#pope martin v

[kchasm]

Ryu Number: Pope Leo I, Pope Honorius II, and Pope Martin V

i've been busy uuhhhhhh have some popes (roman catholic)

Pope Leo I is the only pope to actually appear on-map in the game (as far as I remember), as well as the only pope to be explicitly identified. He appears at the end of Attila's campaign, where he meets with Attila and then Attila mysteriously decides to stop wrecking Italy. In real life, nobody actually really knows what the bunch sent by Roman Emperor Valentinian III (of which Leo I was a member) actually got across to Attila to get him to put his thing on pause, but a lot of stories like to credit the whole thing to Leo I 'cause post hoc ergo propter hoc, I guess.

Pope Honorius II is the pope in the The Hautevilles campaign that calls a crusade against Roger II of Sicily after the latter took over his dead first cousin once removed's stuff in Italy after said first cousin once removed died. The game makes it seem like Honorius II disliked it because Roger II had a policy of relative religious coexistence, but it was probably more political than that. Honorius II said that Mr. Cousin had left the lands to the Holy See and not to Rog, for one. Honorius II eventually recognized Roger II's claim in exchange for some concessions which Roger II more or less instantly ignored.

Finally, Pope Martin V is the pope in the The Grand Dukes of the West campaign who rules that Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut never actually got divorced from John IV, Duke of Brabant, even if her divorce had been locally recognized and also she'd gotten married to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (brother of King Henry V of England) after. For Various Reasons, this put a crimp in Jackie's political career.

[facts-i-just-made-up]

Who was Paracelsus?

Paracelsus was the screen name of Philippus Bombastus Romastus Fantastus Supercalafragalisticexpialadastus von South-Stuttgart-Next-To-The-University-Cafeteria-With-The-Zig-Zag-Roof. His name Paracelsus literally means "Better than Celsus." We do not know who Celsus may have been, but the name is likely a reference to St. Jerome Para-Ezra of Baton Rouge, who was known in his time to have been far better than Ezra.

Paracelsus invented many of the medical techniques used from medieval times to the modern medical revolution, including bleeding, leeching, exsanguination, draining blood from the patient, and ultra-hemorrhagic-cleansing. He also coined the phrase "Only the dose determines the poison," as well as its corollary, "You can eat anything, just some things you can only eat once," and the less impressive but better known, "He who smelt it, dealt it." This was all considered an advancement over the old theory of bodily humors, which is why Paracelsus's friends all said he was a humorless bastard, or so he kept claiming.

Paracelsus was married in a Rosicrucian ceremony based on the Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz, which was of course preceded by Chemical Engagement and a Chemical Romance involving a black parade, the theatrical faking of several deaths, and a great deal of sodium (a mass scientifically abbreviated as Na Na Na (Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na). To whom he was married is a matter of much debate, with potential spouses speculated to include Shakespeare, Queen Elizabeth I, Queen Elizabeth II, Martin Luther, Galileo, Ivan the Terrible, Thomas Hobbes, John Calvin, Catherine Di Medici, the Popes Alexander V-VIII, or possibly all at once.

Paracelsus died in the 1540s after suffering a minor splinter which he treated with his own experimental technique known as "setting the patient on fire and stabbing him with a fork in his balls until he barfs then laughing at him." He was then cremated with his urn displayed at the University of Hohenheim for several centuries, until he was accidentally misplaced during an American tour and is presumed to have been used as ash in some Humboldt Fog Cheese, which was considered an affront to his Swiss heritage.

Also he apparently invented Zinc. Good job.

[plumbum-art]

Regarding this post.

I think I did come to a conclusion regarding this whole bishop!Aziraphale mess.

There could be a thousand reasons, why he was a bishop. Could be curiosity in human religion, could be his roleplay hobby showing, could be for a mission and so on. I don't think he was lying here. As far as we know, Aziraphale takes his jobs very seriously. He wouldn't do anything half-heartedly (for example: learning french the hard way or insisting to take a driving test, although he doesn't need one).

My personal hc is, that it was a disguise for a mission.

But let me explain.

So Neil did mention a scrapped “15th century papal” minisode for S2. This could refer to a lot of things of course. For my hc I'm choosing the following event.

At the beginning of the 15th century there was a split within the catholic church, also known as the Papal Schism. Long story short, there where three rival popes (Pope Gregory XII in Rome, Pope Benedict XIII in Avignon and Pope John XXIII in Pisa), who claimed to be the rightful head of the catholic church. The increasing secularization of the church in general was a problem too.

So to unite the catholic church again, a council was held (also known as the Council of Constance) to decide, which pope was the rightful one. The whole council was a single chaotic mess. The only pope, who showed up, secrectly fled again and was later put in jail. The other two didn't even appear and also disqualified themselves so to speak. Finally in 1417, three years after the council started, the joint Pope Martin V. was elected, which ended the schism.

Just some bishops and cardinals chilling together, debating with Pope John XXIII.

Anyway my point is, the council was attended by a large number of cardinals, abbots, bishops and archbishops from different nations, such as England, Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Hungary, Scandinavia, etc. One can imagine the council as some kind of medieval Wacken, the biggest party at this time with emperors, nobles, peasents, handyman, merchants and generally thousands of people from all around the world, who gathered in the small city of Constance.

It would be easy for a certain angel to dive in the mass and disguise as a bishop. Why? Maybe he got a strong word from Up ("Hey Aziraphale, what's going on with Gods representative on earth? Humans make a mockery of Her ineffability!" "Um, it gotten a bit out of hand, yeah." "Sort this out immediately!" "As you wish...")

So Aziraphale thought of a plan and attended the council as a bishop to make sure that this time a righteous person would be chosen as Pope. After the election though he was quick to get rid of his regalia. Human religion didn't fit what he envisioned and he decided that angels shouldn't meddle with it.

[scotianostra]

The Scots Parliament confirmed the Alliance and Federation with France on May 18th 1491.

This was a series of agreements had lasted since 1295 ,this year marks the 729th anniversary.

By the year 1420 the 'Army of Scotland' was a distinct element in the French royal service around this time Pope Martin V described the Scots as the "antidote to the English." In 1491 the Auld Alliance was renewed and James IV pursued desultory and largely unproductive warfare along the border culminating in the tragic events at Braxton moor in 1513, a foolish endevour that was carried out at the request of Louis XII, Flodden was one of the most unnecessary battles in Scottish history. No Scottish interest was threatened and, in the end, none was served.

The Alliance became more fragile after this and although there were revivals during the 16th century it's days were numbered, the final revival happened in 1558 with the marriage of, yes that lady again, Mary, Queen of Scots to the future Francis II of France.

Although the alliance was never formally revoked, it is considered by some to have ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh in 1560. with the Treaty of Edinburgh in 1560. This is the legal agreement between the English, French and Scots representatives. It is agreed between French and English representatives that all military forces will withdraw from Scotland.

In 1967 a historian wrote that the Auld Alliance didn't end until 1906 indeed right up to 1907 if you were Scottish you would still be granted citizenship of France,.

Another historian only 13 years ago claimed the Alliance was still "live" more about that here https://www.staffnet.manchester.ac.uk/news/archive/list/display/?id=7313&year=2011&month=08

[tmarshconnors]

*A pastor who fails to deal with sin is like a doctor who fails to deal with illness. You better find another one."

Martin Luther OSA was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar. Luther was the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation, and his theological beliefs form the basis of Lutheranism. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in Western and Christian history. 

Nailed the 95 Theses: Martin Luther is best known for his 95 Theses, which he is said to have nailed to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. This act is commonly considered the starting point of the Protestant Reformation, challenging the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences.

Excommunicated and Outlawed: In 1521, Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X and declared an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms. Despite this, he continued to promote his reforms and translated the Bible into German, making it more accessible to the common people.

Translation of the Bible: Luther translated the Bible into German, starting with the New Testament in 1522 and completing the Old Testament in 1534. His translation played a significant role in shaping the German language and making the Scriptures accessible to a broader audience.

Theological Contributions: Luther's theology emphasized key doctrines such as justification by faith alone (sola fide), the authority of Scripture alone (sola scriptura), and the priesthood of all believers. These ideas were foundational to the development of Protestantism.

Lutheranism: Martin Luther’s teachings and reforms led to the establishment of the Lutheran Church, one of the major branches of Protestantism. His followers, known as Lutherans, continued to develop his theological insights and build upon his reforming work, influencing the course of Christian history.

[lookingforhappy]

here's an absolutely ancient draft with explainations of each of the brellies' names and origins that i compiled millenia ago lmao

Luther -

Wikipedia:

As a German surname, Luther is derived from a Germanic personal name compounded from the words liut, "people", and heri, "army". As a rare English surname, it means "lute player". Luther is also derived from the Greek name Eleutherius. Eleutherius is a cognate of the Greek word eleutheros (έλεύθερος) which means "free".

Luther is a given name of various origins, it is derived from the same surname and became a first name mainly in tribute of Martin Luther.

Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; in particular, he disputed the view on indulgences. His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor.

Lutheran theology differs from Reformed theology in Christology, divine grace, the purpose of God's Law, the concept of perseverance of the saints, and predestination.

Predestination, in Christian theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul.

Diego -

Wikipedia:

The name has long been interpreted as reanalysis of Santiago, from older Sant Yago "Saint Jacob," in English known as Saint James, as San-Tiago.

One of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Saint James is the patron saint of Spain and, according to tradition, his remains are held in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia.

James is described as one of the first disciples to join Jesus. The Synoptic Gospels state that James and John were with their father by the seashore when Jesus called them to follow him. James was one of only three apostles whom Jesus selected to bear witness to his Transfiguration. James and John (or, in another tradition, their mother) asked Jesus to grant them seats on his right and left in his glory. Jesus rebuked them, asking if they were ready to drink from the cup he was going to drink from and saying the honor was not even for him to grant. The other apostles were annoyed with them. James and his brother wanted to call down fire on a Samaritan town, but were rebuked by Jesus.

The Acts of the Apostles records that "Herod the king" (usually identified with Herod Agrippa I) had James executed by the sword. Nixon suggests that this may have been caused by James's fiery temper, in which he and his brother earned the nickname Boanerges or "Sons of Thunder". F. F. Bruce contrasts this story to that of the Liberation of Saint Peter, and notes that "James should die while Peter should escape" is a "mystery of divine providence".

Didacus is recorded in the forms Diaco, Diago in the 10th century. The form Diego is first recorded in the late 11th century. Its original derivation from Didacus is uncertain, among other things because the shift from -ía- to -ié- is unexplained.

familyeducation.com:

The name Diego is of Spanish origin and means "supplanter." It is believed to be derived from the name Santiago, and in medieval times, Diego was Latinized as Didacus. It is believed Didacus derives from the Greek word didache, meaning "teaching."

dictionary.com:

Supplanter: noun. someone or something taking the place of another, as through force, scheming, strategy, or the like.

Allison -

Wikipedia:

Alison is primarily a female given name in English-speaking countries. It was originally a medieval French nickname for Alis, an old form of Alice derived with the suffix -on or -son sometimes used in the former French nicknames such as Jeanson ("little Jean") or Pierson ("little Pierre").

The name is first recorded in Scotland in the 12th century. It was popular until the early 19th century and, spelled Allison, was the 45th most common name given to baby girls in the United States in 2005

Allison also has separate, disputed roots as a family name.

Allison is a surname of English and Scottish origin. It was a patronym, in most cases probably indicating son of Allen, but in other cases possibly from Ellis, Alexander, or the female given name Alice/Alise.

The surname was first recorded in England in 1248, when a "William Alisun" is recorded in the Documents of the Abbey of Bee in Buckinghamshire. In Scotland, the earliest record dates from 1296, when "Patrick Alissone, Count of Berwick" paid homage to the ruling council of Scotland in the absence of a proclaimed king.

behindthename.com:

Allison: From the middle of the 20th century this has primarily been used as a variant of the feminine name Alison.

Alison: Norman French diminutive of Aalis (see Alice). It was common in England, Scotland and France in the Middle Ages, and was later revived in England in the 20th century via Scotland.

Alice: From the Old French name Aalis, a short form of Adelais, itself a short form of the Germanic name Adalheidis (see Adelaide). This name became popular in France and England in the 12th century. It was among the most common names in England until the 16th century, when it began to decline. It was revived in the 19th century.

Adelaide: Means "noble type", from the French form of the Germanic name Adalheidis, which was composed of the elements adal "noble" and heid "kind, sort, type". It was borne in the 10th century by Saint Adelaide, the wife of the Holy Roman emperor Otto the Great.

Klaus -

Wikipedia:

Klaus is a German, Dutch and Scandinavian given name and surname. It originated as a short form of Nikolaus, a German form of the Greek given name Nicholas.

The name is derived from the Greek name Νικόλαος (Nikolaos), understood to mean 'victory of the people', being a compound of νίκη nikē 'victory' and λαός laos 'people'. An ancient paretymology of the latter is that originates from λᾶς las (contracted form of λᾶας laas) meaning 'stone' or 'rock', as in Greek mythology, Deucalion and Pyrrha recreated the people after they had vanished in a catastrophic deluge, by throwing stones behind their shoulders while they kept marching on.

The name became popular through Saint Nicholas, Bishop of Myra in Lycia, the inspiration for Santa Claus.

In one of the earliest attested and most famous incidents from his life, he is said to have rescued three girls from being forced into prostitution by dropping a sack of gold coins through the window of their house each night for three nights so their father could pay a dowry for each of them. Other early stories tell of him calming a storm at sea, saving three innocent soldiers from wrongful execution, and chopping down a tree possessed by a demon.

Another famous late legend tells how he resurrected three children, who had been murdered and pickled in brine by a butcher planning to sell them as pork during a famine.

Five -

Wikipedia:

5 (five) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 4 and preceding 6, and is a prime number. It has attained significance throughout history in part because typical humans have five digits on each hand.

Gerard Way's insta @/gerardway:

Maybe they'll learn the numbers don't matter, as Five did, which is why I feel he embraced his number as a name instead of a rank, and rejected an actual name (which I hope we see one day!).

Steve Blackman on Reddit Q&A:

Grace helped the kids choose names that were popular from their birth places. However, Five couldn't decide on one before getting lost in the apocalypse. Now, he just likes the name "Five".

Ben -

Wikipedia:

Ben is frequently used as a shortened version of the given names Benjamin, Benedict, or Benson, and is also a given name in its own right.

Ben (in Hebrew: בֶּן‎, Son of) forms part of surnames, e.g. Abraham ben Abraham (Hebrew: אברהם בן אברהם‎). Bar-, "son of" in Aramaic, is also seen, e.g. Simon bar Kokhba (Hebrew: שמעון בר כוכבא‎).

The Arabic "Bin" (بن) or "Ibn" (ابن) or "Ben" (dialectal Arabic) means "son of".

Benjamin is a popular given name for males, derived from Hebrew בִּנְיָמִין‎, Binyāmīn, translating as "son of the right [hand]", though in the Samaritan Pentateuch, the name appears as "Binyaamem": "son of my days".

Benjamin is often shortened to Ben, sometimes to Benny, Benj, or Benji. It is also a patronymic surname. Like many biblical names, it is popular in the Jewish, Christian and Muslim faiths alike, having many variant forms in other languages.

The "Benjamin of the family" is a phrase used in several languages to refer to the youngest son—especially when he is much younger than his brothers. Sometimes the name is chosen for a son born to mature parents unlikely to have more children, especially if he has several older siblings. Both of these usages derive from the biblical son of Jacob of that name, who occupied that position in his family. In some languages, by extension, it is also applied to the runt of a litter of animals.

Vanya -

Wikipedia:

Ваня (Vanya), a male or female diminutive of the Russian, Croatian, Serbian, Bulgarian and other Slavic given names Ivan or Ivana. It is the Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian and other Slavic form of John or Jane, itself derived from a Hebrew name, meaning "God is gracious" or "Gracious gift of God". An alternative spelling of the name is Vanja. In the Scandinavian countries and in Bulgaria, it is a female given name, in Bosnia and Herzegovina mainly a male given name, in Russia it is male given name, and in Serbia and Croatia it is a unisex name.

The play portrays the visit of an elderly professor and his glamorous, much younger second wife, Yelena, to the rural estate that supports their urban lifestyle. Two friends—Vanya, brother of the professor's late first wife, who has long managed the estate, and Astrov, the local doctor—both fall under Yelena's spell, while bemoaning the ennui of their provincial existence. Sonya, the professor's daughter by his first wife, who has worked with Vanya to keep the estate going, suffers from her unrequited feelings for Astrov. Matters are brought to a crisis when the professor announces his intention to sell the estate, Vanya and Sonya's home, with a view to investing the proceeds to achieve a higher income for himself and his wife.

Alone, Vanya wonders why he did not fall in love with Yelena when he first met her ten years before, when it would have been possible for the two to have married and had a happy life together. At that time, Vanya believed in Serebryakov's greatness and was happy that his efforts supported Serebryakov's work; now he has become disillusioned with the professor and his life feels empty.

Angrily, Vanya asks where he, Sonya, and his mother would live, protests that the estate rightly belongs to Sonya, and that Serebryakov has never appreciated his self-sacrifice in managing the property. As Vanya's anger mounts, he begins to rage against the professor, blaming him for the failure of his life, wildly claiming that, without Serebryakov to hold him back, he could have been a second Schopenhauer or Dostoevsky. In despair, he cries out to his mother, but instead of comforting her son, Maria insists that Vanya listen to the professor. Serebryakov insults Vanya, who storms out of the room. Yelena begs to be taken away from the country and Sonya pleads with her father on Vanya's behalf. Serebryakov exits to confront Vanya further. A shot is heard from offstage and Serebryakov returns, being chased by Vanya, wielding a loaded pistol. He fires the pistol again at the professor but misses. He throws the gun down in disgust and sinks into a chair.

The Tsar Bomba (Russian: Царь-бо́мба), (code name: Ivan or Vanya), also known by the alphanumerical designation AN602, was a hydrogen aerial bomb, and the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created and tested. Tsar Bomba was developed in the Soviet Union (USSR) by a group of nuclear physicists under the leadership of Igor Kurchatov, an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.

[brookstonalmanac]

Holidays 9.3

Holidays

Andrew Luck Day (Indiana)

Anniversary of the End of the Second World War (Russia)

Another Luck Unlimited Day

Armed Forces Day (Taiwan)

Beslan Remembrance Day

Brazilian Day

Broadcast Day (South Korea)

Civil Aviation Day (Tajikistan)

Cromwell’s Day

Day of Universal Alarm

Day to Mourn All Manifestations of Sexism

Drexciya Day

Feast of Atqksak (Baffin Land)

Flag Day (Australia)

Foundation Day (San Marino)

Gaura Parba (Nepal)

Harvest Bell Day (a.k.a. Hare Bell)

Levy Mwanawasa Day (Zambia)

Lost Day

Lower Case Letter Day

Memorial Day (Tunisia)

Merchant Navy Day (UK)

Merchant Navy Remembrance Day (Canada)

National Army Day (Moldova)

National Dahlia Day

National Day of Prayer for the Victims of Hurricane Harvey

National Guard Day (Tajikistan)

National High Heels Day

National Holiday of Commemoration (Tunisia)

National Shoot Your Shot Day

National Stephen Day

National Wilderness Day

903 Day (Texas)

Penny Press Day

Richard the Lionheart Day (UK)

Skyscraper Day

Solidarity Against Terrorism Day (Russia)

Tales and Tallows Day (Elder Scrolls)

Teasel Day (French Republic)

That Day I’ll Always Remember (in the song “Papa Was a Rollin’ Stone,” by The Temptations)

Tokehega Day (Tokalau, New Zealand)

U.S. Bowling League Day

V-J Day (China)

World Day of Hygiene

Yamashita Surrender Day (Philippines)

Food & Drink Celebrations

Afternoon Tea Time Day

International Rosé Day

National Barbecue Baby Back Ribs Day

National Welsh Rarebit Day

Independence & Related Days

Bir Tawil (Declared; 2022) [unrecognized]

Day of Liberation of Monaco (Monaco)

Irida City Foundation Day (Philippines)

Mexico (Formally Recognized by US; 1923)

Qatar (from UK, 1971)

San Marino (Founded; 301 C.E.)

United States (Formally Recognized by Great Britain; 1783)

Yeesland (Declared; 2017) [unrecognized]

1st Tuesday in September

Another Look Unlimited Day [Tuesday after 1st Monday]

Camo Tuesday [1st Tuesday]

Play Days begin [Tuesday through Saturday after 1st Monday]

Protect Your Groundwater Day [1st Tuesday]

Taco Tuesday [Every Tuesday]

Takeout Tuesday [1st Tuesday of Each Month]

Target Tuesday [Every Tuesday]

Tater Tot Tuesday [Every Tuesday]

Telephone Tuesday [Tuesday after 1st Monday]

To-Do List Tuesday [1st Tuesday of Each Month]

Tranquil Tuesday [1st Tuesday of Each Month]

Trivia Tuesday [Every Tuesday]

Two For Tuesday [Every Tuesday]

World Art Drop Day [1st Tuesday]

Weekly Holidays beginning September 3 (1st Full Week of September)

Play Days (thru 9.7] [Tuesday thru Saturday after Labor Day]

Festivals Beginning September 3, 2024

Barbera Festival (Plymouth, California)

Bigsound (Brisbane City, Australia) [thru 9.5]

Tennessee Soybean Festival (Martin, Tennessee) [thru 9.7]

Van Buren County Livestock Show & Fair (Clinton, Arkansas) [thru 9.7]

Feast Days

Aigulf (Christian; Martyr)

Akwambo (Path Clearing Festival; Akan People of Ghana)

Alison Lurie (Writerism)

Armand Vaillancourt (Artology)

Baile and Ailinn (Celtic Book of Days)

Barkley (Muppetism)

Bengt Lindström (Artology)

Bernard de Pailissy (Positivist; Saint)

Cuthburga (Christian; Saint)

Day of Mimi’s Well (Pagan)

Day of Universal Alarm (Shamanism)

Drexciya Day

Gregory I, Pope (Christian; Saint)

Gregory the Great (Christian; Saint)

Hildelitha (Christian; Saint & Virgin)

John Picacio (Artology)

Joseph Wright (Artology)

Lawrence Clark Powell (Writerism)

Lawrence Welk Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Macnisius of Ireland (Christian; Saint)

Maidens of the Four Directions (Hopi Native Americans)

Malcolm Gladwell (Writerism)

Mansuetus of Toul (Christian; Saint)

Marinus (Christian; Saint)

Mort Walker (Artology)

Paul Kane (Artology)

Phoebe (Christian; Saint)

Pius X, pope (Christian; Saint)

Remaclus (Christian; Saint)

Prudence Crandall (Episcopal Church (USA))

Sarah Orne Jewett (Writerism)

Say No to Haggis Day (Pastafarian)

Simeon Stylites the Younger (Christian; Saint)

Wendy O. Williams Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Dismal Day (Unlucky or Evil Day; Medieval Europe; 17 of 24)

Egyptian Day (Unlucky Day; Middle Ages Europe) [17 of 24]

Fatal Day (Pagan) [17 of 24]

Lucky Day (Philippines) [49 of 71]

Sakimake (先負 Japan) [Bad luck in the morning, good luck in the afternoon.]

Unlucky Day (Grafton’s Manual of 1565) [40 of 60]

Premieres

Bosko the Lumberjack (WB LT Cartoon; 1932)

Cartoons Ain’t Human (Fleischer/Famous Popeye Cartoon; 1943)

The Cat and the Mermouse (Tom & Jerry Cartoon; 1949)

Dime to Retire (WB LT Cartoon; 1955)

Do You Really Want To Hurt Me?, by Culture Club (UK Song; 1982)

Fantastic Voyage, by Isaac Asimov (Novel; 1966)

From Hare to Heir (WB MM Cartoon; 1960)

Funf Orchesterstucke (Five Pieces for Orchestra), by Arnold Schoenberg (1912)

Funny Business in the Books or The Library Card (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S5, Ep. 210; 1963)

Going the Distance (Film; 2010)

The Gold Rush, featuring Flip the Frog (MGM Cartoon; 1932)

Goodnight Moon, by Margaret Wise Brown (Children’s Book; 1947)

Johnny Got His Gun, by Dalton Trumbo (Novel; 1939)

Listen Without Prejudice, by George Michael (Album; 1990)

Machete (Film; 2010)

The Man in the Queue, by Josephine Tey (Novel; 1929) [Alan Grant #1]

Mister and Mistletoe (Fleischer/Famous Popeye Cartoon; 1955)

Never Go Back, 18th Jack Reacher book, by Lee Child (Novel; 2013)

Old Smokey, featuring the Captain and the Kids (MGM Cartoon; 1938)

The Prisoner of Zenda (Film; 1937)

Roll the Bones, by Rush (Album; 1991)

The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea, by Yukio Mishima (Novel; 1963)

Scooby-Doo! In Arabian Nights (WB Animated Film; 1994)

Scooby-Doo! Return to Zombie Island (WB Animated Film; 2019)

Search for Tomorrow (TV Soap Opera; 1951)

Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (Film; 2021)

The Sky Scrapper (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Disney Cartoon; 1928)

Snow Place Like Home (Fleischer/Famous Popeye Cartoon; 1948)

Something Happened, by Joseph Heller (Novel; 1974)

Special Delivery Stomp, recorded by Artie Shaw (Song;1940)

Tenet (Film; 2020)

Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (WB Animated Film; 2005)

Topsy Turvy World, Part 1 (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S5, Ep. 209; 1963)

The Trouble with Girls (Elvis Presley Film; 1969) [#30]

The Villain Still Pursued Her (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1937)

Ye Happy Pilgrims (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1934)

Today’s Name Days

George, Gregor, Silvia, Sophie (Austria)

Gordana, Grga, Grgur (Croatia)

Bronislav (Czech Republic)

Seraphia (Denmark)

Solveig, Veegi (Estonia)

Soila, Soile, Soili (Finland)

Grégoire (France)

Gregor, Phoebe, Silvia, Sonja (Germany)

Anthimos, Arhontia, Arhontion, Aristea, Ariston, Phoebe, Phoebi, Phevos, Polydoros (Greece)

Hilda (Hungary)

Fausto, Felice, Gregorio, Lorenzo, Marino, Rosa, Teodoro (Italy)

Bella, Berta, Klaudija, Klaudijs, Slaida (Latvia)

Bronislova, Bronislovas, Mirga, Sirtautas (Lithuania)

Alise, Alvhild, Vilde (Norway)

Antoni, Bartłomiej, Bazylissa, Bronisław, Bronisz, Erazma, Eufemia, Eufrozyna, Izabela, Jan, Joachim, Joachima, Manswet, Mojmir, Szymon, Wincenty, Zenon, Zenona (Poland)

Antim, Meletie, Neofit (Romania)

Belo (Slovakia)

Basilisa, Gregorio (Spain)

Alfhild, Alva (Sweden)

Page, Paige, Phebe, Phoebe, Phoebus (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 247 of 2024; 119 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 2 of Week 36 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Muin (Vine) [Day 4 of 28]

Chinese: Month 8 (Guy-You), Day 1 (Geng-Wu)

Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]

Hebrew: 30 Av 5784

Islamic: 28 Safar 1446

J Cal: 7 Gold; Sevenday [6 of 30]

Julian: 21 August 2024

Moon: 1%: Waxing Crescent

Positivist: 23 Gutenberg (9th Month) [Riquet]

Runic Half Month: Rad (Motion) [Day 12 of 15]

Season: Summer (Day 76 of 94)

Week: 1st Full Week of September

Zodiac: Virgo (Day 13 of 32)

Calendar Changes

桂月 [Guìyuè] (Chinese Lunisolar Calendar) [Month 8 of 12] (Osmanthus Month) [Earthly Branch: Rooster Month] (Bāyuè; Eighth Month)

[teresiel]

Favourite Character Bingo - 2023

Characters I first encountered in 2023 (not necessarily part of media released in that year).

These are intended to be ordered loosely according to genre, moving from classic to contemporary horror, sci-fi horror, thriller horror, on to drama, comedy, then comic/cartoon and fantasy. Naturally, plenty of these don't quite stay in their own prescribed mould and could be considered fitting for another genre, but this is MY PARTY and I make the rules >:(

The hardest thing I've ever done may just be forcing myself to choose only one Baldur's Gate 3 character. If this was ordered by fondness for the characters, Astarion would be up top, but it's not and I'm petty so he's last and least.

As may surprise no-one, the prevailing trends are trickster archetypes, gothic looks, autism coding, and sympathetic or misunderstood status and/or rebellion. Also Billy Crystal is there.

Listing below the cut!

Countess Marya Zeleska - Dracula's Daughter (1936)

Mrs. Danvers - Rebecca (1940)

Lady Sylvia Marsh - The Lair of the White Worm (1988)

Nevena - You Won't Be Alone (2022)

Kim Diamond - Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2 (2000)

Brynn AND the Aliens - No One Will Save You (2023) (as an interacting set of characters, not necessarily as interesting actors singularly)

Violet and Corky - Bound (1996)

Andrea "Dre" Greene - Swarm (2023)

Gunther - V/H/S/85 (2023) - Goth boy who saves the day through his prescient lucid dreaming and rebels against being falsely cast as the villain, hell yeah.

Willard - Willard (1971) - would be in the top three if this were sorted by level of favoritism.

Gerd Wiesler - The Lives of Others/Das Leben der Anderen (2006)

Primo - Big Night (1996)

Walter Tattersall - Yellowjackets (2021-) - of call the cast and I fixate on THIS GUY. Got me again, Elijah!

Willie Jack Sampson - Reservation Dogs (2021)

Barabara Howard and Melissa Schemmenti - Abbott Elementary (2022-) - My god these two gripped me. Just give them an entire season. Gregory can be there too.

Gregory Eddie - Abbott Elementary (2022-)

Sally Albright and Harry Burns - When Harry Met Sally (1989)

Raven - Teen Titans: Beast World (2023-) - solely for her design; I am practically floating at the departure from emo/punk Raven and a return to a more whimsical gothic look. Another artist draws her looking like Billie Lourd and I'm into it.

Sharon Apple - Macross Plus (1994/1995)

Spider-Punk/Hobie Brown - Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023)

The Medicine Seller/Kusuriuri/薬売り - Mononoke/モノノ怪 (2007)

Astarion - Baldur's Gate 3 (2023) - He's my best friend, he's my pal, he's my homeboy, my rotten soldier, my sweet cheese, my good time boy, and I've been so excited for you all to see his whole schtick since way back in 2020.

Runner Up's: Shin Hati (Ahsoka), Mirror Woman (The Art of Mirrors) - don't ask, Nearly everyone else form Baldur's Gate 3 but especially all the companions and the Emperor oopsies I'm a sucker, Padraic (Banshees of Inisherin), Mary (Carnival of Souls), everyone from Dungeon Meshi but esepecially Marcille and Senshi, Lorne Malvo (Fargo), Motoko Kusanagi (Ghost in the Shell), Brigitte (Ginger Snaps), The Harppy (Harpya), Joel and Ellie (The Last of Us; kept out because of the Zionist higher plot), Dracula and Clemens (The Last Voyage of the Demeter), Martin (Martin), Izzy Hands (Our Flag Means Death), Father Amorth (The Pope's Exorcist), Deer Lady (Reservation Dogs), Elora Danan (Reservation Dogs), Adam (SAW), Carl (Skyman), Kris (Solaris), Kurt Kunkle (Spree), Sammi Curr and Eddie (Trick or Treat), Bitch Cat (V/H/S/94),

[anastpaul]

Feast of the Purity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Dedication of the Church of Our Lady of Milan (1417), St Hedwig, St Gerard Majella and the Saints for 16 October

Feast of the Purity of the Blessed Virgin Mary:HERE:https://anastpaul.com/2022/10/16/feast-of-the-purity-of-the-blessed-virgin-mary-16-october/ Dedication of the Church of Our Lady of Milan (1417) by Pope Martin V – 16 October:HERE:https://anastpaul.com/2021/10/16/dedication-of-the-church-of-our-lady-of-milan-1417-by-pope-martin-v-and-memorials-of-the-saints-16-october/ St Hedwig of Andechs…

[thepastisalreadywritten]

SAINT OF THE DAY (May 20)

The Catholic Church honors St. Bernardine of Siena on May 20.

A Franciscan friar and preacher, St. Bernardine is known as the "Apostle of Italy" for his efforts to revive the country's Catholic faith during the 15th century.

Bernardine Albizeschi was born to upper-class parents in the Italian republic of Siena on 8 September 1380.

Misfortune soon entered the boy's life when he lost his mother at age three and his father four years later.

His aunt Diana cared for him afterward. She taught him to seek consolation and security by trusting in God.

Even at a young age, Bernardine demonstrated a remarkable concern for the poor as an outgrowth of his love for God.

Having become accustomed to fasting, he preferred at times to go without any food in order to help someone in greater need.

From the ages of 11 to 17, he focused on his studies, developing the eloquence and dedication that would serve his future work as an evangelist.

Before becoming a preacher, however, Bernardine spent several years ministering to the sick and dying.

He enrolled in a religious association that served at a hospital in the town of Scala and applied himself to this work from 1397 to 1400.

During that time, a severe plague broke out in Siena, causing a crisis that would eventually lead to the young man taking charge of the entire hospital.

Inside its walls, up to 20 people were dying each day from an illness that also killed many of the hospital workers.

The staff was decimated and new victims were coming in constantly.

Bernardine persuaded 12 young men to help him continue the work of the hospital, which he took over for a period of four months.

Although the plague did not infect him, the exhausting work left him weak. He contracted a different sickness that kept him in bed for four months.

After recovering, he spent over a year caring for his aunt Bartholomaea before her death.

The 22-year-old Bernardine then moved to a small house outside the city, where he began to discern God's will for his future through prayer and fasting.

He eventually chose to join the Franciscans of the Strict Observance in 1403, embracing an austere life focused on poverty and humility.

During this time, while praying before a crucifix, Bernardine heard Christ say to him:

“My son, behold me hanging upon a cross. If you love me, or desire to imitate me, be also fastened naked to your cross and follow me. Thus you will assuredly find me.”

After Bernardine was ordained a priest, his superiors commissioned him to preach as a missionary to the Italians who were falling away from their Catholic faith.

The Dominican evangelist St. Vincent Ferrer, just before leaving Italy, preached a sermon in which he predicted that one of his listeners would continue his work among the Italians –  a prophecy Bernardine heard in person and went on to fulfill.

Bernardine's personal devotion to God, which amazed even the strict Franciscans, made his preaching extremely effective.

He moved his hearers to abandon their vices, turn back to God, and make peace with one another.

He promoted devotion to the name of Jesus as a simple and effective means of recalling God's love at all times.

When other priests consulted him for advice, Bernardine gave them a simple rule:

“In all your actions, seek in the first place the kingdom of God and his glory. Direct all you do purely to his honor. Persevere in brotherly charity, and practice first all that you desire to teach others.”

“By this means,” he said, “the Holy Spirit will be your master, and will give you such wisdom and such a tongue that no adversary will be able to stand against you.”

Bernardine's own life attested to this source of strength in the face of trials.

He patiently suffered an accusation of heresy –  which Pope Martin V judged to be false – and refused to abandon his bold preaching when a nobleman threatened him with death.

But Bernardine was also widely admired throughout Italy, and he was offered the office of a bishop on three occasions.

Each time, however, he turned down the position, choosing to fulfill the prediction of St. Vincent Ferrer through his missionary work.

Bernardine preached throughout most of Italy several times over and even managed to reconcile members of its warring political factions.

Later in his life, Bernardine served for five years as the Vicar General for his Franciscan Order and revived the practice of its strict rule of life.

In 1444, forty years after he first entered religious life, Bernardine became sick while traveling.

He continued to preach, but soon lost his strength and his voice. He died on 20 May 1444.

He was beatified on 24 November 1449 and was anonized on 24 May 1450 by Pope Nicholas V.

[scotianostra]

On 22nd March 1421, Scottish and French troops under the Earl of Buchan defeated English forces at Bauge in Anjou, France.

This was during the 100 year war between France and England, Scots troops were there as part of the Auld Alliance.

  Henry V’s of England’s brother, Thomas the Duke of Clarence led 10,000 men south towards the Loire. They set about besieging the castle at Bauge when a Scottish army of 6,000 men commanded by the Earl of Buchan, they made contact with them the day before Good Friday. A truce was reached, lasting until Monday, so that the combatants could properly observe the religious occasion of Easter. 

The English lifted their siege and withdrew to nearby Beaufort, while the Scots camped at La Lude. However, early in the afternoon of Saturday Scottish scouts reported that the English had broken the truce and were advancing upon the Scots, hoping to take them by surprise. The Scots rallied hastily and battle was joined at a bridge which the Duke of Clarence, with banner unfurled for battle, sought to cross. A detachment of a few hundred men under Sir Robert Stewart of Ralston, reinforced by the retinue of Hugh Kennedy, held the bridge and prevented passage long enough for the Earl of Buchan to rally the rest of his army, whereupon they made a fighting retreat to the town where the English archers would be ineffective.

Both armies now joined in a bitter melee that lasted until nightfall. During the melee Sir John Carmichael of Douglasdale broke his lance unhorsing the Duke of Clarence; since that day the Carmichael coat of arms displays an armoured hand holding aloft a broken lance in commemoration of the victory. Once on the ground, the Duke was killed by Sir Alexander Buchanan. The English dead included the Lord Roos, Sir John Grey and Gilbert de Umfraville, whose death directly led to the extinction of the male line of that illustrious family, well known to the Scots since the Wars of Independence. The Earl of Somerset and his brother were captured by Laurence Vernon (later elevated to the rank of knight for his conduct), the Earl of Huntingdon was captured by Sir John Sibbald, and Lord Fitz Walter was taken by Henry Cunningham.

  On hearing of the Scottish victory, Pope Martin V passed comment by reiterating a common mediaeval saying, that the Scots are well-known as an antidote to the English.

[famousinuniverse]

Pope Clement VII forbids King Henry VIII from remarrying

Henry issued a string of decrees that removed his kingdom from papal rule, ending the supremacy of the Catholic Church and creating the Church of England....these moves made Henry and his successors absolute rulers who did not answer to the pope.

Pope Clement VII

Former head of the Catholic Church

Pope Clement VII was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death, on 25 September 1534. 

Born: May 26, 1478, Florence, Italy

Died: September 25, 1534, Rome, Italy

Parents: Giuliano de' Medici, Fioretta Gorini

Place of burial: Basilica of Saint Mary of Minerva, Rome, Italy

Church: Catholic Church

Created cardinal: 23 September 1513; by Leo X

Pope Clement VII forbids King Henry VIII from remarrying

On January 5, 1531, Pope Clement VII sends a letter to King Henry VIII of England forbidding him to remarry under penalty of excommunication. Henry, who was looking for a way out of his marriage to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, ignored the pope's warning. He went on to marry Anne Boleyn (and four subsequent wives), leading to his excommunication and one of the most significant schisms in the history of Christianity.

Catherine was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain and the aunt of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in addition to being the widow of Henry's brother, Arthur. Increasingly concerned by his failure to produce a legitimate heir—although he publicly acknowledged an illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy—Henry searched for a way to end his marriage in a manner consistent with his Catholic faith. This was necessary for political reasons, as a monarch violating Catholic doctrine risked disgrace and condemnation by the pope. Henry was also by all accounts a fairly devout Catholic. He was a known opponent of the Protestant Reformation that was taking shape on the continent, earning the title of Defender of the Faith from Pope Leo X for a treatise he wrote attacking Martin Luther.

Henry sent emissaries to the pope in hopes of having his marriage annulled, and even prevailed upon Clement to establish an ecclesiastical court in England to rule on the matter. Clement, however, had no intention of nullifying the marriage. In addition to his doctrinal objections, he was more or less a prisoner of Charles V at the time, and he was powerless to stand in the way of Charles' insistence that the marriage stand. Already infatuated with Anne Boleyn, who was known to have taken a keen interest in Luther and the Reformation, Henry had exhausted his options for remarrying within the church and decided excommunication was a fair price to pay for independence from the pope and the potential of fathering an heir.

Henry banished Catherine from his court and married Anne (secretly in 1532, and publicly the following year). In doing so, he fundamentally altered the course of Christian and European history. Subsequent to his remarriage, Henry issued a string of decrees that removed his kingdom from papal rule, ending the supremacy of the Catholic Church and creating the Church of England. Although the new church was, at first, extremely similar to Roman Catholicism, these moves made Henry and his successors absolute rulers who did not answer to the pope. England joined a number of German states, as well as Sweden, in rejecting Catholicism, drawing battle lines for centuries of religious, political and military conflict to follow.

“twitter unverified the pope!” ok so henry viii did that just under 500 years ago ur not special x

[agesinmotion]

NOVEMBER 11TH

November 11th is a date packed with epic moments!

Back in 1417, the election of Martin V as pope finally ended the Great Schism, reuniting a divided Christian church.

On this day in 1606, Turkey and Austria signed the Treaty of Zsitva-Torok, bringing peace after years of conflict, and reshaping Europe’s borders.

In 1865, Mary Edward Walker shattered glass ceilings as the first female US Army surgeon became the only woman to ever receive the Medal of Honor.

Then, in 1889, Washington joined the United States as the 42nd state, shaping the country we know today.

And in 1918, the guns finally fell silent on the Western Front, ending The Great War with Armistice Day, marking the start of remembrance and peace worldwide.

[irunevenus]

The Hypocrisy of the Church in the Thirty Years' War: Faith, Fanaticism, and Devastation

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history, resulting in millions of deaths, devastated territories, and transformed nations. The Roman Catholic Church played a central role in this conflict, which was largely driven by religious issues. Although the war began as a struggle between Catholics and Protestants, it quickly evolved into a political and territorial conflict involving most of the major powers in Europe.

The hypocrisy of the Catholic Church during this period is striking: while it preached morality and the commandment to "turn the other cheek," it engaged in a brutal war that destroyed the lives of millions. The contradiction between the message of peace it conveyed to its followers and its active participation in a violent conflict reveals the dark side of an institution that, over the centuries, manipulated faith to promote its interests.

The Religious Context: Division and Fanaticism

The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 with the Defenestration of Prague, a symbolic event marking the Protestant resistance against the Catholic power of the Habsburgs in the Holy Roman Empire. The Protestant Reformation, initiated by Martin Luther a century earlier, had divided Europe between Catholics and Protestants. Religious tensions were exacerbated by the desires of Catholic powers, particularly Austria and Spain, to reimpose Catholicism in regions that had become Protestant, such as Bohemia and northern Germany.

The Catholic Church viewed the war as an opportunity to reaffirm its religious dominance over Europe. For decades, it had lost influence in Protestant regions and suffered from the growing power of reformed princes. The papacy, led by Pope Paul V and later Urban VIII, vigorously supported Catholic factions, providing funding and moral legitimacy for Catholic rulers to wage war under the pretext of a "holy war" to restore the true faith.

Destruction and Death: The Human and Material Cost

The Thirty Years' War was one of the most devastating in European history. It is estimated that up to 8 million people died as a direct result of the conflict, including civilians. Combat was not the only cause of death—famine, plagues, and the mass displacement of populations also had a tremendous impact.

Germany was one of the most affected countries. Approximately 20% to 30% of the German population died during the war, with some regions losing up to half of their inhabitants. Entire cities were destroyed, villages plundered, and agricultural fields ravaged. The conflict also disrupted local economies, leading to the collapse of trade systems and the rise of banditry.

Although the Catholic Church was not directly involved in the battles, it played a fundamental role in fostering the fanaticism that fueled the conflict. Local Catholic clergy often incited communities to resist Protestants and urged the faithful to fight in the name of faith, which increased hatred and intolerance between the two groups. The war, initially based on religion, became an excuse for brutality and annihilation.

Damage to Countries and the Church

The impact of the Thirty Years' War was catastrophic for the countries involved. In addition to millions of deaths, entire economies were destroyed, local governments collapsed, and empires fragmented. Germany, which was the main battlefield, took centuries to fully recover. Cities like Magdeburg, which was virtually annihilated in a massacre in 1631, symbolize the terror and brutality of the war.

Paradoxically, while countries suffered the devastating consequences of the war, the Catholic Church managed to maintain, and in some cases even strengthen, its position. In territorial terms, after the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), which ended the conflict, Catholics retained several key regions, especially in Germany and Austria. The signing of the treaty recognized the coexistence of Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism within the Holy Roman Empire, but the Catholic Church retained considerable political and religious power in the regions it still dominated.

However, the war also weakened the authority of the Church in other areas. The rise of secular power, especially in France and the Netherlands, was a blow to Catholic control over European politics. Additionally, the strengthening of Calvinism and the consolidation of Protestant states demonstrated that the attempt to crush the Reformation had failed.

Gains of the Church: Hypocrisy and the Use of War

While the war devastated the continent, the Catholic Church benefited in various ways. The Church's involvement in the conflict was motivated not only by spiritual reasons but also by political and economic ones. Catholic rulers who won battles or conquered territories often guaranteed the Church more lands, more power, and more influence. The war served as a pretext for the reaffirmation of papal power in many areas of Europe, even if it meant the destruction and suffering of millions.

The Jesuits, a Catholic order deeply involved in the conflict, also stood out during this period. They were sent to conquered regions to reaffirm Catholicism and control education, influencing local politics and ensuring ideological control. The papacy, in turn, was able to restore, in part, its political and religious influence by maintaining alliances with the Habsburgs and other Catholic powers.

The Hypocrisy of the Church

The Thirty Years' War reveals the deep hypocrisy of the Catholic Church. While preaching morality and forgiveness to its followers, it was, behind the scenes, fomenting one of the most brutal conflicts in European history. Christian doctrine teaches believers to "turn the other cheek" and to act with compassion and justice, but in practice, the institution itself was deeply involved in a cycle of violence, destruction, and religious fanaticism.

The priests and bishops who incited the conflict in the name of faith not only contradicted the basic principles of Christianity but also used religion as a pretext for political and territorial gains. Ultimately, the Catholic Church showed that it was more concerned with preserving its power than with adhering to the values of peace and justice it preached.

Conclusion: Faith and Destruction

The Thirty Years' War left a legacy of destruction that marked Europe for centuries. The role of the Catholic Church in this conflict cannot be ignored. Far from being a peacemaking force, the Church contributed to religious fanaticism, incited violence, and reaped material benefits at the expense of millions of lives.

While the faithful were urged to live according to Christian values, the Church itself was complicit in one of the darkest periods in European history. The war exposed the hypocrisy of an institution that, in the name of faith, actively participated in the destruction of entire nations. In the end, the conflict not only revealed the Church's weaknesses but also planted the seeds of profound questioning about its true moral authority.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 6.15 (before 1900)

763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. 923 – Battle of Soissons: King Robert I of France is killed and King Charles the Simple is arrested by the supporters of Duke Rudolph of Burgundy. 1184 – The naval Battle of Fimreite is won by the Birkebeiner pretender Sverre Sigurdsson. Sigurdsson takes the Norwegian throne and King Magnus V of Norway is killed. 1215 – King John of England puts his seal to Magna Carta. 1219 – Northern Crusades: Danish victory at the Battle of Lindanise (modern-day Tallinn) establishes the Danish Duchy of Estonia. 1246 – With the death of Frederick II, Duke of Austria, the Babenberg dynasty ends in Austria. 1300 – The city of Bilbao is founded. 1312 – At the Battle of Rozgony, King Charles I of Hungary wins a decisive victory over the family of Palatine Amade Aba. 1389 – Battle of Kosovo: The Ottoman Empire defeats Serbs and Bosnians. 1410 – In a decisive battle at Onon River, the Mongol forces of Oljei Temur were decimated by the Chinese armies of the Yongle Emperor. 1410 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. 1502 – Christopher Columbus lands on the island of Martinique on his fourth voyage. 1520 – Pope Leo X threatens to excommunicate Martin Luther in Exsurge Domine. 1607 – Virginia Colonists finished building James's Fort, to defend against Spanish and Indian attacks. 1648 – Margaret Jones is hanged in Boston for witchcraft in the first such execution for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1667 – The first human blood transfusion is administered by Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denys. 1670 – The first stone of Fort Ricasoli is laid down in Malta. 1752 – Benjamin Franklin proves that lightning is electricity (traditional date, the exact date is unknown). 1776 – Delaware Separation Day: Delaware votes to suspend government under the British Crown and separate officially from Pennsylvania. 1800 – The Provisional Army of the United States is dissolved. 1804 – New Hampshire approves the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratifying the document. 1808 – Joseph Bonaparte becomes King of Spain. 1834 – The looting of Safed commences. 1836 – Arkansas is admitted as the 25th U.S. state. 1844 – Charles Goodyear receives a patent for vulcanization, a process to strengthen rubber. 1846 – The Oregon Treaty extends the border between the United States and British North America, established by the Treaty of 1818, westward to the Pacific Ocean. 1859 – Ambiguity in the Oregon Treaty leads to the "Northwestern Boundary Dispute" between American and British/Canadian settlers. 1864 – American Civil War: The Second Battle of Petersburg begins. 1864 – Arlington National Cemetery is established when 200 acres (0.81 km2) of the Arlington estate (formerly owned by the family of Confederate General Robert E. Lee) are officially set aside as a military cemetery by U.S. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. 1877 – Henry Ossian Flipper becomes the first African American cadet to graduate from the United States Military Academy. 1878 – Eadweard Muybridge takes a series of photographs to prove that all four feet of a horse leave the ground when it runs; the study becomes the basis of motion pictures. 1888 – Crown Prince Wilhelm becomes Kaiser Wilhelm II; he will be the last Emperor of the German Empire. Due to the death of his predecessors Wilhelm I and Frederick III, 1888 is the Year of the Three Emperors. 1896 – One of the deadliest tsunamis in Japan's history kills more than 22,000 people.