#he's what. 39? according to one of the wikis i checked

[transgender-catboy]

Thinkin about that old man again

[dkv7st]

𝔑𝔬𝔱𝔥𝔦𝔫𝔤.

Today I woke up thinking a lot about the t-shirt designed by Kaoru (2020) and how awesome it is, plus how much I like it (even though it’s white lol). I’d had the religious text used in the design ―I don’t know exactly what it’s called― for quite some time now, but I never stopped to look at it closely, so propelled by my mind I wanted to make a post. Honestly I use Tumblr to store stuff, I don’t expect to be read or to get reblogs/likes because it’s not something I’m interested in but I want to make it clear that if anyone reads this... I try to compile facts and provide sources in case someone with better knowledge can clear up any misunderstandings I write.

• Design.

Info provided by GBS (Galaxy Broad Shop).

As part of the Artist Support Project launched by GALAXY BROAD SHOP, DIR EN GREY has just announced new T-Shirt 100% produced by the band members!

The theme of the design produced by 薫 (Guitar) is “Time”. The setlist of a live show held back in 1997, handwritten by 薫, is printed on the front of the T-shirt. The white color makes it perfect for this hot season.

If you look closely you can easily read some words/sentences in both French and Latin despite the overlapping image of the band on stage.

Image source (info abt this below).

The text printed on the t-shirt design comes from "Office de la Semaine Sainte Latin et François, selon le missel et breviaire romain; avec l'explication des cérémonies de l'eglise, 1723 (Office of the Holy Week Latin and French, according to the missal and Roman breviary; with the explanation of the ceremonies of the church, 1723)" thanks to the translator. By the way, I don't plan to translate anything that comes from Latin/French because I don't speak those languages, but if you're interested in knowing what it says, a copy/paste into Google translator might work (that's what I did).

With that in mind, the first words/sentences that can be read in the design are the last ones in a segment called "A Matines":

Source (1825, Pag. 257).

Ant. Confundantur et revereantur quiærunt animam meam, ut auferant eam.

Ant. Que ceux qui cherchoient à m'ôter la vie, soient couverts de confusion et de honte.

Then a short excerpt from Psalm 39.

The "introduction" of this Psalm (and the structure of the text seen in the design) comes from this document (1723, pag. 313) although at other times the sentences/words are written as in the document referenced above (1825).

P S E A U M E 39

Excellente action de graces pour une ame que Dieu a délivrée deses péchés. Elle prie Dieu d'achever de la secourir dans une infinité de maux qui l'envieronnent: Que l'obéissance est préférable au sacrifice.

Ce Pseaume convient clairement à Jesus Christ.

•

Expectans expectavi Dominum: & intendit mihi.

Et exaudivit preces meas : & eduxit me de lacu miseriæ, & de luto fæcis.

Seigneur mon Dieu, vous avez fait des merveilles innombrables; nul ne peut vous égaler dans vos pensées.

J'en ai parlé et je les ai annoncées; elles se sont multipliées au-delà du nombre.

Vous n'avez point voulu de sacrifice ni d'offrande: mais vous m'avez formé des oreilles.

Vous n'avez point demandé d'holocauste pour le péché; alors j'ai dit: me voici.

•

Multa fecisti tu, Domine, Deus meus, mirabilia tua: et cogitationibus tuis non est qui similis sit tibi.

Annuntiavi et locutus sum : multiplicati sunt super numerum.

Sacrificium et oblationem noluisti : aures autem perfecisti mihi.

Holocaustum et pro peccato non postulasti; tunc dixi : ecce venio.

•

If you checked the documents out of curiosity you will have noticed that they are basically scans, copy/paste did not work at all in this case to extract the text so I did it manually so, maybe, there is some typing error because some letters were ambiguous to identify, for example some F and S.

Continuing with the design, Kaoru added the setlist for June 14, 1997 at Rock May Kan ( 目黒鹿鳴館  ). He even asked on DIR MOBILE and Aknot for the setlist of that date. Here a tweet.

SETLIST

Rock May Kan

Meguroku . Tokyo . JPN

Jun 14 . 1997

SE

KIRI TO MAYU

KARMA

SETSUNA

Erode

Aoi tsuki

VOICE SOLO

S

BYOU SHIN

GARDEN

ZAN

To keep it simple because I can't remember the exact moment (or moments) in which he spoke about this venue I have to mention that despite being a small place it has been important because of the amount of bands that have performed there. Even on January 22, 2021, according to setlist.fm, DIR EN GREY recorded there 爆音上映会『目黒鹿鳴館GIG』.

Due to the COVID crisis, last year many venues suffered financially (like many other businesses). Rock May Kan had a campaign to raise funds with the sale of merchandise and the collaboration of other artists. If you are interested you can check their twitter for more information, it is in Japanese and for the same reason I don't dare to give more information about it since I don't know the language. I must also say that I don't know the use given to the funds raised with the t-shirts designed by DIR EN GREY and I am adding this additional information about Rock May Kan because of the relation of the design made by Kaoru and the events associated to the venue last year.

Last but not least, verifying information from DIR EN GREY's official website and DIR EN GREY's WIKI (a reliable and practical source) plus adding a little guesswork....

June 14, 1997 was DIR EN GREY's first one man show (ワンマンライブ) at Rock May Kan. The day before, on June 13, 1997, a secret show titled Neo Behind The Mask took place there. However, if there is any mistake in this please tell me.

And Rock May Kan received two Kaoru t-shirt💜.

That's all. I hope this information will change your life (?) lmao.

[cbhunter494]

Valyrian Translator

So what if you do actually want to learn Dothraki or Valyrian? Of course, the ideal scenario would be to have an actual language exchange with a Dothraki warrior or a nobleman from Essos for Valyrian. High Valyrian is the language of the old Valyrian Freehold which was located on the eastern continent of Essos. Much of Essos was once dominated by the Valyrians for thousands of years, stretching from the Free Cities in the west, to Slaver's Bay in the east. The Valyrians forced the peoples they subjugated to speak in (or at least be able to converse in) their language. After the Doom of.

From A Wiki of Ice and Fire

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High Valyrian is a language originating from Valyria and the Valyrian Freehold. Corrupted dialects known as bastard Valyrian are spoken in the Free Cities(1) and Slaver's Bay.(2)

2High Valyrian

3Bastard Valyrian

History

Some of the oldest remaining ancient texts were written by Andals, Valyrians, Ghiscari, and Asshai'i.(3) After the Old Empire of Ghis was conquered by the Valyrian Freehold in the Ghiscari wars, the Ghiscari began speaking the High Valyrian of their conquerors.(4)

High Valyrian is no longer widely spoken due to the Doom of Valyria,(5) and most Valyrian records were destroyed in the catastrophe.(6) The tongues of the Free Cities have continued to evolve from the original High Valyrian.(5)

Queen Alysanne Targaryen is said to have begun learning how to read from Valyrian scrolls while still at the breast of her mother, Queen Alyssa Velaryon.(7) Alysanne's husband, King Jaehaerys I Targaryen, was fascinated with the Old Valyrian scrolls in the library of Dragonstone.(8)

How to lead jo owen ebook reader. Racallio Ryndoon is said to have spoken a dozen dialects of Valyrian.(9) Lord Alyn Velaryon studied Valyrian treaties about warship design and sea tactics when he visited the Citadel.(9)Larra Rogare, the wife of Prince Viserys Targaryen, was fluent in High Valyrian and the dialects of Lys, Myr, Tyrosh, and Volantis.(10)

Some highborn children of Westeros are still taught Valyrian as a sign of their noble education.(11)(12) Songs(13) and scrolls(14)(15) are still sung and read in High Valyrian, although by 300 AC most Westerosi nobles cannot understand the language.(13)

High Valyrian

Language

The High Valyrian phrase valar morghulis‎(16) is translated as 'all men must die.'(17) A counterpart phrase, valar dohaeris,(18) is translated as 'all men must serve.'(19)

The word dracarys is translated as meaning 'dragonfire.'(20) Obsidian is called 'dragonglass' in the Common Tongue, but 'frozen fire' in High Valyrian.(21)Valonqar is the word for 'little brother.'(22) High Valyrian is the most likely source language for maegi (pronounced differently from 'Maggy'),(23) which means 'wise'.(24)

The Valyrian writing system, or at least a Valyrian writing system, is described as involving glyphs.(25) It was also probably standard practice to write on scrolls, and not in books.(26) The glyphs can also be inscribed, as on an old Valyrian dragon horn, which, when sounded, had 'every line and letter shimmering with white fire.'(27) Valyrian carvings have been found on obelisks.(28)

Valyrian steel is forged with spells, as well as hammers.(29) Some smiths still know them, although not entirely.(30)

Names

House Targaryen came from Valyria and thus most of its members can be considered to have High Valyrian names. These include:

Aegon

Aelor

Aelora

Aelyx

Aemon

Aemond

Aenar

Aenys

Aerea

Aerion(26)

Aeryn

Aerys

Alysanne(31)

Ayrmidon(14)

Baela

Baelon

Baelor

Daella

Daemion

Daemon

Daena

Daenerys(32)

Daenora

Daenys

Daeron

Elaena

Gael

Gaemon

Helaena

Jaehaera

Jaehaerys

Maegelle

Maegon

Maegor

Maekar

Maelys(33)

Naerys

Rhae

Rhaegar

Rhaegel

Rhaella

Rhaelle

Rhaena

Rhaenyra

Rhaenys

Rhalla

Saera

Shaena

Shaera

Vaegon

Vaella

Valarr

Valerion

Visenya

Viserra

Viserys

English To Valyrian Translator

Houses Baratheon, Celtigar, Qoherys, and Velaryon are of Valyrian descent, and thus these names are possibly Valyrian as well.(34)(35)

Velaryon first names include:

Aethan

Corlys

Daenaera

Jacaerys

Laena

Laenor

Lucerys

Monterys

Vaemond

Valaena

Jaenara Belaerys was a Valyrian explorer(36) and Aurion was a would-be emperor.(37)

The Valyrians most likely gave Valyrian names to their dragons, as the dragons Balerion, Meraxes, Vhagar, and Syrax were named after Valyrian gods and goddesses.(38)(39) However, not all dragons of House Targaryen had Valyrian names (e.g., Queen Alysanne Targaryen's dragon, Silverwing(31)).

Eight of the nine Free Cities were founded as colonies of the Valyrian Freehold, and are thus likely to bear Valyrian names as well:

Volantis's satellite towns of Selhorys, Valysar, and Volon Therys likely have Valyrian names as well. It is also probable that Elyria, Mantarys, Oros, Tolos, Tyria, and Velos are Valyrian in name, being cities close to Old Valyria.(40)

Bastard Valyrian

Free Cities

Bastard Valyrian includes the languages of the nine Free Cities.(1) Each of the cities has its own dialect, and each dialect likely has its own separate derived vocabulary. Syrio Forel of Braavos speaks the Common Tongue with a lilting accent.(41) One of the Brave Companions is described as having a thick Myrish accent.(42)

The Free Cities use glyphs to write Valyrian.(43) The Valyrian of the Free Cities is described as sounding 'liquid'.(44)

Slaver Cities

Valyrian Translations Season 4

The Old Empire of Ghis was conquered by the Valyrian Freehold five thousand years ago, and the Ghiscari have since spoken High Valyrian. The Slaver's Bay cities of Yunkai, Meereen, and Astapor have their own versions of bastard Valyrian, which have been influenced mainly by Old Ghiscari, the ancient language of Old Ghis. Like the Free Cities, the people of the Slaver Cities use glyphs to write Valyrian.(2)

English myanmar dictionary software, free download. English to Myanmar or Myanmar to English Offline Dictionary Main Features - Easy Navigation - Work without internet access - Auto suggest searching word - Search word using clipboard (Check 'Help' menu in app for usage) - Synchronise with server and get new meaning of words - Request New word - User can add new words - Voice Search (Need Internet Connection) - Voice, Quiz and Service Settings. Download English To Myanmar Dictionary for Android to it is not possible to either carry or open a Dictionary Book always. English Myanmar Dictionary Offline Free (English Burmese Dictionary Offline Free): With nearly 33000 English - Myanmar words and over 36000 Myanmar - English, this is the most sufficient free English - Myanmar, Myanmar - English offline dictionary for android with words updated regularly in term of quantity of words and their meaning. Program has attractive interface, easy to use with. English Myanmar Dictionary free download - iFinger Collins English Dictionary, Shoshi English To Bangla Dictionary, Wordinn English to Urdu Dictionary, and many more programs.

Astapori Valyrian is described as having a 'characteristic growl,' influenced by Ghiscari.(2) The dialect of Yunkai is close enough to that of Astapor to be mutually intelligible.(45)

Valyrian Voice Translator

Yunkai used to be part of the Old Empire of Ghis, and has multiple languages spoken in the city. Mhysa, Maela, Aelalla, Qathei, and Tato are given as words for 'mother', but which tongue fits which word is unknown (excepting the first, which is Ghiscari).(45)

Some slavers speak a mongrel tongue,(46) a blend of Old Ghiscari and High Valyrian.(47)

Characters familiar with High Valyrian

Valyrian Translation

Gerris Drinkwater speaks a halting approximation of High Valyrian.(12)

Haldon Halfmaester(48)

Tyrion Lannister learned to read High Valyrian on his maester's knee.(11)

Quentyn Martell can read and write High Valyrian but has little practice speaking it.(12)

Melisandre is known to pray in High Valyrian, the Common Tongue, and the speech of Asshai.(49)

Missandei(17)

Moqorro can apparently sing in High Valyrian.(50)

Septa Saranella tells Cersei Lannister the meaning of valonqar.(22)

Ser Barristan Selmy has some High Valyrian, though not as much as Daenerys Targaryen.(2)

Arya Stark knows some High Valyrian(51) but the kindly man insists that she improve it.(52)

Catelyn Stark considers the speech of Moreo Tumitis of Tyrosh to be the vulgar Valyrian of the Free Cities.(53)

Sweets is fluent in High Valyrian(54)

Aegon Targaryen is fluent in High Valyrian.(12)

Daenerys Targaryen(2)

Samwell Tarly only has a little High Valyrian.(55)

The closest thing the Windblown have to a company tongue is classic High Valyrian.(56) Their leader, the Tattered Prince, says 'and now we ride' to his men in the language.(56)

Quotes

Each of the Free Cities has its own history and character, and each has come to have its own tongue. These are all corruptions of the original, pure form of High Valyrian, dialects that drift further from their origin with each new century since the Doom befell the Freehold.(5)Download counter strike condition zero full.

Behind the Scenes

According to George R. R. Martin,

Tolkien was a philologist, and an Oxford don, and could spend decades laboriously inventing Elvish in all its detail. I, alas, am only a hardworking SF and fantasy novel(sic), and I don't have his gift for languages. That is to say, I have not actually created a Valyrian language. The best I could do was try to sketch in each of the chief tongues of my imaginary world in broad strokes, and give them each their characteristic sounds and spellings.(57)

David J. Peterson further developed High Valyrian for the television adaptation Game of Thrones.

References

↑ 1.01.1A Game of Thrones, Chapter 11, Daenerys II.

↑ 2.02.12.22.32.4A Storm of Swords, Chapter 23, Daenerys II.

↑The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: The Dawn Age.

↑The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: The Rise of Valyria.

↑ 5.05.15.2The World of Ice & Fire, The Free Cities.

↑The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: Valyria's Children.

↑Fire & Blood, The Year of the Three Brides - 49 AC.

↑Fire & Blood, Birth, Death, and Betrayal Under King Jaehaerys I.

↑ 9.09.1Fire & Blood, Under the Regents - The Voyage of Alyn Oakenfist.

↑Fire & Blood, The Lysene Spring and the End of Regency.

↑ 11.011.1A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 1, Tyrion I.

↑ 12.012.112.212.3A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 6, The Merchant's Man.

↑ 13.013.1A Storm of Swords, Chapter 60, Tyrion VIII.

↑ 14.014.1A Game of Thrones, Chapter 9, Tyrion I.

↑A Feast for Crows, Prologue.

↑A Clash of Kings, Chapter 47, Arya IX.

↑ 17.017.1A Storm of Swords, Chapter 27, Daenerys III.

↑A Feast for Crows, Chapter 6, Arya I.

↑A Feast for Crows, Chapter 34, Cat Of The Canals.

↑A Storm of Swords, Chapter 8, Daenerys I.

↑A Storm of Swords, Chapter 78, Samwell V.

↑ 22.022.1A Feast for Crows, Chapter 39, Cersei IX.

↑A Feast for Crows, Chapter 36, Cersei VIII.

↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 72, Daenerys X.

↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 3, Daenerys I.

↑ 26.026.1A Clash of Kings, Chapter 6, Jon I.

↑A Feast for Crows, Chapter 19, The Drowned Man.

↑The World of Ice & Fire, Beyond the Free Cities: The Grasslands.

↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 1, Bran I.

↑A Storm of Swords, Chapter 32, Tyrion IV.

↑ 31.031.1A Storm of Swords, Chapter 40, Bran III.

↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 15, Davos II.

↑A Storm of Swords, Chapter 67, Jaime VIII.

↑Citadel. Heraldry: In the area of King's Landing

↑The Citadel. Heraldry: Houses in the Riverlands

↑The World of Ice & Fire, Beyond the Free Cities: Sothoryos.

↑The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: The Doom of Valyria.

↑Fire & Blood, Heirs of the Dragon - A Question of Succession.

↑A Clash of Kings, Chapter 12, Daenerys I.

↑A Dance with Dragons, Map of Valyria

↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 22, Arya II.

↑A Storm of Swords, Chapter 39, Arya VII.

↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 65, Arya V.

↑A Clash of Kings, Chapter 27, Daenerys II.

↑ 45.045.1A Storm of Swords, Chapter 42, Daenerys IV.

↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 59, The Discarded Knight.

↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 60, The Spurned Suitor.

↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 14, Tyrion IV.

↑A Clash of Kings, Chapter 10, Davos I.

↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 56, The Iron Suitor.

↑A Feast for Crows, Chapter 22, Arya II.

↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 45, The Blind Girl.

↑A Game of Thrones, Chapter 18, Catelyn IV.

↑A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 47, Tyrion X.

↑A Feast for Crows, Chapter 26, Samwell III.

↑ 56.056.1A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 25, The Windblown.

↑So Spake Martin: Yet More Questions, July 22, 2001

The material on this page is taken from the web page Other languages at Dothraki Wiki that is owned by dothraki.org and may be used for noncommercial purposes.

External Links

Valyrian languages on Wikipedia.

High Valyrian 101: Learn and Pronounce Common Phrases By Katie M. Lucas

Retrieved from 'https://awoiaf.westeros.org/index.php?title=High_Valyrian&oldid=257130'

By Stars Insider of StarsInsider |

Learn Valyrian and other fascinating fictional languages

Valyrian Translate

With numerous fantasy shows gaining more and more popularity, it's no shock that many fans are going the extra mile. For instance, it was reported that over 800,000 people started learning 'Valyrian,' a language spoken by characters on 'Game of Thrones.' Incredible stories like 'Star Wars' and 'Lord of the Rings' also have their own unique languages, which you can start to learn about in this helpful gallery.

High Valyrian To English

© BrunoPress

[reddeadrevival]

Hey there! I love your headcanons so much my friend ❤️❤️ I am curious if you could do a headcanon regarding the ages of each of the Van set Linde gang members? Some of them are plainly stated, like Arthur being 36 and Lenny being 19 etc, but a lot of the others are up in the air!

Please check if the ask box is open AND read my “What I write” post before sending in an ask. Thank you.  

Sure! And aw thank you so much ^_^ I’m glad to hear you enjoy them!

Let’s get the ones we know listed first:

According to Red Dead Wiki (which is according to someone on reddit)

Arthur : 36

John : 26

Dutch : 41

Bill : 33 (although I would’ve said 37)

Uncle : At least 50

Jack : 4

Abigail : 22

Mary-Beth : 21-22 (I’d say 21)

Lenny : 19 (not written anywhere I don’t think, but Arthur says he’s not even 20 yet)

And now who we don’t know for sure but these are my headcanons:

Tilly: 23

Molly: 25-28 (I see her being at least half Dutch’s age)

Karen: 23-25

Sean: 21 (I see him being younger than Karen)

Hosea: 49-51 (Older than Dutch but younger than Uncle)

Micah: 37-39 (I see him as older than Arthur)

Javier: 26-27 ( I see him being close to John’s age)

Charles: 28-29

Pearson: 49

Grimshaw: 45-50 (I see her as older than Dutch but kinda close to his age cause they were a thing at one point)

Rev. Swanson: 40

Strauss: 45-49 (not quite 50)

Kieran: 26-29 (Boy looks a lot older than he probably is)

Trelawny: 28-30 (though he seems older in the face)

Sadie: 38-40

(Master List)

[ladyadalicialove]

MLB Dupain-Cheng Wedding and Marinette’s Birthday theory!!

An updated version of this theory can be found here. Some new info was revealed and I decided to talk about it.

Here I have developed two theories; when Sabine and Tom got married and Marinette’s Birthday. I have finalised two dates as to when they got married and when Marinette was born. This is pure speculation by the way, so take what I say with a grain of salt!!! 

The Dupain-Chengs Wedding Date THEORY:

To figure out when they were married I gathered clues from all available episodes.

Lets start with “Timebreaker”! In this episode Sabine says they are celebrating their 20th wedding anniversary with a special dinner. And since “Timebreaker” was in season 1, this episode is speculated to have occurred sometime sometime in February-April.

I have theorised that “Backwarder” is set in either April of 2011 or May of 2018 This is because Adrien, Gabriel, Kagami and her mother are going to attend a Royal Wedding in England. And Thomas Astruc must have been inspired by a royal wedding and since this episode aired in 2016, Astruc would not have known about Harry and Meghan meaning that Kate and William was probably his source of inspiration.

So if Tom and Sabine are celebrating their twentieth wedding anniversary in February-April 2011 or 2018, that means they were married in 1991 or 1998.

However in consideration to the style of Sabine’s dress, it is more likely to be in 1998. 1991 Wedding dresses were extremely puffy, most likely due to the after effects of the 80s fashion. Sabine’s wedding dress actually closely resembles the wedding dresses of the 2000s. Meaning that it is highly likely the wedding happened in 1998, here’s a photo comparison.

(Credit: Me, I googled some pics of both 1991 and 1998 wedding dresses and created this collage.)

Basically since Sabine doesn’t look like any of the snow beast brides of 1991 and closer to 1998 wedding dresses, I think it’s a safe bet that it was set in 1998. FYI: I did loads of wedding dress research and her dress is closest to the 2002 bridal styles, especially with the BOHO-chic fashion trend. 

Now fun fact, this means we actually know when the exact date they were married because of Marinette’s calendar (which is basically Adrien’s Schedule) back in “Timebreaker”. The episode as we know starts off with Sabine talking about their 20th wedding anniversary. However in this episode, Alix and Kim have their rollerblade race, This is the only episode we know of to have rollerskating in it, and in Marinette’s calendar April 6th is marked as “Roller Time”.

(Credit: https://amour-chasse-croise.tumblr.com/post/142955283453/miraculous-ladybug-timeline-complete )

This means that April 6th is the day that Tom and Sabine were married!! (And Alix’s birthday lol)

So this concludes that…

Tom and Sabine were married on April 6th of 1998.

Also this means that Tom married Sabine when he was twenty!!! Because he turned 40 in Bakerix which is set in 2018, we knows this because the events in “Bakerix” happen before "Backwarder", as the inauguration of Startrain is shown. And we know “Backwarder” is set in May of 2018, meaniNG BAKERIX IS HAPPENING IN EARLY 2018!!!!

Our bakery boi snatched his wife with that broom-stache at 20 holy moly. I wondered how old Sabine was, I think she might have been 19, making her 39 in “Bakerix”. Love to hear anyone’s theory on Sabine’s age.

This means that Tom and Sabine totally dated in high school. oMG SO CUTE!! Can’t wait to draw the art for that one!

The Date of Marinette’s birthday THEORY:

This theory isn’t as concrete as the previous but I had to do some hard core predications and assumptions!! So don’t take my word for it!

It took Tom and Sabine a couple of years before they had Marinette. Because we know she is 14 in “Befana”, that means she was born in 2003 or 2004 if this episode took place in 2017 or 2018. And according to the MLB wiki timeline, Befana takes place in July, meaning Marinette is born in July. No joke the wiki has a timeline. 

If we look at her personality we can actually determine what part of July her birthday is on with zodiac signs!! July 1st to July 22nd are members of the Cancer zodiac sign, and July 22nd to July 31st, are a part of the Leo zodiac sign.

I did a little research for Cancer because as a Leo myself, I know that sign pretty well. And guys, “Cancers are born people-pleasers and emotional caretakers.” and not just that but “You’ll often see Cancer women busting their butts behind the scenes building props on theatre or movie sets, or as head chefs making magic in the kitchens of busy restaurants. These women prefer to work with their hands, and do work that they feel emotionally connected to, rather than spending hours staring at spreadsheets or mathematical abstractions.” (source:https://www.astrology.com/cancer-woman.html)

MARINETTE IS A MEMBER OF THE CANCER ZODIAC SIGN CONFIRMED SHE IS A CRAB!!!!! CAN YOU IMAGINE HER LIKE THAT I CAN 

So we can confidently say her birthday is between July 1st and 22nd, we just gotta find the specific date!! Here’s another clue I found thanks to another birthday theory on Amino; In the Webisode "My Birthday Party", Marinette's voice over says "It's my birthday on Saturday". (In the English Dub)

Now the webisode was released in 2016, while “Befana” was released in 2017. In 2016 would have been 12 if Marinette was born in 2004, which is inaccurate as she was 13 when she received the miraculous. Meaning she is born in 2003 making her thirteen in 2016 the year of the webisode aired!!

Now if her birthday in that webisode was set in 2016, the Saturday’s between between July 1st and 22nd land on three dates. The 2nd, 9th and the 16th of July.

How do we narrow the three dates down to one I hear you ask? Well Kung Food is set sometime after July 14th according to this tumblr user, meaning we can eliminate the 16th because her Great Uncle would have mentioned her birthday but he didn’t.

(Credit: https://ladybug-x-chatnoir.tumblr.com/post/138842131342/here-is-a-visual-timeline-based-off-of )

Now that means it’s either the 2nd or the 9th. I think if we look at the school dates when the year “Befana” takes place we may determine her birthday.

So if Marinette is turning 14 in “Befana” and if she is born in 2003, that means “Befana” occurs in 2017. In the episode she talked about being at school that week, and “yesterday” she caught Nino listening to her fav song at school , however she did not mention being at school on her actual birthday. Which in 2017, Mari’s birthday is on a Sunday and I had to check but France does have Middle and High schools that choose to have courses on Saturdays. So we are deficiently in the right timeframe!

It occurred to me that July is when Summer Holidays begin for France. And according to this website, France’s summer holidays begun on July 8th in 2017.

(Credit: https://www.renestance.com/blog/2017-school-holidays-in-france/ )

Now if we rewatch “Befana”, we can see that the classroom is bare of any school work or posters. Now everyone who has been to middle or high school knows there are big clean ups that happen the day Summer Holidays begin. And that’s what I think we are seeing here. A completely clean classroom ready for a new year.

(Credit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTz8SC39s24)

I can conclude then that Marinette’s Birthday is on the 9th of July, and she was born in 2003!! THE PROOF IS IN DA PUDDIN THAT IS ADRIEN LOL!

So to quickly resummarise this double theory of mine:

Tom and Sabine were married on April 6th of 1998.

and

Marinette’s Birthday is on the 9th of July, and she was born in 2003.

Wow I spent six hours researching all this and now I’m super tired, I’m posting these theories because I will be MIA during May and possibly June because of Exams and Assignments for Uni. Enjoy reading this and I hope to hear your opinions and thoughts!!

REMEMBER THIS IS JUST A THEORY

Posted on 5th of July in 2019, sometime after Bakerix aired.

[lostinafairytaleofchaos]

Please Play 

Lee Greenwood - Pledge of Allegiance (A TRIBUTE TO A GREAT NATION)

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TRIGGER WARNING/ CONTROVERSIAL

I grew up in Richmond, Virginia. I still live in Virginia. I recently moved out of Richmond due to the safety issues and rioting and looting.

  STOP ALREADY JUST STOP!!!

Calling for and rioting for de-funding the police is going to do more damage than good! You know I’m the 80’s and early 90’s all of the projects, so to speak, begged for more policing!!

Why are we still allowing the protests to happen? We are basically in a revolution at this time as history is repeating itself, and our children see violence, they see hatred, they see division.

Why is it perfectly acceptable to burn the American flag? Hate our sitting President of the United States without a valid reason and based on emotions?

Please tell me what other Presidents in history have ever faced this much adversity, controversy, and hatred?

I agree that our current President is not a politician. He is, however, a businessman.

Trump is conducting business. He has not let the controversy of the last four years, almost, of his term in office, affect his decisions.

Do I agree with every decision? Absolutely NOT!

I am not going to talk about what is going on everywhere else. I am going to talk about Richmond, Virginia. Since the rioters (not the peaceful protesters) have decided to tear down statues, destroy minority businesses, burn buildings, vandalize property, and terrorize the police department. Let’s start there.

Apparently, this began with George Floyd, correct, as protests. Correct?

Now it is so much more. What is it solving? I can’t tell what it is solving. Property values are going to decrease in the rioting areas, people are going to move, they will lose money because of the decline of the property values. They fear for their safety. The site is horrific.

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Below are the FACTS:

100 homicides in 1988, the first year of triple-digit killings in Richmond. The number would peak at 160 in 1994 and earn the city the unwanted distinction of being the U.S. “murder capital” in 1997 (on a per capita basis) when 140 people were killed.

MURDER RATES FROM 1957

1957: 28

1958: 25

1959: 23

1960: 18

1961: 30

1962: 41

1963: 25

1964: 39

1965: 44

1966: 38

1967: 37

1968: 58

1969: 40

1970: 56

1971: 72

1972: 89

1973: 69

1974: 64

1975: 70

1976: 51

1977: 67

1978: 54

1979: 52

1980: 58

1981: 51

1982: 73

1983: 63

1984: 79

1985: 93

1986: 82

1987: 82

1988: 100

1989: 102

1990: 114

1991: 117

1992: 120

1993: 111

1994: 160

1995: 119

1996: 112

1997: 140

1998: 94

1999: 74

2000: 72

2001: 70

2002: 83

2003: 94

2004: 95

2005: 86

2006: 81

2007: 55

2008: 32

2009: 39

2010: 41

2011: 37

2012: 42

2013: 37

2014: 42

2015: 42 (21 Solved)

2016: 59 – through 15/19/2016 (27 Solved)

2017: 67 (34 Solved)

2018: 53 (27 Solved)

2019: 59 (24 Solved)

We’re these police killings? NO

I did not even add in the sexual assaults/ battery, rapes, kidnappings, break-ins, robberies, etc.

Virginia alone witnessed an increase in violent crime from 2018 to 2019, with 18,717 violent crimes reported in 2019 compared to 18,269 violent crimes in 2018. Can the “community police” handle this?

The population in Virginia during 2018 was 8.5 million, and in Richmond, Virginia alone, it was 229,933.

Do these deceased not deserve recognition too? They were murdered.

A murder is a murder, correct?

You tell me.

I listed 5 years of murders that show almost if not half of these murders solved! Who were they solved by? Oh, the police and the detectives.

Hmmm, let us think about this for a moment.

So if the police departments are de-funded, does our murder rates go up or down? Who runs background checks on the “new sheriffs’ in town”? Who even says they are competent and not murders themselves, rapists, pedophiles, etc.?

But yet, Americans are willing to trust this! Should I say Un-Americans? Because real Americans fought for this country, they fought for freedom, they fought for liberty, justice, they fought for the land that these rioters and looters are destroying today as the leftists stand by and watch and do NOTHING!

They burn the American flag. All in the name of what is deemed an unjustified murder, racist, police brutality.

Was it? Unjust, yes! Police brutality looks that way! Racism lies in the eyes of those who determine what they want to see because of their emotions.

Do we not have just as big battles to fight? What about pedophilia, homelessness, sex-trafficking. Loss of jobs, people that are starving, bringing unity back to a country that needs it! Not dividing a country that once stood on the ground of a dream.

What happened to that dream?

The American Dream?

Right now, it is a nightmare.

Enough with the B.S.

Look at history!

Look at the facts!

Look at the statistics!

Why are we living in a world where we are stuck in the past so far back from our ancestors that we are not teaching our children about tragedies such as the attacks on the Twin Towers in New York, September 11, 2001? Resulting in 2,977 fatalities. There were over 25,000 injured. Long-term suffering has occurred, and many have died since.

Why are our children not being taught the Bible? Why are our children not being taught love and forgiveness?

https://www.nbc12.com/2019/10/09/virginia-ranks-among-states-with-lowest-crime-rates/

http://www.richmondgov.com/police/IADStats.aspx

http://www.richmondgov.com/Police/2019OpenHomicides.aspx

http://www.city-data.com/crime/crime-Richmond-Virginia.html

POLICE OFFICER FACTS

  There are more than 800,000 sworn law enforcement officers now serving in the United States, which is the highest figure ever. About 12 percent of those are female.

Crime-fighting has taken its toll. Since the first recorded police death in 1786, there have been more than 22,000 law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty. Currently, there are 22,217 names engraved on the walls of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial.

A total of 1,627 law enforcement officers died in the line of duty during the past 10 years, an average of one death every 54 hours or 163 per year. There were 135 law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty in 2019.

According to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report 2018 LEOKA report: There have been 58,866 assaults against law enforcement officers in 2018, resulting in 18,005 injuries.

The 1920s were the deadliest decade in law enforcement history, when a total of 2,517 officers died, or an average of almost 252 each year. The deadliest year in law enforcement history was 1930 when 312 officers were killed. That figure dropped dramatically in the 1990s to an average of 163 per year.

The deadliest day in law enforcement history was September 11, 2001, when 72 officers were killed while responding to the terrorist attacks on America.

The New York City Police Department has lost more officers in the line of duty than any other department, with 941 deaths. Texas has lost 1,772 officers, more than any other state. The state with the fewest deaths is Vermont, with 24.

There are 1,181 federal officers listed on the Memorial, as well as 720 correctional officers and 44 military law enforcement officers.

There are 365 female officers listed on the Memorial; 11 female officers were killed in 2019.

Directly from https://nleomf.org/facts-figures/law-enforcement-facts

Richmond, Virginia Police Officer Facts

750 – that is it!

The Richmond Police Department (RPD) is the primary law enforcement agency for the 230,436 people within the 62.5 square miles (162 km2) jurisdiction of Richmond, Virginia. The department employs about 750 sworn officers and about 170 civilians.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Police_Department_(Virginia)

I go to sleep, praying for all of this to end. I have never lived in such a divided time as now. I fear for my family, I honestly do, because we are a mixture. My children were taught to love no matter what. We don’t fight and argue over race, politics; we simply agree to respect each other, love each other. Respect others.

If you are a true Christian, I ask that you please pray for all that is going on; Jesus is the ONLY person that can fix this. We have to rely on faith, hope, and love.

We also have to spread it.

Share, share your statistics, know your facts, but also volunteer in your communities to make a change. Help the needy, help the misguided, we cannot change the past; we can change the future. The future is what we should focus on!

Turn your hate and anger into something productive, make a change for the better!

Don’t be Shy, Subscribe to Our Blog to Receive Updates!

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What Has Become Of Richmond Virginia? What Has Become Of America? Please Play  TRIGGER WARNING/ CONTROVERSIAL I grew up in Richmond, Virginia. I still live in Virginia. I recently moved out of Richmond due to the safety issues and rioting and looting.

[whyiyuan]

The Socio-political Dynamics and Strategy of Survivor

On 2000, Mark Burnett was doing an interview on radio show in the United States. Burnett was talking about this idea for a show that he’s going to take 16 castaways on a deserted island, that doesn’t know each other, competing with the elements, and with each other. The current host, Jeff Probst, was very intrigued as he heard Burnett talk about the show, which lead to him auditioning for part of the host in Survivor. The final castaway or the Sole Survivor will win a million dollars. Survivor: Borneo, the first season of Survivor was premiered on May 31, 2000. Each season has 39 days with the exception of Survivor: Australian Outback, which has 42 days to compete. Also, each season varies on the number of people in a season, ranging 16-20 (excluding other versions of Survivor).

On Survivor: Borneo, 16 castaways, two tribes of 8, were marooned in two separate beaches on which they have to survive together, even though they didn’t know each other. The castaways were expected to survivor, which means creating a shelter, hunting and/or gathering for food. The two tribes would compete with each other in the forms of challenges; it can be reward or immunity challenges involving endurance, physical challenges or puzzles. The winner of the immunity challenges would not go to tribal council, in which people would get voted out. After some time of the tribes competing with each other, those two tribes will become one, which is called a merge. The merged tribe consists of 10-19, depending on the season, but on the first season of survivor, there were 10 people at the merge. People who are voted off the merge can be jurors, which the juror has a say on who will win the million dollars and the title of Sole Survivor. Here, the socio politics comes into play when it comes to voting out people. On the first season of survivor, the first ever alliance was created, people voted with ethics and morality, and people voted with a strange kind of strategy. Since it was the first season, majority of the people didn’t know how to vote out people. After the first challenge, the Tagi tribe who lost the immunity challenge was forced to vote out the weakest member of the tribe since winning immunity is crucial to survivor. Another, the alphabet strategy was created by Dr. Sean Keniff, voting people on an alphabetical order; this strategy was perceived by the survivor community as “goofy” or “comedic”. Also, the first ever alliance was created by Richard hatch, the first sole survivor of survivor.

Good cast equals to good TV. The risks of an ill-fit cast include unexpected violence and indecent drama, or dullness and apathy. To avoid this, the show hired psychologist, and does background check on the future contestants. Also, tropes can be considered in casting. Tropes like the nerd, the pretty girl, the underdog, the hero, the villain, etc. In Survivor the combination of the strategic game play and the severe living conditions can affect mental competency. As a result, conflicts are inevitable. That’s why people tune in to Survivor every Wednesdays, because they can relate to the castaways, they find the castaways entertaining.

Perception is reality on Survivor. An example of this is when people perceived you as a liar, into their eyes, you are a liar the entire game, or when people think you are moral or ethical on voting out people and loyal to their alliance, into their eyes, you are like the embodiment of integrity and loyalty. So it really depends on the strategy that you are using. According to social identity theory, we define ourselves based on group membership and our role(s) within that group (Hogg, 2006). If one player doesn’t fit in a group in their tribe, they might be outcasted, which the player has the possibility to be voted off the island. The Multiple Levels of Thought theory also comes into play; it defines the different levels a Survivor player can occupy. In practice, there are about 5 levels, ranging from level zero to level four. Players can fluctuate from level to level and it’s not always best to be playing in the highest level. A level zero player is a player that doesn’t know how the game works, and a level four is realistically the highest level the viewer will see in the game, level four asks, “what do my opponents think I think they have”. It is just the players are adding more layers of though in an already confusing game, as it can lead to paranoia, overthinking and the ability to over play.  People tend to refuse the leadership role because it sets a target to your back. Players in the early portion of the game, either vote out the person that stands out, no matter how strong the person is, if the player does not tone their behavior down, then they might be voted out, or either the tribe will vote out the weakest tribe member to that the tribe can win challenges. Try to lay low or be super eccentric, these types of players rarely get voted out pre-merge since they are not targeted or the tribe thinks they are a goat. A goat refers to a player with a highly unlikely chance of winning; whom if taken to the Final Tribal Council should be easily beatable due to the way they played the game or treated the members of the jury.

Perception is everything, think like your enemies and play under the radar or be super over the top. It depends on how the player plays the game.

References:

Hedges, C. (2011). Performing the Self: Character Agency and Impression Management within the Narrative of Survivor: Samoa. Retrieved from https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=com_etd

Schater, H. (2015, January 2015). Outwit, Outplay, Outlast: The Psychology of Survivor. Retrived from https://www.psychologyinaction.org/psychology-in-action-1/2015/01/05/outwit-outplay-outlast-the-psychology-of-survivor

Wallenfeldt, J. (2008, November 18). Survivor AMERICAN TELEVISION SHOW. Retrived from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Survivor-American-television-show

Giese, B. [Peridiam]. (2020, April 22) The "Multiple Levels of Thought" Theory in Survivor Strategy. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6F8muXakfk&t=442s

Sinjoh, T. (n.d.). Survivor: Borneo. Retrieved from https://survivor.fandom.com/wiki/Survivor:_Borneo?oldid=552798

Holmes, M. (2015, May 24).  Survivor History: Origin of the Goat. Retrived from https://insidesurvivor.com/survivor-history-origin-of-the-goat-685 

[orchestratedadventures]

Life as a Vapor – Part 2

Our time here on earth is temporary, so how do we live a life that is meaningful and fulfilling? We have one BIG answer that will help, and it is the greatest treasure of all.  

Life as a Vapor – Part 2

Krista Hengesh

 “Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moths and vermin destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where moths and vermin do not destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.” -Matthew 6:19-20

Last week we discussed how life is a vapor, looking at the fact that at some point our hearts will stop beating and our lungs will stop breathing and we will cease to exist on this earth. My prayer with this post was not to scare you, or have you fear death. Rather, I wanted to shed light on the truth that the issues we are dealing with and the seasons we are going through, in light of eternity, all serve as building blocks in God molding us into the women He created us to be.

{You can read Life as a Vapor- Part 1 here}

This week, we will be looking at how we can find meaning and fulfillment in our lives while are here on earth- pursing treasures that have eternal value and weight in Heaven.

What Do You Treasure?

Take a moment to think about what you treasure- the things you are pursing, or working towards in your life?

Is it…

A new job, an interview, a raise, a new position in a company?

Losing weight, eating healthier, getting in shape?

Making money to buy a new outfit, a car, an ourdoorsy toy, a flight to a vacation destination?

Being open to a possible new relationship, or being a better sister, daughter or friend?

Loving yourself and who you are in a deeper way- seeing yourself through God’s eyes?

Taking your faith more seriously, wanting to memorize more verses or understand the power of prayer more?

Wanting to seem or act or look a certain way to get attention or popularity from others?

The list could (and does) go on forever.

But take a moment and think about this for yourself, and write it down.

What is it that you treasure?

  Earthly Treasures

“Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moths and vermin destroy, and where thieves break in and steal.” –Matthew 6:19

The first part of our verse in Matthew 6, talks about storing up treasures where moth and vermin cannot destroy, and where thieves cannot break in and steal, so here are a few facts about those three things to get your brain thinking about this verse in a tangible, realistic way:

Moths feed on natural materials such as wool, silk, fur, felt, hair and feathers. They eat anything that can dissolve in water, and feedon nectar from flowers, tree sap, bird droppings, animal dung, pollen, and rotting fruit. (info taken from What do Moths eat? )

Vermin are pests and nuisance animals that destroy crops and livestock. Think foxes, rodents, and insect pests. (info taken from Wiki)

Thieves steal well… everything and anything they can get their hands on. (info taken from a personal experience, and stories from many people- probably including yourself.)

So, in light of those things, what on your list of treasures could be destroyed or stolen? 

Now, don’t get me wrong, there are things that we have to work for on this earth that can be destroyed or stolen like money for a car or bike to get us around town, or food to sustain us, or a house to live in, or clothes to keep us warm and dressed, or working super hard for a job or a raise, or to get healthy, fit and in shape.

BUT, what I want you to remember is those earthly things do not define you, and they should not be the sole focus of your heart. Problems arise when the temporary things of this earth overwhelm our minds and become our everything.

You will be distracted from the main purpose of life, which is to live closely and in step with Jesus- storing up treasures in Heaven.

  Heavenly Treasures

“But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where moths and vermin do not destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal.” -Matthew 6:20

What is it then that moth, vermin and thieves cannot destroy or steal, and how do I store those things up?

Isn’t this kind of the question of life?? 

What is it that I can do that will give me meaning and fulfillment on this earth? What is it that I can do that will matter?

This question is very complicated and different for each person, but the simple answer to that is to live your life storing up treasures that have eternal weight in Heaven. 

These are things like:

Loving others well (1 John 4:7; 1 John 4:21; John 15:12)

Living to bring glory to God (Psalms 115:1; 1 Peter 4:11)

Serving others with no need for acknowledgment (Mark 10:25; 1 Peter 4:10)

Giving generously without expecting anything in return (Proverbs 19:17; Luke 6:37-38)

Putting others above yourself (Philippians 2:3; Romans 12:10)

Intentionally being there for others in both the good and bad seasons. (Romans 12:13-15; 1 Corinthians 12:26)

  Our lives are a compilation of our actions and thoughts, and what Paul says in Galatians about reaping what we sow could not be more true:

“A man reaps what he sows. Whoever sows to please their flesh, from the flesh will reap destruction; whoever sows to please the Spirit, from the Spirit will reap eternal life. Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up.”  -Galatians 6:7-9

How we choose to live each day, what we choose to sow, will directly effect our purpose and fulfillment in life. 

How will you live to store up treasures in heaven? 

The Greatest Treasure

There is one treasure that is worth living for more than any other, and it is the treasure of eternal life.

A parable in Matthew 13 compares the Kingdom of Heaven to a treasure being buried in a field. When a man found this treasure, he sold everything in order to buy the field and have that treasure.

The treasure of eternal life, life with God in Heaven for ever, is a treasure worth giving everything up for. It is also a treasure that is meant to be shared with your friends.

If you believe that you will be in heaven for eternity, and you have friends who are not believers, then let this be your reminder to pursue them and be bold in telling them about your faith. Eternal life truly is the greatest treasure, and the most important thing we can live for, so I encourage you to make it the focus of your life each and every day- especially when it comes to telling others about it!

Heaven is going to be one INCREDIBLE party, and we need to be intentional in how we boldly talk with others about what we believe, because if we are a good friend- we will want them there with us.

Giving someone the gift of eternal life truly is the most important gift they can ever receive- a transforming treasure that will last forever. 

  So, Where Are Your Treasures? Where Is Your Heart?

Be real with yourself. Are you living for things that have eternal weight and bring glory to God, or do you find yourself working towards things that don’t matter in light of eternity? Start asking yourself these questions, and give yourself a heart check- because it is our hearts and motives that the Lord looks as.

“The Lord does not look at the things people look at. People look at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart.” – 1 Samuel 16:7

“I, the Lord, search the heart and examine the mind, to reward each person according to their conduct, according to what their deeds deserve.” – Jeremiah 17:10

“All a person’s ways seem pure to them, but motives are weighed by the Lord” – Proverbs 16:2

  “Lord, remind me how brief my time on earth will be. Remind me that my days are numbered-how fleeting my life is. You have made my life no longer than the width of my hand. My entire lifetime is just a moment to you; at best, each of us is but a breath.” We are merely moving shadows, and all our busy rushing ends in nothing. We heap up wealth, not knowing who will spend it. And so, Lord, where do I put my hope? My only hope is in you.” –Psalms 39:4-13 NLT

from Life as a Vapor – Part 2

[christinaepilzauthor-blog]

An Overview of Laud and Strafford – Charles I's 'Evil Councillors'

by Annie Whitehead William Laud and Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford: these men are perhaps less well-known than some other characters during the time of political upheaval which ultimately led to the first of the English Civil Wars, and the intention of this article is to give, in the constraints of a blog post, only an overview of their careers. Both Laud and Strafford did much good for England, but their attitudes and characters contributed greatly to their unpopularity and ultimately towards their downfall. Their careers invite comparison. William Laud (7 October 1573 – 10 January 1645) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633, until his execution in 1645. His career began in the reign of James I, but progressed slowly. James said of him that "He hath a restless spirit, and cannot see when matters are well, but loves to toss and change, and to bring things to a pitch of reformation floating in his own brain." It has been said of Laud that he did more than any other single man to provoke the Civil War. Charles I shared many of his 'qualities', and once Charles acceded, Laud's rise was rapid. In 1626 he became Bishop of Bath and Wells, in 1628 Bishop of London and Chancellor of Oxford University in 1630. Along with Strafford, Laud dominated Charles' government during the eleven years' personal rule, and his chief aim was to 'stop the rot' in the Church of England, suppressing all traces of Puritanism.

William Laud

Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (13 April 1593– 12 May 1641) served in Parliament and from 1632–40, served as Lord Deputy of Ireland; he was condemned to death by parliament and executed in 1641. Early in his political career he was an opposition MP. He joined in the attacks on the king's favourite, Buckingham, and he was imprisoned in the Marshalsea 1627-8 as one of the 76 who refused to contribute to the forced loan for Buckingham's pro-Spanish policy. His career changed direction after the assassination of Buckingham, and when given the choice between increasing the power of the king or the people, he chose the king.

Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford

Archbishop Laud was an Arminian, and this religious attitude alone was enough to gain him unpopularity. He was feared by the parliamentarians, who believed that he intended to lead the king and the country back to Catholicism. Laud brought about further conflict when he declared that bishops should have more political power, and that they should become involved in local government as Justices of the Peace. Laud was not a popular man with parliament, and he went on to upset the bishops when he decided to reform the Church. He declared that the Church was dishonouring God, and he wanted the Church to work towards uniformity and conformity. Laud was determined to stamp out Church abuses such as: Simony (the buying of offices), Nepotism (obtaining positions for relatives) and Pluralism (holding more than one office, which led to non-residence). He made himself unpopular with the bishops who were opposed to his reforms. They would not earn as much, and they could no longer put people who would support them in influential positions. Some of Laud's ideas were less contentious; he ordered closer examination of candidates for the priesthood and encouraged more honest and dedicated clergymen. Unfortunately for Laud, his religion made him unpopular, and his reforms of the Church led people to fear him. Laud was stubborn and would take advice from nobody, and parliamentarians felt justified in believing him evil. It was reported that he was unable to keep a check on his temper during meetings. Strafford had very similar problems to those of Laud's. He upset parliament when in 1628 he changed sides, because he was not fully committed to the radical ideas of parliament, who were at the time totally opposed to the monarchy. He was never trusted by the parliamentarians or the king and, like Laud, his character made him enemies. He was arrogant, stubborn, and ruthless. He was an efficient administrator, and Charles moved him from London, appointing him President as the Council of the North. He revived the decaying administration there and rooted out corruption. In 1632 Strafford went to Ireland as Lord Deputy, and there he removed corruption and set up a prerogative court. He encouraged industry and investigated land ownership. Unfortunately, whatever the merits of their ideas for reform, Laud and Strafford  were not likeable as characters, and they were feared by parliament for the power they held. Their reforms, necessary or not, would never have been welcomed by parliament, the landowners, or the clergy.

The trial of Laud

Besides facing almost impossible tasks, Laud and Strafford were ruthless to the point of cruelty while they were carrying out their plans. They both pursued the Policy of Thorough, which consisted of a belief that a higher standard of efficiency and honesty was needed to put the country in order.

The trial of Strafford

In 1630, Leighton, a clergyman, published Sion's Plea against Prelacy, an attack on the bishops. For this, he was punished by Laud; he was tried in Star Chamber, imprisoned, and he lost his ear. In 1637, William Prynne, John Bastwick, Henry Burton, and John Lilburne were involved in writing and publishing an attack against the bishops. Laud had Lilburne flogged through the streets of London, while the other three men lost their ears and were sent to the Tower.

John Lilburne

Strafford was perhaps less cruel than Laud, but he was certainly determined to achieve his aims no matter what. While he was President of the Council of the north, he humbled the great northern families and ordered the Yorkshire weavers to work according to rule, which brought less money in for the workers. In Ireland, Strafford forced the convocation [of bishops] to accept the 39 Articles* of the English, although the Irish Church had remained predominantly Catholic. Laud and Strafford were not likeable characters. Their ideas were bound to have been met with resentment. No Englishman would welcome efficient administration and tax collection, and many influential men would resent the reform of the Church and the government of the North and Ireland.

Strafford on his way to execution, being blessed by Laud

Strafford was impeached by the Long Parliament, but despite numerous complaints against him, including from those with whom he'd had dealings in Ireland, there was no proof of treason. His enemies then issued a Bill of Attainder, and Strafford was executed on 12th May 1641. Laud was accused of treason by the Long Parliament and was imprisoned in the tower. Prynne, with good reason, was a personal enemy, but others were inclined to let old age despatch the unpopular archbishop. Like Strafford before him, he faced a trial in which it proved impossible to prove any specific act of treason, but Laud was executed on Tower Hill on 10th January, 1645. *Read about the 39 Articles Here and for further detail about the careers of these two men:

Archbishop Laud - Hugh Trevor-Roper

Archbishop Laud - Arthur Stuart Duncan-Jones

Strafford - C.V. Wedgwood

Strafford in Ireland 1633-1641: A Study in Absolutism - Hugh F. Kearney

The King's War, 1641-47 - C.V. Wedgwood

[all above illustrations are in the public domain, and sourced from Wiki Commons]

~~~~~~~~~~

Annie Whitehead is an historian and novelist who writes about the Anglo-Saxon era, although she has a keen interest in the seventeenth-century. The author of two award-winning novels set in Anglo-Saxon Mercia, she was also a contributor to 1066 Turned Upside Down, a re-imagining of the events leading up to the Battle of Hastings. She is a member of the Royal Historical Society and an editor of the EHFA blog. Currently she is working on a contribution to a non-fiction book to be published by Pen & Sword Books in the summer of 2017.

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49.1 That Exciting Day in February

By Lana Carbon

There is an important day coming up incredibly soon that impacts each and every one of us in some way, whether we choose to celebrate it or not. Some people look forward to this day in hopes of receiving a special message from a dear loved one, while others unfortunately fear the day seeing it only as something to dread. I find that interesting, so I thought it would be an excellent opportunity to delve into the history of the day itself.

Here is the origin of that day in February that everyone knows as... Groundhog Day.

In 1723, the Lenape tribe of the native Algonquin people (known as the Delawares) settled in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, situated halfway between the Allegheny and Susguehanna Rivers. The town name comes from ponksad-uteney, which translates into the town of sand flies. The Lenape considered groundhogs to be honourable ancestors, since according to their creation beliefs their forebears began life in Mother Earth as animals, before emerging to hunt as men centuries later. Wojak in particular, was looked upon as a grandmother of the people. Her name is where we get the word woodchuck from, of course.

Found this beautiful photo taken by Vivi Labo on Google while looking up Candlemas. Check out her other work at her EyeEm account.

When the Germans arrived in the 1700’s, they brought with them the tradition of Candlemas Day, which has its origins in the pagan ritual of Imbolc, the mid-point between Winter Solstice and Spring Equinox. For the Christians, the clergy would bless and hand out candles to be placed in the windows during the darkness of winter. Superstition stated that if the sun came out on this special day (February 2nd) and the weather was fair, there would be six more weeks of winter. In Germany they had used badgers or hedgehogs as the animal that would be watched to determine this fate, but in Pennsylvania a groundhog was used instead.

The first reference to a Groundhog Day came in 1841 in Morgantown, Pennsylvania. The following was found in the diary of store keeper James Morris, dated February 4th of that year:

”Last Tuesday, the 2nd, was Candlemas Day, the day on which, according to the Germans, the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap, but if the day be cloudy he remains out, as the weather is to be moderate.” - James Morris

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The official celebration of Groundhog Day began on February 2nd, 1886 and Punxsutawney Phil (Sowerby is his last name, just in case you were wondering) made his world debut. It wasn’t until the following year however, that he would make his legendary journey to Gobbler’s Knob.

Since its beginning, the celebration has become quite the affair. Phil now brings along his wife Phyllis and their daughter Phelicia, to see whether Spring will be coming early or not, as well as select members of the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club’s Inner Circle (if you have ever seen footage of the ceremony, these are the gentlemen in tuxes and top hats), including the President who must attend so that he can translate the prediction from Groundhogese to English. 

While Punxsutawney Phil is the first official and by far the most famous of the weather forecasting rodents, he is not the only one. Some of the other famous cousins include Ontario’s own Wiarton Willie, Alberta’s Balzac Billy, Quebec’s Fred la Marmotte, New York’s Staten Island Chuck, Georgia’s General Beauregard Lee and Colorado’s Flatiron Freddy, just to name a few.

I don’t know how much faith you put into the fortune-telling abilities of our four-legged friends (as of 2016, out of 129 predictions on record, Phil is currently correct 39% of the time) or if you think the whole thing is complete hogwash; what I do know is that for one day out of the whole year, people from an entire country (maybe even a whole continent) that otherwise wouldn’t have paid much attention, are invested in the small town of Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. That is the power of tradition... and a little Bill Murray movie probably didn’t hurt.

So on February 2nd, whether it be Phil or one of the other furry little prognosticators more local to you, take some time think about our little friends and their celebrations. Who knows, maybe this year one of them will get it right!

Sources:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog_Day

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil

http://www.stormfax.com/ghogday.htm