#leon jaworski

[deadpresidents]

Are there any studies on how this country might've changed if Ford had not pardoned Nixon? Is it likely that the DOJ would've indicated Nixon and is it likely that Nixon would've been impeached and convicted?

Nixon 100% would have been impeached and convicted and removed from office. The House Judiciary Committee had already voted to impeach Nixon about a week-and-a-half before he resigned, so the next step would have been impeachment by the full House of Representatives. That would have triggered the trial in the Senate.

The reason Nixon resigned was because Senate Republican leaders like Barry Goldwater and Hugh Scott went to the White House and told him that he was finished and that even they would be voting to convict him once he was impeached.

Whether or not Nixon would have been indicted if Ford had not pardoned him is hard to know, but at the end of the chapter about President Ford's pardon of Nixon in Richard Norton Smith's recent book, An Ordinary Man: The Surprising Life and Historic Presidency of Gerald R. Ford (BOOK | KINDLE | AUDIO), Smith reveals:

Among Ford's privately stated reasons for pardoning Nixon was his desire to relieve Special Prosecutor Leon Jaworski of responsibility for deciding the former President's legal fate. The irony of this position was revealed only after he left office. In June 1982, ABC News marked ten years since the Watergate break-in by assembling seven of the twenty-three grand jurors originally summoned to investigate the Nixon White House. As they told it, prosecutors answering to Jaworski had drawn up a four-count indictment charging Nixon with "bribery, conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and obstruction of a criminal investigation." All it required for implementation was a formal jury vote and two signatures -- those of the jury foreman and the special prosecutor. The grand jurors were unanimously prepared to endorse such a course. Jaworski was not. Arguing that no precedent existed for indicting a sitting President, he had persuaded the grand jury to instead forward its evidence to the House Judiciary Committee for possible impeachment proceedings. With Nixon's August 1974 resignation, the issue of Presidential guilt resurfaced. Jaworski's deputy Philip Lacovara argued for an indictment of the now-former President, a view widely held among the prosecutorial staff and seconded by members of the grand jury. Jaworski thought he had suffered enough. In reality, Jaworski had never intended to put Nixon on trial if he could possibly avoid it. Ford's pardon saved him from publicly disclosing this reluctance, something he confided before his death in October 1982 to [former Defense Secretary] Mel Laird and Houston Congressman William Archer, both instrumental in his original appointment.

[leonjaworskiluvrgrlll]

Hello Mitchell-Stans. Sorry for the hiatus.

I’d like to issue a formal apology to @giveemhell-leonbaby​ for my past shipping views relating to our babygirl Leon. I started this blog with a judicial prejudice that Leon would not be proud of. I now recognize my closed-mindedness and regret that I hadn’t reflected on my own political biases as someone previously raised and committed to the mid-20th century Republican party.

Following this revelation, I’ve taken it upon myself to consult the primary sources relating to Leon’s correspondences and relationships, and I’ve come to the conclusion that my surface-level sources detailing Nix*n and Leon’s relationship lacked the proper context and research that ought to supplement such serious claims about Leon’s intimate life. @giveemhell-leonbaby​ had not falsified the truths when detailing the toxic nature of leonix*n’s dynamic. I apologize for any misgivings I had held prior to this post; giveemhell has done nothing but cement their character of “frankness and candor”, as Leon would say.

I swear to do better in future endeavors and to hold truth to its highest standards before forming opinions. “No one is above the law.” I hope this post can mark the beginning of my journey towards real repentance. That’s all.

looking forward to making more content in the future for y’all!!!🥰🥰🌊

*o,o

[giveemhell-leonbaby]

hiiiiiiiiiii leo stans !!! sry to keep u all waiting, ik i’ve been delaying posts almost as long as the white house wanted to delay nixon’s trials lol!! 

sooooo as u all may know there was some past beef between me and another prominent figure in the leon jaworski fan community a while back. 

i want to apologize to @leonjaworskiluvrgrlll for some comments and disagreements we’ve had. 

i’ve recently read thru the transcripts of leo’s interviews with bob and carl (eeeeeeee!!! u guys it was soooooooo cute omggggg he told a lil story abt his grandson!!!!! ugh and theres SOOOOO much DRAMA!! ) and it rly made me reflect on the leo content i’ve put out here. i was operating off of limited information and fell prey to some flash judgements inappropriate for someone committed to a man of the law (remember: “no one -- absolutely no one -- is above the law” 💖💖💞💞💞💞💗💗💗💕💕💕💖💖💖).

@leonjaworskiluvrgrlll​ and i have since reconciled and realized there’s someone even better for our baby than nixon OR sirica -- al haig!!! 

leon and al had “an unusual working relationship” 👀👀👀👀 sooooooo u may be getting some content abt that *real* soon from ljlgrrl & i !!! <3333 

[leonjaworskiluvrgrlll]

you claim to be democratic and yet stop the people from voting in this poll in order to justify your own means and messages! i see where you stand, PR team. the medium is the message and this closed poll sends a clear one.

We would like to thank the #republicanparty for ensuring its future in the presidency by nominating #ourpresident Richard Nixon for a second term.

“I promise to be a fair and just party leader!”

[dreaminginthedeepsouth]

The education of Aileen Cannon

July 16, 2024

ROBERT B. HUBBELL

Judge Aileen Cannon is not smart enough to come up with the idea of ignoring controlling precedent to hold that special counsel Jack Smith’s appointment violates the Constitution. Instead, she received not-so-subtle tutoring from six reactionary justices on the US Supreme Court who have signaled that judicial precedent has the binding force of fairy tales—“just so” stories to be invoked when convenient but otherwise irrelevant to the process of judicial decision-making. When precedent is meaningless, the law is rudderless, and we are reduced to judges running popularity contests or selecting random outcomes from a Bingo hopper. To state the obvious, that is not good for the rule of law.

On Monday, Judge Cannon gave Donald Trump a hostess gift for the Republican National Convention. She dismissed the federal indictment against him for unlawfully retaining defense secrets after the National Archive, DOJ, and FBI demanded the return of the documents. To achieve that lawless result, she ignored dozens of other decisions—including binding Supreme Court precedent, which previously held that appointing a special counsel is consistent with the Constitution.

Cannon dared to tell the Supreme Court that its prior acceptance of the validity of special counsel appointments was “dictum”—that is, unnecessary surplusage not relevant to the decision in a case. See Just Security, Judge Cannon Dismisses Trump’s Classified Docs Case: What’s Next?

As explained in Just Security, the Supreme Court upheld a subpoena by special prosecutor Leon Jaworski issued to then President Nixon. Although the Supreme Court did not rule on a challenge to the validity of Jaworski’s appointment in US v. Nixon, the Court did rule on the authority of Jaworski to issue a subpoena to the president. If the Supreme Court believed Jaworski had no authority to issue the subpoena because he was not validly appointed, it would have told him so. It did not. Rather, the Court ruled unanimously in US v. Nixon that the special prosecutor had the authority to issue subpoenas to the president—and that the president was required to comply with those subpoenas.

The justices on the Supreme Court who unanimously joined in the US v. Nixon opinion were Warren Berger, William O. Douglas, William J. Brennan, Potter Stewart, Byron White, Thurgood Marshall, Harry Blackmun and Lewis F. Powell. Several legal giants were included on that bench!

But Judge Cannon rejected the unanimous ruling of those legal giants in US v. Nixon and instead favorably cited the solo dissent of Clarence Thomas in Trump v. US—a case that involved the existence of a legal defense but not the validity of the special counsel’s appointment. None of the other reactionary justices joined in Clarence Thomas’s baseless dissent in Trump v. US in which Thomas claimed that appointment of the special counsel violated the Constitution.

Is Judge Cannon’s lawless decision good? Bad? Both? The answer is a qualified “Both.” Jack Smith has already announced he will appeal the ruling to the 11th Circuit. In a world where the 11th Circuit follows the law, it will overrule Judge Cannon and remove her from the case. That would be a good result.

But what will the Supreme Court do? In a just world where the Supreme Court respects the rule of law and its own precedent, the Court should affirm the reversal of Judge Cannon’s opinion. But after its gonzo ruling in Trump v. US, predicting outcomes in the Supreme Court is dangerous business. See, e.g., Robert Hubbell in this newsletter,

When precedent is meaningless, the law is rudderless, and we are reduced to judges running popularity contests or selecting random outcomes from a Bingo hopper.

 Moreover, Judge Cannon has ensured that the defense secrets case cannot be tried until after the 2024 presidential election. No matter. We are precisely where we were before Judge Cannon’s ruling: The courts will not save us. Trump will be held accountable only if Joe Biden wins the 2024 presidential election. We are not merely electing Biden; we are defending the rule of law.

[Robert B. Hubbell Newsletter]

[themirthofanation]

The moral atrophy is in an advanced stage. As much as we might laugh at the morality of the 50s when people thought Elvis Presley’s gyrations on stage were as bad as it could get, I’m starting to wonder if we have swung too far in the other direction.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.1 (after 1950)

1950 – Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempt to assassinate US President Harry S. Truman at Blair House. 1951 – Operation Buster–Jangle: Six thousand five hundred United States Army soldiers are exposed to 'Desert Rock' atomic explosions for training purposes in Nevada. Participation is not voluntary. 1952 – Nuclear weapons testing: The United States successfully detonates Ivy Mike, the first thermonuclear device, at the Eniwetok atoll. The explosion had a yield of ten megatons TNT equivalent. 1954 – The Front de Libération Nationale fires the first shots of the Algerian War of Independence. 1955 – The establishment of a Military Assistance Advisory Group in South Vietnam marks the beginning of American involvement in the conflict. 1955 – The bombing of United Air Lines Flight 629 occurs near Longmont, Colorado, killing all 39 passengers and five crew members aboard the Douglas DC-6B airliner. 1956 – The Indian states Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Mysore are formally created under the States Reorganisation Act; Kanyakumari district is joined to Tamil Nadu from Kerala. Delhi was established as a union territory. 1956 – Hungarian Revolution: Imre Nagy announces Hungary's neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. Soviet troops begin to re-enter Hungary, contrary to assurances by the Soviet government. János Kádár and Ferenc Münnich secretly defect to the Soviets. 1956 – The Springhill mining disaster in Springhill, Nova Scotia kills 39 miners; 88 are rescued. 1957 – The Mackinac Bridge, the world's longest suspension bridge between anchorages at the time, opens to traffic connecting Michigan's upper and lower peninsulas. 1963 – The Arecibo Observatory in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, with the largest radio telescope ever constructed, officially opens. 1963 – The 1963 South Vietnamese coup begins. 1968 – The Motion Picture Association of America's film rating system is officially introduced, originating with the ratings G, M, R, and X. 1970 – Club Cinq-Sept fire in Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, France kills 146 young people. 1973 – Watergate scandal: Leon Jaworski is appointed as the new Watergate Special Prosecutor. 1973 – The Indian state of Mysore is renamed as Karnataka to represent all the regions within Karunadu. 1976 – Burundian president Michel Micombero is deposed in a bloodless military coup d'état by deputy Jean-Baptiste Bagaza. 1979 – In Bolivia, Colonel Alberto Natusch executes a bloody coup d'état against the constitutional government of Wálter Guevara. 1979 – Griselda Álvarez becomes the first female governor of a state of Mexico. 1981 – Antigua and Barbuda gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1982 – Honda becomes the first Asian automobile company to produce cars in the United States with the opening of its factory in Marysville, Ohio; a Honda Accord is the first car produced there. 1984 – After the assassination of Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India on 31 October 1984, by two of her Sikh bodyguards, anti-Sikh riots erupt. 1987 – British Rail Class 43 (HST) hits the record speed of 238 km/h for rail vehicles with on-board fuel to generate electricity for traction motors. 1991 – President of the Chechen Republic Dzhokhar Dudayev declares sovereignty of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria from the Russian Federation. 1993 – The Maastricht Treaty takes effect, formally establishing the European Union. 2000 – Chhattisgarh officially becomes the 26th state of India, formed from sixteen districts of eastern Madhya Pradesh. 2000 – Serbia and Montenegro joins the United Nations. 2001 – Turkey, Australia, and Canada agree to commit troops to the invasion of Afghanistan. 2009 – An Ilyushin Il-76 crashes near the Mir mine after takeoff from Mirny Airport in Yakutia, killing all 11 aboard. 2011 – Mario Draghi succeeds Jean-Claude Trichet and becomes the third president of the European Central Bank. 2012 – A fuel tank truck crashes and explodes in the Saudi Arabian capital Riyadh, killing 26 people and injuring 135.

[leonjaworskiluvrgrlll]

actually, they had a little known role in the watergate scandal!! dm for more info

- oinga admin

The Boy, trying to remember the names of the reporters investigating the Watergate Scandal: Rogers and Hammerstein?

Me, trying to help: uhh… Simon and Garfunkel.

[wikiuntamed]

On this day in Wikipedia: Wednesday, 1st November

Welcome, Välkommen, Bienvenida, 你好 🤗 What does @Wikipedia say about 1st November through the years 🏛️📜🗓️?

1st November 2022 🗓️ : Death - Takeoff (rapper) Takeoff, member of the American hip-hop group Migos (b. 1994) "Kirsnick Khari Ball (June 18, 1994 – November 1, 2022), known professionally as Takeoff, was an American rapper. He was best known as the youngest member of the hip hop group Migos along with his uncle Quavo and first cousin once removed Offset. The group scored multiple top-10 hits on the Billboard..."

Image licensed under CC BY 2.0? by The Come Up Show from Canada

1st November 2015 🗓️ : Death - Fred Thompson Fred Thompson, American actor, lawyer, and politician (b. 1942) "Freddie Dalton Thompson (August 19, 1942 – November 1, 2015) was an American politician, attorney, lobbyist, columnist, actor, and radio personality. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1994 to 2003; Thompson was an unsuccessful candidate in the..."

Image by United States Senate

1st November 2013 🗓️ : Death - Piet Rietveld Piet Rietveld, Dutch economist and academic (b. 1952) "Pieter (Piet) Rietveld (15 December 1952 – 1 November 2013) was a Dutch economist and Professor in Transport Economics at the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, and a fellow at the Tinbergen Institute. He was among the top researchers in economic geography according to IDEAS/RePEc...."

1st November 1973 🗓️ : Event - Watergate scandal Watergate scandal: Leon Jaworski is appointed as the new Watergate Special Prosecutor. "The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon's resignation. The scandal stemmed from the Nixon administration's attempts to cover up its involvement in the June 17, 1972, break-in..."

Image by Indutiomarus at English Wikipedia

1st November 1923 🗓️ : Event - Finnair The Finnish airline Aero O/Y (now Finnair) is founded. "Finnair (Finnish: Finnair Oyj, Swedish: Finnair Abp) is the flag carrier and largest full-service legacy airline of Finland, with headquarters in Vantaa on the grounds of Helsinki Airport, its hub. Finnair and its subsidiaries dominate both domestic and international air travel in Finland. Its major..."

1st November 1814 🗓️ : Event - Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna opens to re-draw the European political map after the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars. "The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Participants were representatives of all European..."

Image licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0? by Alexander Altenhof

1st November 🗓️ : Holiday - Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Antigua and Barbuda from the United Kingdom in 1981. "Public holidays in Antigua and Barbuda have both fixed and variable dates...."

[findyourfuckingdignityplease]

Leon Alexander Jaworski...

He opens a file he had brought to share

Age 15, turning 16 on the 7th of July, born in the year of the rat. His zodiac sign is cancer, the crab. He was born in North America, Tyler Texas to be exact and raised in Syracuse for 14 years of his life with his abusive family... The last two years he's spent with his god father who has now adopted him into his family, giving him his new last name Jaworski, which originates from Poland. His former name and sex were Leigh Anne Flynn and Female. his new name and preferred sex are Leon Alexander Jaworski and non-binary...

He hands the file over then pulls a file out for Aisūtaba

Aisūtaba, he used to be an assassin with you Asahi... Until he died one day during a mission you went on and was given the chance to protect someone else. The gods repurposed his soul as an ability... Given to Leon the moment he entered the world...

He doesn't remember a single thing from his time alive... The gods couldn't fix that...

*someone was flirting with asahi*

@comenoworstaybehind

...

He walks over and punched them

Kindly fuck off<3

[leonjaworskiluvrgrlll]

sorry about that last post; oinga admin accidentally didn't log out earlier.

- boinga admin

[giveemhell-leonbaby]

hes so articulate im screeching!!! yes king !!! thats my president <3

[whatisonthemoon]

On Leon Jaworski

I've been told that Leon Jaworski's endorsement of George H.W. Bush for his presidential run was one way he tried to create distance from the Moon organization and his past connections to them. He was even recognized as a “Special Prosecutor in the Watergate and Koreagate investigation” in Bush’s running materials. That said, Jaworski resigned as a special prosecutor in 1974 following his work on the Watergate scandal. Jaworski was the one who went through Nixon's unedited tapes, including the "Smoking Gun tape". In 1977, Jaworski reluctantly agreed to serve as special counsel to a House Ethics Committee investigation to determine whether members had indirectly or directly accepted anything of value from the government of the Republic of Korea. 

[dreaminginthedeepsouth]

TRUMP IS PISSED

TCinLA

Sep 29, 2024

Friday night, Trump posted this on his Lies Anti-Social:

“It has been determined that Google has illegally used a system of only revealing and displaying bad stories about Donald J Trump, some made up for this purpose while, at the same time, only revealing good stories about Comrade Kamala Harris. This is an ILLEGAL ACTIVITY, and hopefully the Justice Department will criminally prosecute them for this blatant Interference of Elections. If not, and subject to the Laws of our Country, I will request their prosecution, when I win the Election and become President of the United States.”

He’s not even pretending anymore.

Last Tuesday, the Senate Judiciary Committee held a very interesting hearing, the title of which was: “‘When the President Does It, That Means It’s Not Illegal’: The Supreme Court’s Dangerous Immunity Decision.”

Philip Lacovara who - along with Richard ben-Veniste and Jill Wine-Banks - was one of the young lawyers in the employ of Watergate special prosecutors Archibald Cox and Leon Jaworski, gave the following testimony at that hearing:

“Quoting a couple of snippets from comments by some of the Framers that they wanted to have a ‘vigorous’ and ‘robust’ presidency is transparently result-oriented. Of course, the Framers wanted a strong presidency. Indeed, historians agree that they had General George Washington in mind as their model; not surprisingly, he became the first president. But a strong president is not necessarily a criminal president. Not a word in the debates surrounding the drafting of the Constitution or in text that they framed suggests that any of the Framers expected that a president could be ‘vigorous’ enough and ‘energetic’ enough only if licensed to commit federal crimes.

‘The majority had to concede that, “unlike the Speech and Debate Clause immunity,” which the Framers carefully crafted in Article I, Section 6, to provide members of Congress with some limited immunity for engaging in some legislative acts, it is “true” that “there is no ‘Presidential immunity clause’ in the Constitution.” But it is misleading to imply that the Framers simply overlooked this issue or forgot about the possibility that there might be a criminal president one day. Instead, they actually addressed that issue, and the text of the Constitution demonstrates that the Roberts Court simply defied the Framers’ fundamental judgment that a president who uses his office to commit crimes is fully answerable in a criminal prosecution.

“The Constitution declares that the “President . . . shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.” (Art. II, Sec. 4). Like treason and bribery, these other “high crimes and misdemeanors” may be statutory crimes as well as abuses of office. The Impeachment Clause expressly states that, even after impeachment by the House and conviction by the Senate, any person, including the president, “shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgement and Punishment, according to Law.” (Art. I, Sec. 3) (emphasis added). This “nevertheless” clause was intended to preclude an argument that the Double Jeopardy Clause would bar criminal prosecution after a Senate conviction.

“Of course, there is the immediate risk that former President Trump will escape otherwise just punishment for crimes allegedly committed in 2020-2021. There is the further, near-term risk that, if he is reelected, he will take advantage of this newly created immunity and exercise this “license to kill” vigorously and energetically. But more is at stake. This ruling – until repudiated at some point in the future – will be available to future presidents. It would be nice to think that there will never again be a president who is tempted to use criminal immunity to pursue what he considers “official” actions. But I know from my experience during the Watergate affair that it would be folly to assume that every president will voluntarily refrain from abusing power available to him, even when it involves committing federal crimes. As I mentioned, the Framers understood that persons who occupy high office in government, including the presidency, are not any more likely to be “angels” than any other mortals.

“Richard Nixon abused his powers to punish his political enemies by setting the Internal Revenue Service on them. He used his control over executive agencies, including the CIA, to interfere with the investigation into responsibility for the Watergate break-in. He misused his senior White House aides to orchestrate a campaign of bribery and subornation of perjury to obstruct the Watergate coverup investigation. Except for Ford’s pardon, he faced prosecution for those crimes. Under the Trump Immunity ruling, however, a future Richard Nixon could replicate those crimes with impunity.”

Trump is telling us what crimes he intends to commit when he re-enters the White House and destroys this constitutional democratic republic, supported by the traitors on the Unsupreme Court and in the Confederate White People’s Treason and Sedition Party, aka what used to be the Republican Party, and the otherwise-unemployable low achievers of the upper middle class in the DC Press Corpse and their corporate masters.

Of course Trump would think as he does about this. The reason he got fact-checked the way he did in the September 10 debate with Kamala Harris is that everything he says is a lie. The reason Google returns “bad stories about Trump,” is because he constantly says and does Bad Things.

Google has said it does not manipulate search results to benefit a particular party. “Both campaign websites consistently appear at the top of Search for relevant and common search queries,” the company said in a statement.

Still, conservatives have long complained that Google’s search results unfairly favor Democrats. The right wing Media Research Center - run by the raving lunatic L. Brent Bozell III (he has been p[hotographed literally foaming at the mouth), who channels is lunatic father - which bills itself as a media watchdog for conservatives, has previously issued reports claiming Google helped Democrats.

This month, Trump threatened in another Lies Anti-Social post to pursue criminal charges against any lawyers, donors, political operatives and a range of other people who he believes engaged in supposed election fraud against him if he wins the presidential election in November.

One wonders what his response will be to “Athletes for Kamala Harris,” launched yesterday with co-chairs Thomas Booker, Magic Johnson, Billie Jean King, Steve Kerr, Ali Krieger, Candace Parker, Doc Rivers, Dawn Staley, Ali Truwit and Chris Paul. This morning, 15 NFL Hall of Famers announced a joint endorsement of the Harris-Walz presidential ticket, praising Vice President Kamala Harris’s “vision of Democracy, Freedom, American world leadership, and equal education and equal opportunities for all Americans.”

Among those who are listed on the endorsement are Emmitt Smith, the all-time NFL rushing leader who won three Super Bowls with the Dallas Cowboys in the 1990s; Calvin Johnson — known by fans as “Megatron” during his time with the Detroit Lions; and Alan Page, one of two defensive players to win the MVP award. The others included Mel Blount, Kellen Winslow, Andre Tippett, Marv Levy, Drew Pearson, Kenny Houston, Jan Stenerud, Calvin Johnson, Robert Brazile, Willie Roaf, Mike Haynes, Elvin Bethea and Ron Mix.

Magic Johnson wrote: “I’m so happy to be a part of Athletes for Harris. I have known Vice President Harris for over 25 years, and you can count on her to deliver on what she says she is going to do. She���ll be a President for all people, no matter the race, language, sexual orientation, or party line. She showed all of us — and showed the world — that she was ready to be President, how smart she is, and her plan for the country in that debate. We are not going backwards; we are moving forward. For all of the athletes out there, don’t be afraid to use your platforms – we need all of you to get involved. Share this with your friends that Vice President Harris has an agenda that will move the country forward. The Magic Man is on board.”

Let’s see Trump indict these guys.

37 days to defeat this treasonous motherfucking monster.

[TCinLA]

[richardnixonlibrary]

#OTD 11/1/1973 Acting Attorney General Robert Bork announced President Nixon had appointed attorney Leon Jaworski to replace Archibald Cox as Watergate Special Prosecutor. (Image: WHPO-E1725-27)

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.1 (after 1950)

1950 – Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempt to assassinate US President Harry S. Truman at Blair House. 1951 – Operation Buster–Jangle: Six thousand five hundred United States Army soldiers are exposed to 'Desert Rock' atomic explosions for training purposes in Nevada. Participation is not voluntary. 1952 – Nuclear weapons testing: The United States successfully detonates Ivy Mike, the first thermonuclear device, at the Eniwetok atoll. The explosion had a yield of ten megatons TNT equivalent. 1954 – The Front de Libération Nationale fires the first shots of the Algerian War of Independence. 1955 – The establishment of a Military Assistance Advisory Group in South Vietnam marks the beginning of American involvement in the conflict. 1955 – The bombing of United Airlines Flight 629 occurs near Longmont, Colorado, killing all 39 passengers and five crew members aboard the Douglas DC-6B airliner. 1956 – The Indian states Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Mysore are formally created under the States Reorganisation Act; Kanyakumari district is joined to Tamil Nadu from Kerala. 1956 – Hungarian Revolution: Imre Nagy announces Hungary's neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. Soviet troops begin to re-enter Hungary, contrary to assurances by the Soviet government. János Kádár and Ferenc Münnich secretly defect to the Soviets. 1956 – The Springhill mining disaster in Springhill, Nova Scotia kills 39 miners; 88 are rescued. 1957 – The Mackinac Bridge, the world's longest suspension bridge between anchorages at the time, opens to traffic connecting Michigan's upper and lower peninsulas. 1963 – The Arecibo Observatory in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, with the largest radio telescope ever constructed, officially opens. 1963 – The 1963 South Vietnamese coup begins. 1968 – The Motion Picture Association of America's film rating system is officially introduced, originating with the ratings G, M, R, and X. 1970 – Club Cinq-Sept fire in Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, France kills 146 young people. 1973 – Watergate scandal: Leon Jaworski is appointed as the new Watergate Special Prosecutor. 1973 – The Indian state of Mysore is renamed as Karnataka to represent all the regions within Karunadu. 1979 – In Bolivia, Colonel Alberto Natusch executes a bloody coup d'état against the constitutional government of Wálter Guevara. 1979 – Griselda Álvarez becomes the first female governor of a state of Mexico. 1981 – Antigua and Barbuda gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1982 – Honda becomes the first Asian automobile company to produce cars in the United States with the opening of its factory in Marysville, Ohio; a Honda Accord is the first car produced there. 1984 – After the assassination of Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India on 31 October 1984, by two of her Sikh bodyguards, anti-Sikh riots erupt. 1987 – British Rail Class 43 (HST) hits the record speed of 238 km/h for rail vehicles with on-board fuel to generate electricity for traction motors. 1991 – President of the Chechen Republic Dzhokhar Dudayev declares sovereignty of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria from the Russian Federation. 1993 – The Maastricht Treaty takes effect, formally establishing the European Union. 2000 – Chhattisgarh officially becomes the 26th state of India, formed from sixteen districts of eastern Madhya Pradesh. 2000 – Serbia and Montenegro joins the United Nations. 2001 – Turkey, Australia, and Canada agree to commit troops to the invasion of Afghanistan. 2011 – Mario Draghi succeeds Jean-Claude Trichet and becomes the third president of the European Central Bank. 2012 – A fuel tank truck crashes and explodes in the Saudi Arabian capital Riyadh, killing 26 people and injuring 135.