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dr-smita-goel-homeopathy-clinic · 7 months ago

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*Dr. Smita Goel Homeopathy Clinic*

www.thehomeopathyclinic.co.in

*Sunburn* — red, painful skin that feels hot to the touch — usually appears within a few hours after too much exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from sunshine or artificial sources, such as sunlamps.

Intense, repeated sun exposure that results in sunburn increases your risk of other skin damage and certain diseases. These include dry or wrinkled skin, dark spots, rough spots, and skin cancers, such as melanoma. You can usually find sunburn relief with simply home remedies. Sunburn may take several days or longer to fade.

You can prevent sunburn and related conditions by protecting your skin. This is especially important when you're outdoors, even on cool or cloudy days.

Symptoms

Sunburn signs and symptoms include:

Pinkness or redness

Skin that feels warm or hot to the touch

Pain, tenderness and itching

Swelling

Small fluid-filled blisters, which may break

Headache, fever, nausea and fatigue if the sunburn is severe

Any exposed part of your body — including your earlobes, scalp and lips — can burn. Even covered areas can burn if, for example, your clothing has a loose weave that allows ultraviolet (UV) light through. Your eyes, which are extremely sensitive to the sun's UV light, also can burn. Sunburned eyes may feel painful or gritty.

Signs and symptoms of sunburn usually appear within a few hours after sun exposure. But it may take a day or longer to know the full extent of your sunburn.

Within a few days, your body may start to heal itself by "peeling" the top layer of damaged skin. After peeling, your skin may temporarily have an irregular color and pattern. A bad sunburn may take several days or longer to heal.

When to see a doctor

See your doctor if the sunburn:

Is blistering and covers a large portion of your body

Is accompanied by a high fever, extreme pain, headache, confusion, nausea or chills

Doesn't improve within a few days

Also seek medical care if you notice signs or symptoms of an infection. These include:

Increasing pain and tenderness

Increasing swelling

Yellow drainage (pus) from an open blister

Red streaks leading away from the open blister.

*Causes*

Skin layers and melanin

Sunburns are caused by exposure to too much ultraviolet (UV) light. UV radiation is a wavelength of sunlight in a range too short for the human eye to see. Ultraviolet A (UVA) is the type of solar radiation most associated with skin aging (photoaging). Ultraviolet B (UVB) is associated with sunburn. Exposure to both types of radiation is associated with developing skin cancer. Sunlamps and tanning beds also produce UV light and can cause sunburn.

Melanin is the dark pigment in the outer layer of skin (epidermis) that gives your skin its normal color. When you're exposed to UV light, your body protects itself by accelerating the production of melanin. The extra melanin creates the darker color of a tan.

A suntan is your body's way of blocking the UV rays to prevent sunburn and other skin damage. But the protection only goes so far. The amount of melanin you produce is determined genetically. Many people simply don't produce enough melanin to protect the skin well. Eventually, UV light causes the skin to burn, bringing pain, redness and swelling.

You can get sunburn on cool, hazy or cloudy days. As much as 80 percent of UV rays pass through clouds. Snow, sand, water and other surfaces can reflect UV rays, burning your skin as severely as direct sunlight.

*Risk factors*

Risk factors for sunburn include:

Having light skin, blue eyes, and red or blond hair

Living or vacationing somewhere sunny, warm or at high altitude

Working outdoors

Mixing outdoor recreation and drinking alcohol

Having a history of sunburn

Regularly exposing unprotected skin to UV light from sunlight or artificial sources, such as tanning beds

Taking a drug that makes you more likely to burn (photosensitizing medications)

Complications

Intense, repeated sun exposure that results in sunburn increases your risk of other skin damage and certain diseases. These include premature aging of your skin (photoaging) and skin cancer.

Premature aging of your skin

Sun exposure and repeated sunburns accelerate the skin's aging process, making you look older than you are. Skin changes caused by UV light are called photoaging. The results of photoaging include:

Weakening of connective tissues, which reduces the skin's strength and elasticity

Deep wrinkles

Dry, rough skin

Fine red veins on your cheeks, nose and ears

Freckles, mostly on your face and shoulders

Dark or discolored spots (macules) on your face, back of hands, arms, chest and upper back — also called solar lentigines (len-TIJ-ih-neze)

Precancerous skin lesions

Precancerous skin lesions appear as rough, scaly patches in areas that have been damaged by the sun. They may be whitish, pink, tan or brown. They're usually found on the sun-exposed areas of the head, face, neck and hands of light-skinned people. These patches can evolve into skin cancer. They're also called actinic keratoses (ak-TIN-ik ker-uh-TOE-seez) and solar keratoses.

*Skin cancer*

Excessive sun exposure, even without sunburn, increases your risk of skin cancer, such as melanoma. It can damage the DNA of skin cells. Sunburns in childhood and adolescence may increase your risk of developing melanoma later in life.

Skin cancer develops mainly on areas of the body most exposed to sunlight, including the scalp, face, lips, ears, neck, chest, arms, hands and legs. Skin cancer on the leg is more common in women than in men.

Some types of skin cancer appear as a small growth or a sore that bleeds easily, crusts over, heals and then reopens. With melanoma, an existing mole may change or a new, suspicious-looking mole may develop. A type of melanoma called lentigo maligna develops in areas of long-term sun exposure. It starts as a tan flat spot that slowly darkens and enlarges.

See your doctor if you notice a new skin growth, a bothersome change in your skin, a change in the appearance or texture of a mole, or a sore that doesn't heal.

*Eye damage*

The sun can also burn your eyes. Too much UV light damages the retina, lens or cornea. Sun damage to the lens can lead to clouding of the lens (cataracts). Sunburned eyes may feel painful or gritty. Sunburn of the cornea is also called snow blindness.

*Prevention*

Use these methods to prevent sunburn, even on cool, cloudy or hazy days. And be extra careful around water, snow and sand because they reflect the sun's rays. In addition, UV light is more intense at high altitudes.

Avoid sun exposure between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. The sun's rays are strongest during these hours, so try to schedule outdoor activities for other times. If you can't do that, limit the length of time you're in the sun. Seek shade when possible.

Avoid sun tanning and tanning beds. Using tanning beds to obtain a base tan doesn't decrease your risk of sunburn.

Cover up. When outside, wear a wide-brimmed hat and clothing that covers you, including your arms and legs. Dark colors offer more protection, as do tightly woven fabrics. Consider using outdoor gear specially designed to provide sun protection. Check the label for its ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), which indicates how effectively a fabric blocks damaging sunlight. The higher the number, the better.

Use sunscreen frequently and generously. Apply water-resistant sunscreen and lip balm with an SPF of 30 or greater and broad-spectrum protection against UVA and UVB rays. About 15 to 30 minutes before going outdoors, apply sunscreen generously on skin that won't be protected by clothing.

Put on more sunscreen every 40 to 80 minutes, or sooner if it has washed off from swimming or sweating. If you're also using insect repellent, apply the sunscreen first. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention does not recommend products that combine an insect repellent with a sunscreen.

The Food and Drug Administration requires all sunscreen to retain its original strength for at least three years. Check the sunscreen labels for directions on storing and expiration dates. Throw sunscreen away if it's expired or more than three years old.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends using other forms of sun protection, such as shade or clothing, for babies and toddlers. Keep them cool and hydrated. You may use sunscreen on babies and toddlers when sun protective clothing and shade aren't available. The best products for them are those that contain physical blockers (titanium oxide, zinc oxide), as they may cause less skin irritation.

Wear sunglasses when outdoors. Choose sunglasses with UVA and UVB protection. Check the UV rating on the label when buying new glasses. Darker lenses are not necessarily better at blocking UV rays. It also helps to wear sunglasses that fit close to your face and have wraparound frames that block sunlight from all angles.

Be aware of medications that increase your sensitivity to the sun. Common drugs that make you more sensitive to sunlight include antihistamines, ibuprofen, certain antibiotics, antidepressants, antipsychotics and some cholesterol-lowering drugs. Talk with your pharmacist about your medication side effects.

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dnaamericaapp · 1 year ago

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Black Men Are At An Increased Risk For Melanoma, Study Finds

Across 205,125 cases of male patients diagnosed with cutaneous invasive melanoma from 2004 to 2018 tracked by the National Cancer Database, the five-year survival rate was the lowest for Black men at 51.7%. The rate of survival was the highest for white men, at 75.1%, compared to the other racial groups in a study done by the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (JAAD).

White men are more likely to get melanoma, according to the CDC, the study found that Black people have a 26% higher risk of death from melanoma than the white population.

Cutaneous melanoma — a form of cancer that begins in pigment-producing cells — is the most aggressive and fatal form of skin cancer, according to the National Library of Medicine.

Although it is not clear what factors contribute to an increased mortality risk for Black men with melanoma, the study found that Black men were less likely to have private insurance, and men more broadly were less likely to seek medical care than women, which can result in men being diagnosed at a later stage, according to Ashley Wysong, chair of the department of dermatology at the University of Nebraska Medical Center and a co-author of the study.

Racial disparities have put Black patients at a disadvantage for years, with racial bias as a major factor. A 2019 study published in Science found evidence that racial bias in an algorithm used by health care providers affects the amount of money spent on Black patients and also labels Black patients as healthier than white patients who are equally as sick.

JAAD’s study also found that melanoma-related disparities also exist among Black women, who had the highest percentage of tumors in the lower-extremity, which include legs, ankles and feet.

Wysong recommends that people go to a board-certified dermatologist if they notice any lesions on the skin that are new, bleeding or not healing. -(source: nbc news)

DNA America

“it’s what we know, not what you want us to believe.”

#dna #dnaamerica #news #politics

#dna #news #politics #dnaamerica

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serioussideblog · 7 months ago

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You do not want sunburn. Sunburns are actually one risk factor for skin cancer, but even without sunburns, overexposure to sun can lead to skin cancer.

Tanning beds can also lead to skin cancer.

You do not want skin cancer.

Wear sunscreen. It prevents lots of skin issues including sunburn and skin cancer.

Get checked for skin cancer periodically. Check yourself for skin changes that could indicate skin cancer at least once a year.

Stay hydrated. Many sunscreens have moisturizer in them. You also need to hydrate the rest of you. If you gotta set alarms or something, do it.

Watch for signs of heat sickness. The signs of heat exhaustion and heat stroke are above.

Hats are good. Large brims will help protect you from the sun, and they look awesome.

Sunglasses freaking rock. The darker the shades, the better. Not only will you be protecting yourself from sensory overload and sun damage to your retinas, but there is such a thing as ocular melanoma, and you don’t want that.

If you’re going to be riding a bike, trike, scooter, skateboard, or other such thing, or you’re going rollerblading, roller skating, etc., wear a helmet, preferably one with a brim. For skateboarding, roller skating, and rollerblading, you should also wear elbow pads, knee pads, and wrist guards.

If you don’t know how to swim, find a class or stay in shallow water.

Drowning is silent. Keep an eye on kids in and around water. Actually, everyone should have someone keeping an eye on them in and around water.

Mosquitoes can carry diseases. Find an environmentally friendly mosquito repellent, or use a large fan. Or both.

Fireworks are hot and explosive. Even a sparkler can cause injuries if used improperly. Do not touch a sparkler at the burned area, do not try to re-light a dud firework, and for large fireworks, leave them to the professionals. Do not use any fireworks indoors, even party poppers. Do not use any fireworks in areas with a high risk of wildfires.

Hello everybody with summer fast approaching here is your regular reminder that:

Everyone needs to wear sunscreen

SPF 50 is pretty much the best protection you can get, an SPF higher than that will have the same effect

Melanin does not protect you from skin cancer

Tanning is caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Spending the majority of your life receiving regular large doses of UV radiation without any skin protection is a good way to get skin cancer

Don't use tanning beds, and don't go sun tanning

Wear your fucking sunscreen

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drcpanda12 · 3 days ago

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Cancer is challenging to cure due to its complexity and variability. It involves numerous types of diseases, each with different characteristics, genetic mutations, and responses to treatment. Cancer cells can adapt, evolve, and develop resistance to therapies, making it difficult to target and eliminate them entirely without harming healthy cells. Cancer is difficult to cure for several key reasons: Cellular diversity: Cancer cells within a tumor can be genetically diverse, making uniform treatment challenging. Adaptability: Cancer cells can rapidly evolve and develop resistance to treatments. Similarity to normal cells: Cancer cells originate from normal cells, making it hard to target them without harming healthy tissue. Spread and metastasis: By the time cancer is detected, it may have already spread to other parts of the body. Complexity: Cancer involves multiple genetic and environmental factors, making it a highly complex disease. Immune evasion: Cancer cells can develop mechanisms to hide from or suppress the immune system. Heterogeneity between patients: Each person's cancer can be unique, requiring personalized treatment approaches. Cancer is Not a Single Disease Cancer is a term that encompasses a wide variety of diseases, each with its own unique characteristics and behaviors. Here are some examples to illustrate this diversity: Breast Cancer vs. Lung Cancer Breast Cancer: This type of cancer originates in the cells of the breast. It can be hormone receptor-positive, meaning it grows in response to hormones like estrogen or progesterone. Treatments often include hormone therapy, chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Lung Cancer: This cancer starts in the lungs and is often associated with smoking. It can be classified into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Treatments may include targeted therapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. Despite both being cancers, the origins, behaviors, and treatments for breast cancer and lung cancer are quite different. Leukemia vs. Melanoma Leukemia: This is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. It leads to the production of abnormal white blood cells. Leukemia is treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and sometimes stem cell transplants. Melanoma: This is a type of skin cancer that develops from melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. It is often caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Treatments include surgery, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiation. Leukemia affects the blood and bone marrow, while melanoma affects the skin, highlighting the diverse nature of cancers. Prostate Cancer vs. Pancreatic Cancer Prostate Cancer: This cancer occurs in the prostate gland in men. It is often slow-growing and may not require immediate treatment. Options include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy. Pancreatic Cancer: This is a highly aggressive cancer that starts in the pancreas. It is often diagnosed at a late stage and has a poor prognosis. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy Genetic Mutations and Variability Genetic mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell. These mutations can lead to significant variability in how cancers develop and respond to treatment. Here are some examples to illustrate this concept: BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations in Breast Cancer BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes: Mutations in these genes significantly increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers. These genes normally help repair DNA damage, but when mutated, they fail to do so, leading to cancer development. Example: Angelina Jolie famously underwent a preventive double mastectomy after discovering she carried a BRCA1 mutation, which gave her an estimated 87% risk of breast cancer1. EGFR Mutations in Lung Cancer EGFR Gene: Mutations in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) gene are common in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These mutations cause cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.

Example: Patients with EGFR mutations often respond well to targeted therapies like gefitinib or erlotinib, which specifically inhibit the EGFR protein2. KRAS Mutations in Colorectal Cancer KRAS Gene: Mutations in the KRAS gene are found in about 40% of colorectal cancers. These mutations lead to continuous cell growth and division. Example: KRAS mutations can make colorectal cancer resistant to certain targeted therapies, such as those targeting the EGFR pathway3. TP53 Mutations in Various Cancers TP53 Gene: Known as the “guardian of the genome,” the TP53 gene helps prevent cancer by repairing DNA or initiating cell death if the damage is irreparable. Mutations in TP53 are found in many types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colorectal cancers. Example: A TP53 mutation can lead to a loss of this protective function, allowing cancer cells to grow and spread unchecked Heterogeneity Within Tumors Tumor heterogeneity refers to the presence of a diverse population of cancer cells within a single tumor. This diversity can occur at multiple levels, including genetic, phenotypic, and functional differences among the cells. Here are some examples to illustrate this concept: Genetic Heterogeneity Example: In a single tumor, different regions may have distinct genetic mutations. For instance, one part of a lung tumor might have an EGFR mutation, while another part has a KRAS mutation. This genetic diversity can lead to varied responses to treatment within the same tumor. Phenotypic Heterogeneity Example: Cancer cells within a tumor can exhibit different physical characteristics, such as size, shape, and protein expression. In breast cancer, some cells might express high levels of hormone receptors (like estrogen receptors), while others do not. This can affect how the tumor responds to hormone therapy. Functional Heterogeneity Example: Different cancer cells within a tumor can have varying abilities to grow, invade tissues, and resist treatment. In glioblastoma, a type of brain cancer, some cells might be highly invasive, spreading quickly to other parts of the brain, while others might be more resistant to chemotherapy. Microenvironmental Heterogeneity Example: The tumor microenvironment, which includes surrounding blood vessels, immune cells, and other support cells, can vary within different regions of the tumor. In pancreatic cancer, some areas of the tumor might be well-supplied with blood, while others are hypoxic (low in oxygen). This can influence how different parts of the tumor respond to treatments like radiation therapy. Impact on Treatment The heterogeneity within tumors poses significant challenges for treatment: Resistance to Therapy: Different subpopulations of cancer cells may respond differently to the same treatment. For example, while chemotherapy might kill the majority of cancer cells, a small subset with specific mutations might survive and cause a relapse. Targeted Therapy Limitations: Targeted therapies are designed to attack specific genetic mutations. However, if a tumor has multiple mutations, a single targeted therapy might not be effective against all cancer cells. Adaptive Responses: Cancer cells can adapt to their environment and develop resistance mechanisms. For instance, if a tumor is treated with a drug that targets a specific pathway, cancer cells might activate alternative pathways to survive. Resistance to Treatment Cancer cells can develop resistance to treatments over time, making it challenging to achieve long-term remission. This resistance can occur through various mechanisms and can affect different types of cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Here are some examples to illustrate this concept: Chemotherapy Resistance Example: In ovarian cancer, patients often respond well to platinum-based chemotherapy initially. However, over time, the cancer cells can develop resistance, leading to a recurrence of the disease. This

resistance can occur through several mechanisms, such as increased DNA repair capabilities of the cancer cells or changes in drug transport within the cells. Targeted Therapy Resistance Example: In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the drug imatinib (Gleevec) targets the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which is responsible for the uncontrolled growth of leukemia cells. While imatinib is highly effective initially, some patients develop resistance due to additional mutations in the BCR-ABL gene. These mutations alter the protein’s structure, preventing imatinib from binding effectively. Immunotherapy Resistance Example: In melanoma, immunotherapy drugs like pembrolizumab (Keytruda) work by enhancing the immune system’s ability to recognize and attack cancer cells. However, some melanoma cells can develop resistance by upregulating proteins that inhibit immune responses, such as PD-L1. This allows the cancer cells to evade detection and destruction by the immune system. Hormone Therapy Resistance Example: In hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, treatments like tamoxifen block estrogen receptors to prevent cancer cell growth. Over time, some cancer cells can become resistant by mutating the estrogen receptor or activating alternative growth pathways that do not rely on estrogen. Mechanisms of Resistance Cancer cells can develop resistance through various mechanisms, including: Genetic Mutations: New mutations can alter the target of the therapy, making the treatment less effective. Drug Efflux: Cancer cells can increase the expression of proteins that pump drugs out of the cell, reducing the drug’s intracellular concentration. DNA Repair: Enhanced DNA repair mechanisms can allow cancer cells to survive despite the DNA-damaging effects of chemotherapy. Alternative Pathways: Cancer cells can activate alternative signaling pathways to bypass the blocked pathway targeted by the therapy. Impact on Treatment Resistance to treatment poses significant challenges for cancer therapy: Relapse: Even if a treatment is initially effective, resistance can lead to a relapse of the disease. Combination Therapies: To overcome resistance, doctors often use combination therapies that target multiple pathways simultaneously. However, this approach can increase the risk of side effects. Personalized Medicine: Understanding the specific mechanisms of resistance in individual patients can help tailor treatments to overcome resistance and improve outcomes. Cancer’s Ability to Spread Cancer’s ability to spread, known as metastasis, is one of the most challenging aspects of the disease. Metastasis occurs when cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and travel to other parts of the body, forming new tumors. Here are some examples and explanations to illustrate this process: Breast Cancer Metastasis Example: Breast cancer cells can spread to various parts of the body, including the bones, liver, lungs, and brain. When breast cancer spreads to the bones, it can cause pain and fractures. If it spreads to the liver, it can lead to liver dysfunction and jaundice. Mechanism: Breast cancer cells can enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, which acts as a highway for these cells to travel to distant organs. Once they reach a new site, they can establish a new tumor by adapting to the local environment. Lung Cancer Metastasis Example: Lung cancer often spreads to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands. Brain metastases can cause neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and cognitive changes. Mechanism: Lung cancer cells can invade nearby blood vessels and travel through the bloodstream to distant organs. They can also spread through the lymphatic system, which drains fluid from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream. Colorectal Cancer Metastasis Example: Colorectal cancer commonly spreads to the liver and lungs. Liver metastases can lead to liver enlargement, pain, and impaired liver function. Mechanism: Colorectal

cancer cells can spread through the portal vein, which carries blood from the intestines to the liver. This direct connection makes the liver a common site for metastasis. Prostate Cancer Metastasis Example: Prostate cancer frequently spreads to the bones, particularly the spine, pelvis, and ribs. Bone metastases can cause severe pain, fractures, and spinal cord compression. Mechanism: Prostate cancer cells can spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. They often target bones because the bone microenvironment provides factors that promote cancer cell growth. Factors Influencing Metastasis Several factors contribute to the ability of cancer cells to spread: Genetic Changes: Mutations in certain genes can enhance the ability of cancer cells to invade tissues and spread to distant sites. Tumor Microenvironment: The surrounding environment of the tumor, including blood vessels, immune cells, and support cells, can influence the ability of cancer cells to metastasize. Cell Adhesion: Cancer cells can lose their ability to stick to each other, making it easier for them to break away from the primary tumor and travel through the body. Angiogenesis: The formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) can provide cancer cells with the nutrients and oxygen they need to grow and spread. Impact on Treatment Metastasis significantly complicates cancer treatment: Multiple Sites: Treating cancer that has spread to multiple sites requires a more comprehensive approach, often involving systemic therapies like chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. Resistance: Metastatic cancer cells can be more resistant to treatment compared to the primary tumor, making it harder to achieve remission. Prognosis: The presence of metastasis generally indicates a more advanced stage of cancer and is associated with a poorer prognosis. Impact on the Immune System Cancer can significantly impact the immune system, both by evading immune detection and by actively suppressing immune responses. Here are some examples to illustrate how cancer interacts with the immune system: Immune Evasion Example: Melanoma cells can express high levels of PD-L1, a protein that binds to the PD-1 receptor on T-cells (a type of immune cell). This interaction inhibits T-cell activity, allowing the cancer cells to evade immune detection and destruction. Mechanism: By expressing PD-L1, melanoma cells effectively “turn off” the immune response against them, making it difficult for the body to recognize and attack the cancer. Immune Suppression Example: In ovarian cancer, the tumor microenvironment can be rich in regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells suppress the activity of other immune cells that would normally attack the cancer. Mechanism: Tregs and MDSCs release cytokines and other factors that inhibit the function of cytotoxic T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells, which are crucial for targeting and killing cancer cells. Chronic Inflammation Example: Chronic inflammation, such as that caused by hepatitis B or C infections, can lead to liver cancer. The persistent inflammatory environment promotes genetic mutations and cancer cell growth. Mechanism: Inflammation can cause DNA damage and create a microenvironment that supports cancer cell survival and proliferation. Immune cells that are constantly activated can also produce growth factors that aid in tumor development. Immunotherapy and Immune Checkpoints Example: Immunotherapy drugs like pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and nivolumab (Opdivo) target immune checkpoints such as PD-1 and CTLA-4. These drugs block the inhibitory signals, allowing T-cells to attack cancer cells more effectively. Mechanism: By inhibiting the checkpoints, these drugs enhance the immune system’s ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. This approach has shown success in treating cancers like melanoma, lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. Impact on Treatment The interaction between cancer and the immune system has significant implications for treatment:

Immunotherapy: Leveraging the immune system to fight cancer has become a promising approach. Immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell therapy, aim to boost the body’s natural defenses against cancer. Combination Therapies: Combining immunotherapy with other treatments, like chemotherapy or radiation, can enhance the overall effectiveness. For example, radiation can increase the visibility of cancer cells to the immune system, making immunotherapy more effective. Personalized Medicine: Understanding the specific immune landscape of a patient’s tumor can help tailor immunotherapy treatments to achieve better outcomes. Side Effects of Cancer Treatments Cancer treatments, while effective at targeting cancer cells, can also affect healthy cells and tissues, leading to various side effects. Here are some examples of common cancer treatments and their associated side effects: Chemotherapy Example: Chemotherapy drugs target rapidly dividing cells, which include both cancer cells and healthy cells like those in the bone marrow, digestive tract, and hair follicles. Side Effects: Bone Marrow Suppression: This can lead to a decrease in blood cells, causing anemia (fatigue), leukopenia (increased risk of infection), and thrombocytopenia (increased risk of bleeding). Gastrointestinal Issues: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and mouth sores are common due to the impact on the digestive tract lining. Hair Loss: Damage to hair follicles can result in temporary hair loss. Radiation Therapy Example: Radiation therapy uses high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells. It can also affect nearby healthy tissues. Side Effects: Skin Changes: Redness, blistering, and peeling of the skin in the treated area, similar to a sunburn. Fatigue: A common side effect due to the body’s response to radiation. Organ-Specific Effects: Depending on the area treated, radiation can cause specific side effects, such as difficulty swallowing (if the throat is treated) or urinary issues (if the pelvic area is treated). Surgery Example: Surgical removal of tumors can be an effective treatment but comes with risks and side effects. Side Effects: Pain: Post-operative pain is common and can be managed with medications. Infection: There is a risk of infection at the surgical site. Functional Impairment: Depending on the surgery, there may be a loss of function or changes in appearance (e.g., mastectomy for breast cancer). Hormone Therapy Example: Hormone therapy is used to treat cancers that are sensitive to hormones, such as breast and prostate cancer. Side Effects: Hot Flashes: Common in both men and women undergoing hormone therapy. Bone Thinning: Long-term use can lead to osteoporosis. Mood Changes: Hormone therapy can affect mood and emotional well-being. Targeted Therapy Example: Targeted therapies are designed to specifically target cancer cells with certain genetic mutations. Side Effects: Skin Problems: Rashes, dry skin, and changes in skin color. Liver Problems: Elevated liver enzymes indicating liver damage. Gastrointestinal Issues: Diarrhea and nausea. Immunotherapy Example: Immunotherapy boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer. Side Effects: Immune-Related Side Effects: Inflammation of healthy tissues, such as colitis (inflammation of the colon), pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs), and hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). Flu-Like Symptoms: Fever, chills, and fatigue. Managing Side Effects Managing the side effects of cancer treatments is crucial for maintaining the quality of life for patients. Here are some strategies: Monitoring and Adjustment: Regular monitoring of side effects allows healthcare providers to adjust treatment plans as needed to minimize adverse effects. Medications: Anti-nausea drugs, pain relievers, and other medications can help manage specific side effects. Supportive Care: Nutritional support, physical therapy, and counseling can help address the broader impacts of treatment.

Ongoing Research and Hope Despite the challenges in curing cancer, ongoing research is making significant strides in understanding the disease and developing new treatments. Here are some examples of promising areas of research and the hope they bring: Targeted Therapy Example: Targeted therapies are designed to attack specific genetic mutations or proteins that drive cancer growth. For instance, drugs like trastuzumab (Herceptin) target the HER2 protein in certain breast cancers, significantly improving outcomes for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. Hope: By focusing on the unique characteristics of cancer cells, targeted therapies can be more effective and have fewer side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy. Immunotherapy Example: Immunotherapy harnesses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. Checkpoint inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and nivolumab (Opdivo), have shown success in treating cancers like melanoma, lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. Hope: Immunotherapy offers the potential for long-lasting responses and even cures in some cases, as it helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively. CAR-T Cell Therapy Example: CAR-T cell therapy involves modifying a patient’s T-cells to express a receptor that targets cancer cells. This approach has been particularly successful in treating certain types of blood cancers, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Hope: CAR-T cell therapy represents a personalized treatment approach that can lead to complete remissions in patients who have not responded to other treatments. Liquid Biopsies Example: Liquid biopsies are blood tests that detect cancer-related genetic mutations and other biomarkers. They offer a non-invasive way to monitor cancer progression and response to treatment. Hope: Liquid biopsies can provide real-time insights into a patient’s cancer, allowing for more precise and timely adjustments to treatment plans. Cancer Vaccines Example: Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. The HPV vaccine, for instance, prevents infections with human papillomavirus, which can lead to cervical and other cancers. Hope: Preventive vaccines can reduce the incidence of certain cancers, while therapeutic vaccines are being developed to treat existing cancers by boosting the immune response. Gene Editing Example: CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to precisely modify DNA. Researchers are exploring its use to correct genetic mutations that cause cancer or to enhance the immune system’s ability to fight cancer. Hope: Gene editing holds the promise of directly targeting the genetic causes of cancer, potentially leading to more effective and lasting treatments.

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jivakayurveda98 · 3 days ago

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Best Ayurvedic Skin Doctor in Lucknow:Jivak Ayurveda

A crucial aspect of general wellbeing is skin health. It should be your first responsibility to take care of your skin, from basic problems like pigmentation and acne to more serious disorders like skin cancer. Having an honest Ayurvedic remedy for your skin issues in Lucknow can make a world of difference. At Jivak Ayurveda, we offer herbal skin treatment in Lucknow, providing natural remedies for a variety of skin conditions.

In between examining the various forms of skin cancers, their symptoms, indicators, and risk factors, this article will look at why Ayurveda is an effective therapy for skin care and how Jivak Ayurveda might help you with botanical remedies.

Why Choose an Ayurvedic Skin Doctor in Lucknow?

rather than only treating the symptoms of skin problems, Ayurveda, an ancient form of healing, seeks to find and treat the root causes of the problem. To get lasting results, ayurvedic skin doctors in Lucknow, like those at Jivak Ayurveda, employ herbal treatments diet initiatives, and changes in behavior.

Traditional herbal remedies don't have any negative side effects like chemical-based ones do. Whether you want radiant, healthy skin or relief from for years ailments, an Ayurvedic skin care specialist in Lucknow can offer customized treatment. Our skilled practitioners at Jivak Ayurveda offer efficient treatments for a variety of skin diseases, such as psoriasis, eczema, and non-melanoma skin cancer.

Signs and Symptoms of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers

Non-melanoma skin cancer is one of the most common types of skin cancer. Early detection can save lives, so it is essential to know the signs and symptoms. Here are some key indicators:

Unusual Skin Growth: A bump or nodule that grows in size over time.

Persistent Sores: Open wounds or ulcers that do not heal, even after weeks.

Changes in Skin Texture: Thickened or scaly patches on the skin.

Bleeding or Crusting: A lesion that bleeds easily or forms a crust.

Red or Irritated Areas: Persistent redness or inflammation on the skin.

If you notice any of these symptoms, consult a specialist immediately. At Jivak Ayurveda, our skin specialists use herbal remedies and therapies to manage and treat such conditions effectively.

Types of Skin Cancers

Skin cancer can be categorized into several types, with non-melanoma being the most common. Let’s look at the primary types:

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): This is the most common type of skin cancer. It often appears as a translucent bump on the skin, usually on sun-exposed areas such as the face and neck.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC): This type develops in the squamous cells and often presents as scaly patches, open sores, or warty growths.

Melanoma: Although less common, melanoma is more dangerous. It appears as a new mole or a change in an existing mole. Melanoma often has irregular borders and multiple colors.

Ayurvedic treatment for skin cancer focuses on balancing the body’s doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) and using natural remedies to manage symptoms and promote healing.

Risk Factors for Skin Cancer

Several factors increase the risk of developing skin cancer. Some of the most common risk factors include:

Excessive Sun Exposure: Prolonged exposure to UV rays is one of the leading causes of skin cancer.

Fair Skin: People with fair skin, light eyes, and blond or red hair are more susceptible.

Family History: A family history of skin cancer increases your risk.

Weakened Immune System: Conditions that weaken the immune system can make you more vulnerable.

Exposure to Harmful Substances: Contact with chemicals like arsenic can elevate the risk.

Age: The risk of skin cancer increases with age, though it can also affect younger people.

Being aware of these risk factors can help you take preventive measures. Ayurvedic practices, such as herbal skin treatments in Lucknow, emphasize boosting immunity and protecting the skin naturally.

How Jivak Ayurveda Helps in Herbal Skin Treatment in Lucknow

Jivak Ayurveda is renowned for its holistic approach to treating skin conditions. Our treatments focus on natural and herbal remedies, making them safe and effective for all age groups. Here’s how we can help:

Customized Treatment Plans: Every individual is unique, and so are their skin concerns. At Jivak Ayurveda, we create personalized plans that include herbal medicines, dietary recommendations, and therapies.

Use of Herbal Remedies: We use potent herbs like neem, turmeric, aloe vera, and manjistha to detoxify the skin and treat underlying issues.

Detoxification Therapies: Panchakarma therapies help cleanse the body of toxins, promoting healthier skin from within.

Focus on Diet and Lifestyle: Proper nutrition and a balanced lifestyle play a crucial role in skin health. Our doctors provide detailed guidance on Ayurvedic dietary practices.

Stress Management: Stress can aggravate skin problems. Our therapies include techniques to calm the mind, such as meditation and yoga.

Benefits of Ayurvedic Skin Treatment

Ayurvedic treatments provide numerous benefits, such as:

No Side Effects: Herbal treatments are safe and free from harmful chemicals.

Holistic Healing: Ayurveda treats the root cause of the problem, ensuring long-term relief.

Improved Skin Health: Regular Ayurvedic care can enhance skin texture, tone, and elasticity.

Affordable Solutions: Compared to many modern treatments, Ayurvedic therapies are cost-effective.

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medjournalhealthcare · 12 days ago

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Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Managing Eye Cancer

Understanding Eye Cancer: Early Detection and Treatment

Eye cancer refers to a malignant growth that develops in or around the eye, impacting structures such as the retina, iris, or surrounding tissues. Although rare, early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and better outcomes. Awareness of its symptoms, causes, and treatments can play a vital role in managing this condition.

Where Does Eye Cancer Begin?

Eye cancer often originates in the melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells within the eye, leading to a condition called melanoma. Another common form is retinoblastoma, which primarily affects young children. In some cases, cancer may develop behind the eye or spread to the eye from other parts of the body. Symptoms like swelling, pain, or vision disturbances associated with cancer behind the eye warrant immediate medical attention.

In some cases, cancer behind the eye symptoms include swelling, pain, or vision disturbances, which require immediate medical attention.

Types of Eye Cancer

Eye cancer can present in several forms, each affecting different parts of the eye:

Intraocular Melanoma: The most prevalent type in adults, targeting the uvea.

Retinoblastoma: Commonly diagnosed in children under five years old.

Lymphoma: Affects the inside of the eye and may be associated with systemic conditions.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Impacts the conjunctiva or eyelid and can spread to other areas.

Understanding the specific types of eye cancer helps in determining the most effective treatment plan.

Causes of Eye Cancer

While the exact causes remain unclear, several factors increase the risk of eye cancer:

Genetic mutations

Family history of cancer

Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays

Inherited conditions such as retinoblastoma

Some cases of eye cancer in child symptoms are linked to genetic mutations, emphasizing the importance of family history in early diagnosis.

Recognizing Symptoms of Eye Cancer

Early identification of eye cancer symptoms is key to timely treatment. Common signs include:

Blurred or partial vision loss

A dark spot on the iris

Bulging of the eye

Persistent redness or swelling

Pain around the eye

Unusual eye movements

In cases of cancer behind the cancer behind the eye symptoms may include severe headaches, pressure around the eyes, and vision changes. Parents should also look out for eye cancer in child symptoms such as a white reflection in the pupil or visible eye abnormalities.

Risk Factors for Eye Cancer

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing eye cancer:

Age: Older adults are more susceptible to intraocular melanoma.

Eye Color: Individuals with light-colored eyes have a higher risk of intraocular melanoma.

UV Exposure: Long-term exposure to sunlight can elevate risk.

Genetic Predisposition: A family history of eye cancer raises the likelihood of developing the condition.

Awareness of these risk factors can encourage preventive measures and regular check-ups.

Diagnosing Eye Cancer

Timely and accurate diagnosis is critical. Diagnostic techniques include:

Comprehensive Eye Exam: Detects abnormalities, tumors, or unusual growths.

Ultrasound Imaging: Identifies tumors and measures their size.

Biopsy: Confirms cancer type by analyzing a tissue sample.

Imaging Tests: MRI or CT scans to assess if cancer has spread.

Parents noticing symptoms such as white spots in their child’s pupil or vision issues should seek immediate medical advice.

Treatment Options for Eye Cancer

Treatment depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor. Common approaches include:

Radiation Therapy: Shrinks tumors with high-energy rays.

Surgery: Removes the tumor or, in severe cases, the affected eye to prevent further spread.

Laser Therapy: Destroys cancerous cells using high-intensity light.

Chemotherapy: Particularly effective for retinoblastoma or lymphomas and often used alongside other treatments.

Advancements in technology have enabled personalized treatment plans, ensuring optimal outcomes for patients.

Comprehensive Care at Arora Eye Clinic

Located in Thane, Arora Eye Clinic in thane is a trusted center offering advanced eye cancer diagnosis and treatment. Led by Dr. Ruchika Arora, a highly experienced Eye Specialist doctor in thane, the clinic is equipped with state-of-the-art technology to address all types of eye cancers.

outcomes for our patients.

With expertise in managing eye cancer symptoms, our compassionate approach and cutting-edge technology set us apart. Whether it's identifying cancer behind the eye symptoms or providing comprehensive eye cancer treatment, we are committed to offering the highest level of care.

Take Charge of Your Eye Health

If you or a loved one experience any cancer behind the eye symptoms or suspect underlying issues, seek medical attention without delay. Early detection not only saves vision but can also save lives.

Contact Arora Eye Clinic today for expert guidance and treatment. By staying informed and proactive, you can protect your vision and ensure a healthier future for yourself and your family.

FAQs About Eye Cancer

What is eye cancer?Eye cancer is a rare condition where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in or around the eye, potentially affecting vision and overall health.

What are the common symptoms of eye cancer?Common symptoms include blurred vision, a dark spot on the iris, bulging eyes, redness, and pain. For children, symptoms may include white spots in the pupil or unusual eye movements.

What are the types of eye cancer?The main types include intraocular melanoma, retinoblastoma (commonly in children), lymphoma, and squamous cell carcinoma affecting the eyelid or conjunctiva.

How is eye cancer diagnosed?Diagnosis involves a comprehensive eye exam, ultrasound, imaging tests like MRI or CT scans, and sometimes a biopsy to confirm the cancer type.

What are the treatment options for eye cancer?Treatment options include radiation therapy, surgery, laser therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the cancer type, size, and location.

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maheshnadgir · 12 days ago

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Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Managing Eye Cancer

Eye Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Eye cancer refers to a malignant growth that develops in or around the eye, affecting parts such as the retina, iris, or surrounding tissues. Although rare, early detection plays a pivotal role in ensuring effective treatment and improving outcomes. Gaining awareness about its signs, causes, and treatments is vital for managing this condition.

The symptoms of eye cancer can vary depending on the type and location, making early recognition essential for timely intervention.

Where Does Eye Cancer Develop?

Most eye cancers originate in the melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the eye, and are referred to as melanomas. Another prevalent form is retinoblastoma, typically seen in children. Eye cancer can also develop behind the eye or metastasize from other areas of the body.

cancer behind the eye symptoms may include swelling, vision disturbances, or pain, all of which warrant immediate medical evaluation.

Types of Eye Cancer

Eye cancer can manifest in various forms, depending on the area it affects:

Intraocular Melanoma: The most common type in adults, targeting the uvea.

Retinoblastoma: Frequently found in children under five years old.

Lymphoma: Impacts the internal structures of the eye, often linked to systemic conditions.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Affects the conjunctiva or eyelid, with potential to spread.

Understanding the different types of eye cancer helps in tailoring the treatment for better outcomes.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of eye cancer symptomsis not entirely understood, but several factors are known to increase its likelihood:

Genetic mutations

Family history of cancer

Prolonged UV exposure

Inherited conditions, such as retinoblastoma

In cases of cancer behind the eye symptoms, you may experience severe headaches or pressure around the eyes, along with vision changes.Parents should also look out for eye cancer in child symptoms such as a white reflection in the pupil or visible eye abnormalities.

Risk Factors for Eye Cancer:

Age: Older adults are more susceptible to intraocular melanoma.

Eye Color: Individuals with light-colored eyes are at greater risk of developing melanoma.

UV Rays: Long-term exposure to sunlight increases susceptibility.

Genetic History: A family history of eye cancer elevates the risk.

Awareness of these risk factors enables individuals to take preventive steps to safeguard their eye health.

Recognizing Symptoms of Eye Cancer

Early recognition of eye cancer symptoms is key to successful treatment. Common signs include:

Blurred vision or partial vision loss

Dark spots on the iris

Bulging of the eye

Persistent redness or swelling

Pain around the eye

Abnormal eye movements

Symptoms of cancer behind the eye may also involve severe headaches, pressure around the eyes, or notable vision changes.

For children, parents should remain vigilant for symptoms such as a white reflection in the pupil or unusual eye abnormalities and seek immediate medical advice.

Diagnosing Eye Cancer

Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Common diagnostic techniques include:

Comprehensive Eye Examination: Detects abnormalities, including tumors or unusual growths.

Ultrasound Imaging: Identifies tumors and assesses their size.

Biopsy: Confirms the type of cancer through tissue sample analysis.

Imaging Tests: MRI or CT scans check for cancer spread.

If symptoms such as white spots in a child’s pupil or vision disturbances are observed, consult an eye specialist immediately for a comprehensive evaluation.

Treatment Options for Eye Cancer

Treatment plans depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor. Common methods include:

Radiation Therapy: Targets tumors with high-energy rays to shrink them.

Surgery: Removes the tumor or, in severe cases, the affected eye to prevent further spread.

Laser Therapy: Uses high-intensity light beams to destroy cancer cells.

Chemotherapy: Often effective for retinoblastoma or lymphoma and used in combination with other treatments.

Advancements in technology now allow for personalized treatment approaches, improving success rates and patient outcomes.

Why Choose Arora Eye Clinic for Eye Cancer Care?

Arora Eye Clinic in thane is renowned for its state-of-the-art facilities and personalized care. Dr. Ruchika Arora , Eye Specialist doctor in thane . Our team specializes in diagnosing and treating all types of eye cancer. From early detection to advanced therapies, we ensure the best outcomes for our patients.

eye cancer symptoms, the clinic focuses on delivering optimal care tailored to each patient’s needs. Whether managing cancer behind the eye or other cancer behind the eye symptoms, the team at Arora Eye Clinic ensures the highest standard of treatment with cutting-edge technology.

Take Action Today

If you or a loved one experiences any cancer behind the eye symptoms, such as vision changes, persistent eye pain, or unusual growths, don’t delay seeking help. Early detection can save vision and lives.

Contact Arora Eye Clinic today to schedule an evaluation with Dr. Ruchika Arora. By staying proactive and informed, you can protect your vision and overall health for a brighter future.

FAQs About Eye Cancer

What is eye cancer?Eye cancer is a rare condition where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in or around the eye, potentially affecting vision and overall health.

What are the types of eye cancer?The main types include intraocular melanoma, retinoblastoma (commonly in children), lymphoma, and squamous cell carcinoma affecting the eyelid or conjunctiva.

How is eye cancer diagnosed?Diagnosis involves a comprehensive eye exam, ultrasound, imaging tests like MRI or CT scans, and sometimes a biopsy to confirm the cancer type.

What are the treatment options for eye cancer?Treatment options include radiation therapy, surgery, laser therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the cancer type, size, and location.

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expresscareguam · 12 days ago

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Expert Care from a Trusted Guam Skin Doctor at Express Care

When it comes to taking care of your skin, finding the right Guam skin doctor is essential. Whether you need treatment for a skin condition or cosmetic services to enhance your appearance, it’s important to trust a skilled and experienced professional. At Express Care Guam, our team of Guam physicians includes dedicated Guam dermatologists who specialize in various aspects of Guam dermatology. In this blog, we’ll guide you on why choosing a Guam skin doctor at Express Care can help you maintain healthy, beautiful skin.

Why Choose a Guam Skin Doctor at Express Care?

At Express Care Guam, we prioritize your skin health. Our Guam skin doctors and Guam dermatologists offer a wide range of services designed to address both medical and cosmetic skin concerns. Here's why choosing our clinic for your skin care needs is the best decision:

Experienced and Specialized Care: Our Guam skin doctors are highly trained in treating a variety of skin conditions and providing aesthetic services.

Comprehensive Dermatology Services: From routine skin checks to advanced treatments, our Guam dermatology services cover all aspects of skin care.

Convenience and Accessibility: Located in central locations with flexible hours, we make it easy for you to schedule an appointment with a doctor in Guam when you need it most.

Services Offered by Our Guam Skin Doctor

At Express Care, we offer a wide variety of services tailored to meet your specific skin care needs. Whether you're concerned about a medical condition or looking for cosmetic treatments, our Guam skin doctor is here to help.

Skin Cancer Screenings and Prevention

Skin cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer, especially in sunny climates like Guam. Our Guam skin doctor provides thorough skin cancer screenings to detect early signs of cancer, which significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. Regular check-ups with a Guam dermatologist can help monitor your skin for any changes that may indicate a potential issue.

Melanoma Detection: Our Guam dermatologists specialize in identifying early-stage melanoma, the most dangerous form of skin cancer.

Preventative Measures: We provide guidance on how to protect your skin from harmful UV rays and other environmental factors that increase the risk of skin cancer.

Acne Treatment and Management

Acne can affect individuals of all ages, causing frustration and self-consciousness. If you’re struggling with acne, a visit to a Guam skin doctor can help you find an effective treatment plan.

Topical Treatments: Our Guam dermatologists can prescribe topical medications designed to reduce acne and prevent new breakouts.

Advanced Therapies: If your acne is more severe, we offer treatments such as light therapy, chemical peels, and oral medications to manage and clear your skin.

Eczema and Psoriasis Treatment

Eczema and psoriasis are common chronic skin conditions that can cause discomfort and emotional distress. Our Guam dermatology team specializes in providing treatments that reduce flare-ups and improve the quality of life for patients.

Personalized Treatment Plans: Each person’s skin responds differently to treatments, and our Guam skin doctor works with you to create a tailored plan to manage these conditions.

Topical Treatments and Medications: We offer a combination of topical steroids, moisturizers, and immunosuppressive therapies to control symptoms.

Guam Dermal Treatments for Cosmetic Needs

In addition to medical treatments, Express Care Guam also offers Guam dermal services for individuals looking to improve the appearance of their skin. From age-related concerns to skin imperfections, our Guam dermatologist provides a variety of aesthetic treatments.

Botox and Dermal Fillers: Our Guam skin doctor offers non-invasive procedures like Botox and dermal fillers to smooth wrinkles and restore youthful volume to the face.

Chemical Peels: Chemical peels are effective for rejuvenating the skin, reducing fine lines, and treating acne scars, all under the care of a skilled Guam dermatologist.

Treatment for Hair Loss and Scalp Issues

Hair loss and scalp conditions can significantly impact a person’s appearance and confidence. Our Guam skin doctor offers specialized treatments for hair loss, scalp psoriasis, and other hair-related issues.

PRP Therapy: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy can promote hair growth by using your body's natural growth factors to stimulate hair follicles.

Scalp Treatments: For conditions like dandruff, psoriasis, and scalp acne, our Guam dermatologists provide targeted treatments to restore a healthy scalp.

The Importance of Choosing the Right Guam Dermatologist

A Guam dermatologist is trained to diagnose and treat a wide range of skin conditions. Whether you need treatment for acne, eczema, or more serious conditions like skin cancer, choosing the right Guam skin doctor is crucial. Our Guam physicians at Express Care take the time to understand your concerns and provide the best possible care for your skin.

Trustworthy Care: Our team of Guam dermatologists has years of experience and is committed to staying up-to-date with the latest advancements in dermatology.

Patient-Centered Approach: At Express Care, we believe in building strong, trust-based relationships with our patients. Our doctor in Guam listens to your concerns and provides solutions that are tailored to your needs.

How to Schedule an Appointment with a Guam Skin Doctor

Scheduling an appointment with a Guam skin doctor at Express Care Guam is easy. Here’s how you can get started:

Visit Our Website: Go to Express Care Guam and fill out the online appointment request form.

Call Us: Call us directly to schedule your consultation with a Guam skin doctor.

Walk-In Appointments: We also accept walk-ins for non-emergency care, so if you're in need of immediate assistance, don’t hesitate to visit.

Why Trust Your Skin to Express Care Guam?

Your skin is the largest organ of your body and needs expert care to stay healthy. At Express Care Guam, we pride ourselves on providing the highest quality dermatological care, whether you're seeking medical treatment for a skin condition or cosmetic enhancements.

Expert Care: Our Guam dermatologists and Guam skin doctors are experts in the field of dermatology, ensuring that you receive top-notch treatment.

Comprehensive Services: From acne treatment to Guam dermal services, we offer a full range of dermatology treatments to meet your unique needs.

Convenient Access: We make it easy for you to get the care you need with flexible scheduling options.

Schedule Your Appointment with a Guam Skin Doctor Today

Ready to take the next step in caring for your skin? Whether you’re dealing with a medical condition or want to enhance your appearance with Guam dermal treatments, Express Care Guam is here to help. Schedule an appointment today with one of our trusted Guam skin doctors and start your journey to healthier, more beautiful skin.

#Guam Physician #Guam Doctors #Guam Physicians #Doctor in Guam #Guam skin doctor #Guam Family Doctor #Guam dermatologist #Guam dermatology #Guam dermal

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jerrycret68 · 1 month ago

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Creative Biolabs Presented Mechanisms Behind the Functioning of Cancer Vaccines

Creative Biolabs elaborates on the development mechanisms of DC and mRNA vaccines, two of the most promising cancer vaccine candidates.

The pursuit of competent cancer vaccines has gained unprecedented momentum in recent years, driven by groundbreaking advancements and heightened interest in immunotherapy, among which one of the most prominent results was published not a while ago—the world's first personalized mRNA cancer vaccine for melanoma, in its phase 2 trial, was proven to dramatically reduce the risk of cancer returning in patients. Lately, at a monographic report meeting, Creative Biolabs covered DC vaccines and mRNA vaccines, aiming to brief their services while asserting their determination to help global researchers in their quest to develop novel cancer treatments.

The Rising Promise of Cancer Vaccines

Cancer vaccines, designed to stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells, represent a transformative approach to cancer treatment. The potential of these vaccines to provide long-lasting immunity and reduce relapse rates has generated substantial excitement in the scientific community. From their initial establishment, a group of scientists adept at immunology and vaccine R&D stepped into the scope and successfully established a systematic workflow for cancer vaccine discovery and validation.

"The main components of cancer vaccines are a tumor antigen, an immunological adjuvant, and a delivery carrier," according to a scientist at Creative Biolabs, "and a candidate's success depends on quite a lot of factors, involving target antigen, formulation optimization, adjuvant, and delivery systems. Each of these components must be carefully selected from miscellaneous options, thus making the process of vaccine optimization a complex problem. Creative Biolabs takes over all these assignments from you."

Two of the promising candidates were featured.

Empowering Immune Precision: DC Vaccines

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines exploit the unique ability of dendritic cells to present antigens and activate T cells, thereby eliciting a robust immune response against cancer cells. From antigen design, dendritic cell generation, and vaccine formulation, Creative Biolabs provides a cover-all service package.

"What's more, we can construct experimental tumor models as well as assays that are in vitro to assist our customers with dendritic cell vaccine validation work," the scientist added, "in terms of safety, toxicology, ADME, and PK profiles."

Rapid Response, Lasting Impact: mRNA Vaccines

mRNA vaccines are designed to encode tumor-specific antigens, which are then translated into proteins within the body, triggering an immune response. The advent of mRNA vaccine technology offers a versatile and efficient platform for cancer vaccine development, revolutionizing the field of vaccinology. Creative Biolabs' mRNA vaccine platform provides end-to-end solutions, from mRNA synthesis to delivery system development, and covers GMP-grade mRNA manufacturing.

Building Blocks of Innovation: Premium Raw Materials for Vaccine R&D

"In addition to vaccine development services, we have off-the-shelf raw materials essential for cancer vaccine research. These materials include adjuvants, antigens, and delivery systems, all meticulously developed to meet the highest standards of quality and efficacy, with the aim of streamlining the researchers' vaccine development processes and achieving optimal results." The scientist concluded.

The briefing provides a layout of Creative Biolabs solutions and their gains after years of practical involvement in customer projects. As the field of cancer vaccine research continues to evolve, Creative Biolabs remains at the cutting edge, providing advanced solutions that drive scientific progress.

For more information, visit their website at https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/.

About Creative Biolabs is a leading biotechnology company specializing in vaccine development, antibody production, and immunotherapy solutions. With a strong focus on innovation and customer service, Creative Biolabs provides a wide range of high-quality products and services to support biomedical research and drug development worldwide.

#biotechnology #vaccine

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bhanotmedspa · 1 month ago

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The Importance of Regular Skin Checks: How often should you go

We at Bhanot Medspa in San Jose, California, know how important it is to keep your skin healthy for your general health. Seeing a Dermatologist in San Jose on a regular basis is one of the best methods to make sure your skin stays healthy. These consultations are essential for the early detection of skin conditions, especially skin cancer, which is the most prevalent type of cancer in the US. The significance of routine skin checks, what to anticipate during your visit, and how frequently to make these crucial appointments will all be covered in this article.

Why Regular Skin Checks Matter

1.Early Detection of Skin Cancer

Millions of Americans are impacted by skin cancer every year, but the good news is that, with early detection, it is very treatable. Dermatologists can detect early indicators of skin cancer, such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, by doing routine skin examinations. Dermatologists might identify new growths or anomalies in moles that might point to possible issues during these checks.

2.Monitoring Changes in Your Skin

Age, sun exposure, and hormone changes are some of the causes that cause our skin to alter over time. Dermatologists can keep an eye on these changes and follow up on any developments that might need more research with routine visits. They can spot any alarming changes by contrasting recent findings with earlier records.

3.Personalized Skincare Recommendations

Your dermatologist can offer customized guidance on skincare regimens and products that address your unique skin type and issues during your skin examination. This individualized treatment helps you deal with problems including pigmentation, acne, and aging symptoms while maintaining healthy skin.

4.Peace of Mind

You can feel reassured that you are taking proactive measures to preserve the health of your skin by getting regular skin checkups. Anxiety about possible problems can be reduced by knowing that a specialist is keeping an eye on your skin.

How Often Should You Get Checked?

Adults are generally advised to get a full-body skin examination at least once a year. However, depending on personal risk variables, the frequency may change:

Annual Check-Ups: The majority of people have to arrange for a yearly skin examination.

Higher Risk Factors: You should think about going more frequently—every six to twelve months—if you have fair skin, a history of sunburns, several moles, or a family history of skin cancer.

Self-Examinations: Conduct routine self-examinations at home in addition to routine professional examinations. Using the ABCDE approach (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter larger than 6mm, Evolution), search for any new moles or changes in existing ones.

What to Expect During Your Visit

1.Initial Consultation

A form with your medical history and any particular issues you wish to discuss will be filled out when you get to Bhanot Medspa for your visit.

2. Full-Body Examination

Your skin from head to toe will be thoroughly examined by your dermatologist. For the examination procedure, you could be requested to change into a gown. The dermatologist will check the moles for any changes or odd places.

3. Discussion of Findings

Your dermatologist will talk to you about the results of the examination. Based on their examination, they could offer treatment choices or suggest more testing if they find any worrisome areas.

4. Follow-Up Recommendations

Your dermatologist will arrange follow-up consultations for monitoring or treatment if needed, and they will also give you advice on how to take care of your skin in between meetings.

Conclusion

Maintaining healthy skin and avoiding dangerous diseases like skin cancer require routine skin examinations. Everyone should prioritize their skin health by scheduling yearly exams and being aware of any changes to their skin, according to Bhanot Medspa in San Jose. You may approach this crucial area of skincare with confidence if you know the significance of these examinations and what to anticipate when you go in.

If you're ready to take control of your skin health or have questions about your skincare routine, contact us today to book your appointment! You should take the best possible care of your skin!

#Dermatologist in San Jose

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staylor-12 · 1 month ago

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How to Remove Skin Lumps and Bumps

Skin lumps and bumps are common, and while most are harmless, some may require medical attention. Understanding the types, causes, and removal methods is essential for maintaining healthy skin. This guide covers everything you need to know about skin lumps and bumps, including effective treatments and prevention tips.

What Are Skin Lumps and Bumps?

Skin lumps and bumps refer to raised areas on the skin. They vary in size, shape, and texture and can appear anywhere on the body. Common examples include:

Moles

Cysts

Lipomas

Skin tags

Warts

Keratoses

These may result from blocked glands, infections, or genetic factors. While many are benign, changes in size, color, or texture warrant medical evaluation.

When Should You Be Concerned?

It's vital to monitor any new or existing skin lumps and bumps for changes, including:

Rapid growth

Pain or tenderness

Bleeding or ulceration

Changes in color or texture

Consulting a dermatologist ensures proper diagnosis and treatment.

Types of Skin Lumps and Their Causes

1. Moles

Moles are pigmented skin growths caused by clusters of melanocytes. Most moles are benign, but irregular moles may indicate melanoma, a type of skin cancer.

2. Cysts

Cysts are fluid-filled sacs beneath the skin, often caused by blocked glands or infections. They can form on various parts of the body and may require drainage.

3. Lipomas

Lipomas are fatty tissue growths that feel soft and moveable. These benign lumps are usually painless but can be removed if they cause discomfort.

4. Skin Tags

Skin tags are small, flesh-colored growths caused by friction. They are non-cancerous and typically appear in areas like the neck, armpits, and groin.

5. Warts

Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). They appear as rough bumps on the skin and are highly contagious.

6. Seborrheic Keratoses

These are non-cancerous growths that appear with age. They are typically brown or black and may have a waxy appearance.

Treatment Options for Skin Lumps and Bumps

1. Medical Treatments

A dermatologist can recommend treatments tailored to the type of lump or bump. Common medical procedures include:

Cryotherapy

Cryotherapy uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and remove warts, skin tags, and keratoses.

Excision Surgery

Surgical removal is common for larger growths like lipomas and suspicious moles. This is performed under local anesthesia.

Laser Removal

Laser treatment is effective for skin tags, warts, and certain moles. It’s a precise, non-invasive option with minimal downtime.

Electrocautery

This technique involves using electric current to burn off small skin growths like warts and skin tags.

2. Over-the-Counter (OTC) Treatments

For minor skin issues, OTC treatments may be effective. Options include:

Salicylic acid creams for warts

Adhesive patches to gradually reduce skin tags

Tea tree oil or apple cider vinegar as natural remedies (use with caution)

3. Home Remedies

Some people opt for natural methods to remove skin lumps. Popular remedies include:

Aloe Vera: Reduces inflammation and soothes irritated skin.

Tea Tree Oil: Known for its antimicrobial properties, it’s often used for warts.

Apple Cider Vinegar: Can be applied to skin tags to dry them out.

Note: Consult a dermatologist before trying home remedies, as they may not be suitable for all skin conditions.

Preventing Skin Lumps and Bumps

While not all lumps are preventable, adopting a healthy skincare routine can reduce your risk. Here are some tips:

Maintain Good Hygiene: Cleanse your skin regularly to prevent clogged pores.

Protect Your Skin: Use sunscreen to minimize sun damage, which can lead to skin growths.

Avoid Skin Irritation: Reduce friction in areas prone to skin tags by wearing loose clothing.

Boost Your Immunity: A strong immune system can help combat viruses like HPV.

Are Skin Lumps and Bumps Dangerous?

Most skin lumps and bumps are harmless. However, changes in appearance or persistent discomfort could indicate an underlying issue. Seek medical attention if:

A mole changes in size, shape, or color.

A cyst becomes inflamed or painful.

A bump bleeds or does not heal.

Early diagnosis is key to managing potentially serious conditions like skin cancer.

How Dermatologists Can Help

Dermatologists specialize in diagnosing and treating skin conditions. During a consultation, they may:

Examine your skin using a dermatoscope.

Perform a biopsy if necessary.

Recommend treatment options based on the diagnosis.

Regular skin check-ups are crucial, especially if you have a family history of skin cancer.

Conclusion

Skin lumps and bumps are a common concern, but understanding their types and treatment options can help you manage them effectively. Whether you choose medical procedures, OTC treatments, or natural remedies, consulting a dermatologist ensures safe and effective care.

If you’re experiencing changes in your skin or wish to explore removal options, schedule an appointment with a qualified dermatologist today.

FAQs

1. Can I remove skin lumps and bumps at home? Minor skin tags and warts can sometimes be treated with OTC remedies, but professional evaluation is recommended for safe removal.

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readingsrantsrambles · 2 months ago

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My Parkinson’s Crisis—And Ours The still-mysterious disease is spreading wildly, and Washington isn’t doing enough. As a physician and a sufferer, I should know.

Washington Monthly by E. Fuller Torrey & Wendy Simmons November / December 2023

The still-mysterious disease is spreading wildly, and Washington isn’t doing enough. As a physician and a sufferer, I should know.

Parkinson’s disease is a puzzle. I know because I have had it for more than a decade. Some of its symptoms, such as tremors, are easy to understand, but others are weird. For example, turning my body is difficult, and it’s even more difficult if I try to turn it clockwise rather than counterclockwise. I have lost my ability to swim. And what happens when I suddenly freeze, as if my feet were glued to the floor? My brain has sent a message to my feet to step forward. Did the message not arrive, or did my feet simply ignore it? It’s impossible to know. (This article has a shared byline, but the “I” refers to Torrey.)

Parkinson’s disease is not just a puzzle; it’s an expensive one. A recent detailed study, based on 2017 data, reported that just over 1 million individuals in the United States were living with Parkinson’s. The disease costs our health care system $51.9 billion annually—and that price is expected to balloon to $79.1 billion by 2037, or roughly $1.36 billion a year. Since 90 percent are 65 or older, these patients place a particularly heavy burden on Medicare.

Even more alarming, the researchers estimated that by 2037 an additional 600,000 people will be diagnosed with Parkinson’s. Such projections are consistent with other studies showing that Parkinson’s is the fastest-growing neurological disease globally, increasing even faster than Alzheimer’s disease. Indeed, an editorial in The Lancet Neurology reported that “the prevalence, burden of disability, and number of deaths associated with Parkinson’s disease all more than doubled between 1990 and 2016.” Some observers call this a “Parkinson’s pandemic.”

Part of this increase is attributable to people living longer and to the large, aging Baby Boomer population. But that is only a partial explanation. Another part might be due to factors related to the causes of this disease. Studies have shown that you are more likely to get Parkinson’s if you have red hair or melanoma, or if you still have your appendix. Other studies have reported that having numerous dental amalgam fillings or living downwind from a golf course are risk factors. Perhaps strangest is data showing that drinking large amounts of milk or never having smoked tobacco increases your chances of getting Parkinson’s disease. Examining some of the leading theories of causation—genetics, infection and inflammation, toxic metals, and pesticides—can illuminate this puzzling potpourri of claims and determine whether research dollars are being effectively deployed in halting the rise of the disease.

Genetics

Genetic research on Parkinson’s has identified more than 20 genes that can potentially cause the disease. However, most of them rarely do. Some genes were only identified in single families, and several only in individuals with early disease onset. The relative lack of importance of genes as a primary cause of Parkinson’s disease has been confirmed by studies in which identical twins, who share 100 percent of their genes, are compared to fraternal twins, who share only 50 percent. If a disease has a genetic cause, one expects both identical twins to be affected—this is called the “concordance rate”—significantly more often than both fraternal twins. Large studies of twins and Parkinson’s disease, however, have reported that the concordance rates for identical and fraternal twins are not significantly different. Twin studies thus confirm the relative lack of importance of genes as a primary cause of Parkinson’s disease and support researchers’ estimates that genes cause only 5 to 15 percent of cases.

In addition to genes that directly cause diseases, there are dozens, and perhaps hundreds, of so-called risk genes for each disease. Risk genes do not cause the illness but, rather, predispose individuals to it or protect them from it. For example, scientists know that a particular kind of Mycobacterium can cause tuberculosis. Once M. tuberculis enters a body, risk genes determine whether it will cause clinical symptoms and, if so, how severe they will be.

Scientists have identified more than 90 risk genes for Parkinson’s disease. One of these also controls the quantity and distribution of melanin, which determines hair color. Redheads have almost double the chance of developing Parkinson’s compared to people with black hair; blondes and brunettes have intermediate risks. This genetic association also explains why someone with Parkinson’s has an almost fourfold increased probability of developing melanoma and why someone with melanoma has a fourfold increased likelihood of developing Parkinson’s.

Infection and Inflammation

Infectious agents are also potential causes of Parkinson’s disease. Many viruses that affect the brain can cause symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as tremor and stiffness. Research has shown that the influenza virus, for example, caused the epidemic of encephalitis lethargica—a neurological syndrome—in the 1920s, which followed the 1918 influenza pandemic and resulted in thousands of cases of parkinsonism. (When individuals have symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, but it is unclear whether they have the full disease, it is referred to as “parkinsonism.”) The residual cases from that epidemic became the subject of Oliver Sacks’sAwakenings, subsequently made into a movie starring Robin Williams as the doctor giving his patients a new medication that produces a dramatic but temporary improvement in their symptoms. The possible role of the influenza virus in causing Parkinson’s disease is a subject of ongoing debate among researchers. Other viruses that have been shown to cause parkinsonism include Coxsackie, Japanese encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, herpes simplex, hepatitis C, and the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency disorder. How often such viruses actually do so is not yet known.

Other researchers take a broader approach to the relationship between infections and Parkinson’s disease. A large Swedish study identified individuals who had been hospitalized for any infection of the central nervous system. They found that individuals with Parkinson’s were 50 percent more likely than controls to have previously been hospitalized for a CNS infection. The researchers reasoned that it was not the specific infectious agent that was the problem but that all the infections produced inflammation in the brain.

In support of this theory, many studies have reported increased levels of inflammatory markers in the blood of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. This has led to speculation that the disease is not a brain disease but a disease of the immune system.

Some studies show a relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson’s disease. Additional evidence linking the gastrointestinal tract to Parkinson’s is that the wall of the intestine contains alpha-synuclein, a protein also found in the brain of individuals with Parkinson’s. Alpha-synuclein is especially prominent in the wall of the appendix. An international consortium of researchers extensively studied the appendix in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Looking at the records of more than 1.6 million individuals over 52 years, they found that patients who had had their appendix removed had a modest but statistically significant 19 percent reduction in their chances of developing Parkinson’s. Furthermore, those who had had their appendix removed at least 30 years previously but still developed the disease did so almost four years later than those who still had their appendix.

Toxic Metals

Researchers have also noted that exposure to high levels of certain metals—among them aluminum, bismuth, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, and zinc—causes parkinsonism. (Workers at a manganese ore–crushing facility, for example, reported parkinsonian symptoms.) Other studies show geographic associations, such as a higher prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in urban counties that also report a higher industrial release of copper or manganese.

Among the most promising research involving metals and Parkinson’s is in studies about mercury. Most human exposure to mercury comes from amalgam dental fillings and eating fish. Amalgam fillings, which consist of 50 percent mercury and a 50 percent mix of silver, copper, zinc, and other metals, were introduced almost 200 years ago. Individuals with amalgam fillings have between two and 12 times more mercury in their bodies than those without amalgam fillings. An autopsy study of 34 individuals reported a statistically significant correlation between the number of amalgam fillings and the mercury level in their brain’s occipital lobe. Studies have also shown that amalgam fillings slowly leak mercury vapor; when inhaled, it can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier. (Based on toxicity studies, amalgam fillings have been banned in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. They are still used in the United States, where 58 percent of adults have them.)

Studies of mercury that were specifically focused on Parkinson’s patients have confirmed this link. A study of 54 Parkinson’s patients and 95 controls reported a significant association between blood mercury levels and the diagnosis. A large study from Taiwan found that amalgam fillings significantly increased the risk of a subsequent diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. One study used data from Denmark’s Faroe Island, where there is a high prevalence of Parkinson’s, to examine the dietary history of 79 individuals with the disease and 154 matched controls. A statistically significant association was found between individuals who ate more whale, which is high in mercury, and those with Parkinson’s. Most recently, an Australian study compared the distribution of mercury in the autopsied brains of two individuals who had died with Parkinson’s disease and 12 who had not. Some mercury was found in all the brains, but only in the Parkinson’s-infected brains was it found in neurons in the substantia nigra, striatum, and thalamus, areas associated with this disease. The researchers often found Lewy bodies—abnormal deposits of alpha-synuclein and one of the hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease—along with the mercury.

Pesticides

In the 1980s, an unusual outbreak of Parkinson’s disease occurred among young adults in California. It turned out that all had used a designer street drug, MPTP, that was chemically similar to a widely used pesticide called paraquat. This caused researchers to wonder whether pesticides or other chemicals might be causes of Parkinson’s disease.

Four decades later, research suggests that the answer is yes. A 2017 analysis of 23 such studies concluded that pesticide exposure increases the risk of an individual developing Parkinson’s by 50 percent or greater. This was true for pesticides in general and also for each class of pesticides—insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides—examined individually. Some pesticides seem worse than others; for example, a meta-analysis of 13 case-control studies of paraquat alone demonstrates its association with Parkinson’s disease. Paraquat has already been banned in more than 30 countries, but it is still widely available in the United States, and according to data from the U.S. Geological Survey, its use more than doubled between 2008 and 2018.

The assessment of pesticide exposure differs widely in these studies. For example, a study in Iowa and North Carolina determined the incidence of Parkinson’s disease in individuals who worked in agriculture as professional pesticide applicators. By contrast, a study in Nebraska reported a geographic association between the incidence of Parkinson’s disease and the use of pesticides by counties. Several studies have examined whether rural residents who live next to fields on which pesticides have been used have a higher incidence of Parkinson’s. The results have been mixed. In 2012, researchers in Raleigh, North Carolina, published a letter in a neurology journal asking, “Is Living Downwind of a Golf Course a Risk Factor for Parkinsonism?” They observed that among 26 cases of parkinsonism, 19 individuals lived on or within two miles of a golf course. Furthermore, 16 of the 19 lived downwind from the course, and two others were said to have had additional golf course exposure. The researchers invited readers to confirm their findings with a larger sample size, but we could not ascertain whether anyone had done so.

Other Theories

Many Americans associate Parkinson’s disease with head trauma. The boxer Muhammad Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson’s in 1984, at the age of 42. Studies were subsequently done asking people with Parkinson’s about their history of head trauma. Such studies were subject to recall bias because subjects might have been more likely than controls to remember such incidents. A meta-analysis of 22 such studies, all done since 1984, reported a significant association with Parkinson’s disease, but only for head trauma that resulted in a loss of consciousness or a concussion. Recent studies have also emphasized that sports-related head injuries are more likely to result in chronic traumatic encephalopathy, with symptoms such as depression and cognitive deficits; some subjects will also have tremors, but other symptoms of parkinsonism are not prominent in such cases.

Clues to the causes of Parkinson’s disease have also been sought in prospective, longitudinal health studies in which data on dietary habits and smoking is collected on large groups who are followed for years. A meta-analysis of five longitudinal studies unexpectedly identified milk—but not cheese, yogurt, or butter—as a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. The more milk people drank, the greater the risk. In a study of men in Hawaii, those who consumed the most milk doubled their chances of developing Parkinson’s disease later in life. The risk does not appear to be related to milk’s calcium; milk causes a decrease in blood chemicals, which are thought to be a protective factor for Parkinson’s.

Even stranger than the milk story is the nicotine story. Everyone knows smoking is bad for your health and is associated with several cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart disease, and stroke. However, several longitudinal studies have identified nicotine, including in cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and chewing tobacco, as one of the strongest protective factors for Parkinson’s disease, reducing the risk of developing it by more than half. Current smokers have the lowest risk, followed by past smokers and then by people who have never smoked. The danger is inversely related to how long and heavily the person smoked. The decrease in smoking among men in recent decades has been cited as one possible reason Parkinson’s disease is increasing in prevalence. It is possible that nicotine has neuroprotective effects on the brain.

These are all important clues to ultimately discovering the causes and better treatments for Parkinson’s. Given the disease’s increasing prevalence, and the rising cost of caring for Parkinson’s patients, more research needs to be done.

How much federally funded research on Parkinson’s disease is currently being carried out? In 2021, the National Institutes of Health supported 526 research projects on Parkinson’s, totaling $254 million. Based on the titles of the 526 projects, it appears that 58 focus on genetic causes; 17 on infectious and inflammatory causes; 14 on pesticides (including paraquat); and only seven on toxic metals, none of which include mercury. Given the limited number of cases of Parkinson’s disease known to be caused by genes, genetic research is probably being adequately covered. However, the other possible causes all appear to be disappointingly under-researched.

How much should the NIH be spending? One way to assess this is to compare it to research expenditures for Alzheimer’s disease. In 2021, the NIH spent $254 million on Parkinson’s research and roughly $3.1 billion on Alzheimer’s research. There are 6.5 million people with Alzheimer’s, compared to the approximately 1 million with Parkinson’s, meaning that the NIH spent roughly $254 per Parkinson’s patient and more than $470 per Alzheimer’s patient. If we use this comparison, Parkinson’s is being underfunded by the NIH by about $216 million a year. Perhaps it is time to review the NIH research portfolio. This may lead to a better understanding of the causes of Parkinson’s disease, leading to better treatments and control of Medicare costs.

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