#gc gas chromatography machine.

[kimberlabtron]

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC-MS is a high precision Gas chromatograph mass spectrometer with pre-filter mass analyzer and electron multiplier ensuring high sensitivity. Desorption for solids is performed at controlled temperature between 100 ~ 350 °C with a flow rate of 1 to 1.5 ml / min. With seven stage temperature programming and an interface temperature of 450 °C the analysis is sensitive and specific.

[chemiosmotic]

1. everyone calls the gas chromatography machine at work "the GC" 2. it's always broken. what the hell. we have like SIX and they're all broken, all the time

[tradesworthgroup]

Top Laboratory Equipment: Essential Tools for Accurate Scientific Research

In any scientific laboratory, having the right equipment is crucial for obtaining precise and reliable results. From basic instruments to advanced analytical systems, the tools in a lab help researchers perform experiments, analyze data, and reach conclusions. In this article, we explore the top laboratory equipment that plays a vital role in scientific research.

Spectrophotometers

Spectrophotometers are widely used for measuring the amount of light absorbed by a sample at different wavelengths. These instruments are vital in fields like chemistry, biology, and pharmaceuticals.

Key Uses:

Quantifying the concentration of DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Determining the purity of substances.

Types:

UV-Vis Spectrophotometer

Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometer

Chromatography Systems

Chromatography is essential for separating components of a mixture, and it includes a variety of systems suited to different types of samples.

Types:

Gas Chromatography (GC): Best for volatile compounds.

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Ideal for separating liquid mixtures.

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC): For qualitative analysis.

Mass Spectrometers

Mass spectrometers measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions and are crucial for identifying compounds, determining molecular structures, and quantifying substances.

Types:

Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer: Commonly used for quantitative analysis.

Time-of-Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometer: Known for speed and resolution.

pH Meters

pH meters measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Accurate pH measurement is vital for a range of industries, including water treatment, food, and pharmaceuticals.

Types:

Digital pH Meters: High precision for laboratory use.

Balances and Scales

Laboratories rely on balances and scales for accurate mass measurements. Analytical balances can measure down to micrograms, which is essential for preparing accurate solutions.

Types:

Microbalances: For ultra-precise weighing.

Top-Loading Balances: For general lab use.

Centrifuges

Centrifuges separate substances based on their density. They are used extensively in biological and biochemical research to prepare samples for further analysis.

Types:

Microcentrifuges: For small-volume samples.

High-Speed Ultracentrifuges: For high-density particle separation.

Thermocyclers (PCR Machines)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) machines are used to amplify DNA samples, making them crucial in genetics, diagnostics, and research.

Types:

Standard PCR Machines: For DNA amplification.

Real-Time PCR (qPCR): For quantifying DNA or RNA during the amplification process.

Atomic Absorption Spectrometers (AAS)

AAS is a technique used to measure the concentration of metal elements in a sample, including trace metals such as lead, mercury, and arsenic.

Applications:

Environmental testing

Food safety analysis

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers (FTIR)

FTIR spectrometers are used to identify organic materials by measuring their absorption of infrared light.

Applications:

Pharmaceutical analysis

Quality control in material testing

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analyzers

XRF analyzers are non-destructive tools used to determine the elemental composition of materials, making them valuable in industries like mining and materials science.

Applications:

Geological surveys

Material analysis

Equipping a laboratory with the right tools is essential for conducting accurate research. Whether it's spectrophotometers, chromatography systems, or mass spectrometers, each instrument serves a specific purpose to ensure precise results. By investing in top laboratory equipment, researchers can maintain high standards of quality, ensuring their findings contribute to advancements in science and industry.

[sakhshimandal]

Quality Control and Testing Methods for Nitrile Powder

Nitrile powder, a key component in various industrial and medical applications, must meet stringent quality standards to ensure its effectiveness and safety. Quality control and testing methods are essential in maintaining the integrity of nitrile powder, ensuring it performs optimally in its end-use applications. This blog delves into the critical aspects of quality control and the various testing methods employed to assess nitrile powder's quality.

Importance of Quality Control in Nitrile Powder Production

Quality control in nitrile powder production is crucial for several reasons:

Consistency: Ensures uniformity in particle size, composition, and properties, which is vital for predictable performance in end-use applications.

Safety: Guarantees that the nitrile powder is free from contaminants and meets safety standards, particularly important for medical and food-grade applications.

Performance: Validates that the nitrile powder meets specific performance criteria, such as chemical resistance, mechanical strength, and thermal stability.

Compliance: Ensures compliance with industry regulations and standards, avoiding legal and financial repercussions.

Key Quality Control Measures

Implementing robust quality control measures involves several steps:

Raw Material Inspection: Quality control begins with the inspection of raw materials. Ensuring that the base materials meet specified standards is crucial for the final product's quality.

Process Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of the production process helps maintain consistency and detect any deviations that might affect the quality of nitrile powder.

Sampling: Regular sampling during different stages of production ensures that the product meets quality standards. Samples are taken for laboratory testing to verify compliance.

Documentation: Detailed documentation of the production process, testing methods, and results helps in tracking quality and identifying areas for improvement.

Testing Methods for Nitrile Powder

Various testing methods are employed to evaluate the quality of nitrile powder. These methods assess different attributes such as particle size, composition, mechanical properties, and chemical resistance.

1. Particle Size Analysis

Particle size is a critical parameter that affects the performance of nitrile powder in its applications. Techniques such as laser diffraction and dynamic light scattering are commonly used for particle size analysis. These methods provide accurate measurements of particle size distribution, ensuring consistency and uniformity.

2. Chemical Composition Analysis

Determining the chemical composition of nitrile powder is essential for verifying its purity and identifying any potential contaminants. Techniques like Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) are used to analyze the chemical composition. These methods help in ensuring that the nitrile powder meets the required chemical specifications.

3. Mechanical Property Testing

Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation, and hardness are crucial for the performance of nitrile powder in applications like medical gloves and automotive parts. Universal testing machines (UTMs) are used to measure tensile strength and elongation, while durometers are used to assess hardness. These tests ensure that the nitrile powder provides the necessary mechanical properties for its intended use.

4. Thermal Stability Testing

Thermal stability is vital for applications that involve high temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) are used to assess the thermal stability of nitrile powder. TGA measures the weight change of a sample as it is heated, providing insights into its decomposition behavior. DSC measures the heat flow associated with phase transitions, indicating the material's thermal stability.

5. Chemical Resistance Testing

Nitrile powder is often used in applications that require resistance to oils, fuels, and chemicals. Chemical resistance testing involves exposing the nitrile powder to various chemicals and assessing any changes in its properties. This testing ensures that the nitrile powder can withstand harsh chemical environments without degradation.

Conclusion

Quality control and testing are indispensable in the production of nitrile powder, ensuring it meets the high standards required for its diverse applications. By employing rigorous testing methods such as particle size analysis, chemical composition analysis, mechanical property testing, thermal stability testing, and chemical resistance testing, manufacturers can guarantee the consistency, safety, and performance of their nitrile powder.

In an industry where quality and reliability are paramount, these testing methods play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of nitrile powder, thereby ensuring it delivers optimal performance in every application. As technology and standards continue to evolve, so too will the methods and practices of quality control, further enhancing the reliability of nitrile powder in its myriad uses.

[sudheervanguri]

Eugia Pharma Specialities (Aurobindo) Recruitment Eugia Pharma Specialities, a part of Aurobindo, is on a hiring spree for various positions in Production, Packing, Quality Assurance (QA), and Quality Control (QC) at their Bhiwadi, Rajasthan facility. We are looking for qualified candidates with degrees in B. Pharmacy, M. Pharmacy, M.Sc, ITI, Diploma, or relevant fields. If you are eager to work in a dynamic environment and meet the qualifications, we encourage you to apply and become a part of our esteemed team. Key Responsibilities Production (LYO/DPI) In the production department, you will be handling various key responsibilities including: Depyrogenation Tunnel: Operating and managing the depyrogenation tunnel. Filling Machine: Overseeing the filling machine operations. Vial Washing Machine: Managing the vial washing machine. Autoclave Operation: Performing autoclave operations. Aseptic Practices: Ensuring adherence to aseptic practices. Additional Tasks Shift Handling: Managing shifts efficiently. QMS: Handling Quality Management Systems. External Vial Washing: Supervising external vial washing. Sealing Machine: Operating sealing machines. Labelling Machine: Managing labelling machine operations. Track and Trace System: Ensuring the track and trace system is functioning. 2D Inspection Machine: Operating the 2D inspection machine. Packing In the packing department, your responsibilities will include: Supervision of Packing Activities: Overseeing all packing-related activities. Manual Visual Inspections: Conducting manual visual inspections. Compliance of BMR and BPR: Ensuring compliance with Batch Manufacturing Records (BMR) and Batch Packing Records (BPR). Quality Control (QC) In the QC department, your key tasks will be: HPLC and GC: Performing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC). Empower-3 and LIMS: Using Empower-3 and Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) effectively. Quality Assurance (QA) In the QA department, you will handle: EMP and IPQA: Managing Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP) and In-Process Quality Assurance (IPQA). QMS: Handling Quality Management Systems. [caption id="attachment_56779" align="aligncenter" width="930"] Aurobindo Pharma Recruitment Notification[/caption] Qualifications and Experience Eugia Pharma Specialities is looking for candidates with the following qualifications and experience: Technical Assistants Qualifications: ITI, Diploma, Degree Experience: Relevant experience in production or packing Executives Qualifications: B. Pharmacy, M. Pharmacy, M.Sc Experience: 2-6 years of relevant experience Positions Production (LYO/DPI): 10 positions Packing: 6 positions Quality Control: Various positions Quality Assurance: Various positions Location The positions are based at: Eugia Pharma Specialities Limited Unit-II A1128, RIICO Industrial Area, Phase-III, Bhiwadi, Dist. Alwar, Rajasthan- 301019 How to Apply If you meet the qualifications and are interested in joining our team, please send your updated resume to: Email:hreugia2@eugiapharma.com

[vapehk1]

The Best Guide: How Much Nicotine Is In a Juul Pod?

Traditional tobacco cigarettes have been replaced by electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, as a popular option in recent years. Juul pods are the most well-liked e-cigarette among them, especially among young adults and teenagers. However, since JUULpods' high nicotine concentration has been connected to many possible health problems, concerns have been expressed about it. This article aims to provide readers with a thorough understanding of how much nicotine is in a Juul pod, empowering them to make informed decisions about their e-cigarette usage. What is in a Juul pod? A Juul pod contains nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, and flavorings. The high nicotine concentration in Juul pods raises concerns about addiction, especially among young users. Propylene glycol and glycerin are common e-cigarette liquid ingredients that create vapor when heated. Flavorings enhance the overall taste. Juul pods, used with Juul e-cigarettes, provide discreet and controlled nicotine delivery through inhalation of smoke. However, the health effects of vaping and the potential risks associated with these ingredients are still being researched and regulated.. Types of Juul Pods: Juul pods are different from each other based on flavors. The following is a mention of a few floors: - Mango is a popular fruity flavor. - Cool Mint:A refreshing mint flavor - Virginia Tobacco:A traditional tobacco flavor - Fruit Medley: A blend of different fruit flavors - Crème Brule:A sweet and creamy flavor How does Juul Pod work? Juul pods vaporize a liquid or e-liquid solution by drawing on a battery-powered device. Nicotine, flavorings, propylene glycol, and glycerine are all present in this e-liquid. Juul machines heat up when you breathe in, so you don't need to press any buttons. The heating part makes the Juul juice turn into a mist you can breathe in... Juul pods are popular because they are easy to use, small and discreet, and come in many flavors. Sure, here is a simplified version of the sentence using easy words. Juul pods give users a taste and a nicotine kick without the bad stuff in regular cigarettes. How Much is Nicotine in a Juul Pod? Well, the question of how much nicotine is in a Juul pod is based on different concentrations, ranging from 1.7% to a whopping 5%. That means you could be inhaling anywhere from 17mg to 50mg of nicotine per pod. How to Measure the Amount of Nicotine in a Juul Pod? Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is like a high-tech detective for e-liquids. It can break down the e-liquid into its parts. It can also measure the amount of nicotine present. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is another way to measure nicotine in e-liquids. HPLC separates e-liquid parts based on their interactions with chemicals. Different between Regular Cigarettes Vs Juul Pods: The following chart highlights some key differences between regular cigarettes and Juul pods Aspect Regular Cigarettes Juul Pods Nicotine Content Varies widely; typically 8-20 mg/cigarette Generally 30 mg/mL (3%) or 50 mg/mL (5%) Combustion Burned tobacco producing smoke Vaporization of liquid Delivery System Inhaling smoke from burning tobacco Inhaling vaporized e-liquid Chemicals Combustion produces numerous harmful chemicals Vaporization is generally considered to produce fewer harmful chemicals than combustion Odor Leaves a lingering smoke odor Minimal odor, and any scent is often from added flavors Secondhand Smoke Produces secondhand smoke with harmful chemicals Vapor is generally considered less harmful than secondhand smoke, but not completely risk-free Flavors Limited to tobacco or menthol in traditional cigarettes Various flavored options available, which has raised concerns about appeal to youth Regulation and Marketing Subject to tobacco regulations and advertising restrictions E-cigarettes, including Juul, have faced regulatory scrutiny, especially regarding marketing to youth Addiction Potential High due to nicotine content and other addictive substances in tobacco High due to the high nicotine content, and concerns about addiction, especially among youth Where to buy Juul pod In Dubai? Online vape shops in Dubai can be found in many different locations, but one of the best ones can be found at vapedazzle co. Why vapedazzle.co is the best? They have a wide selection of high-quality safest vaping devices like Juul 2 device , Elf Bar BC5000 Puffs  e-liquids, and accessories. VapeDazzle.co is known for its commitment to customer service, authentic products, fair pricing, and compliance with local regulations. They guarantee fast delivery within 1 hour in Dubai and accept various payment methods. Vape Dazzle offers competitive prices and a loyalty card program for cashback. Additionally, they provide comprehensive product information to help customers make informed choices. Conclusion: Juul pods have become increasingly popular, particularly among young people, due to their sleek design, appealing flavors, and easy-to-use packaging. However, it is crucial to recognize the significant health risks associated with Juul pod use. If you are considering using how much nicotine is in a Juul pod, it is essential to weigh the potential risks and benefits carefully. If you are concerned about the health risks of Juul pods, you should talk to your doctor. There are many other ways to quit smoking or vaping that are less harmful to your health. FAQ How much is five nicotine in a JUUL? According to JUUL Labs, all JUUL pods contain flavorings and 0.7mL e-liquid with 5% or 3% nicotine by weight; JUUL Labs claims that the 5% pods have the equivalent amount of nicotine as a pack of cigarettes. Are JUUL pods healthier than cigarettes? The long-term health effects of using JUUL pods are still unknown. However, based on the current evidence, it is clear that JUUL pods are not a safe alternative to cigarettes. If you are concerned about the health risks of JUUL pods, you should talk to your doctor. Is one JUUL pod a day too much? The average Juul pod has a nicotine level of 1 pack of cigarettes. That would be 5%, or 50 mg, of salt. However, if you were not previously a smoker, you should stop using JUUL and any other nicotine products available. Read the full article

[techninja]

Advancements in Healthcare Analytical Instrumentation: A Key Driver for Improved Patient Outcomes

Introduction

The healthcare analytical instrumentation and systems market is at the forefront of advancing medical diagnostics and research. These innovative technologies play a pivotal role in improving patient care, drug development, and our overall understanding of human health. In this article, we will explore the key components, trends, and growth drivers of this dynamic market.

Components of Healthcare Analytical Instrumentation and Systems

1. Spectroscopy Systems: Spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique that uses the interaction between light and matter to study the composition and properties of substances. It is widely used in medical diagnostics, pharmaceuticals, and environmental monitoring. Spectroscopy systems, including mass spectrometers and NMR machines, are essential for identifying and quantifying various molecules within biological samples.

2. Chromatography Instruments: Chromatography is another critical technique that separates and analyzes complex mixtures. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) are commonly used in healthcare for drug testing, clinical research, and quality control of pharmaceuticals.

3. Clinical Chemistry Analyzers: These instruments are indispensable in clinical laboratories for analyzing blood, urine, and other bodily fluids. They help diagnose diseases and monitor patients' health by measuring biomarkers, electrolytes, and various metabolites.

4. Molecular Diagnostics Instruments: Molecular diagnostics has witnessed remarkable growth in recent years. Instruments like PCR machines and DNA sequencers are pivotal for identifying genetic mutations, pathogens, and tracking the progression of diseases, including cancer.

5. Microscopy Systems: Microscopes have come a long way since their invention. Advanced microscopy systems enable researchers to visualize cellular structures, tissues, and even individual molecules. This aids in both diagnostics and understanding the intricate workings of the human body.

Key Trends and Growth Drivers

1. Rapid Technological Advancements: Continuous innovations in healthcare analytical instrumentation and systems have revolutionized medical research and diagnostics. Miniaturization, automation, and integration with data analytics and artificial intelligence are shaping the industry.

2. Personalized Medicine: The shift toward personalized medicine has fueled the demand for more precise and efficient analytical instruments. These tools help tailor treatments to individual patients, considering their unique genetic makeup and health conditions.

3. Increasing Chronic Diseases: The rising prevalence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer, necessitates advanced diagnostic tools for early detection and effective management.

4. Pharmaceutical Research: The pharmaceutical industry relies on analytical instrumentation for drug discovery, development, and quality control. As new drugs are developed, the need for advanced analytical instruments grows.

5. Growing Focus on Preventive Healthcare: Preventive healthcare measures, including routine screenings and early disease detection, are on the rise. This trend underscores the significance of accurate and efficient analytical systems.

Market Challenges

While the healthcare analytical instrumentation and systems market is poised for significant growth, it faces several challenges:

1. Cost Constraints: High initial costs and maintenance expenses associated with advanced instrumentation can be a barrier, particularly in resource-constrained healthcare settings.

2. Regulatory Compliance: Stringent regulatory requirements in healthcare necessitate that instrumentation and systems meet specific standards, which can increase the time and cost of product development.

3. Skilled Workforce: The operation and maintenance of these sophisticated systems require a skilled workforce, creating a need for specialized training.

Conclusion

The healthcare analytical instrumentation and systems market is essential for the advancement of medical diagnostics, treatment, and research. With rapid technological advancements, a growing focus on personalized medicine, and the rise of preventive healthcare, this industry is poised for remarkable growth. Overcoming challenges such as cost constraints and regulatory compliance will be essential to realizing the full potential of these cutting-edge technologies in improving healthcare outcomes and patient well-being. As the market continues to evolve, we can expect even more groundbreaking innovations in the field of healthcare analytical instrumentation and systems.

Few other promising reports in Medical Device Industry

3D Printing in Healthcare Market

Extracellular Matrix Market

Butterfly Needles Market

Colon Hydrotherapy Machine Market

[wisdomrays]

TAFAKKUR: Part 330

OLFACTION: SENSING THE SCENTS: Part 2

E-NOSE TECHNOLOGIES

The sensor is the e-nose's key element, and the sensor type is its defining characteristic. There are 5 types of e-nose sensors, as follows:

Optical sensors: Optical fiber sensors work through fluorescence and chemoluminescence. The tube's glass fibers contain a thin encoated active material in their sides and at both ends. As VOCs interact with the organic matrix's chemical dyes, the dye's fluorescent emission changes the spectrum. These changes then are measured and recorded for different odorous particles.

Fiber arrays with different dye mixtures can be used as sensors. These are fabricated by dipcoating (binding a plastic solution to a substrate), micro electromechanical system (MEMS), and precision machining. The main advantage is that this adjustable tool can filter out noise. Also, since many dye forms are available in biological research, sensors are cheap and easy to fabricate. But the instrumentation control systems are complex, which adds to the cost, and have a limited lifetime due to photo bleaching (the sensing process slowly consumes the fluorescent dyes).

Optical sensors are sensitive and can measure low ppb (parts per billion); however, they are still in the researach stage of development

Spectrometry-based Sensors: This group consists of a molecular spectrum-based gas chromatography (GC), an atomic mass spectrum-based mass spectrometry (MS), and a transmitted light spectrum-based light spectrum (LS). The first two can analyze the odor's components accurately, which is a plus. However, their use of a vapor trap to increase concentration can alter the odor's characteristics. LS devices do not consume the sample, but do require tunable quantum-well devices. GC and MS devices are commercially available, while LS devices are only at the research stage. All spectrometry-based sensors are fabricated by MEMS and precision machining, and can measure odors to a low ppb level.

The GC tube decomposes the odorant into its molecular constituents, and MS forms a mass spectrum for each peak. The spectra then is compared to a large precompiled database of spectral peaks to classify and identify odorants.

MOSFET (Metal-oxide-silicon field-effect-transistor): The basic principle here is capacitive charge coupling. In other words, VOCs react with the catalytic metal and thereby alter the device's electrical properties. The device's selectivity and sensitivity can be fine-tuned by varying the metal catalyst's thickness and composition. MOSFETs are micro-fabricated and commercially available, but can measure only parts per million. They can be manufactured by electronic interface circuits, which minimizes batch-to-batch variation. However, the gas produced by the VOC-metal reaction must penetrate the MOSFET's gate.

Conductivity Sensors: The sensor types used here are metal oxide or conducting polymer. Both operate on the principle of conductivity, for their resistance changes as they interact with VOCs. Metal oxide sensors are common, commercially available, inexpensive, and easy to produce (they are micro-fabricated). Their sensitivity ranges from 5-500 ppm. However, they only operate at high temperatures (200°C to 400°C).

In conducting polymer sensors, VOCs bond with the polymer backbone and change the polymer's conductivity (resistance). They are micro-fabricated together with electroplating and screen printing, are commercially available, and can measure from .1 to 100 ppm. They operate at room temperature, yet are very sensitive to humidity. Moreover, it is hard to electropolymerize the active material, which makes batch-to-batch variation inevitable. Sometimes VOCs penetrate the polymer chain, which means that the sensor must be returned to its neutral and reference state-a very time-consuming process.

Piezoelectric Sensors: These devices, which measure any change in mass, come in two varieties: quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices.

QCM sensors have a resonating disk and metal electrodes on each side. While applying the gas sample to the resonator's surface, the polymer surface absorbs VOCs from the environment. Thus its mass increases, which increases resonance frequency. As the U.S. Navy has long used QCMs, this technology is familiar, developed, and commercially available. A QCM sensor is fabricated by screen-printing, wire bonding, and MEMS. Althoug it can measure a 1.0 Ng mass change, its MEMS fabrication and interface electronics is a major disadvantages. QCM sensors are quite linear in mass changes, their sensitivity to temperature can be adjusted, and their response to water can vary for the material used.

MEMS techniques should be handled carefully, for the surface-to-volume ratio increases drastically as dimensions approach the micrometer levels. Measurement accuracy is lost when the increasing surface-to-volume ratio begins to degrade the signal-to-noise ratio. This problem occurs in most micro-fabricated devices. SAW devices have much higher frequencies. Since 3-D MEMS processing is unnecessary, SAW devices are cheaper. As with QCM devices, many polymer coatings are available. The differential devices can be quite sensitive. However, interface electronics require more complex electronics than those of conductivity sensors for both QCM and SAW sensors. Also, as the active membrane ages, resonance frequencies can drift and so must be detected for frequency by time. SAW devices are commercially available and sensitive to mass changes at the 1.0 pg level.

PATTERN RECOGNITION

Any e-nose's primary task is to identify an odorant and perhaps measure its concentration. After the signal processing step comes the crucial step of pattern recognition: preprocessing, feature extraction, classification, and decision-making. A database of odors must be formed for comparison purposes.

Preprocessing accounts for sensor drifts and reduces sample-to-sample variation. This can be done by normalizing sensor response ranges, manipulating sensor baselines, and compressing sensor transients.

Feature extraction involves dimensionality reduction, a crucial step for statistical data analysis, since the database's examples usually are subject to financial constraints. The higher dimensionality caused by sensor arrays is reduced to relevant pattern-recognition information and thus extracts only significant data. As most dimensions are correlated and dependent, it is better to reduce dimensionality to a few informative axes.

Feature extraction usually is accomplished by classical principal component analysis (PGA) or linear discriminant analysis (LDA). PCA is a linear transformation that finds the maximum variance projections and the most widely used technique for feature extraction. But as PCA ignores class labels, it is not an optimal technique for odor recognition.

LDA seeks to maximize the distance between class label examples and minimize the within distance, and thus is a more appropriate approach. LDA is also a linear transformation. For instance, LDA might better discriminate subtle but crucial odor projections, whereas PCA can remove the high variance random noise in a projection.

The classification stage identifies odors. Classical classification techniques are KNN (k nearest neighbors), Bayesian classifiers, and ANN (artificial neural networks]. KNN with, say, 5 nearest points will find the 5 closest matches from the precompiled database. The closest match will be assigned as the tested material's odorant class.

Bayesian classifiers first assign a posterior probability to the classes in the lower dimension and then pick the class that maximizes the predetermined probability distribution. ANN is closer to biological odor recognition. After being trained by the odor database, it is exposed to the unknown odorant in order to recognize the largest applicable response odorant class. The classifier estimates the class and places a confidence level on it.

In decision-making, risks and application-specific knowledge are considered in order to modify the classification. All decisions are reported-even a nonmatch.

CONCLUSION

As this article indicates, we can expect great progress in this area. And with each step forward, science and technology will continue to point toward the Greatest Artist's most subtle designs and allow us to appreciate them better.

[forensicfield]

Scientific Equipment to analyze Questioned Documents:

Two types of microscopes are utilized to analyze documents.

1.) Stereoscopic binocular microscope, gives a three-dimensional magnification and is relied upon daily by examiners to uncover any number of features and important minutia.

2.) The comparison microscope, which is specially constructed to facilitate side-by-side study of microscopic details, is also a valuable tool for certain types of examination.

Modern versions of both have special lighting features, such as; candescent, fluorescent, and fiber optic,etc. and lens systems to facilitate a variety of analyses and to allow for microphotography.

🔎🔍Macro-scopes and different styles of hand magnifiers are also routinely used.

👉Irradiation can be used to excite the document in the ultraviolet and infrared portions of the spectrum.

👉The document can be analyzed under both infrared reflectance and luminescence conditions.

👉A number of measuring devices and templates have been devised to examine the alignment and spacing characteristics of typed and computer-generated text.

👉Electrostatic detection devices (EDD) were designed, and have been progressively upgraded, to aid in the discovery of indented writing impressions and accidental markings.

👉Indentations are troughs created by pressure from the writing instrument through several sheets of paper. They can be visualized through the use of electrostatic equipment.

👉The importance of these machines has grown increasingly in the investigation of medical charts, anonymous letters, diaries, agendas, and police notebooks.

Other Tools used together with chemical testing are:

👉Thin-layer chromatography (TLC),

👉Mass spectrometry (MS),and,

👉Gas chromatography (GC), Etc.

[pompette-au-blog]

Jammy characters in wine - how?

We commonly associate the jammy fruit characters found in red wines with warm climate Viticulture and winemaking. Especially during recent years, average temperature consistently increase during the growing season, the prevalence of jammy wines also seem to increase.

Researchers have narrowed down and pinpointed out two aromatic compounds that could be the potential contributor of jammy characters: Furaneol and Homofuraneol.

(Furaneol exhibits a sweet strawberry when diluted, found in strawberries and other fruits. Partially also responsible for fresh pineapples, buckwheat, tomato etc. Homofuraneol is also called 'toffee furaneol', exhibits toffee and caramel noses when diluted.)

It is found that under elevated temperature (aka warm climate), sugars in grapes (glucose and fructose) react with specific amino acids in grapes (namely, Arginine and Proline) to form Furaneol and Homofuraneol.

Dehydration of berry (result from evaporation and excessive sunlight, not enough shading etc.) however doesn't seem to be an influencing factor on the formation of these jammy characters, and there's a more linear relationship between the delay of harvest date and the concentration of these two compounds.  

So perhaps with an robust nitrogen fertilisation schedule and prolonged ripening period, you can deliberately accentuate the jammy characters in wines - obviously many other factors need to be taken into consideration as well.

Side note: How do researchers identify aromatic compounds?

These two are identified with the use of GC-O (Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry), a brilliant machine invented to identify aroma or odour active volatile compounds, and to associate particular compounds with specific aromatic descriptors. The machine has a 'robotic nose' hooked to the body, and a trained personnel is responsible for sniffing effluents separated and 'delivered' from the machine, from the robotic nose in attempt to identify which component poses what odour.

(Hall et al. 2009)(Hildebrant et al. 2018)

[azspot]

Food production in conventional agriculture faces numerous challenges such as reducing waste, meeting demand, maintaining flavor, and providing nutrition. Contained environments under artificial climate control, or cyber-agriculture, could in principle be used to meet many of these challenges. Through such environments, phenotypic expression of the plant—mass, edible yield, flavor, and nutrients—can be actuated through a “climate recipe,” where light, water, nutrients, temperature, and other climate and ecological variables are optimized to achieve a desired result. This paper describes a method for doing this optimization for the desired result of flavor by combining cyber-agriculture, metabolomic phenotype (chemotype) measurements, and machine learning. In a pilot experiment, (1) environmental conditions, i.e. photoperiod and ultraviolet (UV) light (known to affect production of flavor-active molecules in edible plants) were applied under different regimes to basil plants (Ocimum basilicum) growing inside a hydroponic farm with an open-source design; (2) flavor-active volatile molecules were measured in each plant using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); and (3) symbolic regression was used to construct a surrogate model of this chemistry from the input environmental variables, and this model was used to discover new combinations of photoperiod and UV light to increase this chemistry. These new combinations, or climate recipes, were then implemented in the hydroponic farm, and several of them resulted in a marked increase in volatiles over control. The process also led to two important insights: it demonstrated a “dilution effect”, i.e. a negative correlation between weight and desirable chemical species, and it discovered the surprising effect that a 24-hour photoperiod of photosynthetic-active radiation, the equivalent of all-day light, induces the most flavor molecule production in basil. In this manner, surrogate optimization through machine learning can be used to discover effective recipes for cyber-agriculture that would be difficult and time-consuming to find using hand-designed experiments.

[autopackmachines]

What Makes a Lube Oil Filling Machine So Effective?

A lubricant filling machine is a machine that pours lubricant into a container such as a glass or plastic bottle. This machine is also useful for filling metal containers and many types of oil. In addition, these machines are low-maintenance, highly effective and can be adjusted on the fly. Read on to learn more about these machines. We also discuss what makes it so effective and what to look for when buying for your business.

GC-FID Chromatogram of Lubricating Oil

The toluene fraction was added to a GC-FID column (250 mL length, 0.25 mm inner diameter) under a gradient of two gas volumes. The injector temperature was programmed to reach 200 °C per minute and sample aliquots were mixed with an internal standard and dimethyl naphthalene. The split valve was closed during the entire analysis.

The gas chromatography (GC) procedure uses an Optima-5MS column with an inner diameter of 0.25 mm and a membrane thickness of 0.25 μm. GC instrument readings are chromatograms. The peak height and area can be calculated from the chromatogram, which helps to create a calibration curve and calculate unknown concentrations. For each peak, the number of theoretical plates (N) is calculated. N is used to measure column efficiency and the actual equation for this is 16 (tR/W). The SIM mass of stearone was 267 and 283 mg/mL, respectively.

Viscosity Range of Lubricants

The viscosity range of a lubricant filling machine indicates how well the lubricant adheres to the nozzle. Measure the viscosity of lubricants according to a standard temperature range of 40 to 100 degC. The measured values ​​are compared with two reference oils of known viscosity. Traditional mineral oils have a viscosity of around 95-100, while highly refined oils can reach up to 120. Synthetic lubricants, on the other hand, have a viscosity of 150 or higher and typically higher than 120.

The viscosity range of a lubricant is one of the most important factors when determining the type of lubricant to use in an automobile. Oil viscosity depends on temperature. High temperatures, oxidation and shear forces can increase or decrease viscosity. Therefore, proper spacing between oil changes is important. This is because the viscosity of the engine oil can affect the life of the vehicle.

Applying Lubricant to the Machine

Functions vary depending on the type of lubricant. Some oils are thick and work well at high operating temperatures. Other types of oil are thinner and do not perform well at lower ambient temperatures, causing problems with oil flow. Premium synthetic oils tend to have a low rate of change in viscosity with temperature. In this article, we will look at the differences between different types of lubricants and how to apply them to different types of machines.

The most common use of lubricants is to reduce interference between two surfaces. Because each type of lubricant is unique, it is important to understand what each lubricant does. Understanding how each lubricant is used increases your chances of using the right type for the right job. Also, proper application of the right lubricant is more likely to minimize machine failure.

Safety

There are many different types of oil filling machines on the market and they are used to fill the engine with the required amount of lubricating oil. The machine is equipped with a depalletizing robot and a palletizing robot for easy operation. They can fill all types of oil from 1000ml to 5000ml in one hour. The machine also has a variety of marking devices and conveyors, allowing users to easily fill all types of oil.

Besides, this machine can fill various kinds of containers. You can choose one according to your company's requirements. The machine can fill glass bottles, metal containers or plastic containers. It is also equipped with several nozzles and can fill different types of oil. The machine also features drip-free and can be adjusted on-the-fly without problems. In addition to advanced features, it requires less maintenance.

Eco

The terms "green" and "green" have become synonymous, but what exactly do these terms mean? Eco-friendly lubricants are lubricants that are not petroleum-based and have biodegradable or renewable resources. Green lubricants can be used for a variety of applications, but most are not as effective as petroleum-based lubricants. Here's how to make your lube filling machine greener.

Modern lubricants are made from base oils and have characteristic chemical composition and oily consistency. There are three main groups of oil bases according to their origin. These include vegetable oils, mineral oils and synthetic oils. Oil bases are classified according to their biodegradability, and some oils contain more than 50% gasoline. Source: https://autopackmachine.livejournal.com/8618.html

[chromatographyideas]

Where to Buy Chromatography Supplies

Whether you're an analytical lab worker or you're looking to expand your research capabilities, buying chromatography supplies is essential. These tools can make your job easier and save you money. Here's a list of the essential chromatography supplies you'll need in your lab. These tools include GCs, HPLCs, columns, spray heads, and tubing cutters. All of these tools can be purchased at any laboratory supply store and will help you get the best results.

Chromatography is a type of separation method. This technique uses a stationary phase - a solid, liquid, or gas - to separate individual substances from a mixture. Some types of chromatography are used in the food industry, forensics, and biology. Others use chromatography to isolate a substance from a larger mixture. Some of these methods are based on a simple formula that helps identify individual substances.  Visit this website to purchase quality lab supplies.

When purchasing chromatography supplies, it's important to choose the right products. The first component of a high-quality LC system is a good solvent. High-quality solvents are necessary to prevent contaminants from reaching the sample. Choosing the right type of column is also crucial. You can choose from preparatory or analytical chromatography columns. You can find a specialized column for any purpose and a reliable solvent pump.

As a general rule, when purchasing chromatography supplies, look for items that have a long shelf life. If you're not sure what your particular needs are, you'll need to determine the physical state of the sample and its affinity to the stationary phase. The best solvent for a given chromatography method depends on the polarity of the molecule. When buying chromatography supplies, consider the specific application for which you need it.  Check out the best chromatography supplies on homepage.

When buying chromatography supplies, it's important to consider the type of chromatography you're using. You need to ensure that the column is compatible with the instrument you're using. The type of chromatography instrument you're using will determine the type of chromatography supplies you'll need. You'll need a chromatography machine and a GC/MS/GC/MS/MS/GC-MS/GC/MS/GC/GC-MS system.

In addition to GC/MS equipment, you'll also need chromatography supplies for the purification of preparations. Column chromatography is primarily used for purification of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. The material used for the process is usually a carrier material, which is filled in a thin spiral tube. Various processes are employed to separate substances using different components. A detector is used to measure temperature fluctuations. The most common gas chromatography method is gas-liquid chromatography.  You can get more enlightened on this topic by reading here: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/thin-layer-chromatography.

[nuadox]

AI is acquiring a sense of smell that can detect illnesses in human breath

- By Andrea Soltoggio -

Artificial intelligence (AI) is best known for its ability to see (as in driverless cars) and listen (as in Alexa and other home assistants). From now on, it may also smell. My colleagues and I are developing an AI system that can smell human breath and learn how to identify a range of illness-revealing substances that we might breathe out.

The sense of smell is used by animals and even plants to identify hundreds of different substances that float in the air. But compared to that of other animals, the human sense of smell is far less developed and certainly not used to carry out daily activities. For this reason, humans aren’t particularly aware of the richness of information that can be transmitted through the air, and can be perceived by a highly sensitive olfactory system. AI may be about to change that.

For a few decades, laboratories around the world have been able to use machines to detect very small amounts of substances in the air. Those machines, called gas-chromatography mass-spectrometers or GC-MS, can analyse the air to discover thousands of different molecules known as volatile organic compounds.

In the GC-MS machine, each compound in a sample of air is first separated and then smashed up into fragments, creating a distinctive fingerprint from which compounds can be recognised. The image below is a visualisation of a small part of the data from an analysis of a breath sample.

3D view of a portion of a breath sample data from a GC-MS instrument.

Each peak represents a fragment of a molecule. The particular patterns of such peaks reveal the presence of distinct substances. Often even the smallest peak can be crucial. Among the several hundred compounds present in the human breath, a few of them might reveal the presence of various cancers, even at early stages. Laboratories around the world are therefore experimenting with GC-MS as a non-invasive diagnostic tool to identify many illnesses, painlessly and in a timely manner.

Unfortunately, the process can be very time consuming. Large amounts of data need to be manually inspected and analysed by experts. The sheer amount of compounds and the complexity of the data mean that even experts take a long time to analyse a single sample. Humans are also prone to error, can miss a compound or mistake one compound for another.

How artificial intelligence can help

As part of Loughborough University’s data science team, my colleagues and I are adapting the latest artificial intelligence technology to perceive and learn a different type of data: the chemical compounds in breath samples. Mathematical models inspired by the brain, called deep learning networks, were specifically engineered to “read” the traces left by odours.

A team of doctors, nurses, radiographers and medical physicists at the Edinburgh Cancer Centre collected breath samples from participants undergoing cancer treatment. The samples were then analysed by two teams of chemists and computer scientists.

Once a number of compounds were identified manually by the chemists, fast computers were given the data to train deep learning networks. The computation was accelerated by special devices, called GPUs, that can process multiple different pieces of information at the same time. The deep learning networks learned more and more from each breath sample until they could recognise specific patterns that revealed specific compounds in the breath.

Simple representation of the process: from compounds in the air or breath samples to the visualisation of the detected substances.

In this first study, the focus was on recognising a group of chemicals, called aldehydes, that are often associated with fragrances but also human stress conditions and illnesses.

Computers equipped with this technology only take minutes to autonomously analyse a breath sample that previously took hours by a human expert. Effectively, AI is making the whole process cheaper – but above all it is making it more reliable. Even more interestingly, this intelligent software acquires knowledge and improves over time as it analyses more samples. As a result, the method is not restricted to any particular substance. Using this technique, deep learning systems can be trained to detect small amounts of volatile compounds with potentially wide applications in medicine, forensics, environmental analysis and others.

If an AI system can detect markers of disease, then it becomes possible to also diagnose whether we are ill or not. This has a great potential, but it could also prove controversial. We simply suggest that AI could be used as a tool to detect substances in the air. It doesn’t necessarily have to diagnose or make a decision. The final conclusions and decisions are left to us.

Andrea Soltoggio, Lecturer, Loughborough University

This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0)

Real Also

FDA clears marketing of IDx-DR for automated detection of diabetic retinopathy in primary care

[lisungr]

Common Test Methods for RoHS Test Equipment

RoHS is a mandatory standard established by EU legislation. Its full name is "Restriction of Hazardous Substances" (Restriction of Hazardous Substances). This standard has been formally implemented since July 1, 2006 which is mainly used to regulate the materials and process standards of electrical and electronic products. And making it more conducive to human health and environmental protection. The ROHS directive is divided into RoHS1.0 and RoHS2.0, and the substances required to be tested are different, and the test methods are also different. There are many RoHS test methods: Chemical detection, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS), etc. Among them, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) has been established as a quick screening method as the fastest and most convenient method. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) can be used to accurately test the corresponding standard samples of the five elements of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and bromine (Br). If the sample composition is uneven, it is invalid. (These five substances are controlled by the ROHS1.0 directive)

LISUN EDX-2 RoHS detective testing equipment (Analyzer for rohs compliance testing) use the XRF method, it with below advantages and features: • High-resolution, high-definition camera for easy operation. • All imported core technology and original parts from Europe and America. • Camera and cabin lighting system, real-time view the test position of the sample. • Reliable power supply over-current and short-circuit protection to ensure equipment safety. • Automatic control test system, convenient for customers to use.

EDX-2_Rohs test equipment

The current IEC standard is PY/TD-GC-MS (thermal cracking/ Thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detector), where the thermal cracking temperature is high, up to 1200 degrees, many large molecular substances are cracked into small molecular substances, which will Interference and false positives to the results, so need to use MS mass spectrometers to qualify.

LISUN EDX-4 RoHS 2.0 test equipment (RoHS testing machine) use EDX-4 micro-cracking desorption technology (thermal cracking/thermal desorption-gas chromatography), we only need to quantify the corresponding o-benzenes, so our heating range is set in the range of 200°C-450°C, so that all four o-benzenes are volatilized and enter GC (gas chromatograph) for quantification without affecting the results of other macromolecular substances. It fully meets the requirements of IEC62321-8 and is more reasonable and scientific to set a more accurate temperature range.

EDX-4 ROHS 2.0 Test Equipment

Lisun Instruments Limited was found by LISUN GROUP in 2003. LISUN quality system has been strictly certified by ISO9001:2015. As a CIE Membership, LISUN products are designed based on CIE, IEC and other international or national standards. All products passed CE certificate and authenticated by the third party lab.

Our main products are Goniophotometer, Surge Generator, EMC Test Systems, ESD Simulator, EMI Test Receiver, Electrical Safety Tester, Integrating Sphere, Temperature Chamber, Salt Spray Test, Environmental Test Chamber, LED Test Instruments, CFL Test Instruments, Spectroradiometer, Waterproof Test Equipment, Plug and Switch Testing, AC and DC Power Supply.

Please feel free to contact us if you need any support. Tech Dep: Service@Lisungroup.com, Cell/WhatsApp: +8615317907381 Sales Dep: Sales@Lisungroup.com, Cell/WhatsApp: +8618917996096

[recoveryposts]

Are Home Drug Testing Kits Trustworthy

Marijuana has never been more accessible than it is today. Restrictive laws are constantly revisited under the suspicion that cannabis has medicinal powers, and legal distributors are turning profits of incredible magnitude. And yet, drug testing is still considered a vital step in the hiring process for many companies.

Employers want sober workers, and they are well within their rights to impose this requirement. But that also means plenty of potential hires who are crippled by the fear that their recreational habit will cost them an amazing opportunity. At home drug tests are helpful in determining the presence of illicit drugs in one’s body. But the question is: do they work?

Types of tests

The presence of illicit drugs can be tested at home or in a laboratory. Tests are taken by saliva, urine, hair, or blood sample. Salvia is not used very often because the window of detection is so small. Instead, laboratories rely on hair, urine, and blood samples to extract the most accurate information. Home tests are done through a urine sample, which is then compared against a key.

Where can I buy a drug test kit for home?

Home drug test kits can be purchased at most drug stores, like Walgreens or CVS. If you are wondering how much is a home drug test, well, they can cost anywhere from $5 to $35 USD. But, because home testing does involve some complications, it is smart to buy more than one kit.

How to test drugs at home?

Home drug testing kit are highly sensitive to the presence of drugs, which means results will note any and all abnormalities. This is why it is so important to verify positive results with a laboratory. Only a lab will be able to determine, with absolute certainty, the presence of illicit drugs. Samples are collected through urine, and the results are substantiated by a corresponding test card or strip.

It’s important to note that urine must be kept somewhere within the optimal temperature range of 96 and 99 degrees Fahrenheit.

Complications?

Using a home kit to test for drugs is a risk. Kits can be easily misused or misinterpreted, and the tests do not account for an array of factors that can compromise results. Factors like diet, weight, consumption type and prescription medications can affect the results in a urine test. Faulty kits and improperly stored urine samples can also lead to false reports.

The best course of action is to ask for professional advice and rely on the services of a laboratory. Lab testing utilizes a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) device, which detects the presence of different substances in samples. A GC/MS machine, which is considered the gold standard of testing, is also used in explosives investigations and airport security. Lab tests are also verified by a medical review officer.

The bottom line

Home drug tests do work. They fulfill their one duty that is to detect abnormalities in samples. They are not, however, sophisticated tools that can verify with certainty the quantity or exact nature of those abnormalities. There are far too many factors that can lead to false information.

Illicit drugs, more specifically marijuana, affect everyone differently. Thus, it’s impossible to know how long a drug will stay in one’s system. The best course of action is to be smart. If you are a heavy cannabis user, it’s best to start with laboratory testing. Results will come back with total certainty, which means less money wasted on a home kit.

If you are not a heavy user, it is smarter to begin with a home kit or two. If the results are negative, it is up to your discretion to make the choice you feel is right. If the results are positive, it’s extremely wise to seek the services of a lab. Only laboratory testing will be able to confirm results.

To read more articles like this, check out our news section or reach out to our counselors at United Recovery Project if you have additional questions.

Contact us today

Learn more about drug testing, what it entails to get you clean, and the popular methods that are used to beat a drug test at United Recovery Project. At United Recovery Project, we offer a wide range of drug rehab programs including medical detox, inpatients programs, outpatient programs, intensive outpatient programs, Partial Hospitalization Programs. We also offer after care services through our sober living and alumni programs.

Research shows that patients who visit inpatient rehab centers away from their cities report higher rates of long-term recovery. Our drug and alcohol rehab is located in Hollywood, Florida. We admit patients struggling with drug and alcohol addiction from across the United States.