#maritime southeast asia

[arkipelagic]

First Islanders: Prehistory and Human Migration in Island Southeast Asia (2017) by Peter Bellwood

[oinonsana]

A WORLD SHORN OF LIGHT. 

A KNIGHT TORN FROM POWER AND MEMORY. 

Walk. Uncover the truth of your death. Reattain your Enlightenment. Cultivate Benevolent Violence. Master the Blade. Master the Mantra. Bring the world to heel. Shake Heaven's Pillars. Find out who did this to you. Choose the right side of the blade when you do. NO OTHER WAY. KILL THEM OR KILL THEM.

LET THY WILL BE DONE. 

UNTIL ALL BEINGS ARE FREE.

Giant cats turned into apartment complexes, ghost horse steeds that tire not, walking giant mechanical armors turned into public transportation, charnel wizards summoning the long-dead, witches wielding the Pureflame of Creation, the Machine God beginning its slick advance into forever progress... the Age of Furor is upon us. The Latter Day of the Law.

Upon the peak of their vengeance, will they choose the right blade? The Termagant Buddha watches closely.

THE KNIGHT VAGRANT is an utter progression fantasy web novel in the universe of HINGSAJAGRA, a world wrought from Esoteric Buddhism and Monsoon Asia. Monsoon Asia Disco Elysium Xianxia. 32 Chapters, 102k+ and counting. Arc 2, ADAMANTINE SWORD, is chunky and done.

WHAT TO EXPECT

꩜ Immersive Fantasy universe that can be aptly described as Monsoon Asia Esotericist Disco Elysium Xianxia. The Utter Islands is a borderless Sword and Gun Fantasy Setting.

🌪️ Androgynous Amnesiac Weak to Strong Martyr Versatile MC (learning both Martial Arts and Magick) who uses multiple means of Cultivation (Meditation, Alchemy, Sword, Magick, Dual, and more), with a personality not unlike Goku from Dragon Ball. Trans Enby MC (both and neither male/female, 10th mark of a Buddha)

✊ Ruthless, Bloody, Brutal Skull On Stone Martial Arts

🔥 Esoteric Cultivation Systems inspired by IRL esoteric systems. All of them feuding and trying to out-cultivate each other.

‼️ Content Warnings for the following: Violence, Body Horror, Horror, Sexual Content (Optional!), Bigotry, Warfare, Class Struggle, Revolution, Betrayals, Strong Language

If any of this got you interested please consider checking it out over on Royal Road!

Cover by: @alexconnolly!

[rrcraft-and-lore]

Uh...super totally cool and not nerdy stuff....

Um nothing about the new discovery of Harrapan civilization shipyards at Lothal - the heart of the old south Asian civ.

And how that explains south Asian artifacts and more in cradle Mesopotamia and Egyptian sites and what that means for earlier old world trade, this stories, and back and forth religious perhaps influences too?!

Because it is officially now recognized as THE WORLD'S OLDEST PORT!!!!!

And they found foreign artifacts IN the shipyards too! So back and forth trade as well as obvy like mentioned the fact Indian artifacts showed up in the Persian Gulf coast.

But what's crazy is the fact there's networks of rivers and paths showing people traveled and traded TO Lothal (on their way) and then some from Lothal bought and traded onwards and some continued their journeys from there to Mesopotamia (today Iraq). That is huge!

Um...oh, and uh cars, and how to make a PVC tube snow ball when winter comes so I'm prepared to be the most dominant force on my block. Get rekt!

...also the history of sapphic pirates.

Oh, map representation of the water was from Nal Sarova and all the way up from Ahmedabad for how people could get to Lothal -- for some the boat trip was only two days on a boat with a little humped thatched roof over it.

Two days of river going comfortably and you could be at a trade epicenter (water NYC) then from there outward into the wider world to trade with other cradle civilizations. Idk if you get how fucking huge that is for a trader. Think about the stories traded back and forth, superstitions, myths, folktales, lives, and of course they money, goods, information. Learned people would travel ABSOLUTELY for the sake of knowledge and the new.

South Asia was home to the world's oldest residential university. Most of the cradle civilizations were more advanced than many give them credit for because they had built up the wealth/resources at the time to invest back into the collection and pursuit of knowledge so higher level learning through schools of various sorts and private tutelage and having just people dedicated to its pursuits (and libraries of course) all existed and could be funded/possible.

The old world was FAR more interconnected than people realize.

But this is freaking super duper cool.

The Silk Road maritime routes were absolutely documented. But that is a far way away from this period in time.

[welcometoteyvat]

yoimiya 2nd story quest ?!?!?!?!

[tenth-sentence]

The reasons resemble the reasons why Europeans replaced or exterminated Native Australians within the last two centuries, and why South Chinese replaced the original tropical Southeast Asians earlier: the farmers' much denser populations, superior tools and weapons, more developed watercraft and maritime skills, and epidemic diseases to which the farmers but not the hunter-gatherers had some resistance.

"Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years" - Jared Diamond

[mutant-distraction]

Melvin Guererro

Bohol, Philippines

Tarsiers (/ˈtɑːrsiərz/ TAR-see-ərz) are haplorhine primates of the family Tarsiidae, which is, itself, the lone extant family within the infraorder Tarsiiformes. Although the group was, prehistorically, more globally widespread, all of the species living today are restricted to Maritime Southeast Asia, predominantly being found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines

[pinoy-culture]

🌙✨️ I recently got asked on Facebook, "How would our pre-colonial ancestors know what a lion was?" They brought up a good point, as lions don't exist in the Philippines. So how was Arimaonga seen as lion like?

Well, while today Arimaonga is seen as a giant playful lion, they originally were a tiger.

Ok, but Ligaya, there are no tigers in the Philippines. True, today there aren't any native species of tigers. However, doesn't mean they didn't exist before. Excavations in Palawan have unearthed bone fragments of a tiger that once roamed the island of Palawan. Whose to say that they didn't also reach the other islands of what is now known as the Philippines?

Further more, we can look to linguistics. Arimaonga derives from the Malay word, "harimau" which means tiger. It's no coincidence as Malay was the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia, including the Philippines. Historical records state that our ancestors, especially those who were traders, spoke Malay, as they were able to understand and communicate with those from other islands in maritime SEA.

And that's today's lesson on mythologies from the Philippines. 🇵🇭

__________

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[winterlogysblog]

Fairy Scents ft. Kiane Kids Scent Headcanons

It's well established that each fairy has a scent that is associated with a flower or a herb. So far we have confirmed scents for each notable fairy we have been introduced to.

So after some quick research I found some info about these flowers and their scents

King - Gold Osmanthus

Osmanthus Wine tastes same as I remember, but where are those who share the memory XD

Origins: China

In the language of flowers, they carry the meaning of love and romance, symbolising true love and faithfulness

Smells like a mix of juicy peaches, ripe apricots with soft leather or suede.

Elaine - Lavender

Origins: Mediterranean

Represent purity, silence, devotion, serenity, grace, and calmness.

Biblical meaning of lavender symbolizes purity, devotion, and love

Delicate, sweet smell that is floral, herbal, and evergreen woodsy at the same time

Helbram - White Rose

Origins: Ancient Greece

Symbolize loyalty, purity, and innocence.

Combination of floral and fruity notes, with hints of honey and jasmine

Fun fact: A White Rose is what King used to kill Helbram (the first time) it turned red because of the blood

Gerheade - Mint

Origins: Mediterranean

Symbol of Hospitality and Wisdom

Gloxinia - Ginger

Origins: Maritime Southeast Asia

In many cultures, ginger is considered a symbol of love

Used in religious rituals to symbolize cleansing, protection and blessing.

Warm and spicy, with a hint of sweetness

Lancelot - Lemon

Origins: Unknown (said to be first grown in Northeast India, Northern Myanmar, or China)

Symbol of purity and cleansing

Headcanon Time

Since Nakaba hasn't spoken out about their scents I'll give my thoughts on the matter.

Lancelot introduced fruits into the mix of scents and Gloxinia smells like Ginger which is a root so I went ham with this.

Nasiens - Oleander or Sunflower

Oleander are toxic which is very fitting for our Mad Herbalist

Smells like Vanilla

Oleander symbolizes love, beauty, and resilience

I want one of Kiane's kids to smell like Sunflowers cause you know... Sunflower

Sunflowers also don't have a distinct smell so it's actually fitting for Nasiens since he grew up thinking he's human so there's really no natural fairy-like smell he could have detected from himself

Sunflower represents longevity, lasting happiness, adoration, and loyalty

Sixtus - Peach

Since Sixtus looks extremely like King I think it's only fitting if his scent is close to King's as well

Peaches symbolizes longevity

Belte - Jasmine

Belte gives Helbram energy and he kinda looks like him too so his scent also needs to give Helbram energy

Jasmine stands for purity, simplicity, modesty and strength.

Zana and Zillian - Blackberry and Raspberry

Since they're twins I want their scents to match

Blackberries are mild, sweet and slightly acidic scent, with earthy and woody nuances.

Some believed that blackberries contain properties of abundance and prosperity

Raspberries are fruity, sweet and slightly acidic

Raspberries are symbol of kindness in Christian art.

Tioreh - Pink Hyacinth

Phao - Lily of the Valley

Symbol of purity, joy, love, sincerity, happiness and luck,

Has a floral and green scent, with fresh and slightly sweet notes

I want one of Kiane's kids scents to come from the earth, something underground. There's an underground Orchid but it smells bad so that won't do so I specifically looked for a flower that has an earthy scent. I also want it to be PINK for Tioreh

Sweet, robust, and earthy

Pink hyacinths symbolize playful joy.

[littlestpersimmon]

thoughts and rambling. I don't give out advice on how to write xyz bc I'm not really a professional. And also when I see threads spreading online abt how to write xyz poc. And they're often. Eh? not really right. *even if the person writing them belongs to the same marginalization*- Also often Generalizing- like for example, I once saw a thread on "how to write Muslims" with tens of thousands of notes- and one of the points listed was "stop drawing Muslim characters wearing gold / the color purple"- which is immediately. Like. Dismissive of the entirety of maritime southeast asia (the biggest Muslim populations in the entire world are southeast asian demographics.)- purple happens to be an important color of Tausug and Maranao embroidery- Muslim indigenous peoples of the southern Philippines.

another example off of the top of my head- when people say that "all Chinese people have monosyllabic surnames".. again that's not true for so many Chinese diasporas and ethnic minorities- my great grandparents- were Chinese, and their last names were Cojuangco and Angco- many Hokkien-speaking Chinese folks living in southeast asia have non-monosyllabic surnames- especially if they settled before colonialism- in the Philippines, many chinese surnames are like- Limuangco, Lacson, Yuchengco, Siongco..

No good idea how to close this rant. All I know is that I've lived for so long, it's hard to see people as terrible and purposefully insensitive over the slightest faux pas over mistakes- mainly because the people who feel authoritative over writing poc- also aren't equipped to be writing threads that become extremely widespread online and often spread the wrong ideas. Feels cliche to say, but everybody makes mistakes haha. I'm free to give.. um. Suggestions. but absolutely no word of god in this household.

[afterthegreatunknown]

VFD And Their Global Presence

A headcanon post about VFD and parts of their global presence, as well as details of two volunteers who lives intertwined due to this, with only one realizing it on his deathbed:

When VFD decided to open their first branch in Southeast Asia, it was in the Year of the Rat (1900), in the French Indochina consisting of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia in the present.

Even though VFD has British, Spanish, and Dutch volunteers and the British, Spanish, and Dutch had colonies in the Southeast Asia region long before France had their colony, they didn’t think much of their colonies as being worthwhile for the organization. The French Fraction of VFD thought otherwise. They heavily persuaded the VFD’s Heads of all Superiors to build a headquarter in the city formerly known as Saigon, due to it being the “Pearl of the Orient.”

The Saigon Headquarter after being built, proved to be a success with volunteers already living there. Not only that, the native ethnic groups in colony -mainly the Vietnamese- showed the skills of being Volunteers. VFD as such allowed new volunteers to join, increasing the numbers of volunteers that left the British, Spanish, and Dutch Fractions of VFD embarrass of themselves.

In the Year of the Monkey (1968), the British VFD Fraction announced a proposal of a headquarter branch in Thailand. Back when they were known as Siam, they learned of VFD, and wanted in. The British VFD Fraction back then pretended to no know what VFD is, but by the present the British VFD Fraction finally admitted the truth.

VFD’s Heads of all Superiors made a unanimous vote of ‘Yes’ to opening another branch in the region. Somehow, two headquarter branches opened up in the Year of the Rooster (1969): one in the capital city of Bangkok (the one proposed) and in the northern Thailand city of Chiang Mai (nice surprise). The success of the two Thailand Headquarter branches had VFD deciding on a fourth branch in the region. Unsure where to build it though, VFD sent many volunteers into the region to search for a location, mainland and maritime.

Until the Year of the Rabbit (1975), VFD sent volunteers scout to countries in the Southeast Asia region for another potential headquarter location. Volunteers who were sent to scout the countries of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia were mainly military volunteers (army, navy, air forces), for the countries that made up the former United States wanted to give military aid to those countries, for during this time, the countries were all in a civil war.

VFD attempted to send journalists and photographers volunteers in as foreign correspondents to scout those countries also, for the military volunteers were well, in the military. Most sent didn’t stay long. They weren’t use to reporting war in an almost constant war-zone, as well as unable to stand the plight of the refugees in the cities suffering from the loss of their homes and families. Only one volunteer was able to handle the mission.

That volunteer was Hemingway Quagmire, the future (adopted) father of Raymond ‘Q’ Quagmire, the father of Duncan, Isadora, and Quigley Quagmire. Hemingway worked at a newspaper known as The Slapdash, and had prior experience of reporting in a war-zone. Hemingway reported on the Bangladesh Liberation War for three months, before getting called back by his boss to return (VFD influenced reasons).

VFD set up a raffle that selected three volunteers to go to either Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia for the incoming Year of the Rat (1972), because no one wanted to be a good member and volunteer themselves. Hemingway was chosen by the raffle to be the volunteer sent to Cambodia, a decision that VFD instantly regretted, for Hemingway was known for volatile mood changes.

Surprisingly, Hemingway’s volatile mood changes didn’t affect his scouting. What affected Hemingway was the lack of interpreter. The original VFD approved interpreters came from Thailand and Vietnam, and Cambodian citizens -especially ethnic Khmer Cambodians- weren’t that willingly to speak to a Thai or Vietnamese person. Hemingway realized he had to hire an outside interpreter from within the country.

That prove to be a difficult feat, for there were foreign correspondents from bigger, more-well known newspapers who were able to make use of them all. So, what’s the next best thing for Hemingway to do? Learn the Khmer language himself. And as luck would have, Hemingway found a man willing to teach him the language.

The local man was teacher turn private tutor and part-time interpreter (the school he taught closed down) It was a local man whose name was (in eastern order), Heng Samnang.

Samnang was Chinese-Cambodian with French blood in him, though he refused to speak Chinese (he knows the language, he just chooses to not speak it) and French (it’s how he got that private tutoring job). Hemingway was shock that Samnang took payment as the occasional interpreter, but not for tutoring. Samnang’s private tutoring job paid well, so teaching Hemingway the local language was something he did out of the goodness of his heart (when being an interpreter, due to offering a service, Samnang accept payment).

During the months Hemingway was tutored by Samnang, Hemingway learned a few things about him. Samnang was a married man, and Hemingway got the honor to meet the lovely wife, Bopha. Bopha was a stay-at-home mother of their eight children. Hemingway nearly choked on his coffee when Bopha told him, and she laughed, knowing he would react like that.

Hemingway and his wife Zelda —who is back in the City, a singer at the Marziale Hall- always wanted a child. But they are unable to have one. Knowing Samnang and Bopha had a brood, Hemingway asked Samnang if he could meet their children. Or at least one or two of them. And Samnang agreed to it, introducing four of his children to Hemingway.

Hemingway met the eldest of the brood, Phirun, in one of his tutoring sessions. Phirun enjoyed music, especially songs from native Cambodian artists; Sinn Sisamouth is Phirun’s favorite. Another child Hemingway met in a tutoring session was Sopheap, the second-eldest. Sopheap wanted to an educator like his father, and helped Hemingway on that particular session.

Chandara and Botum were the third and fourth children of Samnang and Bopha met. The two were thick as thieves and acted like twins, which is funny on its own because Sopheap and his not-yet-met sister were the twins of the family. Chandara was the ring-leader, while Botum was the follower. The two were sweet as can be, and mischievous as young children are.

Hemingway grew to love the family, even those he has yet to meet. And Hemingway thought of Samnang not as an associate, but a friend. When all the tutoring sessions were completed, Hemingway insisted he remain in contact with Samnang, and two meeting up on occasionally, for work and for leisure. When it was work, Samnang was Hemingway’s driver and interpreter, free of charge. When it was leisure, Samnang and Hemingway went to restaurants and bars, before returning back to the hotel where Hemingway stayed, dipping their feet in the water. And always at the end, Hemingway gives Samnang a small gift for one of his children, telling Samnang he should introduce the whole family one day. That day never came though.

The civil wars in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia got worse with each day and passing year. But plans of withdrawal from those countries came to be early on in the Year of the Rabbit (1975). For Cambodia, the countries that were the former United States and a few allied countries were told that foreign correspondents and international non-governmental organization workers (like the Red Cross Movement) and others had to leave on April 12th.

If they elected to stay, there would be no help to get out later (France/the French Embassy being the exception). And VFD insisted volunteers in Cambodia to leave on April 12th. The planned fourth headquarter branch in Southeast Asia were postpone for an undisclosed amount of time. All of mainland and maritime Southeast Asia were order to be left alone.

Hemingway in the incoming weeks before the evacuation, did his best to get Samnang and his family on evacuates list to leave Cambodia. Hemingway didn’t want his friend and his family to be left to whatever terrors the end of the civil war would bring. But the Consulate and their bureaucracy set him in circles that left him frustrated with each passing day. And due to a lack of Volunteer with a position in the Consulate would have given him the help he needed, Hemingway told Samnang of his failure to save him and his family.

Hemingway was a mess and acted like mess; crying his eyes out and drinking like a fish. Samnang stayed the night at Hemingway’s hotel, and when April 12th came, Samnang help Hemingway get wash and change into new clothes, and drove him to the evacuation site. Hemingway constantly look back on that final day, and knew Samnang stayed to make sure he (Hemingway) deliberately didn’t do anything to stay behind in Cambodia.

Life went on, of course. Hemingway returned home to Zelda and his old job at the Slapdash. Hemingway continued his work as a Volunteer, and kept to himself of his time in Cambodia. He wrote letters to international organizations about Samnang Heng and his family, writing details of who they are with photos, asking if any were found by them. Hemingway had hope he would learn something, though Snicket —E. Snicket; Jacob was much more of an optimist— once told him hope was like mail: it rarely arrives, and it can get lost easily.

Hemingway on his deathbed, after asking Raymond to do one final search for anyone of the Heng Family, learned of survivors.

The third child and first-born daughter, Sopheap’s twin Sovanna, lives in Los Angeles, a city in the Southern Land of Districts. Sovanna has a stepdaughter and stepson, and she runs a doughnut shop/bakery known for triangle shape desserts that resembles her own triangle glasses. Raymond visited Sovanna in L.A. and learned of two other survivors; Sovanna didn’t mind speaking to Raymond, for she recalls how her father loved Hemingway, like the brother he never had.

The sixth and seventh born children, Theary and Rith, are living in New England, in the city of Boston. Theary is the fourth and final daughter born, while Rith is the third born son. The two have the same job of being teachers at the same local high school; Theary teaches French (all levels), while Rith teaches high school Biology (levels One and Two). The two live in the same neighborhood in the same apartment building with their spouses (no children).

Hemingway asked if there was any information of the youngest, whose name was the only of Samnang’s children he never got to learn. Raymond said Sovanna suspects he survive, but the proof she has is flimsy, to where she never told Theary and Rith. On the day everyone in Phnom Pehn was force to leave on orders from the winning side, Sovanna hid her broken (re: no lenses) triangle glasses underneath a false bottom in her drawer. When she and her siblings came back to their home years later, Sovanna went to that drawer, and found the glasses gone.

Only her youngest brother knew where she hid it. And Hemingway couldn’t help but laugh at hearing this. He couldn’t help but think back to when his associate Widdershins came to Headquarters one day with a smoothie, with a boy looking in awe and wonder. A refugee boy from Cambodia, who by the present is now a captain.

Captain Widdershins never talked much of his past; only enough to take up one paragraph in his file. Hemingway likes Captain Widdershins –he’s a very good associate to Raymond— but there was one thing that puzzled him. Captain Widdershins has in his possession a pair of glasses frames. Hemingway had figured Captain Widdershins owned glasses, and never gotten them fix to wear them again. But recently, he was told an explanation: the glasses belonged to his older sister, keeping them as a reminder of her. And just a few days ago, Captain Widdershins gave those glasses to Thursday and Frigga’s infant daughter, Fiona.

Said glasses were triangle frame.

Hemingway couldn’t help but laugh at the timing of everything. While late, he thought it was better than it getting lost forever or never arriving.

[arkipelagic]

Pre-Austronesian origins of seafaring in Insular Southeast Asia (2013) by Waruno Mahdi

[oinonsana]

got a new update up on my slick bladepunk dharmacore progression fantasy web serial.

THE KNIGHT VAGRANT is like if Dragonball had Maritime Asian aesthetics and overtly Buddhist themes.

maritime asia? think the Maritime Silk Road/Nirvana Route: from parts of South Arabia to India to SEAsia to South and East China to Japan to Korea,, the whole shebang of buddhism's extent. keep in mind its only really inspired by maritime asia: it's still a progression fantasy at its core. eventual god killing will ensue, but a god killing guided by enlightened compassion.

imagine if breath of the wild was built ground up from southeast asian aesthetics, ethics, and traditions. xianxia by way of southeast asian hindu-buddhist-animist esotery instead of only daoism

writing progression fantasy (think shonen anime, growing in power is the point) feels like home to me.

blurbs and shit ya'll:

[cookieshower]

This question is 10+ years late, but I’m reaaaaaaaaaaaaaally curious to know. How did you first get into SpaPort / PortSpa and why do you like it more than the others?

oh this is gonna be a mini story time 🛐

how: since i got into hetalia toni is already a blorbo™. you know those things like uhh if a ship has both of my blorbo in it i will love it more? yeah...

in 2011-2014 there was a popular heta fan comic in deviantart called Maaf, it's mainly focused on maritime southeast asia ocs and bits of their history with other canon charas. it's kinda non linear (chronological??).

around that time port's 2nd design is revealed (the ponytail with scar), later the author of Maaf drew him in the story... note that the author doesn't write some parts of the story, chunks of it is provided/suggested by readers from said countries, port included.

ofc teen me (occasional yaoi enjoyer) & some readers went: oh ☺️ so that is spain's brother ☺️ they bicker a lot ☺️ wanna see more❣️ then i saw more arts of them by few dA artists... saw their tumblr accounts, followed, and from there i discovered many more in The spaport tumblr✨✨. i was just a minor lurker gnfjnfs, gradually left heta in 2014, made no drawing/content.

dragged back to heta bc of new season & SEA charas › jan 2022 i watched a certain anime and 2 main charas reminds me of #them › wow suddenly i miss #them a Lot..... › marathoned all their remaining tumblr arts and fics i've never seen before and dusted off my tumblr

why:

the 3 principles of good heta ship (credit to oomf): neighbours that share borders, one have invaded the other, family bond/related. this formula is always correct!

then there's canon materials and "why are you only meek with him"... toni only showed his weak side to port??? this exclusivity?!? oh it's over for other ships /lh.

TO ME a lot of ship dynamics/trope fit them heheh. sun and moon, dumb and dumber, sensitive and oblivious, writer and artist, i can fix him, etc. i think being a foreigner means i understood their irl relations less and i wont go "actually..." [insert better english sth sth ignorance is bliss].

they also reminds me of a favourite ship that involves my country so 🤒 even their language differences(?). then other fav ships reveals even more of spaport history bits from different pov. not elaborating the 3 ships here bc it will be Long and off topic lol but these kept adding as i learned more!! so yeah there's the many indirect connections.

ok that's what i can think of, excuse the incoherent texts :3c

[setra-studies]

who were the first filipinos?

can be tabon man, callao man, core population theory, or austronesians (all under homo erectus)

tabon man

tabon caves discovered in 1960s by robert b fox

located at lipunan point, quezon (southwestern side of palawan)

sunda shelf that extended from the malay peninsula, java, sumatra, and borneo to palawan was the land bridge that allowed nomads to move along in early times

caves included in this study are the tabon caves, manunggul caves, guri cave, duyong cave, and leta-leta cave

fossils of tabon man found in tabon cave

included large frontal bone, parts of nasal bones and fragments of a mandible + teeth

fossil may have been one of female, aged 28 to 35 by research of neil mcintosh in 1975

tabon man tentatively dated 22,000 to 24,000 years ago

earliest filipino inhabited philippines during old stone age/paleolithic era

callao man

discovery of bones of ancient animals and tools in cagayan valley made archaeologists suspect that the earliest inhabitants of the philippines lived here

stone tools in callao caves dated to 26,000 years ago

in 2010 dr. armand mijares discovered a 2.4 inch toe bone in the cave

core population theory

f. landa jocano thinks filipino culture developed from within and not as a part of the bigger development in southeast asia.

based on concept of evolution

proposed that the philippines was one of the places where humans or hominids evolved and developed a way of life

human fossil evidence in java (indonesia), niah (borneo) and tabon (philippines) is the core population jocano refers to

he described the evolutionary stages as the following three:

formative period: time from existence of first humans up to 2,500 years ago, covering paleolithic and neolithic age

incipient period: age of metals where bronze and iron came into use, manufacture of pottery started, jade and glass became present in burial jars

emergent period: trade flourished further with other countries pre-colonization, with china and countries in the middle east, formation of more organized way of life in pre-hispanic barangays

austronesians

austro meaning “south,” nesis “islands”

came from taiwan and sailed on boats to different countries/islands in micronesia

austronesians spoke proto-austronesian

linguists traced languages in southeast asia to proto-austronesian language

most likely / main theory

two theories on the austronesians:

mainland origin theory

peter bellwood believes the austronesians originated from south china and taiwan and migrated and spread throughout southeast asia

island origin theory

wilhelm g. solheim II suggests existence of a trade and communication network that first spread in the asia-pacific region during neolithic age

concluded that proto-austronesians came from indonesia and the mindanao island and move northward

called them the nusantao/maritime traders

[geoazie]

Aesthetic of the languages on earth : Malay

Malay is an Austronesian language spoken by 77 million people over Maritime Southeast Asia. It is an official language of Malaysia, Indonesia (as Indonesian), Brunei, and Singapore. It is a recognized minority language in Indonesia, East Timor and Thailand.