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thewatchau · 4 years ago

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Loch Glas

Most of the lore in the upcoming series will be edited compilations of dozens of posts from the last two years. While there are some minor new details sprinkled throughout, I’ve attempted to post significant new information in a “Watch AU Fun Fact” post so you don’t have to read all of these HUGE posts to find them.

Other Posts in this Series:

Major Bodies of Water in Duilintinn: Agrona River • Airceann River • Gáire River • Guardian River • Pa’Gille River • Rúnach River • Loch Glas • Loch Domhainn • Reaper Cove • The Eastern Sea

Other Related Series: Geographic Regions of Duilintinn

In This Post

Summary

Name Origin

Geography

Crossings

Trivia

Additional Art

Summary

Loch Glass is located in Duilintinn's Draoidh Valley. Its water comes from the Rúnach River, Agrona River, and Gáire River. Its northeastern banks are heavily populated, while the southwestern banks are overshadowed by small, rocky cliffs eroded from the Southern Mountains and/or the oppressive greenery of the Western Forest.

Name Origin

The lake is called “Glas,” meaning “green,” for the deep blue-green hue reflected from the surrounding trees onto the water’s surface.

History

Found on the southern edge of House Marvin, Loch Glas used to be much, much bigger, filling the entire valley.

Many stories and myths are told about why the water levels fell to their current (still massive) span. Some suspect that a Fae Garden might have covered the region at one point for centuries, causing strange natural magic that disappeared when the garden moved. Some tales even speak of a community of Fae Folk that used to live in the underwater region but were forced to leave when the lake became too small.

In reality, the answer is quite simpler. When the people of Feadhainn managed to divert the Agrona River, ushering in their golden age of technology and culture, the water that was now being irrigated into the arid Monaidh Plains to feed the growing civilization was no longer flowing into the lake. Over time, the decreased flow from the Agrona River caused the water levels of Loch Glas to slowly drop.

Despite this change, Loch Glas is still massive, awe-inspiring, and unimaginably deep. Much like the forest alongside it, no one has ever been able to explore its depths completely.

While most scholars assume that the excess water in Loch Glas percolates into Duilintinn's groundwater, some wonder if the lake might drain into the abandoned dwarven tunnels found beneath Tirónar, forming groundwater rivers that return to the eastern sea.

Settlements

The lakeside of Loch Glas is the most populated region of House Marvin for both environmental and transportation reasons. Environmentally, the pressure changes over the lake cause wind to spring up near its banks, alleviating the Draoidh Valley’s heavy summer humidity. In addition, the Loch Glas crossing between the small, bustling port city of Athglen and the regional capital of Monacoil is one of the safest, most widely-used forms of transportation into and out of the Draoidh Valley.

As a result, settlements home to mage, inventor, or random civilian alike dot the banks of the lake, not to mention the House's capital city of Monacoil. The water that flows into the lake from the surrounding rivers create beautiful waterfalls and are excellent for running the local mills. The water is perfectly safe to swim in, so long as you don’t venture out too deep for your swimming skills. Whatever once resided in the lake has either been gone for centuries or takes little interest in the mortals living and splashing above.

However, there are some downsides to living near the lake. Monacoil in particular is at heavy risk of infrastructure damage due to the swampy terrain and erosion from the lake itself. The city’s unique districts trace many of their aesthetics back to the differing ways their antecedents attempted to mitigate and repair this damage. The Lake District often sees minor flooding if the loch overspills its banks, though the Inventors Guild in the district would probably claim that the constant access to the water needed for the mills and steam-powered devices is worth the risk. Regardless, Loch Glas plays a major role in Monacoil’s culture and economy in more ways than one.

Crossing

Due to the strength of the Agrona River, there are only two ways to travel between the Monaidh Plains and the Draoidh Valley; crossing the Agrona Bridge in the foothills of the Northern Mountains, or sailing across the calmer waters of Loch Glas between the port in Athglen and the docks of Monacoil.

However, crossing the bridge today can be a hassle. The Agrona Bridge is heavily guarded by the Watchers of the Agrona Bastion, and with good reason. The bridge is the only way into the northern reaches of Duilintinn from the Western Forest without climbing into the mountains and bypassing the river’s source, making it a major target for The Enemy. As a result, the Agrona Bridge is covered with defenses, checkpoints, and guards, making it a hassle to cross.

For this reason, most people choose to take the boat trip over Loch Glas instead. While this route is a significant detour for travelers approaching the river from the north, many prefer the simplicity of the lake crossing over the intense security on the Agrona Bridge. A ferry-like service has existed for decades for this purpose, able to transport people, goods, even horses and carts full of cargo from the town of Athglen on the lake’s eastern banks to the city of Monacoil on the northwest edge.

Technically, there is a third way to get into the Draoidh Valley by hugging the western banks of Loch Glas, cutting through the Western Forest to avoid the cliffs, and crossing the Gáire River at some point to cross back into Duilintinn’s borders. Though this path is technically the fastest route between the Gáire Roosts and Monacoil, the route is steep, unmarked, fords two rivers, and forces the traveler into the Western Forest, making it extremely dangerous. However, rumor has it that some small wooden footpaths and bridges can be found along the western banks of Loch glas, allowing one to travel along the edge of the lake without truly entering the forest until they reach the cliffs...

Trivia

The concept of a secret shortcut along the western banks of Loch Glas was inspired in part by this post on tumblr.

The image below of Lake Konstanz (Lake Constance), taken by @theshapeshifter100 in Konstanz, Germany, is an incredibly accurate parallel to Loch Glas. I did the math, and the distance from the city of Konstanz to the edge of the lake is 44 km, which converts to 27 miles; almost the exact width of Loch Glas. Moreover, the dark shadows on the horizon in the image aren’t clouds, but the Alps; a major inspiration for the Southern Mountains. These two details taken together make the image below a perfect reference for what Loch Glas would look like to those looking from its eastern banks towards the Southern Mountains. Anyone who’s planning on taking the boat trip from the harbor near Fort Conchúr to Monacoil would likely get this gorgeous view on their way down the valley slope.

Additional Art

A zoomed-in image of Loch Glas from the map at the top of the post:

A bird’s-eye view of Monacoil, with Loch Glas in the bottom half of the page. Also featuring diagrams of the Lake District harbor.

#Loch Glas #House Marvin #The Lands of The Watch #Major Bodies of Water in Duilintinn #Monacoil #Feadhainn #History of Duilintinn

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aublog581 · 3 years ago

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Eagle Epac 300 Controller Manual

Eagle Epac 300 Controller Manual Free

Eagle Epac 300 Controller Manual Instructions

Eagle Epac 300 Controller Manual Diagram

Eagle Epac 300 Controller Manual Download

Eagle Controller Manual Traffic M50 viridia telemetry eagle epac 300 controller manual intruder lc epac 300 actuated signal control manual tricia 1984 xr200 repair epac eagle controller manual and study siemens eagle epac300 nema controller epac3608m10 chainsaws ms180c eagle epac 300 traffic controller manual documents. Eagle epac 300 manual Download Eagle epac 300 manual Information: Date added: Downloads: 407 Rating: 470 out of 1203 Download speed: 17 Mbit/s If you are searching for the ebook Eagle epac 300 controller manual in pdf form, in that case you come on to correct site. Actuated NEMA Traffic Controller Unit Basic Programming Guide Prepared By: Nick Basilico Version: 1 Date: 10/2014 2 Overview This guide is intended for traffic signal collectors that are new to the EPAC 300 traffic controller or any controller unit operating SE-PAC software.

Jun 20, 2015 The controller is an Eagle EPAC 300. Despite using Eagle signal heads, their controllers are not really used in this area. The EPAC series is a favorite of collectors since it’s (relatively) simple, new enough to be reliable but not too new to be complicated and expensive, and other collectors use them so help programming is available. EPC3000 Programmable Controllers EPC3016, EPC3008, EPC3004 HA032842ENG Issue 2 Date: September 2017.

Note: This section currently only covers the scope of Eagle Traffic Signals from the first documented signal in 1931 to their modern day evolution into the Siemens ITS conglomerate.

Go Here For Essco, AKA the Eagle Signal and Sign Company.

Go Here For Harrington-Seaberg.

1History

1.5Part Numbering Systems

2Traffic Signals

2.1Four Ways

2.1.3Variants

2.2Adjustables

2.2.2Eaglelux

3Pedestrian Signals

5Lenses

5.1Vehicular

5.2Pedestrian

5.2.1Worded

6Controllers

6.1Early Controllers of the 1930's

6.2Photos Temp

History

Founding years

The Eagle Signal and Sign Company appears to have been founded in 1931 coming in right after the first wave of signals and manufacturers in the mid 20's. It's early operation history is still under debate and may have involved contract production for, by or merely distribution partnerships with Harrington-Seaberg and ESSCO.

Middle Ages

As Eagle moved through the 1930's and into the 1940's they kept with a narrow product lineup but continued to tweak and upgrade the designs. They remained a market leader competing with Crouse-Hinds, and to a lesser amount Marbelite, for control of midwest America as early competitors like GE and Horni faded away while new companies such as Econolite and A1 signal came onto the scene. Having plugged away for over 25 years with the same basic design, the first generation of flat back models wee introduced in the mid 50's with fully modern adjustable signals quickly followed by 12' signals as Eagle entered the 1960's

Modern Age

As Eagle entered into the modern age of signals they underwent many corporate changes. Moving from their traditional headquarters in Moline, Illinois to a new base of operations in Davenport, Iowa and an acquisition by Gulf & Western started a long period of corporate activity. 1987 Mark IV Industries acquires Eagle Signal (DBA Harrington Seaberg?) and in 1988 consolidates the Mark IV, Automatic Signal, and Eagle brands into Automatic Signal/Eagle Signal. Mark IV moved the company to its current headquarters in Austin, Texas. Name later changed to Eagle Traffic Control Systems. Timer motor division sold in 1992? January 9, 1997 Mark IV Industries, Inc. sold its Automatic Signal/Eagle Signal subsidiary to Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. The Eagle name was dropped following aquisition to be now known as Siemens ITS.

In November 2013, Siemens split the product line in two and sold the traffic signal and cabinet manufacturing to Brown Traffic Products of Davenport, Iowa. Siemens ITS retained the controller software and hardware lines, as well as the regional software products. Brown Traffic operates the former Siemens Austin TX facility, and has brought back the original Eagle brand name.

International Operations

Some vintage Eagle equipment has been seen, in slightly modified versions of the American designs, in both Australia and Europe.

Part Numbering Systems

The part numbering system for Eagle Signals, especially in the early days, is quite confusing. The general patterns are as follows:

Signals

Older rodded signals were identified by a pattern of 1234

1. Prefix of S or X (for signal presumably), Z for internal flasher, Y for internal controller, Blank for 4-ways.

2. Number of separate signals in the design, 1-5. Six seemed to imply a stand-alone bare signal. 4-ways with less than 4 had (4-x) blank plates installed.

3. Number of lenses per signal head...1-4+

4. Accessory hardware,

For Four Ways

V-Pedestal

U-4-way Slipfitter

EX-Pendant Chain with Bell

E-Spanwire Hanger

H-Mast-Arm Hanger (and bottom bell?)

F-Downlight

For Adjustables

I-Side of pole cluster mount pipes?

II-Side of pole cluster mount pipes?

J-Side of pole cluster mount pipes?

C-Pipe Slipfitter and Finial

P-Terminal block Housing Base and Finial

A-Finial Only

C-Slipfitter with Cluster Pipe Frame

G-Mast-Arm Hanger

E-Spanwire Hanger

(blank)-No Hardware

Modern signals seem to have been sold more in kit forms and have separate partnumbers for generic signal heads, fittings, etc.

Controllers

Many controllers were identified either by name only, or a descriptor instead of a discrete partnumber. Those that do follow a structured numbering system, like signal are from the 30's to mid-century. Controllers carried on the standard scheme longer than signals by a decade or two, however, up until around the 70's.

Controllers were identified by the pattern of 123

1. Controller Function or Motor Type, E for Electro-Mechanical, H for Flasher (or induction motor?), L for Relay

2. Sub-descriptor for Controller Design, Pattern Not Identified.

Possibly A-E were reserved for controller lights pattern?

D-

F-

K-

H-

T-

3. Model Number, Not believed to be anything more than a name.

Traffic Signals

Four Ways

Eagle produced 4-way signals in one standard body style from their introduction in 1931 as the Eaglelux to the end of production during the flat back signal era in the 50's. Only minor internal differences with the reflectors, as well as removal of the brass ID tag from the base plate, differentiated the age of these signals. The internal changes are further documented in the Adjustables sections for the Eaglelux and flat back (Rodded) 8' signals.

The Eagle 4-way signal is built from individual sections with four sides riveted together. Each side had provisions for a reflector and related hardware. For less-than-4-ways, a blank door could be installed in place of a lens door - some beacons used this as an alternative location to mount the internal flashing device. One or more sections were stacked as necessary to build the signal, held together by tie rods running through the top and bottom plates. The trim of the bottom plates were especially susceptible to damage, being a cast flat plate with curved edges, both drops and side impacts focused their energy to the edge of the unrelieved curved edge causing chipping and breaking. It should be noted though, that they were an overall sturdy signal for this plate edge breakage rarely caused further damage to the signal.

Eaglelux

Earlier signals used a significantly heavier cast design, most notably as many were equipped with cutaway visors being molded into the door

Rodded Eagle

Variants

Fire Beacon

One unique signal offered was the fire beacon. Equipped with a siren on top, the beacon was intended to be placed outside a firehouse where it would be activated by the crew inside, clearing the road as the equipment roared out of the garage.

Integrated controller

When signals were more isolated and most installations were meant to be first time or lifetime, Eagle was one of many manufacturers to offer a controller built into the signal where a town merely had to mount the signal, plug it into the nearest outlet, and have a fully automatic intersection. Both beacon flashers and full RYG signals were offered with controllers built into the base. These signals are easy to spot, having a small latched box protruding below the signal skirt.

4-Way Photos (Temporary Holding Place)

Figure: Pedestal Beacon Model 21ALV

Figure: Model 23CU two-way post mount signal.

Figure: Fire Alarm beacon, typically painted red with black accents and a siren, pendant hung via chains. Model 41EX.

Figure: Standard three-section Eagle 4-way model 43E for spanwire hanging.

Figure: Figure: Model 43H three-section Eagle 4-way with mast arm hanger and bottom downlight? bell? provision.

Figure: Model Z31F

Figure: Model Y43E

Adjustables

Ornamental Eaglelux Signal - Solid Body

The earliest of Eagle Signals, was the Roman Column style of signal. Produced in 1931 and onwards to the mid 30’s, it appeared in Eagle advertisements until approximately 1937. It's exact dates are unknown, the front view is identical to a standard Eaglelux, while the remainder is completely different making positive identifications rather difficult. The signal itself only seems to be called decorative or ornamental in design, however, examples have been found that have Eaglelux ID tags installed.

In terms of construction, it resembles a Horni or Ruleta of the era. Reflectors are housed in a cast frame assembly, the entirety of which is hinged off the signal door. The body itself is just an empty shell.

Figure: Model S23II

Figure: Model X13J

Eaglelux

Eagle produced adjustable signals in one basic body style from their introduction in 1936(???) as the Eaglelux to the end of production well into in the 50's when the rodded flatback signal was introduced. The signals underwent continuous, miniscule modifications throughout production, the most notable features of which are outlined below.

Logos

Blank bodies are found on all tall-fin, and some early models of short-fin. The back of the casting featured a prominent mold insert imprint but was devoid of any manufacturer's indication. The reason behind this is unknown. Later models of the short fin did incorporate the Eagle thunderbird outline with the raised text 'Eagle Signal Corp' incorporated onto the figure. It is believed the earlier versions used a climbing script version of the word Signal, with later ones using the same font as the words Eagle and Corp always did, a plain sans-serif font.

Endplates

All Eagleluxes were of the tie-rod design, with two end plates holding together the group of common signal sections. The earliest of these plate styles was known informally as the Tall Fin. It was a significant flange, around 1 3/8', on the front face of the signal featuring a gentle, rounded arch shape and adding significant height to the front face of the signal. In later years this was modified down to 3/4' tall to only be a small, Short Fin which kept a similar arch profile but was barely taller that the thickness of the plate it was made to,. The top and bottom plates were interchangeable and only distinguishable because the ID tag went on the bottom. They were built with a inset flange designed to mate with the tapered body housings, the upper part of the signal was narrower and set inside a lip on the endplate while the lower part of the signal was flared out and set outside the endplate lip. This same philosophy also allowed the bodies to stack securely amongst themselves.

IMG 3105

ID Tags

All tall-fin models came with one or more ID tags installed. Some, if not all, short-fin models also came with an ID tag. There were several variations over the years, and the following is speculative data on when and what order and dates they were used.

Brass vs. Aluminum tags. The earliest tags were made of brass, with later signals moving to aluminum tags (in the tall fin era). It is possible that in the final years of the tall fins or during the short fins, tags were changed back to brass. (Look at if this was related to WW2)

This set of tags was from a pre-1942, tall-fin model. Note the two accessory tags, one references the 'original' 1924 traffic signal patent 1490567, not owned by Eagle, and the other eludes to Eagle patenting the Eaglelux design when this master patent expires. Signals from 1942 and later feature tag(s) with the 2xxx patent number which are specifically for the design of this signal.

These next tags are also tall-fin tags.

Lens Holders

As the Eaglelux was a long serving signal it is quite apparent the design was modified to keep up with the latest trends. The first lenses were held into the signal with four steel quarter-rings that interlocked. A lens to signal body and a lens to ring cork gaskets were apparently used from the start of production, however due to their fragility and short life, most signals are devoid of original gasketing. In later years these two pieces of cork became the modern single wraparound rubber gasket, still secured with the four part ring. The last of the Eagleluxes used conventional lens tabs on the bosses of the original quarter rings.

Acorn Nuts/Tie Rods

Some of the earlier tall fin signals used large, ornate brass and steel 'acorn nuts' to cap the tie rods, sealed with a lead washer. These are faux nuts, however, not of a standard Imperial wrench size and barely fitting a suitable metric wrench, these were actually formed stampings that appear to have been swaged onto standard steel hex nuts. The remainder, and newer Eaglelux signals used standard high-profile acorn nuts without any fancy stamping or machining assembly required. Split lock washers and lead sealing washers were still in use though.

Screws

At some point in the production run, Eagle experimented with that new for 1934 device, the Phillips screw. This appears to be short lived, as only a few Eagleluxes have been seen without slotted screws, and by the time of the rodded flatback slotted screws were again in use. Perhaps this was around 1950 when the patent was revoked and the screw, ubiquitous to the market now, was first available cheaply to the masses.

Visors

Both cap and tunnel visors were popular accessories, it is presumable full circles and other variants were available as well. The earliest of visors are believed to have been made of rolled aluminum sheet, with the visor tabs being heavy brass L-brackets with one rivet into the visor and screwed to the signal in a conventional manner. The remaining visors kept to the simpler design of a rolled sheet with a folded up tab to bolt to the signal. Through the years these went through both small, thin tabs with a drilled hole and larger modern type tabs with a slot to allow easier installation and removal.

Hinge Pins

Rounded Rivet-Pins were used on some signals, while others a Flat-Headed Pin e.g. 'Nail' were used instead.

Odd variations

As with most manufacturers of the time, signals were available by special order with modified designs or materials such as steel, cast iron, and bronze. Here, a surviving pair of signals made of steel are pictured. Note the slight modification to the hinge design.

Eaglelux Photos (Temp Holding Place)

Figure: Eaglelux signal, Tall Fin, Post Mount with Finial, Model 13C or X13C.

Figure: Eaglelux 13P signal with UJ15 horizontal side of pole mount hardware.

Figure: Model KB63

Figure: Model S11A

File:Eagle S23A-1937 LC.jpg

Figure: Model S23A

Figure: Model S23C

Figure: Model S23I

Figure: Model S33G

Figure: Model S41E

Figure: Model SX33C

Flatback (Rodded)

Flatback 8' and 12' (Conventional Design)

The Flatback model was an evolution of the last rodded signals. The casting was shortened slightly and sealed off on both ends to make a conventional sectional signal. At the same time, the reflector assemblies were simplified to a conventional reflector H-frame design and reflector/socket holder. This reduced the material and assembly required from the older style swingout/latching frames and the need to install additional features inside the housing to accomodate them.

These signals, when introduced, were known as the KB170, for the eight inch version, and the KB380 for the new 12' signal heads. The models were visually identical, with the exception being dual latches on the 12' model.

Alusig

The Eagle Alusig is an aluminum traffic light that was introduced in the early 1970s; its 8-inch design on the back is shaped like a trapezoid with very small semicircles on the sides, whereas the 12-inch design has the round portions of the back enlarged and making a 'bowtie' formation.

Durasig

The Eagle Durasig is one of the first traffic lights to be made out of polycarbonate; it was introduced in the early 1970s, around the same time as its aluminum counterpart (Alusig). Its 8-inch design on the back looks very simliar to the Alusig, but the 12-inch design has a round circle in the middle to complete the bowtie-like design from the Alusig.

MarkIV

Pedestrian Signals

describe models, variations (delete)

Vehicle Heads (Round)

Vehicle Heads (Square Door Adapters)

Pedestrian/Sign Heads (Rectangular)

Early rectangular pedestrian heads were a modification of standard single faced signal heads. A rectangular reflector adapter was fitted to the front of a standard signal body.

Figure: Eagle worded pedestrian signal.

Figure: Interior view.

Informational Signals and Signs

describe models, variations (delete)includes 'box signs,' 'case signs,' and Ped Heads with special (non-ped) lenses.

Lenses

Eagle Epac 300 Controller Manual Free

Vehicular

Kopp 27 Diamond

Early Eaglelux signals often were equipped with Kopp lettered or non-lettered diamond pattern lenses.

Figure: Kopp 27 'diamond pattern' lens with command lettering.

Adler Bar Lenses

Adler bar lenses were optional. They were designed for color blind drivers. Red lens - horizontal bar. Amber lens - diagonal bar. Green lens - vertical bar.

Figure: Adler bar lens.

Kopp 88.1

A rare variant of the 88a was the 88 or 88.1 lens. While visually quite similar to the more ubiquitous version, the 88.1 had more of a vertical brick pattern.

Kopp 88a

The majority of Eagle signals have featured this lens. These lenses had a very fine beaded pattern that refracted a bright light. Earlier lenses had Eagle's Stop-Go crossed semaphore flag logo prominently molded in the front. In later versions of the Kopp 88a lenses, the crossed flags were replaced with a spread wing eagle inside a square.

Figure: Kopp 88a lens (with stop and go flag logo)

Pedestrian

Worded

Circular

Square

Shown below is a less common variation of the walk lens where there is a stripe through the letters instead of the lens being completely black. This came in a white or black stripe. Pictured here is a black stripe that has faded to a gray color from years of use.

Symbols

Special

Controllers

Eagle has manufactured controllers for as long as they have signals. In 1926 they (possibly in the previous company as ESSCO) installed what is claimed to be the first flexible progressive timing system in the loop district of Chicago. By 1931 they were a full line controller company making flexible progressive, limited progressive, coordinated, and isolated controllers.

Also in the late '20's the famous Co-ordiplex system was developed. This was widely adopted by many of the larger cities from coast to coast entering the 1930's including:

Of special note is their early international reach with both Winnipeg, Manitoba, CAN and Melbourne, AUS using the controllers and in the case of Melbourne at least, Eagle Signals for many years to come.

Eagle, like most manufacturers, had a few basic cabinet castings over the years, going from small cast metal tombstone style cabinets to larger and more squared off cast aluminum cabinets before the modern stamped and formed stainless steel sheetmetal cabinets to refrigerator sized boxes of today. Each era housed a variety of similar model controllers, the main differences being in functionality and installed accessories.

Early Controllers of the 1930's

Fixed Signal Patterns

In 1934, with many two-color lights still in service or being installed, Eagle offered the following five fixed controller patterns:

Simplex Traffic Signal Timer

A name more synonymous with W. S. Darley and timeclocks, the 20's saw Eagle develop the Simplex timer early in traffic signal development. It featured low maintenance, an induction disc drive motor, and heavy contact load ratings. Stop, Go, and the total period are adjustable via sliding scale and dials (Amber-Caution being a byproduct of the red, green and total times). Furnished in both automatic and manual control versions, and in an aluminum weatherproof cabinet.

The Simplex controller of the 1930's was used for isolated intersections and as the master for a staggered system. The adjustability was for green lights and cycle times (amber was fixed). Contact ratings were 10A per circuit. The dial motors were available in induction disc and Synchronous types. When used with the later, the controller was known as a Synchro-Simplex and was better suited for interconnected operation and was apparently better regulated in timekeeping. These types were reccomended for 'intersections within 1000 feet' to allow coordinated movements of traffic. Regardless of motor type, the controller had manual control options and an optional amber flasher.

Image: Simplex timer in aluminum cabinet circa 1931. (Image by LC)

Co-oridplex Traffic System

An interconnected traffic control system with either a dual master switchboard or cabinet controller acting as the master timer while each intersection runs on a local timer connected back to the master with only four wires.

Can operate as a Simplex controller but designed for the flexible-progressive traffic control method hence the 'coordinated' surname. This was designed to have a master controller interconnected to local controllers at each intersection. By adjusting the timing of one intersection or adjusting values of the master controller it was possible to reflect the changes in the streets along that route, allowing a smooth flow and proper intervals to be made years before proper analog computers were in existance! Like the Simplex, these were available in induction disc and synchronous types - the synchronous recommended for more heavy duty traffic applications.

Image: Co-ordiplex local timer in aluminum cabinet circa 1931. (Image by LC)

Eagle-Senior Controllers

These were an early attempt to allow programmability in controllers (as noted previously, most controllers did a forced green-yellow-red with little adjustment between them nor other patterns like left turn arrows, all reds, etc.). With expansion and large intersections in mind they were designed to accomodate 14 circuits and allow 12 timing intervals. They were designed to accomodate flexible-progressive and Co-ordiplex control systems and would operate on a synchronous motor and keep good time so controller interconnection was not necessary. The Senior-Triplex was one of the first three-dial controllers allowing one controller to operate at three different timing patterns.

Eagle Master Controllers

Master controllers were designed to drive the entire flexible progressive system. Their functions were to keep all local controllers in time with each other, adjusting the total cycle time for the system, and finally to serve as an overall signal control - setting nighttime flash mode, emergency street clearance, etc.

Actuated Controllers

Eagle claimed a 'liscensed list of an imposing list of patents' for actuated controllers. While they do not go into detail, by 1935 they were incorporating this into their flexible-progressive systems.

Eagle-Junior Beacon Flashers

These were described as small, ball bearing movement flashers. The motors were of induction type with cotton windings. Silver was used for the contact points. 'Years of maintenance free operation'

Vario Three-Period Timer

Designed for three-street intersections with independant 'Go' periods for each street once per cycle with 'a customary traffic change period' before each change in traffic. The amber period is also independently adjustable. Comes in aluminum cabinet.

Image: Vario three-period timer in aluminum cabinet circa 1931. (Image by LC)

Photos Temp

Co-Ordiplex Demand Controller

Figure: Eagle Co-Ordiplex Demand Controller

ED19 Auto/Man. Induction Type Simplex

Figure: Eagle ED19 automatic and manual induction type Simplex controller circa 1934-1935. (Image by LC)

EH1 Induction Type Master Controller

Figure: EH1 Induction type master controller circa 1934-1935. (Image by LC)

EH4 Duplex Induction Type Master Controller

Figure: EH4 Duplex induction type master controller circa 1934-1941. (Image by LC)

EH60 Synchronous Master Controller

Figure: EH60 Synchronous master controller circa 1934-1941. (Image by LC)

EK41 Auto/Man. Co-ordiplex Controller

Figure: EK41 Automatic and manual co-ordiplex controller circa 1934-1935. (Image by LC)

EK400 TBD

Figure: EK400

EK658 Co-ordiplex Controller

Figure: EK658 shown without covers and removed from cabinet. Circa 1934-1935. (Image by LC)

EKS70 Co-ordiplex controller

Figure: EKS70 Co-ordiplex controller shown with dial cover open. Circa 1934-1935. (Image by LC)

EKS71 Eagle-Senior Three Dial Controller

Figure: EKS71 Eagle-Senior three dial controller without mechanisim cover. Circa 1934-1935. (Image by LC)

HT4 Junior Flasher & EL42 Cabinet

Figure: HT4 Eagle-Junior flasher with RFI filter. Cabinet shown is EL42. Circa 1934-1935. (Image by LC)

HT14 TBD

Figure: HT14

LA1 Jack Mounted Relay

Figure: LA1 Jack mouted relay, one of 75 types available. Circa 1934-1935. (Image by LC)

Simplex TBD

Figure: Simplex

Synchro Simplex TBD

Figure: Synchro Simplex

A2 TBD

Figure: TypeA2

A TBD

Figure: TypeA

Eagle Programmable Actuated Console (EPAC)

EPAC 300 M10 Series

EPAC 300 M30 Series

EPAC 300 M40 Series

EPAC M50 Series

Eagle Programmable Interval Console (EPIC)

Monitor And Report Console (MARC)

Ramp Metering Console (RMC)

Hardware

this would include any kind of mounting hardware including brackets, slipfitters, hangers, bases, etc. (delete)

Eagle Epac 300 Controller Manual Instructions

Restored Examples

Eagle Epac 300 Controller Manual Diagram

Eagle (Eaglelux) Type 43E with Kopp 27 lenses. (Willis Lamm Collection)

Eagle (Eaglelux) KB63 with two original Adler lenses. (Willis Lamm Collection)

Eagle 'rodded flat back' single face signal with Kopp 88a lenses. (Willis Lamm Collection)

Eagle 'flat back' single face signal with 12 inch red section. (Willis Lamm Collection)

Eagle Epac 300 Controller Manual Download

Relevant Patents

Patent numbers relevant to this MFR or signals specifically. Not just every patent by company X.

References

Eagle Signal/Danaher Industrial Controls

ITS Siemens Corporate History

Business Wire, Jan 9, 1997

Retrieved from 'https://highwaydivides.com/wiki/index.php?title=Eagle&oldid=2655'

Signalfan's Controller Inventory

CROUSE-HINDS KS-2 (w/cabinet)

CROUSE HINDS DM-200

CROUSE HINDS PCE-1000 (w/ cabinet)

CSC T-1 (Have 2)

EAGLE EA-10 ELECTROMECHANICAL w/ cabinet (Have 2)

EAGLE EF-20 ELECTROMECHANICAL w/ cabinet (Have 3)

EAGLE EF 140 (fixed time)

EAGLE TF-2120 back panel only w/ EF-20 dial assembly

EAGLE NC-158

EAGLE DP-9000 (4 phase)

EAGLE EPAC-300 (Have 2)

ECONOLITE D-2004 (Have 3, 1-w/ cabinet)

ECONOLITE EMC-2000 (Have 2, 1 in 2 phase cabinet, 1 w/ customized outputs)

ECONOLITE EMC-4000

ECONOLITE EMC-8000 (customized for 8 phase outputs)

ECONOLITE N-2000 (Have 2, 1 in 2 phase NEMA cabinet)

ECONOLITE ASC-8000 (Have 2, 1 in 6 phase NEMA cabinet)

ECONOLITE ASC/2S-2100

ECONOLITE KMC-8000 (Have 3)

ECONOLITE KFT 1800 (in F-type cabinet)

ECONOLITE VT-4000

ECONOLITE F-TRAY ELECTROMECHANICAL (Have 4) w/ cabinet, 1-3-way control & large.

ELECTRO-MATIC 804

KENTRON KMT 8800

MINNESOTA MICROTRONICS M-115 (Have 2- 2 phase w/ harness)

MULTISONICS 911 (Have 4, 2- 8 phase, 1- 2 phase, 1- 4 phase)

MULTISONICS 820 (Have 2)

MULTISONICS 820A (Have 2)

SAFETRAN 170 (Have 2, 1-w/ LACO software)

SCC 170 (Have 2, 1-In 332 cabinet rack, 1-in 336 2 phase cabinet)

SINGER 2200 (2 phase)

TRACONEX 290

TRACONEX TMP-390

TRACONEX 390CJ (Have 2)

TRANSYT 1800 (4 phase)

TRANSYT 1800 (8 phase)

TRANSYT 1880E (8 phase)

(Total 60 units)

(Back) / (Home)

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worldtopcompanylist · 6 years ago

Link

#bayonne #carrefourfrance #carrefourgroup #centroscomercialescarrefour #historyfounded #prycacarrefourspain

0 notes

marlaluster · 7 years ago

Text

emptying clipboard w items numbered

1. World Factbook[1] and Encyclopædia Britannica[2] to as high as 47%[10]according to the ENADIS 2010 (National Survey About Discrimination),[4] conducted by the CONAPRED (National Council to Prevent Discrimination) as a means to address the problems of racism that Mexicans of mainly Indigenous or African ancestry suffer at hands of a society that favors light skinned, European looking Mexicans.[11] The ENADIS 2010 survey is the only time the Mexican government has conducted a recent nationwide census that referenced the Eurodescendant population of Mexico. European MexicansTotal population Mexico Estimates range to 56 million[1][2][3][4] 9-47% of Mexican population[2] United States 16,794,111[5] 5.4% of United States population 32.2% of Hispanic and Latino AmericansLanguagesSpanish, Venetian (Chipilo Venetian), Plautdietsch[6]ReligionChristianity (predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestants),JudaismRelated ethnic groupsOther White Latin Americans · Other White Hispanic · Spaniards · Italians · French ·Germans[7]a Mexican Americans Independent field studies have been made in attempt to quantify the number of European Mexicans living in modern Mexico, using blond hair as reference to classify a Mexican as white, theMetropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23%.[12] Another study made by the University College London in collaboration with Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and Historyfound that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18.5% and 28.5% respectively.[13] Europeans began arriving in Mexico during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire; and while during the colonial period most European immigration was Spanish, in the 19th and 20th centuries European and European-derived populations from Northand South America did immigrate to the country. According to 20th and 21st century academics, large scale intermixing between the European immigrants and the native Indigenous peoples would produce a Mestizo group which would become the overwhelming majority of Mexico's population by the time of the Mexican Revolution.[8] However, according to church and censal registers from thecolonial times, the majority (73%) of Spanish men married with Spanish women.[14] Said registers also put in question other narratives held by contemporary academics, such as European immigrants who arrived to Mexico being almost exclusively men or that "pure Spanish" people were all part of a small powerful elite, as Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities[15] and there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of complete Spanish origin.[14] Another ethnic group in Mexico, theMestizos, is characterized by having people with varying degrees of European ancestry, with some showing a European genetic ancestry higher than 90%.[16]However, the criteria for defining what constitutes a Mestizo varies from study to study as in Mexico a large number of white people have been historically classified as Mestizos because after the Mexican revolution the Mexican government began defining ethnicity on cultural standards (mainly the language spoken) rather than racial ones.[17] Distribution and estimates Genetic research Establishment of Europeans in Mexico In today's society European immigration to Mexico Examples of ethnic European groups in MexicoEdit One of the few Porfirian era European settlements to survive to this day is centered on the small town of Chipilo in the state of Puebla. They are the descendants of about 500 Italian immigrants which came over in the 1880s, keeping their Venetian-derived dialect and distinct ethnic identity, even though many have intermarried with other Mexicans. Many still farm and raise livestock but economic changes have pushed many into industry.[70] A Mennonite girl inCuauhtémoc, Chihuahua During the Mexican Revolution, Álvaro Obregón invited a group of German-speaking Mennonites in Canada to resettle in Chihuahua state. By the late 1920s, almost 10,000 had arrived from both Canada and Europe.[52][71] Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America.[49] Mennonites in the country stand out because of their light skin, hair and eyes. They are a largely insular community that speaks Plautdietsch and wear traditional clothing. They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and account for about half of the state’s farm economy, standing out in cheese production.[71] Immigration was restricted by governments after Diaz’s but never stopped entirely during the 20th century. Between 1937 and 1948, more than 18,000Spanish Republicans arrived as refugees from the Francisco Franco dictatorship. Their reception by the Mexican criollo elite was mixed but they manage to experience success as most of these newcomers were educated as scholars and artists. This group founded the Colegio de Mexico, one of the country’s top academic institutions. Another, smaller group from this time period were Jewish immigrants fleeing Hitler. Despite attempts to assimilate these immigrant groups, especially the country’s already existing German population during World War II, they remain mostly separate to this day.[52] Due to the 2008 Financial Crisis and the resulting economic decline and high unemployment in Spain, many Spaniards have been emigrating to Mexico to seek new opportunities.[72] For example, during the last quarter of 2012, a number of 7,630 work permits were granted to Spaniards.[73] Sixty-seven percent of Latin America’s English-speaking population lives in Mexico.[49] Most of these are American nationals, with in influx of people from the U.S. coming to live in Mexico since the 1930s, becoming the largest group of foreigners in the country since then. However, most Americans in Mexico are not immigrants in the traditional sense, as they are there living as retirees or otherwise do not consider themselves permanent residents.[52][74] Official censuses See also References Last edited 2 days ago by an anonymous user RELATED ARTICLES Mestizo race Mexicans people of the country of Mexico or who identify as culturally Mexican White Latin Americans Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Terms of UsePrivacyDesktop Close Details A Mennonite girl in Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua Arely Flo • CC BY 2.0 2. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ni%C3%B1a_menonita_en_Cuauht%C3%A9moc.jpg/533px-Ni%C3%B1a_menonita_en_Cuauht%C3%A9moc.jpg 3. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicans_of_European_descent# 4. European Mexicans are Mexican citizensof complete or predominant Europeandescent.[8] While the Mexican government periodically conducts racial censuses for "Indigenous Mexicans" and "Afro-Mexicans" it has not conducted a census for European Mexicans for nearly a century.[9] Estimates of this ethnic group as a segment of the country's population range from 9% and 20% according to The World Factbook[1] and Encyclopædia Britannica[2] to as high as 47%[10]according to the ENADIS 2010 (National Survey About Discrimination),[4] conducted by the CONAPRED (National Council to Prevent Discrimination) as a means to address the problems of racism that Mexicans of mainly Indigenous or African ancestry suffer at hands of a society that favors light skinned, European looking Mexicans.[11] The ENADIS 2010 survey is the only time the Mexican government has conducted a recent nationwide census that referenced the Eurodescendant population of Mexico. European Mexicans 5. Independent field studies have been made in attempt to quantify the number of European Mexicans living in modern Mexico, using blond hair as reference to classify a Mexican as white, theMetropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23%.[12] Another study made by the University College London in collaboration with Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and Historyfound that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18.5% and 28.5% respectively.[13] Europeans began arriving in Mexico during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire; and while during the colonial period most European immigration was Spanish, in the 19th and 20th centuries European and European-derived populations from Northand South America did immigrate to the country. According to 20th and 6. Another ethnic group in Mexico, theMestizos, is characterized by having people with varying degrees of European ancestry, with some showing a European genetic ancestry higher than 90%.[16]However, the criteria for defining what constitutes a Mestizo varies from study to study as in Mexico a large number of white people have been historically classified as Mestizos because after the Mexican revolution the Mexican government began defining ethnicity on cultural standards (mainly the language spoken) rather than racial ones.[17] Distribution and estimates 7. 19th and 20th century: the "Caucasian race" Main article: Caucasian race See also: Historical definitions of race Distribution of the races after thePleistocene according to C. S. Coon Caucasoid race Negroid race Capoid race Mongoloid race Australoid race During the period of the mid-19th to mid-20th century,[34] race scientist 8. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people#/media/File%3ACarleton_Coon_races_after_Pleistocene.PNG 9. Though modern neo-nazis often invoke National Socialist iconography on behalf of white nationalism, National Socialist Germany repudiated the idea of a unified white race, instead promoting Nordicism. In National Socialist propaganda, Eastern European Slavs were often referred to asUntermensch, and the relatively under-developed status of Eastern European countries such as Poland and the USSR were attributed to the racial inferiority of their inhabitants.[35] Fascist Italy took the same view, and both of these nations justified their colonial ambitions in Eastern Europe on racist, anti-Slavic grounds.[36]These nations were not alone in their view; there are numerous cases in the 20th century where some European ethnic groups labeled or treated other Europeans as members of another, inferior race. 21st century 10. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people 11. He claimed that Adam and Evewere Caucasian inhabitants of Asia,[32] and that other races came about by degeneration from environmental factors such as the sun and poor diet. He consistently believed that the degeneration could be reversed in a proper environmental control and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original Caucasian race.[33] 19th and 20th century: the "Caucasian race" Main article: Caucasian race See also: Historical definitions of race Distribution of the races after thePleistocene according to C. S. Coon Caucasoid race 12. White people is a racial classificationspecifier, used for people of Caucasianancestry, with the exact implications dependent on context. The usage of "white people" or a "white race" for a large group of (mainly European) populations, defined besides other characteristics by their light skin and contrasting with "black people",Native Americans, "colored" or "persons of color" originated in the 17th century. It was only during the 18th century, that this floating category was transformed in aquasi-scientific system of race and skin color relations. The concept of a homogeneous white race did not achieve universal acceptance in Europe. The strongest proponents ofethnocentrism in particular, such as Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, regarded some European peoples as racially distinct from themselves. Moreover, there is no accepted standard for determining a geographic barrier between white and non-white people. Contemporaryanthropologists and other scientists[who?]regard the concept as socially constructed. The concept of whiteness has particular resonance in racially diverse countries with large majority populations of 13. The concept of a homogeneous white race did not achieve universal acceptance in Europe. The strongest proponents ofethnocentrism in particular, such as Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, regarded some European peoples as racially distinct from themselves. Moreover, there is no accepted standard for determining a geographic barrier between white and non-white people. Contemporaryanthropologists and other scientists[who?]regard the concept as socially constructed. The concept of whiteness has particular resonance in racially diverse countries with large majority populations of more or less mixed European ancestry: e. g., in theUnited States (White American), the United Kingdom (White British), Brazil (White Brazilian), and South Africa 14. The concept of white pride i would say is really about people being who should be themselves n it's being disguised here where the devil is trying promote people are to be the truth of what they are n superior as something other than themselves. Ill try to share here also a couple of posts that relate to my posting this here, this excerpt n link to a Wikipedia article on the concept of white people. Phillipa posts some here on misconceptions of Hitler n Nazis. They are misidentified here as evil, really they were supporting for people not to be something other than themselves. -- "You're gonna have to hear some music because I must go n i can't," the devil said, threatening me as I wrote here that it's going to start some music from the neighbor in these apartments to bother me. But anyway, this is likely behind a "supposed" Holocaust, i heard the Holocaust did not occur but it likely has some seeming relevance to Nazis saying people who are white should not be diveyed up into these made up races n people the devil is making up on this reality. "Tell you -- oh my god. I don't know what to do," the devil said. Really the people here are like something akin to copies of people n divisions of different selves of people n ways people could occur one person. But really the true reality is me as a first occurring self, a black person who is a woman n the last occurring self is a white man but he is many white men n they are my soul mates, my husbands. Really Nazis are saying it's okay to be white n that people don't have to be something other than white to be okay. They Would Say People should just be themselves n not the fake people here. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people Excerpt. .... "The concept of a homogeneous white race did not achieve universal acceptance in Europe. The strongest proponents ofethnocentrism in particular, such as Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, regarded some European peoples as racially distinct from themselves. Moreover, there is no accepted standard for determining a geographic barrier between white and non-white people. Contemporaryanthropologists and other scientists[who?]regard the concept as socially constructed. The concept of whiteness has particular resonance in racially diverse countries with large majority populations of more or less mixed European ancestry: e. g., in theUnited States (White American), the United Kingdom (White British), Brazil (White Brazilian), and South Africa..." 15. #ashamedtobewhite #beyourself #brazilianmodels #whiteasthenewnonwhite #whoneedsblackpeople #antichrist #devilexposed #endoftimes #itsdevilworld #whitemirage #racism #lynchmobsociety #crowdrule #bodysnatchersociety 16. #ashamedtobewhite #beyourself #brazilianmodels #whiteasthenewnonwhite #whoneedsblackpeople #antichristsociety #devilexposed #endoftimes #itsdevilworld #whitemirage #racism #lynchmobsociety #crowdrule #bodysnatchersociety #whitesupremecy #afalsegood #Hitler #Nazis #thetruedictatorship #disciplinarianworship #uncletomworship #ruledbythedevil 17. https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=417595345331614&id=100012434566027&fs=4&refid=17&_ft_=top_level_post_id.417595345331614%3Atl_objid.417595345331614%3Athrowback_story_fbid.417595345331614%3Athid.100012434566027%3A306061129499414%3A2%3A0%3A1519891199%3A6921289115429303835&__tn__=S%2AW-R 18. https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=417523538672128&id=100012434566027&fs=4&refid=17&_ft_=top_level_post_id.417523538672128%3Atl_objid.417523538672128%3Athrowback_story_fbid.417523538672128%3Athid.100012434566027%3A306061129499414%3A2%3A0%3A1519891199%3A-5209632786225510580&__tn__=S%2AW-R 19. https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=417522882005527&id=100012434566027&fs=4&refid=17&_ft_=top_level_post_id.417522882005527%3Atl_objid.417522882005527%3Athrowback_story_fbid.417522882005527%3Athid.100012434566027%3A306061129499414%3A2%3A0%3A1519891199%3A7753982857728635572&__tn__=S%2AW-R 20. The devil is blocking my posts from showing here. It's trying to press i am to feel less than to it since my posts aren't posting. It's very irritating.

0 notes

l-beard-blog · 7 years ago

Photo

And I almost always end up working on top of my kids’ tic tac toe and face artwork. #messyartist #artistproblems #imagetransfer #slidetransfer #foundobjects #foundslides #koreanwar #mixedmediaart #mixedmedia #warphotography #mixedmediaphotography #artgallery #artsanity #workinprogress #acrylicart #mixitup #contemporaryart #curator #gallery #fineart #chicagoartist #photoart #worldofartists #historyfound #historynerd

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screwtheaverage · 7 years ago

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Sightseeing in Luxembourg: A City Guide to Attractions and Public Transportation

Disclosure: We may receive a commission for links on our blog. You don’t have to use our links, but we’re very appreciative when you do. Thanks again for your support, we hope you find our posts and information helpful!

Our time in Scotland came to an end. We said goodbye to Mia and Winnie, the sweet pups we cared for and spent time with during our house sit in the suburbs of Edinburgh. We got to the airport nice and early to take advantage of our Citi Prestige card that gives us access to Priority Pass lounges. One of the big advantages of having lounge access in European airports is that we have a quiet and comfortable place to sit and work while we wait for our flight. This isn’t necessarily the case for all passengers, as gates for flights aren’t announced in advance and seating can be extremely limited depending on the airport you’re flying through.

Our destination was Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, with a stopover in Birmingham, United Kingdom. We had a two-and-a-half-hour layover, so we again used our Priority Pass to get into a lounge and get some snacks before taking off for our final destination. Luxembourg City is the capital of Luxembourg, and while we’d looked at pictures and had done some research ahead of time, we really didn’t know what to expect once we arrived. Our curiosity grew as we looked out the airplane window on our descent for landing. As we looked down and scanned the city, we felt we were looking down into a scene from a fairytale.

Luxembourg History

Founded in the tenth century, Luxembourg City was a strategic defensive location. Over nine centuries, fortifications were built that make the city what it is today. Much of the city walls were taken down in the 1800’s due to the 1867 Treaty of London, which ended the city’s use as a military site. The city walls, towers and portions of the fortress that remain in the city are considered unfit for military use. In 1996 UNESCO declared it a World Heritage site. The walls and fortifications, along with the architecture of the buildings, have created an atmosphere that attracts visitors from around the world.

When looking up information on Luxembourg, or just spending time in the city, you may come across it being referred to as The Grand Duchy. A grand duchy is a state or territory ruled by a duke or duchess, and Luxembourg is the last remaining grand duchy. In 1815, gaining independence from France, the Congress of Vienna declared Luxembourg a sovereign grand duchy. Luxembourg is the last remaining grand duchy.

Current day Luxembourg is a central part of Europe. Even though it’s a small country, it’s capital is home to several large companys' European headquarters. It doesn’t take much time being in Luxembourg to notice the wealth around you. Even on the outskirts of town, we watched the cars drive by and couldn’t help but comment that we’d never seen such a high concentration of luxury cars. We looked up the GDP per capita and were surprised to see that in 2016, Luxembourg was the second wealthiest country in the world. Sitting behind Qatar, Luxembourg is almost double the GDP per capita of the United States at over $101,000. It’s known as a center for banking and investment management. With a high minimum wage and a high cost of living, Luxembourg is a very affluent place to live and is also considered to be very safe.

Experiencing Luxembourg

When we landed in Luxembourg, we landed in what’s probably the smallest airport we’ve been in so far. The Luxembourg City International Airport is an extremely clean and modern, single terminal airport. Our hotel was less than a block from the airport, so our commute ‘home’ was really quick and a nice contrast from our typical journey once off the plane. It was our first time staying at an Ibis branded hotel. It’s a budget European hotel, which to us seems to be comparable to the Motel 6 brand of hotels in the United States. It worked out just fine for us, although amenities in the room were limited to the bare minimum. Lodging in Luxembourg City is on the higher end, cost wise, so luxury wasn't something we were seeking. As our hotel was near the airport, it was a bit out of town from city center. As we usually do, we set out to take our daily walk around town. While there was limited sidewalk, we still enjoyed the walk. Luxembourg seemed to be covered in dense trees and green vegetation. Homes and buildings seemed well maintained and people were generally kind. Our first impressions of Luxembourg City were quite positive.

Public Transportation

From the hotel, we took a bus into city center each day to sight see. Public transportation in Luxembourg is a network of trains and buses. In Luxembourg City we used buses to get to all of our sightseeing destinations. However, while we were there, the city was in the midst of building a city tram network. There’s basic bus information, including tickets and maps on the city's website. We used Google Chrome’s built-in translate feature to translate the page to English. It’s of course not a perfect translation, but ii's enough to figure out the essentials to navigate Luxembourg’s public transportation. When we arrived at the airport, we confirmed bus and ticket information at the information desk. There are two basic options for tickets when using public transportation in Luxembourg, short term and long term.

Short Term Tickets – Good for two hours after validation. This type of ticket can be used for transferring between buses. Purchase a short-term ticket for €2, or a pack of ten for €16.

Long Term Tickets – Good from the time of validation until 4 am the following day. This type of ticket can be used for unlimited rides on public transportation. Purchase a long-term ticket for €4, or a pack of five for €16.

The city is pretty small and most of the attractions are in city center. If you’re staying in city center, you may not need to worry about public transportation and instead just walk. However, do keep in mind that the city is built on a hillside (a natural defense system), so there’s a lot of walking and climbing up stairs and hills.

Tip: We learned the hard way that buses are free on Saturdays. The tourist office we stopped at, kindly let us know that buses were free for the day. Unfortunately, we’d already purchased and validated our Long Term tickets for the day, so we weren't able to get a refund. We sure wish the Luxembourg tourist site or public transportation site had mentioned that! Be sure to double check that this is still the case when you visit.

Luxembourg Sightseeing Itinerary: Two Days

To possibly make your research on sightseeing in Luxembourg (and other destinations) easier, we’ve kept our maps with all of the information we gathered (accurate at the time of our sightseeing). Finding hours, prices, and general information can sometimes be challenging, so we’ve tried to include these details on our maps and provide appropriate links below. We travel by public transportation and every city is different. We’ve included our experience and tips on public transportation so you can learn from our mistakes and not look as lost as we do on day one in a new place. And finally, not every attraction is suitable for every visitor, but the copywriters and marketing departments for the destinations sure make it sounds like it. How many times have you read “Great for kids and adults alike” and shown up to wonder why anyone over 20 years-old without kids would go out of their way to be there? Below we’ve included our itinerary with tips, impressions, and our takeaways on each place that, when combined with the official attraction information and website, may help you decide if it’s a destination for your travel adventure or not.

NOTE: We used this sightseeing map for our personal sightseeing adventures, because of that some notes may not make perfect sense, and some information could be outdated. Information on this map was valid at the time of creation. All prices are shown in US dollars but are actually Euros (local currency). That being said, feel free to save it to your Google account and use it as a starting point (or modify it accordingly) for planning out your personalized itinerary in Luxembourg.

Luxembourg Sightseeing Day 1

Dent Creuse

Meaning “Hollow Tooth”, Dent Creuse is a ruin of what was once the beginning of Luxembourg. Our day started here for stunning views of the city. Starting on this bridge, overlooking the valley in one direction and the old city built into the hillside in the other, was the best way we could have begun our exploration of Luxembourg City.

Casemates du Bock

After taking in the view from Dent Creuse, head to the Casemates du Bock. Follow the signs that will take you down the side of the bridge. Don’t miss the paths on the left side that take you to small windows in the wall for more quaint views of the city. Casemates du Bock is one of two Casemates in Luxembourg City that can be visited. It’s a must see, as the fortress built on the Bock promontory dates back to 963 ACE. Overtime the city was fortified with three rings of walls, 24 forts, and 23 kilometers of casemates. The first of the Bock Casemates were built by the Spanish in 1644. Although most of the fortifications were destroyed, there are still over 17 kilometers of tunnels. Entry to the Casemates du Bock was only €6 at the time of our visit, although, only cash payment was accepted.

Saint Michael's Church, Luxembourg

After exploring the Casemates du Bock, make your way back towards the city. Saint Michael's Church, Luxembourg, also known as Eglise Saint Michel, is the oldest religious building in Luxembourg City, dating back to 987 ACE. The church has a turbulent history and has been destroyed many times, although it has always been rebuilt. The church was last rebuilt in 1688, and refurbished in the 1960's and 1980's. You’ll find the church has architectural elements of Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque times. It’s a small church, with an unassuming architectural presence from the outside, but worth the visit to admire its beautiful stained glass windows and appreciate its history.

Chemin de la Corniche: Europe’s Most Beautiful Balcony

From Saint Michael’s Church, head down the road to take in another spectacular view. Known as Europe’s most beautiful balcony, you’ll have views looking back onto the fortifications and Casemates du Bock. Don’t forget to look down into the valley to see the Alzette River running past Saint John’s church.

Grund Gate

Next, we continued our walk down the road and passed the Grund Gate, built in 1632. We almost passed it without realizing it, but it's a nice photo opportunity.

Melusina Mermaid Sculpture

Continue on the road as it winds down the hill. As you walk down, you’ll have great views of Wenzell Wall, with its 37 towers and 15 gates along 875 meters. At the bottom, just before crossing the the Stierchen Bridge, you’ll find stairs that lead to a pathway that’ll take you along the bank of the Alzette River. It's a pleasant walk that you shouldn’t miss. About 100 meters down (heading south-west), you’ll find a purple/mauve sculpture of a mermaid. A plaque explains the tale behind the Melusina Mermaid sculpture. The sculpture has a very colorful and international backstory. The mermaid was created using a special 3D printer located in Berlin. From there, the 3D printouts were shipped to Hungary where they were coated with ceramic. Finally, the sculpture was shipped, and assembled in Luxembourg City to celebrate the city's 1,050th anniversary.

Stierchen Bridge (Pont du Stierchen)

From the Melusina Mermaid sculpture, take a few pictures of the Stierchen Bridge and the Wenzell Wall. Then, make your way back to the bridge and cross over. The bridge was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. Stierches-geescht is a ghost that is believed to haunt this bridge and parts of the old city. If you believe in ghosts, or just enjoy the tales, you’ll appreciate the story of its haunting.

The Second Gate of Trier and the Old Gate of Trier

Continue up the path and up the stairs, and you’ll cross the The Second Gate of Trier, built in 1590. This gate leads to the crossing of Rham Plateau road. Make your way up the hill and pass through the Old Gate of Trier, also known as Jacobs Tower, or as Dinselpuert. The gate was built in the 15th century and had a drawbridge for the moat and a cannon casemate above.

Ravelin Vauban Towers

At this point, you’ll likely have already laid eyes on the three imposing defensive towers. Continue up the hill and turn to your right to get a full view and pictures of the Ravelin Vauban Towers.

National Monument of the Solidarity

Make your way southwest through the valley to cross Maierchen bridge and onto Rue St. Ulric. From here, you can find the panoramic view Pfaffenthal Lift elevator in city center to ease your journey back up, or, if you’re up for it, follow the streets back up the hill. Once up to the newer part of the city you’ll find the National Monument of the Solidarity. It commemorates the solidarity of Luxembourg in the fight against the Nazis, and it’s a memorial for all those who died during World War II. The unpolished and undecorated stone represents the victims of the war, memorialized with an eternal flame.

Adolphe Bridge

Next to National Monument of the Solidarity is Passerelle bridge, where you’ll find views of the valley below. From here, you can set your sights on the Adlophe bridge. Unfortunately, during our time in Luxembourg City, it was covered in tarps due to an extensive renovation effort. Below Adolphe Bridge is Pétrusse Park. A park filled with numerous pathways beckoning exploration, especially, if you’re up for a romantic stroll.

Tip: Day one is a full tour through the old city of Luxembourg that explores the wall, defenses, and casemates of Luxembourg. The city of Luxembourg has put together a walking tour of this area, called the Wenzel Circular Walk. You can do the tour with a guide for a cost, or, you can get a free copy of the map, and do the tour on your own. Stop by the visitors center in city center to pick up a copy, or download the PDF map and brochure. We found that the Wenzel Circular Walk supplemented our sightseeing from day one very well!

Luxembourg Sightseeing Day 2

Petrusse Casemates

We start day two with the Petrusse Casemates. While we were visiting, the site was unfortunately closed to visitors. However, it was still worth a stop for pictures of the view into the valley, the old city, and the wall. Hopefully, this isn’t the case for your visit, and the Petrusse Casemates will be open for exploration.

Place de la Constitution and The Golden Lady (Gëlle Fra)

Head north up the street to the Place de la Constitution, which is a square that dates back to the 17th century. This square is known for its views of Petrusse Park and the city bridges. Another reason to visit is Gëlle Fra, the Golden Lady. It’s a World War I memorial that was erected in 1923. The granite obelisk is toped by the Golden Lady, The Queen of Freedom, and is a memorial to the 3,700 Luxembourgian citizens who served in the French army and 2,000 of whom died. That is roughly 1% of Luxembourg’s pre-war population. During World War II, the Nazi occupation dismantled and hid the memorial. After the war, the city reassembled it from the parts that were recovered, although the Golden Lady wasn’t found until 1980. The memorial was finally completed in 1984. It’s now dedicated to all Luxembourg soldiers who volunteered for service during both World Wars and the Korean War.

Notre-Dame Cathedral

Cross the street and go to Notre-Dame Cathedral, the only cathedral in Luxembourg. Built in 1613, the cathedral was originally a Jesuit church, but became a Catholic church, Church of Our Lady 50-years later. In 1870 the pope elevated it to a cathedral. The entrance to the cathedral is on the city’s main street, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boulevard, next to the library.

We found the inside of the church to be quite beautiful. We visited mid-day and it was very busy. If you’re looking for a less crowded, quiet experience, we’d recommend going to the church early in the morning. You could easily move this to the first thing of the day, as it’s near the other sites that are at the top of day two. The cathedral is free to visit and at the time of our visit, the hours for visiting the Cathedral were 10:00 am to 12:00 pm and 2:00 pm to 5:30 pm, daily.

Orchestre Philharmonie Luxembourg

For the next portion of our sightseeing, we did a one-and-a-half mile walk across the city, although taking a bus would be a simple alternative. We made our way here because of the stunning architecture we saw in pictures of the building. However, if you have time, it’s recommended to see a concert here as well. Once we arrived, the building was in fact beautiful, but, in our humble opinion, the buildings around it detracted from possible photos we could take. We still enjoyed walking around the campus and taking a few pictures. Plus, we were seeing attractions nearby, so it wasn’t out of our way.

MUDAM Luxembourg

Walk behind the Orchestre Philharmonie and find a path and stairs down to the MUDAM Luxembourg. Both the art and the architecture can be appreciated at this modern art museum. Hours and entrance prices can be found on the Practical Information page.

Fort Thüngen

Around the back of the MUDAM Luxembourg is Fort Thüngen, also known as the Three Acorns. It’s a defensive fort with walls and a moat built in 1732 that was accessible only by a 136-meter tunnel. It was expanded by the Prussians in 1836 and reinforced in 1860. The fort was demolished in 1870 and 1874, leaving only the three towers (Three Acorns) and the foundation walls that were uncovered in 1991.

The remains of the fortress are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The fort, walls, and the greens surrounding the area are worth the time to explore and take pictures of. In 2012, after reconstruction of the site, it was reopened to the public and it included the Musée Dräi Eechelen, a museum with a permanent exhibition of the history of the site.

Additional Attractions to Visit in Luxembourg

While our two day adventure in Luxembourg was complete with the above itinerary, there’s more that can be seen in Luxembourg. Keep in mind that interests vary from person to person and the itinerary we created was for our interests. With that in mind, here are some additional and/or optional sights you may consider seeing.

Grand Ducal Palace – The official residence of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg

National Museum of History and Art – MNHA displays artwork and artifacts from Luxembourg’s history.

Luxembourg City History Museum – Displays temporary and permanent exhibits and features an exhibit of the 1,000 year history of Luxembourg City.

Place Guillaume II (William Square) – A public square in southern Luxembourg’s historic Ville Haute quarter.

Villa Vauban – This art museum features 18th and 19th century paintings.

Roude Pëtz – Also known as the Hämmelsmarsch fountain. Look closely, some people say the accordion player is holding up his middle finger as a show of the sculptor’s dislike of the mayor and/or prime minister at the time. Located at the end of Grand Rue by Rue du Fossé.

Continuing Our Travels to Belgium: By Train

Instead of taking a plane to our next destination we took a train. Trains from Luxembourg City central station headed to Brussels leave nearly every hour. There’s no need to buy tickets in advance, as the prices are fixed. Just show up to purchase tickets for €42.40 (accurate as of our visit) and board the next available train. Generally, you won’t have to wait more than an hour. Find more details on trains leaving from Luxembourg to Belgium and other parts of Europe on Seat61.com.

We boarded our train in Luxembourg City and took a scenic train ride through the countryside to Brussels, Belgium, where our travels would take us onwards to explore Belgium and all it has to offer.

#City Guide #Adventures

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