#nucleic acid extraction

[creativeera]

DNA and RNA Sample Preparation Market is Estimated to Witness High Growth Owing to Increasing Adoption

The DNA and RNA sample preparation market involves processes associated with isolation, extraction, purification and quantification of nucleic acids DNA and RNA from various sources like tissues, blood, sperm, cells etc. for downstream applications in genomics, molecular diagnostics, personalized medicine and others. The sample preparation is a critical and initial step before conducting various genomic tests including Next Generation Sequencing, polymerase chain reaction and other assays. Growing awareness and adoption of precision medicine and genetic/molecular testing is driving demand for efficient nucleic acid isolation and downstream analysis.

The Global DNA and RNA Sample Preparation Market is estimated to be valued at US$ 2262.46 Mn in 2024 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 5.8% over the forecast period 2024 To 2031. Key Takeaways Key players operating in the DNA and RNA sample preparation are Agilent Technologies, Inc., Becton, Dickinson and Company, Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., DiaSorin S.p.A, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Miroculus, Inc., Illumina, Inc., PerkinElmer, Inc., QIAGEN, Sigma Aldrich Corp., Tecan Group AG, and Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Growing prominence of personalized medicine is creating opportunities for development of new sample preparation methods and kits which can extract nucleic acids from various types of samples. Rising incidence of chronic and infectious diseases worldwide is increasing diagnostic testing which will propel sample preparation market growth. Global expansion of key market players through acquisitions and partnerships with regional diagnostic labs and research institutes will further augment market revenues. Market Drivers Increasing funding for Genomic and genetic research from government bodies as well as private sector is one of the key factors driving the DNA and RNA Sample Preparation Market Size. Government initiatives aimed at large scale population screening and clinical testing for various genetic disorders, infectious diseases and cancers are also creating demand for high throughput nucleic acid preparation. Growing geriatric population and rising healthcare spending in developing nations also provides growth opportunities for market players in the forecast period.

PEST Analysis Political: Laws and regulations imposed by governments for research using DNA and RNA samples could impact the market. Changes in healthcare policies will also have effects. Economic: Factors like GDP growth, income levels, healthcare spending will drive demand. Rise in research activities and focus on precision medicine boost the market. Social: Growing awareness about personalized medicine and importance of genetic testing are important. Social trends also promote preventive healthcare and wellness. Technological: Advancements in fields like next generation sequencing, lab automation, bioinformatics are key for market growth. Miniaturization and portability of equipment expand applications. Developments in sample collection and storage methods improve efficiency. Geographical regions where the market in terms of value is concentrated include North America and Europe. North America accounts for the largest share in the global market due to presence of well-established healthcare industry and research institutes. Europe also captures notable share due to growing biotech sector and research funding. The Asia Pacific region is projected to be the fastest growing market during the forecast period. This is attributed to factors such as increasing healthcare expenditure, growing awareness, expanding biotech industry and rising government investments in research. Countries like China, India offer growth opportunities as they focus on healthcare infrastructure development.

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Vaagisha brings over three years of expertise as a content editor in the market research domain. Originally a creative writer, she discovered her passion for editing, combining her flair for writing with a meticulous eye for detail. Her ability to craft and refine compelling content makes her an invaluable asset in delivering polished and engaging write-ups.

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[pathologylab]

Introducing Rapi-X96, fully automated #Nucleic Acid Extraction System that revolutionizes sample processing with its magnetic bead-based #technology and 96-well plate format, enabling simultaneous extraction of 96 samples. This advanced system uses #magnetic beads and buffer reagents to separate and purify high-quality nucleic acids from various sample sources, including blood, #tissues, viruses, and body fluids.

#G2M Rapi-X96 extraction #system ensures efficient and high-quality nucleic acid extraction, streamlining your laboratory workflow and enhancing productivity.

Contact us at social@genes2me.com or +91 8800821778 if you need any further assistance !

Visit our website for more information: https://www.genes2me.com/nucleic-acid-extraction-system

#extraction #purification #automated #nucleicacid #buffer #genes2me #blood #sources

[jamalgrimes]

Best Practices for Selecting a Nucleic Acid Extraction Kit

Selecting the best nucleic acid extraction kit for DNA and RNA isolation is crucial for obtaining reliable and reproducible results in molecular biology applications. By considering factors such as sample type, nucleic acid requirements, extraction methods, and kit performance, you can choose a kit that ensures the highest quality of isolated nucleic acids.

Whether you’re working with clinical samples, research specimens, or microbial cultures, understanding these considerations will help you streamline your nucleic acid extraction process and achieve accurate results in your experiments.

[labnic235]

 Nucleic Acid Extractor

Nucleic Acid Extractor is a fully automated extraction system designed to reduce manual intervention and extraction. It transfers particles using magnetic rods and separates samples using magnetic separation technology. It is a compact platform that can process up to 32 samples per run in 30 to 60 minutes. The intuitive graphical interface and responsive screen of the instrument make it simple to use while reducing the possibility of error.

[consult-sherlockholmes]

Hello, Mr. Holmes! How are you?

So, long story short, I ended up with an optical microscope in my room more or less 4 months ago, with 200 previously made slides (secured in a proper box), and lots of new ones too, for me to prepare myself. I love microbiology (it's one of my hyperfixations, curse my neurodivergency) and now I love it even more (my mother has had to drag me away from the microscope - I named it Wesley - in the middle of the night multiple times now).

After much conversation, I finally convinced my mom to buy me the proper equipment to prepare the slides!

So, I'm sending this ask to you, as I know you also have a microscope and that you use it a lot: what kind of equipment do you recommend me buying (gloves, scalpel blades, tints, etc), while still remembering that all of the stuff needs to stay in my room (properly taken cared of by me, of course)?

For example, I'm unsure if different dyes are used for different smears and specimens due to it's affinity (I've noticed that on 'organic matter' slides, images are usually tinted purple or pink, while on plant-based slides, images are usually tinted green and blue, with a few red structures.) Considering that I don't have access to a mortuary, I will mostly make plant slides. There must be a difference in the dyes then, right?

Sorry for the long text! Hope this isn't too much of a bother.

- a 17-year-old :)

Congratulations on your new light microscope. I do hope you get the best out of it. I am overjoyed that someone else appreciates the art of microscopy and microbiology.

However, you need to be careful to not strain your eyes. It is recommended to take breaks every 15 minutes to close your eyes or focus on something in the distance to reaccommodate your eyes. And get up every 40 minutes, stretch and correct your posture. And it is recommended to not use a microscope more than 5 hours per day. John has to chase me away from my microscope sometimes to take a break when I sit there for hours, my posture like a Caridea.

Concerning equipment, you will obviously need a scalpel or other sharp blade to make very thin slices of your specimen, as thin as possible. And forceps to move your samples (best just get a whole dissection kit it has everything). Obviously slides and coverslips, pipettes for the stains or water, maybe some tubes. A pen to label your slides. In many staining procedures ethanol or acetone is also used. A waste jar to safely dispose of any chemicals, but be careful what you mix. A rack for staining and containers. I would recommend nitrile gloves, some people are sensitive to latex.

The dyes you use depend on the specimen. For example in histological slides of tissues hematoxylin and eosin are most commonly used (short HE-stain). That's what you most likely saw on your slides, it's blue, purple and pink. Hematoxylin is a basic compound extracted and oxidised from the logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum), and it stains acidic compounds in the cells (or basophilic because they have an affinity for basic substances). For example nucleic acids like DNA or RNA get stained by hematoxylin because they are basophillic. And where are lots of nucleic acids? In the nucleus and ribosomes, that is why they appear blue to purple in the staining because they bind hematoxylin. Eosin is an acidic compound, and stains basic or acidophilic compounds red or pinkish, like proteins, collagen, cytoplasm, extracellular matrix.

(Ductus epididymidis with HE-stain)

(Tongue HE-stain, pointer marking a ganglion; that is my picture)

Of course there are more specific stains for specific tissues like Golgi's silver staining for neurons.

For plants toluidine blue is often used, high affinity for acidic tissues, and can stain blue to green to purple. It is often combined with safranin, a basic azine, which is probably the red stain you saw. It stains polysaccharides and lignin, woody parts of the plant. Safranin and astrablue is also often combined, astrablue stains non-lignified parts of the plant.

(Ulex europaeus stem; not my pictures I don't have any samples currently, source Atlas of plant and animal histology)

Safranin is also used in bacteriology, in the famous Gram staining. In Gram staining you use crystal violet (blue/purple), Lugol's iodine solution, then wash it with ethanol and add safranin (red) as a counter stain. Bacteria is gram-positive if the crystal violet stays in their thick murein cell wall, can't be washed out with the ethanol and the bacteria stays blue. Gram-negative appear red because of the counterstain.

(Staphyloccocus aureus (violet, gram positive) & Escherichia coli (red, gram negative); not my picture, source Wikipedia)

However, I am not sure whether you have access to any of those substances, if they are too expensive for you or if they are too hazardous if used in your own room for a prolongued time. Of course those substances need to be stored properly, and your own room is probably not a good place, especially for ethanol or acetone. The fumes. I would recommend to ask your biology or chemistry teacher whether they can recommend anything further and where to buy said solutions in your area, and if they can't they are idiots. There are also many useful resources and tutorials on Youtube.

Another fascinating experiment for your microscope, that you can perform without buying any chemicals, is a hay infusion. You put hay into a container filled with water, and let it sit undisturbed for a week in a sunny area but not in direct harsh sunlight. During that time the microorganisms in the hay are reproducing in the solution, feeding on the polysaccharides of the hay. Protozoans also flourish in the hay infusion and eat the bacteria. It might get cloudy and a bit foul smelling (best not do it in your own room if you don't want to sleep next to a rotting smell). When you put a drop of the solution onto a slide and look at it in the microscope, you should see a variety of microorganisms like bacteria (like Bacillus subtilis), amoeba, ciliates, heliozoa, algae et cetera. At different depths of the liquid you should find different kinds of organisms, because of differing oxygen content. However, pathogens can also occur in the hay infusion so handle it carefully and work sterile, wash your hands properly.

And even if you don't work at a morgue you can still get tissue samples to experiment on, after all meat is sold in supermarkets, basically the same as a human body. And at the butchers they even sell organs like chicken hearts, pig kidney, liver, blood et cetera. Or observe your own hair under the microscope.

Which kind of samples and slides were included in your starter kit? Be careful to not leave them lying around in the sunlight, or the stain might fade. Always store them in the proper box.

[jcsmicasereports]

Trends in incidence of COVID 19 based on performed Rapid Antigen Test by Piratheep kumar.R in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

Abstract

The COVID 19 outbreak represents a historically unprecedented pandemic, particularly dangerous and potentially lethal for elderly population. The biological differences in the immune systems between men and women exist which may impact our ability to fight an infection including SARS-2-CoV-2. Men tended to develop more symptomatic and serious disease than women, according to the clinical classification of severity. Age-related changes in the immune system are also different between sexes and there is a marked association between morbidity/mortality and advanced age in COVID-19. This is a single-center, retrospective, data oriented study performed at the private hospital, in Central Province, Sri Lanka. The data of the patients who performed the Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) to know whether they have infected by SARS-CoV-2 or not, were taken for analysis. Test performed date, age, sex, number of positive and negative cases, number of male and female patients were extracted. Finally the data were analyzed in simple statistical method according to the objective of the study. Totally 642 patients performed RAT within the period of one month from 11.08.2021 to 11.09.2021. Among them 426 (66.35%) are male and 216 (33.64%) are female. 20.4% (n=131) of male obtained positive result among the total male population (n=426). Likewise 11.4% (n=73) of female obtained positive result among the total male population (n=216).  Large number of positive cases was observed (34.89%) between the age group of 31-40 years in both sexes. The age group of 21-30 and 41-50 years also were shared the almost same percentage (17.13% & 17.75). The large number of positive male patients observed among the age group of 41-50 years. Almost same number of patients was observed in the age group of 21-30 and 31-40. The least number of positive cases (0.7% and 0.9%) observed almost in 0-10 and 81-90 years. When considering the females, large number of positive female patients observed among the age group of 31-40 years.

Key words: Rapid Antigen Test, Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2

Introduction

A rapid antigen test (RAT) or rapid antigen detection test (RADT), is a rapid diagnostic test suitable for point-of-care testing that directly detects the presence of an antigen. It is used to detect SARS-CoV-2 that cause COVID-19. This test is one of the type of lateral flow tests that detect protein, differentiate it from other medical tests such as antibody tests or nucleic acid tests, of either laboratory or point-of-care types. Generally 5 to 30 minutes only will take to get result and, require minimal training or infrastructure, and cost effective (1).

Sri Lanka was extremely vulnerable to the spread of COVID-19 because of its thriving tourism industry and large expatriate population. Sri Lanka almost managed two waves of Covid-19 pandemic well, but has been facing difficulties to control the third wave. The Sri Lankan government has executed stern actions to control the disease including island-wide travel restrictions. The government has been working with its development partners to take necessary action to mobilize resources to respond to the health and economic challenges posed by the pandemic (2) (3).

The COVID 19 outbreak is dangerous and fatal for elderly population. Since the beginning of the actual SARS-CoV-2 outbreak there were an evident that older people were at higher risk to get the infection and develop a more severe with bad prognosis. The mean age of patients that died was 80 years. The majority of those who are infected, that have a self-limiting infection and do recover are younger. On the other hand, those who suffer with more severe disease require intensive care unit admission and finally pass away are older (4).

Sandoval.  M., et al mentioned that the number of patients who are affected by SARS-CoV-2 with more than 80 years of age is similar to that with 65–79 years. The mortality rate in very elderly was 37.5% and this percentage was significantly higher compared to that observed in elderly. Further their findings were suggested that the age is a fundamental risk factor for mortality (5).

Since February 2020, more than 27.7 million people in US have been diagnosed with Covid-19 (6). Rates of COVID-19 deaths have increased across the Southern US, among the Hispanic population, and among adults aged 25–44 years (7). Young adults are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 because of exposure in work, academic, and social settings. According to the several database of different health organizations young adult, aged 18-29, were confirmed Coid-19 (9).

Go to:Amid of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, much emphasis was initially placed on the elderly or those who have preexisting health conditions such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes as being at high risk of contracting and/or dying of Covid-19. But it is now becoming clear that being male is also a factor. The epidemiological findings reported across different parts of the world indicated higher morbidity and mortality in males than females. While it is still too early to determine why the gender gap is emerging, this article point to several possible factors such as higher expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE 2; receptors for coronavirus) in male than female, sex-based immunological differences driven by sex hormone and X chromosome. Furthermore, a large part of this difference in number of deaths is caused by gender behavior (lifestyle), i.e., higher levels of smoking and drinking among men compared to women. Lastly, studies reported that women had more responsible attitude toward the Covid-19 pandemic than men. Irresponsible attitude among men reversibly affect their undertaking of preventive measures such as frequent handwashing, wearing of face mask, and stay at home orders.

The latest immunological study on the receptors for SARS-CoV-2 suggest that ACE2 receptors are responsible for SARS-CoV-2. According to the study by Lu and colleagues there are positive correlation of ACE2 expression and the infection of SARS-CoV (10). Based on the positive correlation between ACE 2 and coronavirus, different studies quantified the expression of ACE 2 proteins in human cells based on gender ethnicity and a study on the expression level and pattern of human ACE 2 using a single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis indicated that Asian males had higher expression of ACE 2 than female (11). Conversely, in establishing the expression of ACE 2 in the primary affected organ, a study conducted in Chinese population found that expression of ACE 2 in human lungs was extremely expressed in Asian male than female (12).

A study by Karnam and colleagues reveled that CD200-CD200R and sex are host factors that together determine the outcome of viral infection. Further a review on association between sex differences in immune responses stated that sex-based immunological differences contribute to variations in the susceptibility to infectious diseases and responses to vaccines in males and females (13). The concept of sex-based immunological differences driven by sex hormone and X chromosome has been well demonstrated via the animal study by Elgendy et al (14) (35). They were concluded the study that estrogen played big role in blocking some viral infection.

The biological differences in the immune systems between men and women may cause impact on fight for infection. Females are more resistant to infections than men and which mediated by certain factors including sex hormones. Further, women have more responsible attitude toward the Covid-19 pandemic than men such as frequent hand washing, wearing of face mask, and stay at home (15).

Most of the studies with Covid-19 patients indicate that males are mostly (more than 50%) affected than females (16) (17) (18). Although the deceased patients were significantly older than the patients who survived COVID-19, ages were comparable between males and females in both the deceased and the patients who survived (18).

A report in The Lancet and Global Health 5050 summary showed that sex-disaggregated data are essential to understanding the distribution of risk, infection and disease in the population, and the extent to which sex and gender affect clinical outcomes (19). The degree of outbreaks which affect men and women in different ways is an important to design the effective equitable policies and interventions (20). A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted to assess the sex difference in acquiring COVID-19 with 57 studies that revealed that the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 confirmed cases among men and women was 55% and 45% respectively (21). A study in Ontario, Canada showed that men were more likely to test positive (22) (23). In Pakistan 72% of COVID-19 cases were male (24). Moreover, the Global Health 5050 data showed that the number of COVID-19 confirmed cases and the death rate due to the disease are high among men in different countries. This might be because behavioral factors and roles which increase the risk of acquiring COVID-19 for men than women. (25) (26) (27).

Men mostly involved in several activities such as alcohol consumption, being involved in key activities during burial rites, and working in basic sectors and occupations that require them to continue being active, to work outside their homes and to interact with other people even during the containment phase. Therefore, men have increased level of exposure and high risk of getting COVID-19 (28) (29) (30).

Men tended to develop more symptomatic and serious disease than women, according to the clinical classification of severity (31). The same incidence also noticed during the previous coronavirus epidemics. Biological sex variation is said to be one of the reasons for the sex discrepancy in COVID-19 cases, severity and mortality (32) (33). Women are in general able to stand a strong immune response to infections and vaccinations (34).

The X chromosome is known to contain the largest number of immune-related genes in the whole genome. With their XX chromosome, women have a double copy of key immune genes compared with a single copy in XY in men. This showed that the reaction against infection would be contain both innate and adaptive immune response. Therefore the immune systems of females are generally more responsive than females and it indirectly reflects that women are able to challenge the coronavirus more effectively but this has not been proven (32).

Sex differences in the prevalence and outcomes of infectious diseases occur at all ages, with an overall higher burden of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections in human males (36) (37) (38) (39). The Hong Kong SARS-CoV-1 epidemic showed an age-adjusted relative mortality risk ratio of 1.62 (95% CI = 1.21, 2.16) for males (40). During the same outbreak in Singapore, male sex was associated with an odds ratio of 3.10 (95% CI = 1.64, 5.87; p ≤ 0.001) for ITU admission or death (41). The Saudi Arabian MERS outbreak in 2013 - 2014 exhibited a case fatality rate of 52% in men and 23% in women (42). Sex differences in both the innate and adaptive immune system have been previously reported and may account for the female advantage in COVID-19. Within the adaptive immune system, females have higher numbers of CD4+ T (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) cells, more robust CD8+ T cell cytotoxic activity (49), and increased B cell production of immunoglobulin compared to males (43) (50). Female B cells also produce more antigen-specific IgG in response to TIV (51).

Age-related changes in the immune system are also different between sexes and there is a marked association between morbidity/mortality and advanced age in COVID-19 (52). For example, males show an age-related decline in B cells and a trend towards accelerated immune ageing. This may further contribute to the sex bias seen in COVID-19 (53).

Hence, this single center, retrospective, data oriented study performed to identify the gender age influences the RAT results and the rate of positive cases before and after the lockdown.

Methodology

This is a single-center, retrospective, data oriented study performed at the private hospital, Central Province, Sri Lanka. The data of the patients who performed the Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) from 11.08.2021to 11.0.2021 to know whether they have infected by SARS-CoV-2 or not, were taken for analysis. The authors developed a data extraction form on an Excel sheet and the following data from main data sheet. Test performed date, age, sex, number of positive and negative cases, number of female patients and number of male patients were extracted. Mistyping of data was resolved by crosschecking. Finally the data were analyzed in simple statistical method according to the objective of the study.

Results and discussion

Totally 642 patients performed RAT within the period of one month from 11.08.2021 to 11.09.2021. Among them 426 (66.35%) are male and 216 (33.64%) are female. Men mostly involved in several activities such as alcohol consumption, being involved in key activities during burial rites, and working in basic sectors and occupations that require them to continue being active, to work outside their homes and to interact with other people even during the containment phase. Therefore, men have increased level of exposure and high risk of getting COVID-19 (28) (29) (30). The present data descriptive study also were supported certain previous research findings.

The number of male patients got positive result in RAT among the total male patients who performed RAT on every day. According to that, 20.4% (n=131) of male obtained positive result among the total male population (n=426). Philip Goulder, professor of immunology at the University of Oxford stated that women’s immune response to the virus is stronger since they have two X chromosomes which is important when talk about the immune response against SARS-Cov-2. Because the protein by which viruses such as coronavirus are detected is fixed on the X chromosome. This is exactly looks like females have double protection compare to male. The present study also showed that large number of RAT positive cases were observed in males compare to females. Gender based lifestyle would have been another possibility for large number of males got positive in RATs. There are important behavioral differences between the sexes according to certain previous research findings (54).

Shows that the number of female patients got positive result in RAT among the total female patients who performed RAT on every day. According to that, 11.4% (n=73) of female obtained positive result among the total male population (n=216).

The relations between the number of positive cases before and after the lockdown. The lockdown declared by the tenth day from the initial day when the data was taken for analysis. The red vertical line differentiates the period as two such as before and after the lockdown. Though there was no decline observed as soon as immediately considerable decline was observed after the 21 days of onset of lockdown. Staying at home, avoiding physical contacts, and avoiding exposure in crowded areas are the best way to prevent the spread of Covid – 19 (54). However the significant decline would be able to see after three weeks only from the date of lockdown since the incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 is 14-21 days. The continuous study should be conducted in order to prove it. However the molecular mechanism of COVID-19 transmission pathway from human to human is still not resolved, the common transmission of respiratory diseases is droplet sprinkling. In this type of spreading, a sick person is exposed to this microbe to people around him by coughing or sneezing. Only the way to prevent these kind of respiratory diseases might be prevent the people to make close contact (54) (55). Approximately 214 countries reported the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases (56). Countries including Sri Lanka have taken very serious constraints such as announced vacation for schools, allowed the employers to work from home and etc. to slow down the COVID 19 outbreak. The lockdown days differ by countries. Countries have set the days when the lockdown started and ended according to the COVID-19 effect on their public. Some countries have extended the lockdown by many days due to COVID-19 continues its influence intensely on the public (57) (58).

The incidence of Covid-19 and age group. Accordingly large number was observed (34.89%) between the age group of 31-40 years in both sexes. The age group of 21-30 and 41-50 years also were shared the almost same percentage (17.13% & 17.75). A study provides evidence that the growing COVID-19 epidemics in the US in 2020 have been driven by adults aged 20 to 49 and, in particular, adults aged 35 to 49, before and after school reopening (59). However many researches pointed out that adults over the age of 60 years are more susceptible to infection since their immune system gradually loses its resiliency.

The relations between the positive number of male & female patients and the age group of total patients. According to that the large number of positive male patients observed among the age group of 41-50 years. Almost same number of patients was observed in the age group of 21-30 and 31-40. The least number of positive cases (0.7% and 0.9%) observed almost in 0-10 and 81-90 years. When considering the females, large number of positive female patients observed among the age group of 31-40 years. In USA Ministry of Health has reported 444 921 COVID-19 cases and 15 756 deaths as of August 31. For men, most reported cases were persons aged 30–39 years (22.7%), followed by 20–29 year-olds (20.1%) and 40–49 year-olds (17.1%). Most reported deaths were seniors, especially 70–79 year-olds (29.5%), followed by those aged 80 years and older (29.2%), and 60–69 year-olds (22.8%). Also found a similar pattern for women, except that most deaths were reported among women aged 80 years and older (44.4%) (60).

Conclusion

The present study showed that the male are mostly got positive in RAT test than female. Further comparing the old age young age group in both sexes were noticed as positive in RAT. Moreover there were no relationship observed before and after the lockdown and trend of Covid-19

 The limitations of the study

This study has several limitations.

Only 1 hospital was studied.

More than the absence of specific data on mobility patterns or transportation, detail of recovery, detail of mortality etc.

The COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing so statistical analysis should continue. There are conflicting statements regarding lockdown by countries on COVID-19.

The effect of the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on human health may be the subject of future work.

[agp]

hey if youre on turtle island or still tuesday and feel like trying a quick silly browser game you should check out tradle. (i think it updates at midnight based on time zones?) todays is real fun i prommy.

you get five guesses to figure out a country from its export data, and after each guess they tell you how far away you are and what direction the county youre looking for is. i know it sounds like a ridiculous challenge but this one has a bunch of easy hints and giveaways that are accessible to your average westerner

if its wednesday by now or you want to see the data presented differently check out this silly economy under the cut (bolded 'spoilers' ig)

total export value: 371b (usd)

gold: 86.7b (23%}

packaged meds: 48.5b (13%)

vaccines, blood, cultures, etc: 40.3b (11%)

base metal watches: 15.2b (4%)

nitrogen heterocyclic compounds: 14.2b (4%)

jewlery: 9.35b (2.5%)

precious metal watches: 8.97b (2.5%)

orthopedic appliances: 7.02b (2%)

hormones: 3.38b

coffee: 3.36b

electricity: 3.19b

medical instruments: 3.09b

machinery w indv functions: 3.04b

platinum: 2.54b

chemical analysis instruments: 2.27b

nucleic acids: 2.17b

valves: 2.17b

silver: 2.01b

electric motors: 1.78b

scented mixtures: 1.72b

sulfonamides: 1.71b

diamonds: 1.64b

planes, helicopters, and spacecraft: 1.63b

beauty products: 1.58b

other heating machinery: 1.43b

flavored water: 1.43b

gas turbines: 1.38b

low voltage protection eq: 1.34b

gas and liquid flow measuring inst: 1.3b

carboxyamide compounds: 1.26b

other measuring instruments: 1.24b

air pumps: 1.16b

motor vehicles, parts, and acc: 1.14b

petroleum gas: 1.12b

electrical transformers: 1.11b

aluminum plating: 1.07b

other plastic products: 1.01b

metal working machine parts: 988m

vitamins: 965m

polyamides: 963m

washing and bottling machines: 925m

chocolate: 887m

oxygen amino compounds: 885m

integrated circuits: 884m

iron fasteners: 881m

paintings: 873m

transmissions: 855m

special pharmaceuticals: 837m

insulated wire: 828m

electrical power accessories: 826m

plastic lids: 818m

cheese: 800m

antibiotics: 797m

liquid pumps: 797m

cars: 789m

ink: 752m

non mechanical removal machinery: 737m

trunks and cases: 734m

centrifuges: 730m

interchangeable tool parts: 728m

high voltage protection eq: 705m

hand saws: 693m

other edible preparations: 680m

electric heaters: 679m

electrical control boards: 672m

polyacetals: 664m

plastic pipes: 636m

electric soldering equipment: 616m

precious metal compounds: 608m

industrial fatty acids, oils, and alcohols: 608m

hot rolled iron bars: 590m

self propelled rail transport: 582m

refined petroleum: 577m

hydrazine or hydroxylamine derivatives: 565m

precious stones: 563m

rubber working machinery: 561m

unpackaged meds: 557m

other iron products: 553m

precious metal scraps 550m

computers: 545m

surveying equipment: 523m

other plastic sheetings: 519m

metal finishing machines: 516m

scrap copper: 514m

semiconductor devices: 511m

raw plastic sheeting: 494m

documents or title and stamps: 490m

rolled tobacco: 487m

malt extract: 469m

other electrical machinery: 467m

other paper machinery: 450m

oxygen heterocyclic compounds: 441m

non knit mens suits: 441m

synthetic coloring matter: 436m

locomotive parts: 432m

non knit womens suits: 428m

iron structures: 424m

leather footwear: 421m

industrial printers: 415m

lifting machinery: 415m

scrap iron: 412m

therapeutic appliances: 410m

office machine parts: 410m

other clocks and watches: 405m

metal molds: 403m

other furniture: 403m

glaziers putty: 377m

liquid dispersing machines: 376m

knitting machine accessories: 370m

other small iron pipes: 369m

broadcasting equipment: 367m

aircraft parts: 363m

industrial food prep machinery: 362m

glues: 357m

pesticides: 349m

oscilloscopes: 344m

raw aluminum: 344m

knit sweaters: 339m

optical fibers and bundles: 334m

excavation machinery: 332m

non iron/steel slag ash and residue: 319m

carboxylic acids: 315m

xray equipment: 315m

electric motor parts: 315m

watch straps: 313m

tanks and armoured vehicles: 310m

forging machines: 309m

cleaning products: 306m

metalworking transfer machines: 298m

animal food: 294m

combustion engines: 282m

engine parts: 271m

electric generating sets: 254m

scrap aluminum: 249m

laboratory reagents: 249m

perfumes: 244m

other rubber products: 241m

photo lab equipment: 240m

wheat: 236m

lubricating products: 234m

printed circuit boards: 233m

aluminum bars: 230m

explosive ammunition: 230m

brooms: 224m

lcds: 223m

refrigerators: 223m

motorcycles and cycles: 221m

large construction vehicles: 221m

coal briquettes: 221m

corn: 220m

aluminum cans: 219m

textile footwear: 217m

thermostats: 207m

coffee and tea extracts: 206m

other aluminum products: 204m

ball bearings: 203m

knives: 199m

machines for additive mnf: 195m

raw iron bars: 187m

delivery trucks: 185m

milling stones: 176m

aluminum foil: 170m

collectors items: 169m

soybean oil: 169m

wood fiberboard: 166m

other stainless steel bars: 164m

sculptures: 160m

cutting blades: 159m

baked goods: 150m

navigation equipment: 146m

hydrometers: 137m

watch cases and parts: 134m

laboratory ceramic wear: 134m

wood carpentry: 124m

mirrors and lenses: 117m

[a-typical]

The living cell is a regime as complex and beautiful as the realm of the galaxies and the stars. The elaborate machinery of the cell has been painstakingly evolved over four billion years. Fragments of food are transmogrified into cellular machinery. Today’s white blood cell is yesterday’s creamed spinach. How does the cell do it? Inside is a labyrinthine and subtle architecture that maintains its own structure, transforms molecules, stores energy and prepares for self-replication. If we could enter a cell, many of the molecular specks we would see would be protein molecules, some in frenzied activity, others merely waiting. The most important proteins are enzymes, molecules that control the cell’s chemical reactions. Enzymes are like assembly-line workers, each specializing in a particular molecular job: Step 4 in the construction of the nucleotide guanosine phosphate, say, or Step 11 in the dismantling of a molecule of sugar to extract energy, the currency that pays for getting the other cellular jobs done. But the enzymes do not run the show. They receive their instructions—and are in fact themselves constructed—on orders sent from those in charge. The boss molecules are the nucleic acids. They live sequestered in a forbidden city in the deep interior, in the nucleus of the cell.  If we plunged through a pore into the nucleus of the cell, we would find something that resembles an explosion in a spaghetti factory—a disorderly multitude of coils and strands, which are the two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA, which knows what to do, and RNA, which conveys the instructions issued by DNA to the rest of the cell. These are the best that four billion years of evolution could produce, containing the full complement of information on how to make a cell, a tree or a human work.

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Periodic Table Championship: Round 2, Day 1, Nitrogen vs. Tin

The seventh match of day 1 of round 2 of the championship has element 7, nitrogen, facing off against element 50, tin. Last round, nitrogen beat darmstadtium with 82.8% of the votes, while tin had a slightly closer match, beating dysprosium with 70.6% of the votes. A reminder of our challengers:

Nitrogen is a nonmetal that exists in diatomic form. About 78% of Earth’s atmosphere is nitrogen gas and it occurs in all known biological organisms in the form of amino acids and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). It is well known as a component of fertilizers and explosives. Its name comes from the French for nitre producing, though several languages still use alternative names, including azote, from the Greek for no life (as nitrogen gas is an asphyxiant).

Tin is a soft post-transition metal that has a near room temperature solid-state phase transformation, crystalizing as malleable beta tin with a body centered tetragonal crystal structure above ~13°C (56°F) and brittle alpha tin with a diamond cubic crystal structure below. The first evidence of tin extraction comes from the Bronze age, and is well known for its use in alloys such as bronze, pewter, and bell metal. The origin of the name comes from Germanic languages, while the symbol comes from the Latin term for the metal, stannum.

[pathologylab]

Introducing G2M’s newly launched EZY-AutoPrep—an automated #NGS library preparation workstation capable of constructing 24 sample libraries in a single run. With user-friendly software and supporting hardware, EZY-#AutoPrep ensures quick sample processing, delivering a seamless library preparation experience. Features include heating, cooling, #magnetic plate lifting, #PCR cycling, UV sterilization, and efficient purification which ensures precise, contamination-free library construction.

#Revolutionize your #NGS workflow with EZY-AutoPrep.

Visit our website for more information: https://genes2me.com/automated-ngs-library-sample-preparation

For more details, Call us at +91-8800821778 or drop us an email at social@genes2me.com

#rtpcr #genes2me #nextgenerationsequencing #nextgeneration #sequencing #automated #ivd #dna #rna #protocols #nucleicacid

[improvingveterinarydiagnostics]

IndiMag 2: Effortless Automation for Veterinary Labs!

Transform your lab workflow with the versatile and user-friendly IndiMag 2! Designed to streamline nucleic acid extraction, this automated system offers exceptional performance across a wide range of sample types, with precise temperature control and enhanced safety features.

🔬 Key Features: 🔹 Process 1 to 48 samples at once 🔹 Intuitive touchscreen interface 🔹 Extensive temperature range (4°C to 100°C) 🔹 Built-in UV light for process safety

Made in Germany, the IndiMag 2 ensures flexible, accurate, and reliable nucleic acid extraction. Ready to elevate your lab’s capabilities?

Contact us today and see IndiMag 2 in action: https://www.indical.com/indimag2/.

[fcadcom]

Tris Buffer: The Indispensable Tool for Biochemical Research – Why ChemWhat Brand Leads the Global Market Applications of Tris Buffer Tris Buffer (Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane) is a widely used buffer in biochemistry and molecular biology due to its versatile applications. Below are its main uses and advantages: 1. pH Stabilization in Biological Reactions - Enzyme Reactions: Tris Buffer ensures a stable pH environment, maintaining enzyme activity and functionality during biochemical processes. - Protein Studies: It prevents protein denaturation or aggregation caused by pH fluctuations, making it essential for protein purification and analysis. 2. Electrophoresis - DNA/RNA Electrophoresis: Tris, when combined with acetate (TAE) or borate (TBE), serves as a buffer for gel electrophoresis, facilitating the uniform migration of nucleic acids under an electric field. - Protein Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE): It is a critical component in running and transfer buffers, ensuring optimal separation and transfer of proteins. 3. Cell and Tissue Culture In cell and tissue culture, Tris Buffer is often incorporated into media to maintain extracellular pH stability, supporting healthy cell growth and metabolic activities. 4. Nucleic Acid and Protein Solubilization - DNA/RNA Extraction: Tris Buffer is used to dissolve and stabilize nucleic acids, protecting them from degradation in acidic or alkaline conditions. - Protein Preparation: It provides a stable environment during protein solubilization and storage, preventing degradation or loss of activity. 5. Immunological Assays In applications like Western Blotting or ELISA, Tris-based buffers (e.g., TBST with Tween-20) are commonly used for washing, blocking, or antibody dilution, ensuring consistent and reliable results. 6. Custom Buffer Systems Tris is highly adaptable and can be combined with other reagents to create specific buffer systems: - Tris-HCl: A standard buffer for a wide range of applications. - TBS (Tris-Buffered Saline): Widely used in immunology experiments. Key Features of Tris Buffer - Wide Buffering Range: Effective in the pH range of 7.0–9.0, making it suitable for many biological systems. - Temperature Sensitivity: Tris’s pKa (~8.1) is temperature-dependent, allowing precise pH adjustments for specific experimental conditions. - Compatibility: Works well with nucleic acids, proteins, and various biochemical reactions. ChemWhat: The Global Leader in Tris Buffer Supply ChemWhat stands as the world’s largest brand of Tris Buffer, dominating the market with unparalleled production capacity and cost advantages. Why Choose ChemWhat for Tris Buffer? - Absolute Price Advantage: ChemWhat’s scale of operations enables it to offer the most competitive prices in the market without compromising on quality. - Massive Production Capacity: With cutting-edge manufacturing facilities and rigorous quality control, ChemWhat ensures a consistent and reliable supply to meet the demands of laboratories and industries worldwide. - Global Reach: ChemWhat’s extensive distribution network ensures timely delivery, whether for research labs, pharmaceutical companies, or large-scale industrial applications. Tris Buffer is indispensable in a wide range of biochemical and molecular biology applications. ChemWhat’s unmatched expertise, production scale, and cost efficiency make it the ideal partner for sourcing Tris Buffer at any scale, from research-grade to industrial-grade requirements. Sales Link: Tris Buffer CAS: 77-86-1 on Watson Read the full article

[geneticteacher123]

Biological Labs supplies are: 1- Refrigerator (- 20) use to tore variety of samples at a very specific temperature range, 2- Ultra Low Temperature freezer (- 80) use to store samples for long period of time, 3- Distillation unit use for remove impurities from water by converting water into steam, 4- Liquid Nitrogen Containers are best for storage and transportation, 5- Electronic Balance use for obtaining the weight or mass of objects, 6- Laminar Flow Cabinet use for safely working with biosafety level by providing personal, environment and working protection as a contamination free work environment, 7- pH Meter use to measure hydrogen ion activity in water base solutions indicating its acidity or alkalinity which expressed as pH, 8- Water Bath use to incubate samples in water at a constant temperature over long period of time, 9- Hot Plate use to stir and heat solution simultaneously, 10- Microwave use for heating samples and solution for diverse experiments, 11- Incubator use in tissue culture and microbial genetic labs purposes, 12- Autoclave uses steam under pressure to sterilize labs apparatus, 13- Hot Air Oven use dry heat to sterilize labs apparatus, 14- Mechanical Shaker use to mix, blend or agitate substances in bottles or flasks by shaking, 15- Vortex use for mixing or agitate labs samples in test tubes for homogenization with high degree of precision , 16- Centrifuge is a device uses centrifugal force to separate various components of fluid on the basis of densities at controlled temperature, 17- Light Microscope use to view objects which are too small to see or explore with eye, 18- Mixer Mill is a grinding small amounts of samples use to mix and homogenize powders and suspensions in seconds for DNA, RNA and Proteins extractions, 19- Spectrophotometer measures the light intensity as a function of wavelength and use to measure the concentration of compound in aqueous solution, 20- Nanodrop is a quickly and easily quantify concentration of samples containing protein and nucleic acid even with a very small quantity of samples (2 microliters), 21- Real-Time PCR system use for detection and quantification nucleic acid sequences by measuring cycle accumulation, 22- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis use to separate and analyze macromolecules DNA and RNA on the basis of molecular size and charge, 23- SDS- PAGE use to separate and analyze protein on the basis of molecule size, 24- UV Illuminator use to view nucleic acids and protein suspended within polyacrylamide or agarose gels, 25- Gel Documentation system offer high image quality for analyzing Agarose or polyacrylamide gels #geneticteacher

[marialabtro]

Nucleic Acid Extractor System LT-NAE303

Labtro  Nucleic Acid Extractor uses magnetic particle technology for efficient bead-based nucleic acid purification. Featuring UV-contamination control, heating functions, and a compact design, it ensures rapid, high-throughput extraction with short operation times. User-friendly, customizable programs enhance convenience and precision.