 1970, pop critics tended to downplay their importance and compare their music unfavorably with the ruder styles of rock exemplified by their old rivals, the Rolling Stones. But throughout the 1970s, as each of the former Beatles released solo recordings of his own, a flame of hopeful speculation flickered around the possibility that the four of them would one day reunite and reassert the cultural power they had once wielded with such authority, humor, and grace. John Lennon's murder in 1980 put an end to that hope. (It also turned Lennon into an awkwardly sainted figure: an apostle of Peace and Love who bore little resemblance to the sardonic and mercurial Beatle the world had known.)

Still, in the aftermath of that senseless tragedy, with all prospect of a triumphant reunion gone, the Beatles continued to sell vast numbers of their recordings more than a billion at last count. In 2001, thirty years after their demise, a CD reissue of their hit singles sold an unprecedented 13 million copies in the first month of its release. Year after year, decade after decade, young listeners have continued to experience their own personal version of the sense of revelation that first gripped a generation of British and American adolescents in the fall of 1963 and the winter of 1964, while millions of older listeners have continued to experience the Beatles' music as an enriching and benevolent force in their lives. To this day they are widely regarded as the greatest concentration of singing, songwriting, and all-round musical talent that the rock-n'-roll era has produced.

In February 1964, of course, all of this lay in the future. But, from the beginning, there were several attributes that distinguished the Beatles from anything that had happened in popular music before. The first of these was their nationality. Since the term was first coined in the 1920s, the very concept of a superstar had become synonymous with the burgeoning celebrity entertainment culture of the United States, which had colonized the world with its mythos of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, and Hol-lywood. The Beatles in 1964 were the first unmistakably non- American performers in any mass medium to achieve the status of superstars on an international scale (unlike, say, Charlie Chaplin, who had lived in Hollywood and played a seminally American character on the screen). As the spearhead of a "British Invasion" of the American music scene, the Beatles posed an unprecedented challenge to the hegemony that America had exerted over the world of popular music (and popular entertainment in general) since the syncopated rhythms of ragtime first captured the fancy of Europe on the eve of World War I.

In mounting this challenge to America's domination of the pop world, the Beatles also succeeded in defying all the prevailing stereotypes of what it meant to be British in 1964-stereotypes that, until the recent dissolution of Britain's far-flung empire, had exerted not only influence but a direct form of political and cultural authority over a quarter of the earth's population. "From the start, the very cut of their limbs, the very glint in their eyes, showed that they were ironically detached from the grandeur of the British past," noted the writer Jan Morris at the time.

Youthfulness, stylishness, unpretentiousness, and nonchalance--these were not the qualities the world had come to expect from the familiar and once-intimidating spectacle of Englishmen abroad. Yet by drawing on their origins in the Lancashire seaport of Liverpool, whose polyglot population of ethnic and religious minorities made it the least homoge-neously "English" city in all of England, the Beatles personified an iconoclastic version of their national character that proved to be as compelling to the youth of North America, Europe, Australia, and parts of Asia as it was to their British fans.

Another attribute that distinguished the Beatles from the beginning was their identity as a group: the first such group in the history of mass entertainment to elicit the sort of romantic fascination and identification that defined the power of a star. Like the edge of defiance that Sinatra and Presley brought to their careers, the sense of unity and camaraderie the Beatles projected was rooted in their social origins, and it added an explicitly social dimension to their appeal. Teenagers in particular recognized that, whatever the nature of their professional association, these four young men were indeed a group of friends who had grown up in the same place, shared many of the same experiences, and owed one another the same unspoken loyalty that had bound young men together in groups since time began. From the outset, there was something atavistic about the Beatles' group identity. The most obvious expression of this (apart from their punningly totemic name) was their uniform yet idiosyncratic appearance: the matching clothes and hair that tied them to one another and set them apart from everyone else. Yet the most potent expression of the Beatles' collective nature was ultimately to be found in their music.

For, unlike the vast majority of popular recording artists in 1964, the Beatles were not only singers (three of whom sang lead) but collaborative composers and ensemble instrumentalists who wrote their own material and provided their own accompaniment. This was something very differ ent from the nondescript "vocal groups" and hierarchical "harmony groups" that popular music had known. The Beatles were a vision of self-sufficiency, interdependence, and shared ambition that supplied popular music with the archetype of a "rock group," a model of musical organization that would endure for decades to come.

AS THE FOCUS of so much interest and appreciation over the last forty years, the Beatles have come to represent a bibliographical phenomenon as well as a musical one. The first real book about them, Michael Braun's astute account of Beatlemania titled Love Me Do, appeared in 1964.

Since then they have served as the subject of more than five hundred books, running the full gamut of the publishing arts. These include a glut of memoirs by friends, family, and professional associates; multiple biographies of the individual Beatles; transcriptions of their interviews and treasuries of their quotations; anthologies of newspaper and magazine articles; photograph albums by the dozen; diaries of their day-to-day activities; chronicles of their individual recording sessions, concert tours, and even vacation trips; collections and concordances of their song lyrics; volumes of critical commentary and formal musicological analysis; and scrupulously notated scores of their recorded arrangements. There are Beatle encyclopedias, dictionaries, discographies, and at least two book-length bibliographies devoted to making sense of all the other writing about them. This output is all the more remarkable considering that, prior to the Beatles, not a single significant book had been written on the subject of rock 'n' roll.

Given this great effusion of words, it is interesting to note how few full-scale biographies of the Beatles as a group have been published over the years. The first such effort, written at the peak of their popularity in 1968 by the British journalist Hunter Davies, was an "authorized" biography that enjoyed the cooperation of the Beatles, their families, and their manager, Brian Epstein. The virtues of Davies's book included its unassuming style and its unequaled access to the group. As a biography, its main deficiency was that it ended before the Beatles did, leaving the final years of their association undocumented. Davies's work was also slightly compromised by his need to obtain the Beatles' approval of its contents, which led him to avoid or expunge a certain amount of material that was deemed objectionable. These omissions were amply redressed by the next major biography, Philip Norman's Shout, which was published in 1981, one year after John Lennon's death. A former colleague of Hunter Davies's at the London Sunday Times, Norman filled out the story admirably and carried it through to its end. The tone of his writing was by turns more elegiac and jaded than Davies's, but his approach was essentially the same. Both books relied heavily on extensive (and exclusive) interviews--in Davies's case, with the Beatles and their intimates; in Norman's case, with nearly everyone but the Beatles and their intimates.

More recentlv, in 2005, the American journalist Bob Spitz published a compendious biography of the group that revisited many of Norman's sources (who spoke with both the benefit and detriment of hindsight) and further enlarged the picture by drawing on the huge body of published interviews, memoirs, and more-specialized historical sources that has accumulated over the years. All three of these books have reflected the ethos of feature journalism in seeking to penetrate the public image of these very public figures in an effort to reveal the "inside story" of their lives. Among other things, this meant that Davies, Norman, and Spitz devoted comparatively little attention to the Beatles' music; their records, after all, were known to everyone.

Over the last twenty-five ears the vast bulk of the biographical writing about the Beatles has focused on the individual members of the group and on specialized aspects of their career. To some extent, this tendency toward individualization and specialization has reflected the way the Beatles' collective identity has made them resistant to the standard biographical treatment. Most biographies tell the story of a person's life from beginning to end. A biography of the Beatles, by contrast, is neither the story of a full life nor the story of a person. It is rather the story of a group of young men whose affiliation began in adolescence and effectively ended before any of them had reached the age of thirty. It is a story that defies individualization and, as a result, places more importance on the qualities the four of them shared than on the qualities that made them distinct.

This is a book about the Beatles, Britain, and America in the twenty-five years after World War II. It is drawn from widely diverse sources of information and imagination, and it seeks to combine three main per-spectives-the biographical, the musical, and the historical -in an effort to convey the full import and interplay of the Beatles' lives, art, and times.

The first strand of the story—the biographical—comprises the narrative of their career, beginning with their individual childhoods and their collective adolescence in postwar Liverpool, and ending with their breakup in 1970. It is, by any measure, a remarkable success story, which has been told and retold so often that it has come to resemble a modern folktale. Like a folktale, it has been put to many different uses by its many different narrators. The goal in recounting it here again is to do so as vividly and accurately as possible, clearing away the ephemeral, the apocryphal, and the merelv anecdotal in order to focus on what can truly be known about the lives of four people whose overnight success caused them to pass from obscurity to ubiquity with little transition in between. Here especially, this book benefits from the tremendous amount of material about the Beatles that has been published over the last twenty years. That a great deal of this information is contradictory, implausible, or, in some cases, simply incredible has required that none of it be taken at face value; instead, every assertion has been assessed for its plausibility and its concurrence with other accounts. Particular attention has been paid to the reliability of sources, since the many retellings of the Beatles' story do not lack for unreliable, self-serving, or reflexively revisionist narrators. In keeping with the conventional wisdom of writing about the past, greater weight has been given to primary sources and contemporary accounts than to memoirs and recollections--including those of the Beatles themselves. (As Paul McCartney once remarked, "I keep seeing pictures of myself shaking hands with Mitzi Gaynor [a minor celebrity of the time] and I think, 'I didn't know I met her. It's that vague.")

The second strand of the story centers on the Beatles music. This is an account of their early musical awakenings, idols, and influences, their apprenticeship as singers and accompanists in the clubs of Liverpool and Hamburg, their precocious flowering as songwriters, and their extraordinarily rapid and dynamic evolution as recording artists from 1963 onward. From the Beatles' perspective, this is closest thing to the "inside story" of their lives. For while their fans, the press, and the public may often have wanted to see them as something else or something more, it was always as musicians that the Beatles saw themselves. Music was the passion that linked them to one another and brought them to the attention of the world, and from 1960 to 1970, more than any other activity, music was what they did. This strand of the story also involves the many ways that millions of listeners, including fans, critics, and fellow artists, responded to the Beatles' musie: what people experienced at their live performances and heard in the songs on their records, and how it was her they related this music to their own lives. An added virtue of putting the Beatles music at the center of their story is that the relevant mater. his the eleven albums and twenty-three singles they recorded between 1962 and 1969, containing their definitive performances of 182 original songs- are so readily available to listeners and readers, sounding just as they did at the time.

The third and broadest perspective of this book focuses on what might be termed "the real outside story." This comprises the social and cultural background, the conditions and developments that shaped the lives of the Beatles and determined the part they played in the history of their times. The years of their story coincided with a period of rampant social and cultural change in Britain and America, and throughout the industrialized world. In Britain this transformation began with the election in 1945 of a Labour government committed to dismantling the British Empire, reforming the British class system, and providing for the health and education of the populace through the creation of a socialist "welfare state." It continued during the 1950s with the efforts of Conservative governments to promote the growth of an American-style consumer economy stimulated by the enticements of an American-style consumer culture; and it culminated during the 1960s with the emergence of London as a world capital of pop culture, ruled by an unruly elite of former "war babies" who were bent on taking their country's new climate of expressive freedom to once unimaginable extremes. The Beatles began as creatures of this new social and cultural milieu; they wound up serving as the most prominent symbols of it for people all over the world.

The years of their story also coincided with a technological revolution, paced by advances in the field of electronics, that would transform the nature of everyday life during the second half of the twentieth century as dramatically as the utilization of electricity had transformed the nature of life during the first half of the century. To cite some obvious examples: the passenger jets on which the Beatles traveled to America, the long-playing records they sold in such profusion, and television shows like the one that allowed 74 million people to view them simultaneously from the comfort of their homes-all were freshly minted products of the postwar world. Tape recording, FM radio, and electrified musical instruments-these, too, were recent innovations whose creative potential remained largely unexplored. To a considerable extent, the Beatles' ability to exert a new form of cultural power would turn on their ability to capitalize on these new technologies, and on the consolidation of these new technologies into a new kind of parallel universe, combining information, enter-tainment, and commercial advertising, that ordinary people first began referring to during the early 1960s as "the media."

Finally, the years of the Beatles' story coincided with the historic shift in Anglo-American relations precipitated by World War II, when the leading imperialist nation of the nineteenth century conclusively yielded its power and influence to the leading internationalist nation of the twentieth century. In 1939, Britain still ruled over the greatest sovereign empire the world had ever known, and the British people retained a sense of their country (whatever else they may have thought about it) as the most powerful nation on earth. In 1939 the United States remained a country still preoccupied with its own internal development and its recent efforts to recover from the disastrous social and economic consequences of the Great Depression. Within ten years everything had changed. Now Britain its cities scarred, its wealth depleted, and its vitality sapped by the war was turning its gaze inward as it abdicated its status as a Great Power, while the United States, its economy booming, its confidence bursting, had triumphantly assumed the mantle of world leadership.

This historic reversal of fortune transformed not only the political relationship between the two great English-speaking nations, but the unique cultural relationship between them as well. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, unimpeded by the need for translation, the dynamic and democratic sensibility of American popular culture had exerted a powerful influence on the imaginative lives of the British peo-ple, with American styles and American products dominating the British market for music and films. The Beatles themselves were a product of this influence, which intensified sharply in the years after World War II.

But the democratization of postwar British society had given rise to a new generation of young people who were no longer content merely to watch and listen, and were now prepared to participate in this popular culture on their own terms. Just as Britain had once bequeathed one of the world's great literary traditions to America, where it became infused with the native genius of writers like Poe and Wharton and Twain, America was now bequeathing one of the world's great musical traditions to Britain, where a tight little band of young Liverpudlians stood ready to infuse that tradition with a native genius of their own.

[lattesforlife]

For those who live in New Jersey and those who visit . . . .

New Jersey is a peninsula.

Highlands, New Jersey has the highest elevation along the entire eastern seaboard, from Maine to Florida.

New Jersey is the only state where all of its counties are classified as metropolitan areas.

New Jersey has more race horses than Kentucky.

New Jersey has more Cubans in Union City (1 sq. mi.) than Havana, Cuba.

New Jersey has the densest system of highways and railroads in the US.

New Jersey has the highest cost of living.

New Jersey has the highest cost of auto insurance.

New Jersey has the highest property taxes in the nation.

New Jersey has the most diners in the world and is sometimes referred to as the "Diner Capital of the World."

New Jersey is home to the original Mystery Pork Parts Club (not Spam): Taylor Ham or Pork Roll.

Home to the less mysterious but the best Italian hot dogs and Italian sausage w/peppers and onions.

North Jersey has the most shopping malls in one area in the world, with seven major shopping malls in a 25 square mile radius.

The Passaic River was the site of the first submarine ride by inventor John P. Holland .

New Jersey has 50+ resort cities & towns; some of the nation's most famous: Asbury Park, Wildwood, Atlantic City, Seaside Heights, Cape May.

New Jersey has the most stringent testing along its coastline for water quality control than any other seaboard state in the entire country.

New Jersey is a leading technology & industrial state and is the largest chemical producing state in the nation when you include pharmaceuticals.

Jersey tomatoes are known the world over as being the best you can buy.

New Jersey is the world leader in blueberry and cranberry production (and here you thought Massachusetts?)

Here's to New Jersey - the toast of the country! In 1642, the first brewery in America, opened in Hoboken.

New Jersey rocks! The famous Les Paul invented the first solid body electric guitar in Mahwah, in 1940.

New Jersey is a major seaport state with the largest seaport in the US, located in Elizabeth. Nearly 80 percent of what our nation imports comes through Elizabeth Seaport first.

New Jersey is home to one of the nation's busiest airports (in Newark), Liberty International.

George Washington slept there.

Several important Revolutionary War battles were fought on New Jersey soil, led by General George Washington.

The light bulb, phonograph (record player), and motion picture projector, were invented by Thomas Edison in his Menlo Park, NJ, laboratory

Jersey also boasts the first town lit by incandescent bulbs. The first seaplane was built in Keyport , NJ.

The first airmail (to Chicago) was started from Keyport, NJ.

The first phonograph records were made in Camden, NJ

New Jersey was home to the Miss America Pageant held in Atlantic City.

The game Monopoly, played all over the world, named the streets on its playing board after the actual streets in Atlantic City. And, Atlantic City has the longest boardwalk in the world, not to mention salt water taffy. ( Now made in Pennsylvania)..

New Jersey has the largest petroleum containment area outside of the Middle East countries.

The first Indian reservation was in New Jersey, in the Watchung Mountains

New Jersey has the tallest water-tower in the world. (Union, NJ!!!)

New Jersey had the first medical center, in Jersey City

The Pulaski Sky Way, from Jersey City to Newark, was the first skyway highway.

New Jersey built the first tunnel under a river, the Hudson (Holland Tunnel).

The first baseball game was played in Hoboken, NJ, which is also the birthplace of Frank Sinatra.

The first intercollegiate football game was played in New Brunswick in 1889 (Rutgers College played Princeton).

The first drive-in movie theater was opened in Camden, NJ, (but they're all gone now!).

New Jersey is home to both of "NEW YORK'S" pro football teams!

The first radio station and broadcast was in Paterson, NJ.

The first FM radio broadcast was made from Alpine, NJ, by Maj. Thomas Armstrong.

All New Jersey natives: Sal Martorano, Jack Nicholson, Bruce Springsteen, Bon Jovi, Jason Alexander, Queen Latifah, Susan Sarandon, Connie Francis, Shaq, Judy Blume, Aaron Burr, Joan Robertson, Ken Kross, Dionne Warwick, Sarah Vaughn, Budd Abbott, Lou Costello, Alan Ginsberg, Norman Mailer, Marilynn McCoo, Flip Wilson, Alexander Hamilton, Zack Braff Whitney Houston, Eddie Money, Linda McElroy, Eileen Donnelly, Grover Cleveland, Woodrow Wilson, Walt Whitman, Jerry Lewis, Tom Cruise, Joyce Kilmer, Bruce Willis, Caesar Romero, Lauryn Hill, Ice-T, Nick Adams, Nathan Lane, Sandra Dee, Danny DeVito, Richard Conti, Joe Pesci, Joe Piscopo, Joe DePasquale, Robert Blake, John Forsythe, Meryl Streep, Loretta Swit, Norman Lloyd, Paul Simon, Jerry Herman, Gorden McCrae, Kevin Spacey, John Travolta, Phyllis Newman, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Eva Marie Saint, Elisabeth Shue, Zebulon Pike, James Fennimore Cooper, Admiral Wm.Halsey,Jr.,Norman Schwarzkopf, Dave Thomas (Wendy's), William Carlos Williams, Ray Liotta, Robert Wuhl, Bob Reyers, Paul Robeson, Ernie Kovacs, Joseph Macchia, Kelly Ripa, and Francis Albert Sinatra and "Uncle Floyd" Vivino.

The Great Falls in Paterson, on the Passaic River, is the 2nd highest waterfall on the East Coast of the US.

You know you're from Jersey when . . . .

You don't think of fruit when people mention "The Oranges." You know that it's called Great Adventure, not Six Flags. A good, quick breakfast is a hard roll with butter. You've known the way to Seaside Heights since you were seven. You know that the state isn't one big oil refinery. At least three people in your family still love Bruce Springsteen, and you know the town Jon Bon Jovi is from. You know what a "jug handle" is. You know that WaWa is a convenience store. You know that the state isn't all farmland. You know that there are no "beaches" in New Jersey--there's the shore--and you don't go "to the shore," you go "down the shore." And when you are there, you're not "at the shore"; you are "down the shore." You know how to properly negotiate a circle. You knew that the last sentence had to do with driving. You know that this is the only "New" state that doesn't require "New" to identify it (try . . Mexico . . . York ..! . . Hampshire-- doesn't work, does it?). You know that a "White Castle" is the name of BOTH a fast food chain AND a fast food sandwich. You consider putting mayo on a corned beef sandwich a sacrilege. You don't think "What exit?" is very funny. You know that people from the 609 area code are "a little different." Yes they are! You know that no respectable New Jerseyan goes to Princeton--that's for out-of-staters. You live within 20 minutes of at least three different malls. You refer to all highways and interstates by their numbers. Every year you have at least one kid in your class named Tony. You know the location of every clip shown in the Sopranos opening credits. You've gotten on the wrong highway trying to get out of the mall. You know that people from North Jersey go to Seaside Heights, and people from Central Jersey go to LBI, and people from South Jersey go to Wildwood. It can be no other way. You weren't raised in New Jersey--you were raised in either North Jersey, Central Jersey or South Jersey. You don't consider Camden to actually be part of the state You remember the stores Korvette's, Two Guys, Rickel's, Channel, Bamberger's and Orbach's. You also remember Palisades Amusement Park. You've had a boardwalk cheese steak and vinegar fries. You start planning for Memorial Day weekend in February.

And finally . .

You've NEVER, NEVER NEVER, EVER pumped your own gas.

(Copied from a friend)

[girlactionfigure]

🟥🟥 Fri morning - ISRAEL REALTIME - Connecting to Israel in Realtime

🔹SELL your Chametz online here. Passover is almost here! -> https://www.chabad.org/holidays/passover/sell_chometz_cdo/sc/passover_home_button

🔴 ISRAEL STRIKES IRAN - IN A PINPOINT WAY .. fog of war, info unclear, various reports…

A U.S. official confirmed to ABC News Israeli missiles have hit a military site in Iran near an Iranian nuclear facility. 

Fars Agency: "Explosions were heard near Isfahan Airport and the Ashtam Shakri base.” (Approx. 200 km from the top of the Persian Gulf.).  Iranian reports: there were 3 explosions in Isfaya, and the force of the explosions shook the area.

Israel’s early morning retaliatory strike, however, appeared to be “limited,” a military source told Fox News.  No statements out of Israel.

Many Iranian residents have documented explosions in various areas of Iran using suicide drones.  Iran is currently denying.

Attacks in Syria and Iraq as well.  Reports of loud explosions heard in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad.  In Syria reports of attacks on airports in Yizraa, Al-Talaa, and a radar station by Karpa.

Conflicting reports if attack was on Iran air base, or on nearby Iranian nuclear development facility.

US “unnamed officials��� say 9 sites in Iran were struck.

All flights in Iran halted except for military.

Based on “reports from Iran and the US”, this is a limited and targeted attack on the Hastam Shikari air force base near Isfahan, a base that took part in the attack against Israel last week. 

One Summary: IDF jets hit radars in southern Syria, in Iraq by Baghdad, clearing the path to attacks near Iranian nuclear military facilities in Isfaya.

Iran reports a few drone shoot-downs.

⚠️ NO CHANGES IN HOME FRONT INSTRUCTIONS.. within Israel there have been no changes in instructions for civilians at this time.

⚠️ US REPEATS WARNING TO PERSONNEL IN ISRAEL.. The US warns its citizens in Israel not to leave the Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Be'er Sheva area.

⚠️ IRAN ALERT.. The Iranian Revolutionary Guards declare a state of maximum alert in all their bases and military camps throughout Iran.  Emergency meeting of the War Council.

▪️MERON RADAR BASE DAMAGED.. IDF confirms: damage of ​​the air control base on Mount Meron.  Censorship allowed publication after Hezbollah uploaded a video of the attack.

▪️AUSTRALIA - RUN AWAY!  The Australian government calls on its citizens to leave Israel and the Palestinian territories: "The security situation is rapidly deteriorating.”

▪️COUNTER-TERROR - SAMARIA - TULKARM.. Arabs report the activity of IDF forces in a number of houses in the Manshiya neighborhood in the Noor al-Shams, Tulkarm.  Terrorists detonated a powerful bomb at a military bulldozer during the activity of IDF forces in the Noor al-Shams, no casualties.  Major firefight.

▪️US VETO’S UN RESOLUTION FOR PALESTINIAN MEMBERSHIP.. The Palestinian Presidency condemns the use of the US veto to prevent the State of Palestine from receiving full membership in the United Nations.​​​​

▪️RUSSIA REQUESTS UN TO SANCTION ISRAEL.. Russia's permanent representative to the UN Security Council, Vassily Nebenzia, said that the council should urgently consider imposing sanctions against Israel for disobeying the Gaza ceasefire resolution during Ramadan. (( but not for Hamas in not returning the hostages, as also stated. ))

▪️ECONOMY - RATING DOWNGRADE.. S&P downgraded Israel's credit rating due to political and security instability.

▪️AID DROP MISSES.. again, feeding the fish as it dropped into the sea.

🔻ROCKETS - from Islamic Jihad (Gaza) - at Ashkelon, Mefalsim, Nir Am Shooting Range 

🔻ROCKETS - from Hezbollah - at Ma'ayan Baruch, Beit Hillel, HaGoshrim, Margaliot, Kiryat Shmona, 

🔻DRONES - from Hezbollah - at Avivim, Ramat Dalton Industrial Zone, Baram, Jish (Gush Halav), Dalton, Yir'on, Kerem Ben Zimra, Alma, Rehaniya 

[insidewarp]

Watch Trump claim the army retook airports during the Revolutionary War ...

[hale-nathan]

Trump Weird News - Weirdbuster! - Tim Walz [VP Nominee]

Tim Walz - VP Candidate: “The fascists depend on us going back, but we’re not afraid of weird people,” Walz said. “We’re a little bit creeped out, but we’re not afraid.”

Trump: Continental Army "manned the air" and "took over the airports" during the Revolutionary War

[casuallyodd]

While very believable, I'm not sure how true this is and haven't looked into it yet.

That said one of the most frustrating things about this Biden age thing is that they know he has a stutter and that he's old. But they really do seem to play that age is always the cause and issue. Biden has messed up names but seems to mostly have coherent thoughts (there have been some rambling answers though between being old and a politician and possibly the stutter, they never seem extreme)

Meanwhile Trump lies and lies and lies about stuff that is obviously wrong. Or makes statements that if Biden said it, it'd be "evidence" of his mental issues

When talking about thr Revolutionary war

Trump praised the Americans’ military efforts in the war against Great Britain. “Our army manned the air, it rammed the ramparts, it took over the airports, it did everything it had to do, and at Fort McHenry, under the rockets’ red glare, it had nothing but victory,”

Magnets don't work if you get them wet

"Now all I know about magnets is this: Give me a glass of water, let me drop it on the magnets, that's the end of the magnets."

Mixes up names all the time

Indeed, in 2018, while Trump was still serving as President, he introduced Marillyn Hewson, then CEO of Lockheed Martin, as “Marillyn Lockheed” at a White House event. At another White House meeting the following year, Trump famously referred to Apple CEO Tim Cook as “Tim Apple.”

Last September, Trump appeared to mix up Biden with former President Barack Obama—not for the first or last time. The same month, he stumbled over the distinction between former President George W. Bush and his brother Jeb Bush, who ran against Trump in the 2016 Republican primary. In October, Trump called Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán “the leader of Turkey.” And in November, he said, apparently confusing the population of North Korea or the leader of China, “Kim Jong Un leads 1.4 billion people, and there is no doubt about who the boss is. And they want me to say he’s not an intelligent man.”

As recently as January, during a campaign speech, Trump mixed up former House speaker Rep. Nancy Pelosi and former Republican presidential candidate Nikki Haley, repeating the latter’s name several times as he talked about the Jan. 6 Capitol attack, which he has frequently blamed Pelosi and other Democrats for.

And when someone lies as much as he does, for decades, this should matter

Yes, the news points it out and then... nothing. YHe's shameless and so are his supporters, but the media seems to shrug and move on. Look at the long Wikipedia article and you'll be amazed.

Instead of coming back and going, no this is objectively false, the media are so terrified of being called biased, they give up. And because other news groups are moving on, they don't want to be left behind so the story just drops.

These things should matter and the fact that Trump gets away because the media gives up is frustrating

Trump can't stay awake. Trump never showed up to the Oval Office before noon.

Media, do your job!

[vikisdertor]

Iran receives first deliveries of S-400s from Russia’s Almaz-Antey

The New York Times, as cited by The Times of Israel on August 5, reported that Iranian officials claim Russia has started delivering advanced air defense and radar systems to Iran following Tehran’s request to the Kremlin. 

Local Iranian media have corroborated Tehran’s request, and two officials, including a member of Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps, have confirmed to The Times that these deliveries are underway. According to these Iranian sources, the equipment in question is likely the Russian S-400 anti-aircraft missile system, crafted by the Almaz-Antey concern. However, it should be noted that BulgarianMilitary.com has not independently verified that it is indeed the S-400 being supplied to Tehran by Moscow. 

The Times article did not specify the exact equipment requested by Iran or what has been delivered so far. Iran does already possess Russian S-300 air defense systems, although Russia has since developed the more advanced S-400 system.

The events

The events took place amid rising tensions in the Middle East, anticipating a potential Iranian retaliation against Israel following the alleged assassination of Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran on July 31. 

Reportedly, on August 2, a Russian transport aircraft was observed landing at Tehran International Airport. The aircraft in question was an Il-76TD operated by Gelix Airlines, which is known for being used by Moscow for military deliveries under the guise of a civilian carrier, lacking any military insignia. It’s plausible that this flight marked the first delivery of the S-400 systems, despite lacking independent confirmation. BulgarianMilitary.com cannot verify from an independent source that this particular transport on August 2 pertained to the delivery of anti-aircraft systems to Iran.

Total war?

Iran has called for Israel to be “punished” for the killing of Haniya and has vowed to take action, raising concerns that the region could edge closer to all-out conflict. Additionally, Hezbollah, backed by Iran, has threatened retaliation against Israel from Lebanon following the death of its military leader, Fuad Shukr, in an attack near Beirut last week, for which Israel has claimed responsibility. 

Israel, in turn, has stated it is prepared to defend itself against any aggression. As reported by Ynet, on August 4, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu convened a meeting with security leaders to discuss the potential for a pre-emptive strike on Iran to avert an anticipated attack. Following this, on August 5, Defense Minister Yoav Galant emphasized that Israel must be prepared to quickly go on the offensive if faced with an Iranian assault.

The difference between S-300 and S-400

One of the key differences between the two systems is their range. The S-300 has a maximum range of approximately 150-200 kilometers, depending on the variant. In contrast, the S-400 can engage targets at distances of up to 400 kilometers, making it a more formidable defense system. 

Another significant difference lies in the missile types used by each system. The S-300 typically employs the 5V55 and 48N6 series of missiles, which are effective against a variety of aerial threats. The S-400, however, uses a more diverse array of missiles, including the 48N6, 9M96, and the long-range 40N6 missiles. This versatility allows the S-400 to engage multiple types of targets simultaneously and at different ranges. 

The radar and sensor technology in the S-400 is also more advanced compared to the S-300. The S-400’s radar systems can detect and track targets at greater distances and with higher accuracy. This improved detection capability enhances the overall effectiveness of the system, allowing it to respond more quickly and efficiently to incoming threats. 

In terms of deployment, the S-400 is designed to be more mobile and flexible than the S-300. It can be rapidly deployed and redeployed, making it suitable for a variety of operational scenarios. This mobility is a significant advantage in modern warfare, where the ability to quickly adapt to changing conditions is crucial.

The S-400 disappointment

owever, the S-400 is not what Russian generals had hoped for in recent years. Despite its excellent characteristics, the war in Ukraine shows that it is possible that many of them were only “on paper.” Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, there have been several reports of Ukrainian forces successfully targeting and downing Russian S-400 missile systems. 

One notable instance occurred in April 2022, when Ukrainian forces reportedly destroyed a Russian S-400 system in the Kherson region. This was achieved using a combination of drone reconnaissance and precision artillery strikes, demonstrating the adaptability and resourcefulness of the Ukrainian military. 

Another significant event took place in September 2022, when Ukrainian forces claimed to have downed an S-400 system near the city of Kharkiv. In addition to these specific instances, there have been multiple reports throughout 2022 and 2023 of Ukrainian forces targeting and damaging Russian S-400 systems in various regions, including the Donbas and southern Ukraine. These actions have been facilitated by the use of advanced Western-supplied weaponry and intelligence-sharing with NATO allies. 

The downing of S-400 systems by Ukrainian forces has had a significant impact on the dynamics of the conflict, undermining the perceived invincibility of Russian air defenses and boosting the morale of Ukrainian troops and their supporters. It also underscores the ongoing evolution of modern warfare, where traditional military assets can be effectively countered by innovative tactics and technology.

[bllsbailey]

Israel Bombards Tehran as Retaliatory Strikes Begin

Israel said it struck military sites in Iran early on Saturday in retaliation for Tehran's attacks on Israel earlier this month, the latest attack in the escalating conflict between the heavily armed rivals.

Iranian media reported multiple explosions over several hours in the capital and at nearby military bases, but there were no immediate reports of damage or casualties.

Before dawn, Israel's public broadcaster said three waves of strikes had been completed and that the operation was over.

The Middle East has been on edge awaiting Israel's retaliation for a ballistic-missile barrage carried out by Iran on Oct. 1, in which around 200 missiles were fired at Israel and one person was killed in the West Bank.

Tensions between arch rivals Israel and Iran have escalated since Hamas, the Iran-backed Palestinian militant group based in Gaza, attacked Israel on Oct. 7, 2023. Hamas has been supported by Lebanon-based Hezbollah militants, also backed by Iran.

Fears that Iran and the U.S. would be drawn into a regional war have risen with Israel's intensifying assault on Hezbollah since last month, including airstrikes on the Lebanese capital Beirut and a ground operation, as well as its year-old conflict in the Gaza Strip.

"In response to months of continuous attacks from the regime in Iran against the State of Israel – right now the Israel Defense Forces is conducting precise strikes on military targets in Iran," Israel's military said in a statement.

The military said later that it had completed its "targeted" attacks against military targets in Iran, adding that its planes had safely returned home.

Israel has the right and duty to respond to attacks from Tehran and its proxies, which have included missile strikes launched from Iranian soil, the military said.

Targets did not include energy infrastructure or nuclear facilities, a U.S. official said.

U.S. President Joe Biden had warned that Washington, Israel's main backer and supplier of arms, would not support a strike on Tehran's nuclear sites and has said Israel should consider alternatives to attacking Iran's oil fields.

Iranian authorities have repeatedly warned Israel against any attack.

"Iran reserves the right to respond to any aggression, and there is no doubt that Israel will face a proportional reaction for any action it takes," the semi-official Tasnim news agency said on Saturday, quoting sources.

IRAN PLAYS DOWN STRIKES

Iranian state TV quoted a military spokesman as saying the explosions heard in Tehran were linked "to air defense systems reacting to efforts by the Zionist regime (Israel) to attack three locations outside the city of Tehran."

Videos carried by Iranian media showed air defenses continuously firing at apparently incoming projectiles in central Tehran, without saying which sites were coming under attack.

The semi-official Iranian Fars news agency said several military bases in the west and southwest of Tehran had also been targeted.

Tasnim said Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps bases that were attacked were not damaged.

A spokesperson for Iran's Civil Aviation Organization said flights on all routes were canceled until further notice, state news agency IRNA reported.

Neighboring Iraq also suspended flights in all of its airports until further notice, its state news agency said.

Israel targeted some military sites in Syria's central and southern parts with airstrikes early on Saturday, Syrian state news agency SANA reported. Israel has not confirmed striking Syria.

U.S. INFORMED AHEAD OF STRIKES

Israel said Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Defense Minister Yoav Gallant and other security officials were closely following the operation at the military's command and control center in Tel Aviv.

Gallant spoke to U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin shortly after Israel's response began, a U.S. defense official said.

The United States was notified by Israel ahead of its strikes on targets in Iran but was not involved in the operation, another U.S. official told Reuters.

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken, in the Middle East for another attempt to broker a peace deal, said on Wednesday Israel's retaliation should not lead to greater escalation.

Even as it sought to convince Israel to calibrate its strikes, the United States moved to reassure its closest ally in the Middle East that it would aid in its defense should Tehran decide to stage a counter-attack.

This included Biden's decision to move the U.S. military's THAAD anti-missile defenses to Israel, along with about 100 U.S. soldiers to operate them.