#gezira

[fairuzfan]

[allthegeopolitics]

Fighters from the notorious paramilitary Rapid Support Forces ran riot in east-central Sudan in a multi-day attack that killed more than 120 people in one town, a doctors group and the United Nations said. It was the group's latest attack against the Sudanese military after suffering a series of setbacks, losing ground to the military in the area. The war, which has been going on for more than a year and a half, has wrecked the African country, displacing millions of its population and pushing it to the brink of a full-blown famine.

Continue Reading.

[baebeylik]

Palais de Gézyret, Pavillon Exterieur. Gezira, located on the Nile River in Egypt. Photo taken by Turkish photographer J. Pascal Sébah. 1870s.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

[on-break-read-my-last-post]

Sudan's warring forces are escalating attacks and outsiders are 'fueling the fire,' Guterres says

In a grim report, Guterres said the Sudanese people are living through numerous “nightmares” – from killings and “unspeakable atrocities” including widespread rapes to fast-spreading diseases, mass ethnic violence, and 750,000 people facing “catastrophic food insecurity” and famine conditions in North Darfur displacement sites.

He singled out “ shocking reports of mass killings and sexual violence ” in villages in east-central Gezira province in recent days. The U.N. and a doctors’ group said paramilitary fighters ran riot in the region in a multi-day attack that killed more than 120 people in one town.

The war has killed more than 24,000 people so far, according to Armed Conflict Location and Event Data, a group monitoring the conflict since it started.

[jcsmicasereports]

End-stage renal disease patients developed left ventricular hypertrophy, Gezira State- Sudan by Dr. Nahla Ahmed Mohammed Abdurrahman in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

Abstract

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy is the strongest independent predictor of cardiovascular death, and it is worsening in association with SCD. According to studies from the main international registers, cardiac disease is the leading cause of unexpected mortality in dialysis patients. Several studies have found that the prevalence of LVH is high among patients on maintenance haemodialysis, and that numerous risk factors linked with it, such as anaemia, hypertension, and volume overload, are common in these patients. Many clinical and nephrologist researchers are focusing their attention on the processes and factors that are present in these patients in order to prevent and regress the development of LVH.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy and associated risk factors among patients receiving routine haemodialysis at Gezira Hospital for Renal Disease and Surgery.

Method: This was a cross-sectional research with 70 patients receiving routine haemodialysis. Personal and clinical information was collected. The measurements included blood pressure, ECG, and echocardiogram. The concentration of haemoglobin was determined.

Result: Patients in the study ranged in age from 20 to 80 years old. Male made up 57 % (n=40). 75% of the individuals had LVH, with 68% undergoing echocardiography and just 7% receiving an ECG diagnosis. LVH affected 30 of the 40 male patients and 15 of the 30 female patients. Anaemia was detected in 44 (88%) of the 48 LVH patients with Hb12 gm/dl. In 74 % of the patients, systemic hypertension (BP>140/90mmHg) was present, and it was identified in 42 of the 48 patients with LVH. According to the evaluation, volume overload was evident in 63 % of the patients (32 out of 48 patients with LVH). The Chi-squire test was performed to determine the frequency and distribution of study participants based on several characteristics (age, gender, anaemia, volume overload, HTN, and dialysis duration) and LVH; the link between age and LVH, HTN and LVH, and DOD and LVH was statistically significant. P-values of 0.001, 0.013, and 0.005 were all significant.

Conclusion: We concluded that LVH is common among haemodialysis patients, and that there is a link between age, HTN, and DOD and LVH in this study.

KEY WORDS: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, End Stage Renal Disease, Gezira State, Sudan

ABBREVIATION: CKD= Chronic kidney disease, ECG= Electrocardiograph, ESRD=End stage renal disease, Hb=Haemoglobin, HD=Haemodialysis, IVS=Interventricular septum, LVEDD=left ventricular end diastolic diameter, LVH=Left ventricular hypertrophy, LVM=Left ventricular mass, MRI=Magnetic resonance imaging, PW=Posterior wall.

Introduction

When kidney function declines and renal replacement therapy is required, the heart and vascular tree undergo major structural and functional changes, and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease is higher than in the general population (Usrds, 2017), with 40 % of all deaths in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to cardiac causes ( Steddon, S, 2014). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a typical indication of cardiac structural disease in ESRD patients, defined as an increase in left ventricular mass (LVM) due to increased wall thickness. Anaemia, hypertension, hypervolemia, and mineral metabolism problems are all linked to a loss in renal function, which increases the risk of LVH (McCullough et al., 2016). The researchers discovered that the strongest independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease is LVH (Shlipak et al., 2005), and that worsening of it is associated with SCD in haemodialysis patients (Kim H et al., 2015), which is a major cause of mortality in these patients (Paoletti et al., 2004). In individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the prevalence of LVH is around 40%, and it increases with CKD progression until it reaches 75% in ESRD patients (McCullough et al., 2016).

Chronic kidney disease CKD is defined as kidney damage or a GFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for at least 3 months and is divided into five stages ('K/DOQI clinical practice recommendations for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification, 2002). Left ventricular hypertrophy LVH, reduced LV function, regional wall motion abnormality, pericardial effusion, and valvular calcification are among the anatomical and functional cardiac abnormalities seen in ESRD patients. LVH is a common complication in ESRD patients and is a preventable risk factor (Charytan, 2014). HTN, vascular calcification (Nitta et al., 2004), anaemia, and volume overload (Vaiinien et al., 2017) are all risk factors for LVH in ESRD patients. The prevention or regression of LVH was achieved with early and effective management of these risk factors (Kim et al., 2015; Erdan et al., 2018).

LVH was caused by a variety of pathophysiologic variables in CKD and ESRD patients, who were categorized into three groups (Ritz and Wanner, 2008):

Afterload: an increase in systemic arterial resistance, raised arterial blood pressure, and impaired large-vessel compliance, which necessitates a rise in intra cavity pressure during ventricular contraction (Mominadam et al., 2008).

Preload: a condition caused by intravascular volume expansion (salt and fluid loading), anaemia, and an AV fistula (Di Lullo, et al., 2011; Cuadrado et al., 2004).

Not related to afterload or preload.

Arterial hypertension and poor control of blood pressure is the most common cause of chronic pressure overload of the left ventricle and cardiac adaptation in response to chronic pressure overload is LVH (Sweety et al., 2014).

Renal dysfunction and poor cardiovascular prognosis are linked to the coexistence of anaemia and LVH (Chang et al., 2014). Non-hemodynamic and hemodynamic adaptations are used in anaemic persons to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation. Increases in erythropoietin synthesis and intra-erythrocytic concentrations of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) lower the affinity between oxygen and haemoglobin, resulting in a shift to the right of the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve (Oski et al., 1971).

When compared to conventional haemodialysis, short haemodialysis reduces LVH due to proper fluid control (Ayus et al., 2005), and intensive HD (McCullough et al., 2016). While frequent haemodialysis resulted in LVH regression (Trinh and Chan, 2016;Chan et al., 2018). In comparison to traditional haemodialysis, the improved clinical outcomes resulted in a higher frequency of vascular access procedures complications (Slinin et al., 2015).

Despite the numerous research that have been conducted to improve the quality of haemodialysis, it remains a complex procedure that necessitates a coordinated effort from your entire health-care team, including your nephrologist, dialysis nurse, dialysis technician, nutritionist, and social worker.

Diagnosis of LVH is by

ECG: This is the first non-invasive test, although it is less sensitive in diagnosing LVH (Vanezis and Bhopal, 2008), and there are various criteria for diagnosing LVH:

Limb lead voltage criteria: R in a VL > 11 mm, R in a VL > 13 mm if left axis deviation is present, and S in L III > 15 mm if left axis deviation is present. >25 mm R in LI + S in LIIII

Sokolow-Lyon criteria for chest lead: S in V1 + R in V5 or V6 >35 mm (Sokolow and Lyon, 1949).

Romhilt-Estes criteria: deep S in V1/V2 and tall R in V5/V6, with the aggregate of both exceeding 7 large squares or one of them exceeding 5 large squares (Romhilt and Estes, 1968).

Echocardiography: is a more sensitive and specific method of diagnosing LVH than an ECG. ECG criteria must account for ethnicity in people of African descent (Vanezis and Bhopal, 2008), and they must be correct in patients with HTN to rule out LVH (Pewsner et al., 2007). Left ventricular mass (using the Troy formula according to the American Society of Echocardiography ASE recommendation):= 1.05 (LVEDD+IVS +PW)3 LVEDD3.

The LVMI is calculated by dividing the LVH mass by the body surface area. LVH was characterized as an LVMI of greater than 150 g per m2. (from the Framingham Heart Study) (Armstrong and colleagues, 2014).

MRI: is the gold standard for assessing left ventricular mass, cavity volume, and pattern of LVH, whereas M-mode echocardiography (ECHO) overestimates LV mass in haemodialysis patients when compared to CMRI (Ebeid et al., 2017)

ESRD: but they are not commonly utilized due to cost and lack of availability. In practice, echocardiography is a good all-around instrument that is well-suited to long-term research studies.

Sudden cardiac death is the most prevalent cause of mortality in dialysis, accounting for 40% of deaths, most of which occur in the first three months of dialysis due to difficulty adapting to the cardiovascular stress that is characteristic of dialysis. And it could be due to LVH after a period of acclimatization. LVH is becoming more common among ESRD patients, particularly those on haemodialysis. It is also one of the most common causes of mortality among such patients. Many risk factors for LVH in such people could be treated to reduce the prevalence or regress LVH, and thus the risk of death. As it stands, diagnosis is not difficult and can be accomplished using less invasive techniques such as echocardiography and ECG.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area: The study was conducted in Gezira hospital for renal disease and surgery- Gezira State- Wad Madani Central Sudan, which service the Gezira and whole nearby areas.

Study design: In Gezira hospital for renal disease and surgery, a descriptive, cross-sectional study was done among haemodialysis patients.

Study population: The study comprised 70 patients on daily haemodialysis, both male and female, ranging in age from 20 to 80 years. Each of the patients in this study dialyzed twice a week at the Gezira hospital for renal disease and surgery. Time and duration of dialysis, symptoms of volume overload, blood pressure, and lower limb oedema were among the personal, demographic, and clinical data obtained. The concentration of haemoglobin was determined. In patients with patent arterio-venous fistulae, blood pressure was monitored in the contralateral arm with a mercury sphygmomanometer. Standard limb and chest leads were used, with a paper speed of 25mm/s and a gain of 10mm/mV (or 5mm/mV). Sum of S wave in lead V1 and R wave in lead V5 or V6 35mm and/or R wave in lead aVL 11mm was classified as Sokolow-Lyon LVH. A physician performed the ECG interpretations. IVS, LVPW, LVEDD, and LVESD were measured using M-mode echocardiography and 2-dimensional ultrasonography.

Haemodialysis: The blood is filtered and cleaned out of the body, then reintroduced to the body in this operation, three times a week, for 4-5 hours. which has been used to treat advanced and permanent kidney failure.

Inclusion criteria: All patients who receive regular haemodialysis are eligible.

Exclusion criteria: Patients with established congenital heart disease or a history of heart disease, diabetics, and hypertensive patients prior to dialysis are also excluded.

Data analysis: The data were analysed using statistical package of social science (SPSS) version 24 .

Ethical consideration: All participants in this study were fully told about the study's goal and were promised that any personal information regarding their health status would be kept private.

Ethical clearance: Ethical clearance was acquired from the Gezira university faculty of medicine's ethical committee. Permission to conduct research in the Gezira hospital for renal disease and surgery from the director.

RESULTS

This study included 70 patients on regular haemodialysis in Gezira hospital for renal disease and surgery, including 40 males and 30 females ranging in age from 20 to 80 years. The Chi-square test was performed to determine the frequency and distribution of research participants based on various characteristics. At 0.05, the P-value is considered significant.

There is a significant relationship between duration of  hemodialysis and LVH P value (0.005 )

DISCUSSION

Many risk factors contribute to the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in CKD and ESRD patients, which has encouraged clinical nephrologists and researchers to focus their attention on processes and factors that are present in these patients for many years. LVH, which worsens with SCD in haemodialysis patients, is the strongest independent predictor of cardiovascular death in patients with chronic renal disease (Shlipak et al., 2005). The goal of this cross-sectional study was to find out how common LVH is and what the risk variables are among haemodialysis patients.

The main conclusion is that,  68 % of patients had LVH, accords with Foley et al, 2010 who found that LVH was present in 62 % of the study group, implying that the prevalence of LVH is dependent on the degree of renal impairment (Amoako et al., 2017). The current study found no statistically significant link between gender and LVH (p= 0.141), in contrast to the study of Amoako et al. and Paoletti et al., 2016. The link between age and LVH was confirmed in this investigation, with a substantial rise in patient age (P-value 0.001), which was constant with previous findings of (Paoletti et al., 2016).

The drop in haemoglobin concentration begins at levels of creatinine clearance of around 70 ml/min in men and 50 ml/min in women (Hsu, et al., 2002). As a result, the majority of ESRD patients suffer anaemia. In the current study, 88 % of patients have anaemia, defined as Hb 12 mg/dl, with a P-value of 0.512. Many studies have found that a haemoglobin level of 12-13 mg/dl in ESRD patients is related with a better outcome (Regidor, 2006), while a higher haemoglobin level is associated with a higher risk of mortality and arteriovenous access thrombosis (Phrommintikul et al., 2007). The goal haemoglobin level was not reached in the majority of patients due to poor management, blood loss in the dialyzer, and repeated blood sampling, however the basic underlying issue is erythropoietin insufficiency. Sweety et al. (2014) found an association between anaemia and LVH. Anaemic patients have insufficient tissue oxygenation, which is compensated for by increasing blood volume, resulting in an increase in left ventricular mass and assuming an eccentric geometry LVH (Metivier et al., 2000). This finding was consistent with our finding of blood volume in 42 of LVH patients, which was confirmed also by Nasri and Baradaran, 2005. Moreover, their study was confirmed our findings that 40 participants with hypertension had a significant connection between HTN and LVH with P-value of 0.013. Because volume overload is the most common cause of hypertension in ESRD patients (Bellizzi et al., 2006), insufficient clearance of this excess fluid leads to resistant hypertension (Fishbane, et al.,1996). The target blood pressure for adults with CKD is 130/80 mmHg, and for hypertensive individuals without target organ damage is 140/90 mmHg (Chobanian et al., 2003). However, this aim is not met in most patients, resulting in chronic pressure overload of the left ventricle and LVH.

When it comes to volume overload, 15% extracellular volume overload equates to around 2.5 litres of extra fluid in an HD patient (Wabel and colleagues, 2008). As a result, total fluid evacuation during dialysis may not be completed, and normal fluid status may not be achieved even immediately after dialysis. We discovered that 62% of patients were overloaded based on clinical assessment and the presence of lower limb oedema, and that 32 out of 48 patients had LVH (presence of lower limb oedema and shortness of breath does not indicate haemodialysis patients have LVH), but there was no significant relationship between volume overload and LVH P-value 0.238. While Unver et al. found a substantial positive link between hypervolemia and LVH in a study of 97 patients on regular haemodialysis (Unver et al., 2015), and that the presence of lower limb odema and shortness of breath does not mean that haemodialysis patients had LVH. Observational studies have shown that more frequent or longer haemodialysis sessions are associated with proper fluid management and a lower prevalence of LVH (Ly and Chan, 2006). However, another study found that more frequency and longer dialysis did not improve clinical outcome (Slinin et al., 2015).

Significant connection between haemodialysis duration and LVH was found in this study, with P-value of 0.005. Because all patients in this trial have just two- four hrs. sessions per week, they will not achieve their dry weight and will stay hypovolemic even after dialysis, as their Intera-dialytic weight gain will be more than 3 kg between sessions. Foley et al. (2010) investigated whether the incidence of LVH correlates with the length of dialysis in 596 incident haemodialysis patients with no prior history of heart disease. According to the study, 62% of the patients had an elevated LV mass volume index, and 49% of them developed overt LV failure.

Conclusion

We concluded that LVH is common among haemodialysis patients, and that there is a link between age, HTN, and DOD and LVH in this study.

RECOMMENDATION: • Follow up with a nephrologist and a nutritionist on a regular basis to ensure adequate anaemia management during the pre-dialysis phase and after the start of haemodialysis, as well as blood pressure control and prober volume  management.

Before starting haemodialysis, all ESRD patients must have an echocardiogram to see if they have LVH and be treated as high-risk patients.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Our best regards and thanks to the staff member of Gezira Hospital for Renal Disease and Surgery , and our appreciate is extend to the patients who participate in this study.

[bemtevis]

women want him, the marid want him, his brother fears him

[ana-bananya]

Some Resources for Sudan

On the ground efforts to support

‼️ indicates that a fundraiser has experienced a decrease in donations or has been without donations for some time. Last progress update done on Dec 8th 2024

Sudanese American physicians association

Sudanese American Medical Association

Doctors Without Borders (MSF)

Save the Children

Sudan Solidarity Collective

Sudan diaspora networks Sudan benefit fundraiser

Darfur Women Action Group

Fight Hunger in Sudan: The Khartoum Kitchen appeal

Nas Al Sudan

Twitter thread with actions that can be taken to support Sudan

Sadeia

Help Sudan- Sudan Relief Fund

Relief and Rehabilitation for Disabilities Support (HRRDS)

Sara's (Bsonblast) link tree for Sudan

One Million Sustainable Pads Campaign (€50,629/€200,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Shelter and Supplies for Sudanese Women ($13,884/$15,000)

Period Care for Sudan ($870/$10,000)‼️

Sunduq Al Sudan - support grassroots organizations in Sudan

Save El Geneina initiative

Food Baskets in Sudan

Takaful

Action Against Hunger

Mutual Aim: All Safe Hands on Deck ($28,371/$220,000 - VERY low on funds)‼️

Feed Sudanese Refugees facing hunger in Uganda ($16,406/$25,000) ‼️

Relief for Al Jazirah Refugees ($7,455/$150,00 - VERY low on funds)‼️

Support South Sudanese Evacuation from Sudan ($12,690/$100,000 - VERY low on funds)‼️

Help dialysis patients in Sudan

Sudan Emergency Appeal

Medical and sanitary supplies to support women & children ($35/$3,000 CAD - VERY low on funds)

Sudan Children's Cancer Organization

Support for refugees in Cairo ($9,685/$25,000 - VERY low on funds)‼️

Famine Relief ($10,578/$15,000)‼️

Blankets and Supplies for Kordofan ($7,688/$16,000)‼️

Sudanese families that need your support

Majority of these campaigns have been shared by members of the Sudanese community who vouch for their legitimacy. Yousif's family is the only one I am currently unaware of, but please take the time to read his gfm and go over the evidence the organizer provided of their communication.

Help house a homeless disabled Sudani in London (£4,368/£4,500)‼️

Emergency Fund for Sudanese Family ($24,271 CAD/$25,000 CAD) ‼️

Help Sajida and her family evacuate from Sudan ($37,953 CAD/$50,000 CAD) ‼️

Help Eman and her family evacuate (CHF37,325/CHF50,000) ‼️

Help Randa's family evacuate Sudan (€29,994/€35,000) ‼️

Support Sakina's Family's Journey to Safety ($10,055/$10,000)

Help Aalaa evacuate and get treatment for her mother ($38,298/$50,000)‼️

Help Abeer's Family Evacuate ($4,210/$75,000 CAD - VERY low on funds)‼️

Save Omiama's eyesight (€5,412/€14,725) ‼️

Help Abudjana rebuild after war (£3,299/£5,000) ‼️

Help a family of 13 evacuate Sudan ($4,795/$20,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Help Refugee’s escape Sudan Conflict ($15,448CAD/$31,000 CAD) ‼️

Safe Passage ممر آمن- Help a mom and her kids escape war ($6,405 CAD/$7,000 CAD) ‼️

Help Medical Students in Sudan (€1,993/€350,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Help Mujtaba's Family Escape the war in Sudan ($6,696/$18,527 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Help Yumna's Family Escape War in Sudan - $5,066/$5,000 raised

Help Mehad's Family Fly to Hope ($4,274/$5,000) ‼️

Help Sudanese Families escape from war (€23,827/€50,000 - VERY low on funds)

Help ThomaSerena recover from war (€2,430/€5,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Help Asjad and her Family Escape War in Sudan ($31,076/$33,000)

Emergency aid for Ahmeds family to escape warzone in Sudan (£9,244 /£20,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Help Rama's Family Flee Sudan’s War (£3,033/£10,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Help Isra Continue her Education in Egypt ($3,669/$9,100 AUD - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Help Madarik and Tibyan continue their education ($11,844/$18,000 AUD)‼️

Support financial aid for Gezira medical students in Sudan (£1,352/£2,000) ‼️

Asala's family - evacuation and medical treatment ($5,313/$30,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Help a Sudanese family flee war and afford medical funds (€3,341/€13,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Help Salma's family evacuate (£3,760/£6,000) ‼️

Help Mohammad Esa reunite his family (£1,969/£3,700 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Help two medical students evacuate Sudan with their family ($1,104/$45,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Help Nour Rebuild Her Life and Career (£2,692/£7,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Help a displaced family escape Sudan Genocide (£14,857/£30,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Support Muhammad's Artistic Journey Amid Sudan's Turmoil ($3,494/$25,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️

Support Alaa, her husband, and their children (£4,651/£5,000) ‼️

Help Yousif and his family evacuate ($235/$15,000 - VERY low on funds) ‼️*not officially vetted as far as I'm aware, but the organizer provided proof of her communications with Yousif you can find posted in the updates of the gfm. please go over the information for yourself

Hope for Mona & siblings to survive the Sudan war ($36,790/$45,000)‼️

Help An Artist Stuck in Sudanese War zone ($3,691/$15,000)‼️

Support Al Afya's Road to Recovery ($4,149/$60,000)‼️

Aid Marafi in Escaping War and Finding Hope ($155/$5,000)‼️

Evacuation from Khartoum to Cairo ($286/$15,500)‼️

Help Abdulrahman Reunite with his Family ($2,800/$5,000)‼️

Awab's Family ($2,380/$10,000)‼️

Zubeyda Adam and family (£1,929/£5,000)‼️

Help Hala evacuate and pursue her education (€9,245/33,000)‼️

Ahmed's family ($1,740/$5,000)‼️

Raghad's family ($19,244/$25,000 CAD)‼️

Help Roua and her children evacuate (€5,585/10,000)‼️

Habboba's family ($10,101/$11,000)

Accounts to follow

bsonblast (on twitter, insta, and tiktok)

Sudan.updates (insta)

Red_maat (insta)

tartola0123 (insta)

Sudan.updates (insta)

baobaboperation (insta)

Sdn.world (insta and twitter)

modathirzainalabdeen (insta and tiktok)

Londonforsudan (Twitter and insta. If you are in the London area, they also organize and post about protests you can attend)

If you feel uneducated about Sudan and are unsure where to start researching, @/red_maat' has put together a tool kit you can reference. The @/baobaboperation also has a brief starting guide.

Contact your government officials

Canada (scroll to find "CANADA email MP, Foreign Affairs and Development")

United States

UK

Sign and share the Hands Off Sudan petition to call on global leaders and agencies to hold the UAE accountable and protect Sudanese civilians

[zabadi]

again :(

a family friend is stuck in gezira state, which is currently controlled by the RSF (genocidal militia wreaking havoc on sudan right now). him, his elderly father, and his two sisters with their children don't have the money to evacuate to a safer part of sudan. not totally sure how much they'll need but he estimated about $600 to get the 14 of them to safety. if you can please donate to my vnmo $nmimk , every dollar will go straight to a sudanese family in danger

[sscarletvenus]

and if you did not know : THE RAPID SUPPORT FORCES (RSF) SET FIRE TO ENTIRE VILLAGES IN THE EL-FASHIR AREA OF DARFUR, SUDAN. THOUSANDS HAVE BECOME REFUGEES IN THEIR OWN COUNTRY. 100+ INNOCENT LIVES BUTCHERED IN ONE VILLAGE.

COUNTLESS BURIED ALIVE ALONG WITH THEIR FAMILIES. THE INJURED AND STARVING FORCED TO BURY THEMSELVES ALIVE.

ALSO THE WAD NORA VILLAGE IN AL GEZIRA. VILLAGERS RESISTED THE INVASION OF RSF MILITIA, WHO THEN RESPONDED BY SHELLING THEIR HOMES WITH HEAVY WEAPONRY. DEATH TOLL EXPECTED TO BE IN HUNDREDS.

150,000 Sudanese people killed after nearly fourteen months of continuous genocidal aggression and war. two and a half million projected to die by september as a result of manufactured famine. rage and resist on behalf of Sudan! RAISE YOUR VOICE. YOUR VOICE MATTERS. SPREAD AWARENESS AND DONATE TO FAMILIES TRYING TO ESCAPE.

[anyab]

Via NasAlSudan

December 17 2023. #KeepEyesOnSudan #SudanActionWeek

Swipe through to build a foundational understanding of the war, its origins, and the key players involved. For actionable ways to support those in Sudan, check the link in our bio. Stay tuned for more posts this week.

Transcript:

National:

On April 15, a war broke out in Sudan's capital city of Khartoum between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), and a paramilitary group known as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF).

Since then, eight months of conflict has led to major destruction of Khartoum's infrastructure, the most developed region of Sudan, with fighting also spreading to the regions of Darfur in the west and Kordofan in the south.

Civilians in conflict zones have been forcibly displaced, under threat of physical and sexual violence, particularly by the RSF, which has looted, destroyed, and settled in people's homes.

Regional:

In the western region of Darfur, a campaign of ethnic cleansing is being carried out by the RSF targeting the Masalit tribe. Allegations of genocide have been levied against the RSF.

Reports have just emerged that fighting has now spread to Wad Madani in Al Gezira state, which houses nearly 500,000 IDPs from Khartoum.

Key figures:

Abdel Fattah al Burhan Head of SAF

Omar El-Bashir Deposed Dictator of Sudan

Mohamed Dagalo (Hemidti) Head of RSF

Transcript:

Sudan: the war in numbers

A humanitarian "catastrophe"

24.7 million in need of critical humanitarian assistance

70-80% of hospitals out of service in conflict areas

19 million children are out of school

20.3 million people acutely food insecure. 4.9 million facing emergency hunger levels

6.7 million displaced [5.4 million IDPS, 1.3 million refugees]

7,000+ cholera cases an increase of +136% over the past month

Transcript:

FAQ - THE SAF

QUESTION 01: What is the SAF?

Stands for the Sudanese Armed Forces

Is the de-facto government of Sudan

Is headed by Lt. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan

QUESTION 02 What is their capacity?

Estimated to have ~200,000 personnel and tactical advantage of airforce

Currently control the relative northern and eastern regions of Sudan with functioning capital in Port Sudan (East)

QUESTION 03 Do they have backing and support?

On the international stage, primarily backed by Egypt

Limited weapons supply from allies

Internally, the SAF is ultimately considered the lesser of two evils

Transcript:

FAQ - THE RSF

QUESTION 01 What is the RSF?

Stands for the Rapid Support Forces

Paramilitary group originating from the Janjaweed, Arab tribal militias armed by al-Bashir in 2003 to fight against ethnically African rebel groups in Darfur + carried out 2003 genocide

Is headed by General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemidti)

QUESTION 02 What is their capacity?

Estimated to have 100,000 to 150,000 troops

Winning the ground fight in Khartoum and control 4/5 states in Darfur

QUESTION 03 Do they have backing and support?

On the international stage, primarily backed by the UAE

Have steady weapons supply chain and diversified financial profile with critical assets in UAE and Russia

Transcript:

THE WAR IN SUDAN: CONTEXTUALIZING APRIL 15

(6/1989 - 4/2019) THE BASHIR REGIME

Sudan was under the rule of military dictator Omar Al-Bashir for 30 years, who came to power through an military coup backed by Islamist factions in June of 1989

His time in power was marked by extreme repression, conflict, and economic decline

(12/2018 CURRENT) THE REVOLUTION

In December of 2018, a popular democratic revolution began that eventually unseated al-Bashir on April 11 through the revolt of security sector

Al-Bashir was ultimately replaced by al-Burhan, with Hemidti as his deputy of a Transitional Military Council

Protestors rejected military rule and continued to hold a sit-in outside the military headquarters until its violent dispersal on June 3 of 2019 by the SAF + RSF

Today, the Sudanese people still hope and advocate for freedom from military rule and the transition to democracy

(8/2019-10/2021) TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT

Agreement on transitional government signed between civilian forces and Transitional Military Council on August 17, 2019

Led to formation of joint sovereign council with Abdalla Hamdok as Prime Minister

Transcript:

(10/2021 CURRENT)THE OCT 25, 2021 COUP

Burhan and Hemidti carry out military coup overthrowing civilian counterparts

They draw power from international legitimization despite prolonged mass protests in Sudan

(12/2022) THE FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT

In December of 2022, civilians put out a framework agreement signed onto by SAF and RSF + civil society groups and political parties meant to return to a transitional government

Key part of agreement: question of integration of the RSF into the SAF

Parties were to finalize the agreement and sign on April 1; RSF and SAF ultimately disagreed on integration timeline with RSF wanting 10 years and the SAF wanting 2

(12/2022-4/2023) THE LEAD UP TO APRIL 15

As framework agreement negotiations failed, both parties began mobilizing troops in capital of Khartoum in days leading up to April 15

Residents of Khartoum awoke to the sounds of gunfire on April 15 and by noon, the RSF had seized Meroe airport in the Northern state

Conflict today considered a battle for power between the two generals they are too far in to walk back

Transcript:

FRAMING ALLIANCES

Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF):

Egypt

Israel (Foreign Ministry)

Islamists

Iran

Saudi Arabia

Ukraine (SOF)

Armed Groups

Rebel groups that had taken up arms against the central government in the Bashir Era are forced to ally with the SAF due to the RSF's ethnic cleansing campaign. They include:

Justice and Equality Movement (Gibril Ibrahim)

Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minni Minawi)

Gathering of Sudan Liberation Forces (Abdallah Yahya)

Rapid Support Forces (RSF):

Israel (Mossad)

Libya (Khalifa Haftar)

United Arab Emirates

Central African Republic

Russia (Wagner Group)

Chad

Arab Tribal Leaders

Arab tribal leaders across the Western region of Darfur have pledged their allegiance and support to the RSF, with members of the tribes across the Sahel crossing into Sudan to join the RSF's assault as well.

Key tribes include: Beni Halba, Tarjam, Habaniya, Fallata, Misseriya, Taaysha, Rizeigat

Transcript:

IS THERE AN END IN SIGHT?

THE STATE OF NEGOTIATIONS

Effort: JEDDAH TALKS [MAY]

Parties involved: Externally: United States, Saudi Arabia Internally: SAF, RSF

Outcome: Discussed humanitarian ceasefire; signed Jeddah Declaration of Commitment to Protect the Civilians of Sudan - Failed

Effort: INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY ON DEVELOPMENT (IGAD) [JULY]

Parties Involved: Externally: Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti, South Sudan Internally: RSF

Outcome: Proposed peacekeeping troops to ensure humanitarian corridor - Rejected

Effort: CAIRO TALKS (NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES) [JULY]

Parties Involved: Externally: Egypt, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Chad, Eritrea, CAR, Libya Internally: SAF, RSF

Outcome: Discussed lasting ceasefire, safe humanitarian passage, political dialogue framework - Failed

Effort: JEDDAH TALKS [OCTOBER]

Parties Involved: Externally: United States, Saudi Arabia Internally: SAF, RSF

Outcome: Discussed lasting ceasefire, safe humanitarian passage, political dialogue framework - Failed

Effort: IGAD + AFRICAN UNION (AU) [DECEMBER]

Parties Involved: Externally: IGAD, EU, UAE, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, United States Internally: SAF (Burhan in person), RSF

Outcome: Agreed to a face-to-face meeting in late December and ceasefire; SAF later issued a retraction - Ongoing

Transcript:

The conflict in Sudan calls for the collective support of all to raise awareness about the war and aid the Sudanese people on the ground, especially when we live in nations that have been complicit in the oppression of the Sudanese people. Explore the options below and share with others. For more information, check the link in our bio.

WHAT CAN YOU DO?

EDUCATE YOURSELF

Deepen your knowledge about Sudan, empowering yourself with insights into the complexities of the situation.

DONATE

Extend a helping hand to Sudan by generously donating to individuals or grassroots organizations on the ground.

CONTACT YOUR REPS.

Amplify your impact by contacting your representatives, advocating for positive change.

[melaninnbarbie]

Sudan War

The Sudanese people are in need of your support!!!

The Sudanese people are still suffering and facing the most heinous crimes, violations, forced displacement, killings, and rapes by the Rapid Support Forces militia, which has been fighting against the army and Sudanese citizens for more than 240 days, over eight months. Every day, this militia expands and enjoys making the lives of Sudanese citizens a living hell. In the past 72 hours, this militia has expanded and reached the Gezira state, where millions of Sudanese have already been displaced, leaving the capital, Khartoum, to preserve what remains of their lives. However, they are also being pursued outside the capital. This militia is like cancer; wherever it touches, it kills.

Truly, the Sudanese people need your support and solidarity in their fight against this brutal, bloodthirsty, terrorist militia. The least you can do to support us is to convey our suffering and our voice to the entire world, so that the Rapid Support Forces militia can be classified as a terrorist organization and pursued through international criminal courts, exposing anyone who supports this terrorism and holding them accountable.

You can participate using the hashtag #KeepEyesOnSudan #Sudan_War_Updates #انقذوا_السودان

[adropofhumanity]

An attack by the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) on a village in central Sudan has killed "up to 100" people, according to local pro-democracy activists.

The Wad Madani Resistance Committees reported on social media late on Wednesday that the RSF, which has been at war with the regular army for more than a year, attacked the village of Wad al-Noura in #Gezira state "in two waves", deploying heavy artillery.

The committees shared photos of dozens of bodies wrapped for burial in what they described as a "mass grave" in the public square, claiming that the Sudanese army had not heeded a request for help. It said it was "waiting for a confirmed toll of the dead and injured".

Some 8.3 million people have been displaced, with many forced into neighbouring Chad and South Sudan, while hunger and starvation are spreading.

[labutansa]

In Sudan, The People’s Revolution Versus The Elite’s Counterrevolution

“Inspired by a need for more grounded, non-elite analyses of the current situation in Sudan, we interviewed four people whose organizing against the oppressive policies of the Sudanese state spans years and in some cases decades. Each of them links the revolution to the current war and foreground the organizing and collective visioning processes that have and could potentially still move us toward a popular democratic future in a post-war Sudan. We are incredibly grateful to them for speaking to us despite the circumstances that they face, including telecommunications and electricity blackouts in much of the country. In this first installment, you’ll read our introduction and an interview with Abdelraouf Omer, a Gezira farmer and union organizer.

If you would like to help grassroots civil society and mutual aid groups at the frontlines of relief efforts in parts of Sudan most impacted by state violence, donate to the Sudan Solidarity Collective.”

— Rabab Elnaiem, Nisrin Elamin, and Sara Abbas

[laxmipharma]

Automatic Multi Head Aluminum Cap Sealing Machine in Sudan

Company Overview: Laxmi Pharma Equipment is a prominent Manufacturer, Supplier, and Exporter of Automatic Multi Head Aluminum Cap Sealing Machine in Sudan. The Automatic Multi-Head Aluminum Cap Sealing Machine is a high-speed, automated system used to seal aluminum caps onto bottles or containers. It features multiple sealing heads that operate simultaneously, providing rapid capping and enhancing production efficiency. Technical Specifications: Machine Type: Automatic multi-head cap sealing machine. Sealing Heads: 2-6 heads (customizable). Container Size: 20mm to 100mm diameter. Cap Size: 20mm to 100mm diameter. Power Supply: 220V, 50Hz. Dimension: 1200mm x 800mm x 1500mm. Features and Benefits: High-Speed Sealing: Up to 200 containers per minute. Multi-Head Sealing: Seals multiple containers simultaneously. Aluminum Cap Compatibility: Suitable for various aluminum cap sizes. Adjustable Sealing Pressure: Ensures consistent seal quality. Automatic Cap Feeding: Streamlines production process. Applications and Industries: Pharmaceutical: Bottles, vials, and containers. Food and Beverage: Bottles, jars, and containers. Cosmetics: Bottles, jars, and containers. Chemical: Containers and drums. Laxmi Pharma Equipment is a prominent Manufacturer, Supplier, and Exporter of Automatic Multi Head Aluminum Cap Sealing Machine in Sudan Including Khartoum, South Darfur, Gezira, North Kordofan, Kassala, Central Darfur, White Nile, North Darfur, Al Qadarif, South Kordofan, Sinnar, West Darfur, River Nile, Red Sea, West Kordofan, East Darfur, Blue Nile, Northern, Khartoum, Omdurman, Nyala, Port Sudan, Kassala, Al-Ubayyid, Gedaref, Kūstī, Wad Madani, Ad Du’ayn, Al-Fashir, Singa. Feel free to contact us for more information and inquiries. View Product: Click Here Read the full article

[labrysly]

SUDAN - WOMEN AND GIRLS

- More than 2.5 million school-aged girls are unable to return to the classroom which increases the risk of “being subjected to harmful practices such as child marriage and female genital mutilation.”

- Female-headed households are being more affected than male-headed households.

- 1.63 million women of reproductive age lack access to adequate healthcare services, even though around 54,000 childbirths are expected over the next three months.

- Women have taken their lives in Sudan's central Gezira state after being raped by paramilitary fighters.

- Even before fighting broke out on 15 April, more than 3 million women and girls in Sudan were at risk of gender-based violence, including intimate-partner violence.

- The risk of sexual violence is especially high when women and girls are on the move seeking safer locations.

- 78% of refugees are women and children.

- Gender-based crimes include: sexual slavery and trafficking, child and forced marriage, forced abortion and sterilization, forced pregnancy and the recruitment of boys by armed forces.

- Incidents against women and girls have been predominantly documented in urban zones with intense fighting, leaving civilians confined within their residences.

- In RSF- controlled areas in Darfur, women are being abducted and held then forcibly married. In Khartoum, there are instances of young girls being forced into marriages with RSF soldiers. These forced marriages may come from parents agreeing to dowry proposals after the RSF has restricted their family’s access to essentials, making dowries their only means of survival. The increase in cases of forced marriage, including child marriage, has also been linked to hyperinflation and economic challenges. Families might also agree to these forced marriages out of fear of potential violent retaliation from the RSF if they resist.

- Nearly 15,000 women face the likelihood of complications during pregnancy and childbirth, necessitating Cesarean sections.

- The conflict’s toll on sexual reproductive and maternal health is alarming, with numerous hospitals having been attacked.

- Even where services are available, healthcare costs pose a challenge for many women and girls. Treatment for complications, such as Caesarean deliveries, poses an additional financial burden. In East Darfur, Caesarean deliveries cost as much as SDG 200,000 (USD 330), rendering it impossible to afford for most and risking the lives of both mothers and babies given delivery complications

links: UN News, BBC, UNICEF, Relief Web, acaps.org

[gryficowa]

Boycott!

Now that I have your attention: