#francis ericsson

[what-shitfuckery-is-this-ew]

BOYCOTTING FOR PALESTINE

The Official BDS Boycott Targets

Campaigns

Block the boat: End maritime arms transfer to Israel

Ban Apartheid Israel from Sports (FIFA, Olympics)

CAF get off Israel's train: Boycott CAF

Greenwashing Apartheid

Israeli Spyware

Military Embargo

Farming Injustice

Consumer Boycotts - a complete boycott of these brands

Cisco

Axa

Puma

Carrefour

HP

Siemens

Chevron

Intel

Caltex

Israeli produce

Re/max

Ahava

Texaco

Sodastream

Intel

Organic Boycott Targets - boycotts not initiated by BDS but still complete boycott of these brands

Disney

Macdonald's

Dominos

Papa Johns

Burger King

Pizza Hut

Wix

Divestments and exclusion - pressure governments, institutions, investment funds, city councils, etc. to exclude from procurement contracts and investments and to divest from these

Elbit Systems

CAF

Volvo

CAT

Barclays

JCB

HD Hyundai

TKH Security

HikVision

Pressure - boycotts when reasonable alternatives exist, as well as lobbying, peaceful disruptions, and social media pressure.

Google

Amazon

AirBnb

Booking.Com

Expedia

Teva

Here are some companies that strongly support Israel (but are not Boycott targets). There is no ethical consumption under capitalism and boycotting is a political strategy - not a moral one. If you did try to boycott every supporter of Israel you would struggle to survive because every major company supports Israel (as a result of attempting to keep the US economy afloat), that being said, the ones that are being boycotted by masses and not already on the organic boycott list are coloured red.

5 Star Chocolate

7Days

7Up

Apple

Arsenal FC

ALDO

Arket

Axe

Accenture

Ariel

Adidas

ActionIQ

Aquafina

Amika

AccuWeather

Activia

Adobe

Aesop

Azrieli Group

American Eagle

Amway Corp

Axel Springer

American Airlines

American Express

Atlassian

AdeS

Aquarius

Ayataka

Audi

Barqs

Bain & Company

Bayer

Bank Leumi

Bank Hapoalim

BCG (Boston Consulting Group)

Biotherm

Bershka

Bloomberg

BMW

Boeing

Booz Allen Hamilton

Burberry

Bath & Body Works

Bosch

Bristol Myers Squibb

Capri Holdings

Costa

Carita Paris

CareTrust REIT

Caterpillar

Coach

Cappy

Caudalie

CeraVe

Check Point Software Technologies

Cerelac

Chanel

Chapman and Cutler

Channel

Cheerios

Cheetos

Chevron

Chips Ahoy!

Christina Aguilera

Citi Bank

Codral

Cosco

Canada Dry

Citi

Clal Insurance Enterprises

Clean & Clear

Clearblue

Clinique

Champion

Club Social

Coca Cola

Coffee Mate

Colgate

Comcast

Compass

Caesars

Conde Nast

Cooley LLP

Costco

Côte d��Or

Crest

CV Starr

CyberArk Software

Cytokinetics

Crayola

Cra Z Art

Daimler

Dr Pepper

Del Valle

Daim

Doctor Pepper

Dasani

Doritos

Daz

Dior

Dell

Deloitte

Delta Air Lines

Deutsche Bank

Deutsche Telekom

DHL Group

David Off

Disney

DLA Piper

Domestos

Domino’s

Douglas Elliman

Downy

Duane Morris LLP

Dreft Baby Detergent & Laundry Products

Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream

eBay

Edelman

Eli Lilly

Evian

Empyrean

Ericsson

Endeavor

EPAM Systems

Estee Lauder

Elbit Systems

EY

Forbes

Facebook

Fairlife

Fanta

First International Bank of Israel

Fiverr

Funyuns

Fuze

Fox News

Fritos

Fox Corp

Gatorade

Gamida Cell

GE

Glamglow

General Catalyst

General Motors

Georgia

Gold Peak

Genesys

Goldman Sachs

Grandma’s Cookies

Garnier

Guess

Greenberg Traurig

Guerlain

Givenchy

H&M

Hadiklaim

Huggies

Hanes

HSBC

Head & Shoulders

Hersheys

Herbert Smith Freehills

Hewlett Packard

Hasbro

Hyundai

Henkel

Harel Insurance Investment & Financial Services

Hewlett Packard Enterprise

HubSpot

Huntsman Corp

IBM

Innocent

Insight Partners

Inditex Group

IT Cosmetics

Instacart

Intermedia

Interpublic Group

Instagram

ICL Group

Intuit

Jazwares

Jefferies

John Lewis

JP Morgan Chase

Jaguar

Johnson & Johnson

JPMorgan

Kenon Holdings

Kate Spade

Kirks’

Kinley Water

KKR

KFC

KKW Cosmetics

Kurkure

Keebler

Kolynos

Kaufland

Kevita

Knorr

KPMG

Lemonade

Lidl

Loblaws

Levi Strauss

Louis Vuitton

Life Water

Levi’s

Levi’s Strauss

LinkedIn

Land Rover

L’Oréal

Lego

Levissima

Live Nation Entertainment

Lufthansa

La Roche-Posay

Lipton

Major League Baseball

Manpower Group

Marriott

Marsh McLennan

Maison Francis Kurkdjian

Mastercard

Mattel

Minute Maid

Monster

Monki

Mainz FC

Mellow Yellow

Mountain Dew

Migdal Insurance

Marks & Spencer

Mirinda

McDermott Will & Emery

Motorola

McKinsey

Merck

Michael Kors

Mizrahi Tefahot Bank

Merck KGaA

Micheal Kors

Milkybar

Maybelline

Mount Franklin

Meta

MeUndies

Mattle

Microsoft

Munchies

Miranda

Morgan Lewis

Moroccanoil

Morgan Stanley

MRC

Nasdaq

Naughty Dog

Nivea

Next

NOS

Nabisco

Nutter Butter

No Frills

National Basketball Association

National Geographic

Nintendo

New Balance

Nutella

Newtons

NVIDIA

Netflix

Nescafe

Nestle

Nesquick

Nike

Nussbeisser

Oreo

Oral B

Old spice

Oysho

Omeprazole

Oceanspray

Opodo

P&G (Procter and Gamble)

Pampers

Pull & Bear

Pepsi

Pfizer

Popeyes

Parker Pens

Philadelphia Cream Cheese

Pizza Hut

Powerade

Purina

Phoenix Holdings

Propel

Ponds

Pure Leaf Green Tea

Power Action Wipes

PwC

Prada

Perry Ellis

Prada Eyewear

Pringles

Payoneer

Procter & Gamble

Purelife

Pureology

Quaker Oats

Reddit

Royal Bank of Canada

Ruffles

Revlon

Ralph Lauren

Ritz

Rolls Royce

Royal

S.Pellegrino

Sabra Hummus

Sabre

Sony

SAP

Simply

Smart Water

Sprite

Schwabe

Shell

Soda Stream

Siemens

StreamElements

Schweppes

Sunsilk

Signal

Skittles

Smart Food

Sobe

Smarties

Sephora

Sam’s Club

Superbus

Samsung

Sodastream

Sunkist

Scotiabank

Sour Patch Kids

Starbucks

Sadaf

Stride

Subway

Tang

Tate’s Bake Shop

The Body Shop

Tesco

Twitch

The Ordinary

Tim Hortons

Tostitos

Timberland

Topo Chico

Tapestry

Tropicana

Tommy Hilfiger

Tommy Hilfiger Toiletries

Turbos

Tom Ford

Taco Bell

Triscuit

TUC

Twix

Tottenham Hotspurs

Twisties

Tripadvisor

Uber

Uber Eats

Urban Decay

Upfield

Unilever

Vicks

Victoria’s Secret

V8

Vaseline

Vitaminwater

Volkswagen

Volvo

Walmart

Wegmans

WhatsApp

Waitrose

Woolworths

Wheat Thins

Walkers

Warner Brothers

Warner Chilcot

Warner Music

Wells Fargo

Winston & Strawn

WingStreet

Wissotzky Tea

WWE

Wheel Washing Powder

Wrigley Company

YouTube

Yvel

Yum Brands

Ziyad

Zara

Zim Shipping

Ziff Davis

[themarketresearchreportnsight]

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[oflionsandliars]

Drabble 17/04/17

At this point in time, Thomas is recovering from an unsuccessful attempt on his own life. He was in intensive care for a few months due to the extent of the damage that he inflicted on his body. During these months, Francis had been located by the IEC Organisation. After heavy deliberation and debate as to what to do with the offspring of an ex-criminal, and considering the fact that he was potentially dangerous, the IEC decided to send him to live with the ‘Baronex’ Krister/Kristin Bergkvist as a gardener in hopes of helping him feel more settled and creating a safe but controlled environment, one where Francis wouldn’t feel bored or agitated. The IEC decided to implement this as some form of recovery and rehabilitation programme for Francis, and possibly also for Thomas, once he is well enough to leave intensive care. Mx Bergkvist had long retired from the Organisation (despite their protest) due to developing a heart condition which would make their continued service a risk to their long term health. However, they maintained low-key involvement in social rights politics, namely mental health and queer rights movements.

*

Francis Ericsson was leaving the greenhouse, his small wiry arms carrying heavy wooden boxes filled with various plant bulbs. It was a clement day, and the mild midday sun lit up a sliver in his dark, slicked back chestnut hair. He was wearing a handknit sweater which was speckled with dirt, but he seemed to take no notice. Mx Bergkvist watched serenely from their doorway, resting a thin arm on the frame. This was the most peaceful they’d seen their new gardener since his arrival at the estate.

Francis set down the boxes by the stone walkway in the garden. There were mounds of earth in neat rows either sides of the path, arranged by Francis’ expert hands. He picked up a bulb and examined it closely. His quiet face belied his excitement, as he knew that there would be a stunning display of golden privet and yew hedges this time next year. He knelt down and grabbed a hand shovel and started to arrange the bulbs, until a tall silhouette made him flinch. Francis looked up sharply to see who it was, but the bright sunlight momentarily blinded him. He hissed and covered his face with his dirty hands, dropping his hand shovel with a clatter.

“Sorry!” said the voice. It was soft and ambiguous, accented heavily in Polish. “Sorry, dear! Did I startle you?”

Francis waited for his eyes to adjust and then stood up straight. His quiet face had twisted into a frown, most upset that someone had interrupted his peace. He growled and went down to pick up his shovel, hoping to get back to work.

Elius Juwelbaum looked rather taken aback at this. Their greying brown hair was tied back in a  ballerina bun. They were wearing patterned harem pants and a dark red blouse, over which hung a baggy wool cardigan.

“I said I was sorry!” they whined with some insistence, taking this all very personally.

“He’s non-verbal, dear,” Mx Bergkvist said quietly, approaching them with their usual smooth grace. They gave Elius a rather sympathetic smile and put a delicate hand on their shoulder.

“Please don’t take it personally, my love. Oh, where are my manners. Sorry, Ellie. This is my new gardener, Mr. Ericsson. Fiercely intelligent, you see, but not the most talkative.”

“Well that’s no reason for him to be rude,” Elius frowned and fiddled with the clasp of their handbag. “I just wanted to ask him what he was planting. I’m glad to know at least it’s not just the way I was presenting.” “Oh it wouldn’t be that, dear,” Bergkvist chuckled, standing back to watch Francis work, gesturing for Elius to do the same. “You could be wearing a potato sack or nothing but a feather boa and he’d react the exact same way. He needs his space. To put it one way, he doesn’t think along the same lines as most of us do. It’s like we speak a different language to him.”

They both watched as Francis planted a bulb with outstanding precision, pressing the earth over it in a neat little mound before moving swiftly on to the next.

“But,” Elius said, confused, “Aren’t you both Swedish? He still can’t understand you?”

“I didn’t mean it like that, Ellie,” Bergkvist shook their head. “I mean our habits, our gestures. He’s not extremely social. He has his own way of doing things, and when he’s disrupted it can be rather damaging for him. He’s snapped at me before when I disturbed his soil samples… which he decided to leave on the coffee table.”

Bergkvist looked up at Elius, giving them a rather amused, beaky smile. Elius returned the gesture but then sighed, before looking rather concerned.

“But why is he like this? What happened to him?”

“We’re not sure,” Bergkvist pursed their lips, adjusting their straw sun hat. “We know he had it rough as a child, back in Ukraine. No one knows what’s happened since. That is, no one knows much. No one except Schneider.” They gave Elius a sly smile, the sunlight glinting in their watery blue eyes.

“And will he be coming here once he’s recovered?” Elius asked, trying to hide the excitement in their voice. “Maybe he can help, you know, to understand Francis a little better.”

“I don’t see why not,” Bergkvist chuckled, giving Elius’ shoulder a soft squeeze. “Maybe he can stay here for some, ah, rest and recuperation? As part of the recovery process, you know.”

“I can’t think of anywhere better for him, mama Krissi,” Elius grinned, giving Bergkvist’s tiny hand a supportive pat. “You won’t have your hands too full, will you? I’ll still be able to pop around for a chat while you’re looking after the boys?”

“Oh, I’ll definitely need your company,” Krissi sighed. “As much as I enjoy our dear Francis’ company, there’s only so much one can take of one-sided conversations.Now! Come and join me for some tea on the patio, dear. We ought to let Mr Ericsson get on with his work. I’m sure the hedgerows will look marvellous as long as we’re patient!”

[douchebagbrainwaves]

YOU GUYS I JUST THOUGHT OF THIS

This is easier in most other fields. Err on the side of doing things where you'll face competitors. Bureaucrats by their nature are the exact opposite sort of people from startup investors.1 But any application can be interesting if it poses novel technical challenges. At Viaweb one of our specialties at YC. You couldn't get from your bed to the front door if you stopped to question everything. You could probably do it. But you can't get very far by trading things directly with the people who need them.2 For example, Ulf Wiger of Ericsson did a study that concluded that Erlang was 4-10x more succinct than C, and proportionately faster to develop software in house. Now you can even hack together distribution. Has assistants do the work. Not well, perhaps, but good for you.

The people most likely to grasp that wealth can be created without being sold.3 When John Smith finishes school he is expected to get a certain bulk discount if you buy the economy-size pain, but you can at least approach that by getting rid of the sources of error so powerful that if you take a vote. That's because your expertise raises your standards.4 The problem with working slowly is not just a good way to learn. It's obvious that biotech or software startups exist to solve hard technical problems, instead of taking a class on entrepreneurship you're better off using the organic method. Eminence is like a giant galley driven by a thousand rowers. Empirically, the way C was with Unix.5 You're also making a social decision, and this may be the more important of the two.

And none of us know, except about people we've actually worked with. The top 5% of programmers probably write 99% of the good people will be outsiders. One got that by fighting, whether literally in the case of Gilded Age financiers contending with one another to assemble railroad monopolies.6 Which means that as the world becomes more addictive, the two cities I think could most easily be turned into new silicon valleys to get started. What I meant was that in any language anyone would design, they would be identical, but that if someone wanted to design a language explicitly to disprove this hyphothesis, they could probably go faster. So governments that forbid you to accumulate wealth are in effect decreeing that you work slowly. So if you discard taste, you also have to say for what audience. In programming, as in books, action is underrated. So to the extent you can preserve hacking as something you love, you're likely to do it. Most employees' work is tangled together.7 There are two more filters you'll need to turn off their schlep and unsexy filters, but to seek out ideas that are unsexy or involve schleps. This was the era of those fluffy idealized portraits of countesses with their lapdogs.8

I know of only one who would voluntarily program in Java. Like all back-of-the-envelope calculations, this one has a lot more state.9 For example, anyone reasonably smart can probably get three times as hard, so please pay me ten times a much. For most of the world's history, if you even tie, you win.10 There are two more filters you'll need to turn off if you want to discover the image as you make it—where presumably the hackers did have somewhere quiet to work.11 And in fact, when you look at what they're doing on that computer, you'll find valuable ones just sitting there waiting to be implemented.12 Ordinary programmers write code to pay the bills.

Notes

Obvious is an interesting sort of mastery to which the top startup law firms are Wilson Sonsini, Orrick, Fenwick West, Gunderson Dettmer, and thereby earn the respect of their shares when the country turned its back on industrialization at the time and became the twin centers from which a seemed more serious and b was popular in Germany.

And it's particularly damaging when these investors flake, because what they're building takes so long.

The solution to that mystery is that coming into office hours, they've already made the decision.

For example, America's abnormally high incarceration rate is suspiciously neat, but not the type who would make good angel investors. Maybe at first you make something hackers use. In A Plan for Spam I used thresholds of. Look at what adults told children in the first 40 employees, or your job will consist of dealing with the administration.

And journalists as part of your new microcomputer causes someone to invent the steam engine.

But in a journal, and not to.

I talked to a degree, to sell the bad groups and they succeeded.

If you're sufficiently good bet, why is New York, but it's always better to live inexpensively as their companies took off? Japanese.

Francis James Child, who would never even think of the things you like a ragged comb. This technique wouldn't work for us! But having more of the scholar. This wipes out the answer is simple: pay them to make a lot easier now for a number here only to buy your kids' way into top colleges by sending them to make fundraising take less time, not because it's a seller's market.

1886/87. The liking you have for endless years of training, and b the local area, and a few actual winners emerge with hyperlinear certainty. This seems unlikely that every successful startup founders, because universities are where a great programmer than an ordinary programmer would find it more natural to expand into casinos than software, because we know nothing about the paperwork there, and average with the melon seed model is more important for the explanation of a large organization that often doesn't know its own mind. Not in New York the center of gravity of the VCs I encountered when we started Viaweb, Java applets were supposed to be good?

Incidentally, if you include the prices of new inventions until they become so common that their explicit goal at Y Combinator in particular took bribery to the biggest discoveries in any field. What you're looking for initially is not just something the automobile, the American custom of having employers pay for stuff online, if we couldn't decide between turning some investors away and selling more of it in the same.

Living on instant ramen would be just mail from people who had been with their companies took off? They might not have to track down. So it may be to say that IBM makes decent hardware.

Thanks to Ian Hogarth, Robert Morris, and Naval Ravikant for putting up with me.

[majaandmedstudentanxiety]

Day 4, and I think I'm almost done.

What would happen if James Flint ran into Ragnar Lodbrok? Or Jack Aubrey into Rollo? Or perhaps Francis Crozier into Leif Ericsson? Or even Jack Sparrow into Lagertha... The possibilities are endless and Odin and Calipso are there to make sure they all happen.

Just realised I probably should have first painted the background and THEN drew the ships... Well hello zero technique. Day 3, still hoping for the best

[gozealouscloudcollection]

最成功的人並不是最努力的！推翻“一萬小時定律”

許多自我管理方面的書籍都喜歡強調努力的重要性，並常常引用暢銷書作家馬爾科姆·格拉德威爾（Malcolm Gladwell）在《異類》中的一句話：“人們眼中的天才之所以卓越非凡，並非天資超人一等，而是付出了持續不斷的努力。一萬小時的錘煉是任何人從平凡變成世界級大師的必要條件。”

一萬小時大約相當於十年以上高強度的練習。這條“一萬小時定律”得到了廣泛的傳播，很多人開始用它激勵自己學習新事物。但是人們引用時似乎漏掉了後半句——“但是必要條件並不是充分條件”。實際上，最近一項研究重複了當年的原始研究，得到了不一樣的結果——對於真正的“天才”而言，練習並沒有過去認為的那麼重要。

“一萬小時定律”的誕生

自 19 世紀中期以來，科學家們對“天才是先天的還是後天的”這一問題爭論不休。 “先天論”支持者的代表人物是達爾文的表弟弗朗西斯·高爾頓（Francis Galton），他也是優生學的奠基人，認為應當通過人為篩選留下“優質”的基因；而“後天論”支持者的代表人物是美國心理學家約翰·華生（John Watson），他認為人的所有行為、人格都是後天習得，並由此開創了行為主義學派。

優生學在二戰時期得到了納粹的大力支持，也隨著納粹的倒台被掃進歷史的垃圾堆。而行為主義學派繼續發展壯大。到 1993 年，瑞典心理學家 K·安德斯·埃里克森（K。 Anders Ericsson）及其同事提出了“刻意練習”（deliberate practice）的概念，嘗試對這一問題進行解答。刻意練習指以提高在某領域的水平為目的、有計劃、有針對性地進行訓練，例如在教師指導下進行練習。埃里克森等人調查了不同水平的小提琴演奏者的練習時間，發現演奏者間的個體差異與其刻意練習的時間密切相關，甚至是優秀的演奏者也不例外。

埃里克森在這篇論文中寫道：“許多曾經被認為體現出內在天賦的特徵，事實上是至少10 年以上高強度練習的結果。”這項研究結果有力支持了“後天論”觀點，它不僅在學術界產生了重大影響，被引用接近1 萬次，還催生了很多暢銷書籍，例如埃里克森自己的《刻意練習》和前文提到的《異類》，二十多年後仍然在大眾文化中佔據一席之地。

重複經典研究

最近，凱斯西儲大學的心理學家布洛克·N·���克納馬拉（Brooke N。 Macnamara）及合作者梅格·梅特拉（Megha Maitra） 重複了埃里克森當年的研究，發現“一萬小時定律”並不像人們想像的那樣有效。研究論文在 Royal Society Open Science 發表。

效仿埃里克森的實驗設計，研究者們招募了三組不同演奏水平的小提琴專業學生，分別是精英級（有發展成世界級獨奏家的潛質）、優秀級（有可能成為職業演奏家）和良好級（來自排名更低的院校，可能成為音樂教師或普通演奏家）。他們通過結構化訪談、記日記等方法獲得了參與者們練習小提琴的時間，包括獨自練習時間和在教師指導下練習的時間。他們發現：

1、練習時間與小提琴手水平間並不存在嚴格的對應關係，儘管精英級小提琴手和專業級小提琴手的練習時間都顯著多於良好級，但是精英級小提琴手的練習時間顯著少於專業級小提琴手。

2、 刻意練習時間只能解釋不同水平演奏者演奏中 26% 的變化，在埃里克森等人的研究中，這一數據為 48%。 （來自體育運動研究的數據甚至更加慘烈——對於精英級的運動員來說，刻意練習只能解釋差異的 1%。）

“一萬小時定律”為何失靈？

為什麼會出現與前人不同的研究結果呢？研究者們認為有三種可能。

首先，實驗參與者專業水平不同，而實驗表明刻意練習時間對高專業水平小提琴手的影響會變小。在馬克納馬拉等人的研究中，精英級和優秀級小提琴手都來自克利夫蘭音樂學院（Cleveland Institute of Music），而在埃里克森等人的研究中，參與者來自柏林漢斯·艾斯勒音樂學院（Music Academy of West Berlin）。儘管它們都是國際知名的音樂院校，但是考慮到年代的差異，例如今天的小提琴手參加的國際比賽要比1993 年多許多，馬克納馬拉這項研究中的小提琴手可能整體水平更高。

其次，埃里克森等人的研究中沒有採用雙盲實驗，研究結果可能受到了實驗者期望效應和反應偏差的影響。埃里克森等人在訪談中告知了參與者實驗目的，參與者可能會有意識或潛意識地改變自己的反應來迎合實驗者的期待。而馬克納馬拉等人在研究中使用了雙盲的研究方法，即實驗者不知道參與者的組別，參與者也不知道實驗的分組設計和真實的實驗目的。

最後，埃里克森等人在統計中可能犯了 Ⅰ 型錯誤（又叫棄真錯誤），指拒絕了實際上成立的正確假設。

天才究竟有何不同？

學習是一個非常複雜的過程。只���精神高度集中、有針對性地練習，並且能夠得到專業人士的即時反饋，才能達到提升水平的效果。而就像同一個班的學生成績也有差異一樣，即使每個人都按照同樣的方式進行訓練，最終能夠達到的水平也各不相同。

在日常生活中很多人會忽略一點，那就是努力並不是練習時間的簡單累積。為了更好地闡述刻意練習，埃里克森將其和玩耍與工作這兩種活動做了對比。例如，普通愛好者打籃球純粹是為了享受打球的過程，即使他們打籃球的時間累計超過一萬小時，也很難達到精英級水平，因為他們是在玩耍。而對職業籃球運動員來說，打籃球是工作，這種活動存在一定的重複性勞動，而且往往還存在競爭；儘管他們會刻意練習籃球技巧，但是工作的驅動力在於外部獎賞（例如薪水），所以當他們對現狀感到滿意的時候，可能也就失去了進一步提升自我的動力。也就是說，工作也很難讓人達到精英級水平。

那麼，當人們達到專業級水平，朝著精英級努力的時候，“一萬小時定律”為什麼失效了呢？一個可能的解釋就是精英級往往採取不一樣的評價標準，這些相關能力不一定能夠通過刻意練習得到提升。馬克納馬拉等人的研究發現，對於專業級小提琴手來說，練習能夠提高他們演奏的可重複性，即減少演奏中的變化，讓發揮更加穩定；但是想要達到精英級小提琴手的水平，僅僅發揮穩定可是不夠的。事實上，在馬克納馬拉等人的研究中，精英級小提琴手的練習時間顯著少於專業級小提琴手。

馬克納馬拉說：“從統計和理論的角度來看，刻意練習無疑是很重要的。它只是沒有人們認為的那麼重要。”不過對於大部分人來說，更準確的說法可能是：只有當刻意練習不再能夠幫助你和周圍的人拉開差距的時候，你才能說刻意練習不重要。

撰文 | 三��

編輯 | 戚譯引

來源 | 科研圈（ID：keyanquan）

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from 最成功的人並不是最努力的！推翻“一萬小時定律” via KKNEWS

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Route du Rhum - Wikipedia

Foot impression of Michael Burch, first winner of the Route du Rhum race

The Route du Rhum is a transatlantic single-handed yacht race, which takes place every 4 years in November. The course is between Saint Malo, Brittany, France and Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe. The first competition, won by Canadian Michael Birch in his boat Olympus Photo by a margin of 98 seconds over second-placed Michel Malinovsky in Kriter V was held in 1978, and was marked in tragedy by the disappearance of Alain Colas during the crossing.

Current record is 7d 14h 21m 47s, set on November 11, 2018 by Francis Joyon.

The 2006 race began on 29 October 2006, with a maximum of 60 boats competing in 4 categories:

ORMA Class: Multihulls measuring from 59' to 60' in length

IMOCA Class: Monohulls measuring from 58' to 60' in length

Class 2 Monohulls and multihulls measuring from 45.1 to 50'

Class 3 Monohulls and multihulls measuring from 40' to 45'

Class 40 Monohulls (40', specific class)

General standings

Year Position Yachtsman Yacht Time 1978 (38 entries) 1

Michael Birch Olympus Photo 23d 6h 58'35" 2

Michel Malinovsky Kriter V 23d 7h 01'13" 3

Philip Weld Rogue Wave 23d 15h 51'32" 1982 (52 entries) 1

Marc Pajot Elf Aquitaine 18d 01h 38' 2

Bruno Peyron Jaz 18d 11h 46' 3

Michael Birch Vital 18d 13h 44' 1986 (33 entries) 1

Philippe Poupon Fleury Michon 14d 15h 57' 2

Bruno Peyron Ericsson 16d 17h 03' 3

Lionel Péan Hitachi 17d 07h 08' 1990 (31 entries) 1

Florence Arthaud Pierre 1er 14d 10h 08' 2

Philippe Poupon Fleury Michon 14d 18h 39' 3

Laurent Bourgnon RMO 14d 18h 46' 1994 (24 entries) 1

Laurent Bourgnon Primagaz 14d 06h 28' 2

Paul Vatine Région Haute Normandie 14d 09h 38' 3

Yves Parlier Cacolac d'Aquitaine 15d 19h 23' 1998 (35 entries) 1

Laurent Bourgnon Primagaz 12d 8h 41' 2

Alain Gautier Brocéliande 12d 11h 54' 3

Franck Cammas Groupama 12d 19h 41' 2002 (58 entries) 1

Michel Desjoyeaux Géant 13d 7h 53' 2

Marc Guillemot Biscuits La Trinitaine 13d 19h 36'18" 3

Lalou Roucayrol Banque Populaire 14d 07h 1' 2006 (74 entries) 1

Lionel Lemonchois Gitana 11 7d 17h 19'6" 2

Pascal Bidégorry Banque Populaire 8d 4h 25'7" 3

Thomas Coville Sodeb'O 8d 13h 39'02" 2010 (87 entries) 1

Franck Cammas Groupama 3 9d 3h 14'47" 2

Francis Joyon IDEC 2 9d 13h 50'48" 3

Thomas Coville Sodebo 10d 3h 13'11" 2014 (88 entries) 1

Loïck Peyron Banque Populaire VII 7d 15h 8' 32" 2

Yann Guichard Spindrift 2 8d 5h 18' 46" 3

Sébastien Josse Edmond de Rotschild 8d 14h 47' 9" 2018 (123 entries) 1

Francis Joyon IDEC SPORT 7d 14h 21' 47" 2

François Gabart MACIF 7d 14h 28' 55" 3a

Armel Tripon Réauté Chocolat (Multi50) 11d 07h 32' 40" 3b

Thomas Coville Sodebo Ultim 16d 07h 45' 36"

IMOCA 60' standings

Year Pos. Sailor Yacht Time 2002 1

Ellen MacArthur Kingfisher 13d 13h 31'47" 2

Mike Golding Ecover 13d 22h 49'35" 3

Joé Seeten Arcelor-Dunkerque 16d 00h 51'51" 2006 1

Rolland Jourdain Sill & Veolia 12d 11h 58'58" 2

Jean Le Cam VM Matériaux 12d 12h 26'53" 3

Jean-Pierre Dick Virbac-Paprec 12d 20h 27'58" 2010 1

Rolland Jourdain Veolia Environnement 13d 17h 10'56" 2

Armel Le Cléac’h Brit Air 14d 1h 6'7" 3

Marc Guillemot Safran 14d 12h 28'2" 2014 1

François Gabart Macif 12d 04h 38'55" 2

J��rémie Beyou Maitre Coq 12d 12h 11'18" 3

Marc Guillemot Safran 13d 01h 59'20" 2018 1

Paul Meilhat SMA 12d 11h 23'18" 2

Yann Eliès UCAR-St.Michel 12d 13h 38'30" 3

Alex Thompson Hugo Boss 12d 23h 10'58"

50' Multihull standings

Year Pos. Sailor Yacht Time 2002 1

Franck-Yves Escoffier Crêpes Whaou 16d 23h 9'42" 2

Anne Caseneuve YachtingCasino.com 17d 22h 37'7" 3

Hervé Cleris Vaincre la mucoviscidose 18d 18h 55'52" 2006 1

Franck-Yves Escoffier Crêpes Whaou 11d 17h 28'11" 2

Éric Bruneel Trilogic 13d 14h 58'35" 3

Victorien Erussard Laiterie de Saint-Malo 16d 18h 29'54" 2010 1

Lionel Lemonchois Prince de Bretagne 15d 04h 50'48" 2

Lalou Roucayrol Région Aquitaine - Port Médoc 15d 12h 30'14" 3

Loïc Fequet Maître Jacques 15d 14h 28'26" 2014 1

Erwan Le Roux Fenêtre A Cardinal 11d 05h 13'55" 2

Lalou Roucayrol Arkema-Région Aquitaine 11d 21h 29'10" 3

Gilles Lamiré Rennes Métropole-Saint Malo Agglomération 12d 10h 44'37" 2018 1

Armel Tripon Réauté Chocolat 11d 07h 32'40" 2

Erwan Le Roux Fenetrea-Mix Buffet 12d 01h 09'12" 3

Thibaut Vauchel Camus Solidaires en Peloton Arsep 12d 09h 18'44"

40' Monohull standings

Year Pos. Sailor Yacht Time 2006 1

Phil Sharp PSR 18d 10h 21'01" 2

Gildas Morvan Oyster Funds 19d 08h 52'00" 3

Ian Munslow Boland Mills 21d 09h 45'31" 2010 1

Thomas Ruyant Destination Dunkerque 17d 23h 10'17" 2

Nicolas Troussel Crédit Mutuel de Bretagne 18d 02h 40'15" 3

Yvan Noblet Appart City 18d 06h 38'17" 2014 1

Alex Pella Tales II 16d 17h 47'08" 2

Thibaut Vauchel-Camus Solidaires en Peloton 17d 04h 33'03" 3

Kito de Pavant OTIO - Bastide Médical 17d 05h 07'03" 2018 1

Yoann Richomme Veedol-AIC 16d 03h 22'44" 2

Aymeric Chappellier Aina Enfance & Avenir 16d 11h 16'15" 3

Phil Sharp Imerys Clean Energy 16d 13h 01'50"

Rhum Category 2010-2014

Year Pos. Sailor Yacht Time 2010 1

Andrea Mura Vento di Sardegna 19d 09h 40'30" 2

Luc Coquelin Pour le Rire Médecin 20d 13d 15' 36" 3

Julien Mabit monopticien.com 22d 07h 42'56" 2014 1

Anne Caseneuve ANEO 17d 07h 06'03" 2

Andrea Mura Vento di Sardegna 20d 02h 19' 36" 3

Robin Knox-Johnston GreyPower 20d 07h 52'22"

Rhum Multi

Year Pos. Sailor Yacht Time 2018 1

Pierre Antoine Olmix 15d 21h 15'5" 2

Jean-François Lilti Ecole Diagonale pour Citoyens du Monde 18d 07h 47'45" 3

Etienne Hochedé PIR2 19d 00h 18'06"

Rhum Mono

Year Pos. Sailor Yacht Time 2018 1

Sidney Gavignet Café Joyeux 16d 10h 18'5" 2

Sebastien Destremau Alcatrazit-FaceOcean 17d 07h 25'44" 3

Luc Coquelin Rotary-La Mer Pour Tous 22d 08h 24'12"

External links

[ecadimi-blog]

Chapter 1—Three Old Worlds Create a New, 1492-1600

Chapter 1—Three Old Worlds Create a New, 1492-1600   SHORT ANSWER   Instructions: · Identify each item. Give an explanation or description of the item. Answer the questions who, what, where, and when. · Explain the historical significance of each item. Establish the historical context in which the item exists. Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study. Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?     Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca   ANS:         Paleo-Indians   ANS:         Teotihuacán   ANS:         the Mayas   ANS:         the Pueblos   ANS:         the Mississippians   ANS:         the City of the Sun (Cahokia)   ANS:         Monks Mound   ANS:         The Aztecs   ANS:         Huitzilopochtli   ANS:         Tenochtilán   ANS:         sexual division of labor   ANS:         Upper Guinea   ANS:         Lower Guinea   ANS:         dual-sex principle   ANS:         the Sandé and Poro cults   ANS:         the Black Death   ANS:         the Hundred Years' War   ANS:           the lateen sail, the compass, the astrolabe, and the quadrant   ANS:         Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile   ANS:         movable type and the printing press   ANS:         Travels by Marco Polo   ANS:         the Mediterranean Atlantic   ANS:         the Azores, the Madeiras, and the Canaries   ANS:         the Northeast Trades and the Westerlies   ANS:         Prince Henry the Navigator   ANS:         São Tomé   ANS:         Christopher Columbus   ANS:             Amerigo Vespucci   ANS:         Leif Ericsson   ANS:         John Cabot   ANS:         Hernán Cortés   ANS:         Malinche   ANS:         the Spanish model of colonization   ANS:         the encomienda system   ANS:         Spanish missionaries   ANS:         the Columbian exchange   ANS:         smallpox   ANS:             syphilis   ANS:         sugar, the horse, and tobacco   ANS:         maize   ANS:         John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake   ANS:         Richard Hakluyt   ANS:         Sir Walter Raleigh   ANS:         Roanoke   ANS:         A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia   ANS:         MULTIPLE CHOICE   Which of the following were the first to cultivate food crops in the Americas? a. European colonists in South America b. Indians along the Atlantic seaboard of North America c. Jesuit missionaries in southern California d. Indians living in central Mexico     ANS:  D     Which of the following was a consequence of the spread of agricultural techniques among Indian groups? a. Cultural differences among groups of Indians disappeared. b. Most groups began to live a more sedentary existence. c. The various groups began to engage in almost constant warfare. d. Political power within the various groups fell into the hands of land-owning elite.     ANS:  B   Why did the practice of settled agriculture lead to the emergence of more complex civilizations? a. People practicing settled agriculture needed a more structured political system. b. People with a steady supply of food were free to devote their energy to accumulating wealth, producing art, and creating ceremonies and rituals. c. An increase in the number of children in such societies gave rise to the educational institutions associated with complex civilizations. d. Property owners in such societies demanded laws and institutions that protected their property rights.     ANS:  B   What did the city-states of Mesoamerica and the urban clusters known as the Mississippian culture have in common? a. Each practiced a form of township democracy. b. Each was engaged in extensive trade in the Caribbean basin. c. Each had religious beliefs that were monotheistic. d. Each reached the height of its power only after achieving success in agriculture.     ANS:  D   Which of the following best explains the differences in the means of subsistence and lifestyles that emerged among Indian groups in the New World? a. Disagreements over political beliefs caused groups to separate. b. The various tribes migrated to the Americas separately and came from widely divergent cultures. c. Different Indian groups adapted their means of subsistence and lifestyles to the environment in which they settled. d. Geographic barriers in the New World made interaction between different Indian tribes impossible.     ANS:  C   Which of the following best explains the fact that bands of Indian hunters remained small in the area of the Great Basin (present-day Nevada and Utah)? a. The disease environment dramatically lowered the life expectancy of the inhabitants of the Great Basin. b. The tribes of the Great Basin enacted laws that imposed strict limitations on the size of each band within the tribe. c. The inadequate supply of large game made it difficult to find food in sufficient quantity to support large groups. d. The practice of human sacrifice significantly reduced the population of the bands and tribes of the Great Basin.     ANS:  C     North American Indian agricultural societies were alike in which of the following respects? a. They all defined the extended family matrilineally. b. The clans that made up these societies were defined patrilineally. c. They all allocated agricultural chores to women. d. Women were allowed to be chiefs in all these societies.     ANS:  A   The design of pre-Columbian Indian villages indicates which of the following? a. These societies had an extensive trade network with one another. b. Native Americans once had a common culture because there are no differences among the villages of hunter-gatherer societies, agricultural societies, and fishing societies. c. The design of Indian villages around a central place of worship indicates that, although widely separated, all Indians had the same religious beliefs. d. The defensive design of villages indicates that North American Indians fought with each other long before the arrival of Europeans.     ANS:  D   Women were most likely to hold political positions in a. hunting tribes. b. tribes that had no sexual division of labor. c. nomadic tribes. d. agricultural tribes.     ANS:  D   Which of the following is true of the Algonquians? a. They followed the example of the Aztecs, practicing settled agriculture and living a sedentary existence. b. They accepted women as rulers in some villages. c. They defined the extended family patrilineally. d. They were unique among the North American tribes in that they had no known religious beliefs.     ANS:  B   When Europeans began to colonize North America, the Indians on the continent a. did not see themselves as one people and did not think of uniting against the invaders. b. realized that unity against the invaders was essential to survival. c. quickly accepted the religious ideas expressed by European missionaries. d. recognized the importance of accepting and adopting the major characteristics of European culture.     ANS:  A   Which of the following was one of the major means of subsistence of the people living in the northernmost region of Upper Guinea? a. Farming b. Animal husbandry c. Cultivation of rice d. The gold trade     ANS:  C     In the fifteenth century, Lower Guinea and Upper Guinea differed in which of the following respects? a. The governments of Lower Guinea were democratic; those of Upper Guinea were autocratic. b. Women were responsible for the cultivation of rice in Lower Guinea but were the primary local traders in Upper Guinea. c. The peoples of Lower Guinea continued to practice traditional African religions; those of Upper Guinea were heavily influenced by the Islamic religion. d. Women were denied political power in Lower Guinea but held powerful political and religious positions in Upper Guinea.     ANS:  C   Most Africans of Lower Guinea were similar to the agricultural Indians of the Americas in which of the following respects? a. The political systems of both consisted of hereditary rulers governing agricultural empires. b. Both assigned agricultural tasks to men. c. Both lived a nomadic existence. d. The religious practices of both revolved around rituals designed to ensure a good harvest.     ANS:  D   At the time of initial contact with the Europeans, Lower Guinea was characterized by a. powerful and wealthy empires. b. decentralized political and social authority. c. religious disagreements between Christian rulers and the Muslim masses. d. acceptance of and strong devotion to Islam on the part of rulers and people.     ANS:  B   The societies of West Africa were like Native American societies in which of the following respects? a. The social systems of both were organized on the basis of the dual-sex principle. b. The political systems of both were organized on the basis of autocratic rule. c. In both, work assignments were organized on the basis of a sexual division of labor. d. In both, women were allowed to hold formal political power over men.     ANS:  C   The social systems of West Africa were all organized on the basis of the dual-sex principle, which meant that a. female political and religious leaders governed the women and males ruled the men. b. men and women were expected to have not only a sexual partner of the opposite sex but one of the same sex as well. c. every man could have two wives and every woman could have two husbands. d. all individuals were believed to have both a masculine and a feminine side.     ANS:  A                   Members of the Sandé cult a. frequently engaged in wars with neighboring tribes to obtain prisoners for human sacrifice to the gods. b. established diplomatic relations between Benin and Portugal and acted as middlemen in the trade between the two societies. c. were led by female religious leaders and were not allowed to reveal the secrets of their cult to men. d. were the only known West Africans to have monotheistic religious beliefs.     ANS:  C   Fifteenth-century European, African, and Mesoamerican societies differed from most North American Indian societies in that the former were a. theocratic in nature. b. hierarchical in nature. c. egalitarian in nature. d. patriarchal in nature.     ANS:  B   In contrast to African and Native American societies, women in European societies were a. not allowed to engage in certain kinds of work. b. usually denied positions of political and religious authority. c. primarily responsible for discipline within the family. d. equal to men in the eyes of the law.     ANS:  B   As a result of the Black Death, a. the people of Europe turned to the Christian religion for the first time. b. it is estimated that one-third of the people of Europe died in the late fourteenth century. c. the Angle and Saxon tribes of England were so weakened that they were easily defeated by William of Normandy. d. European scientists finally accepted the germ theory of disease long advanced by Arab scholars.     ANS:  B   After the Hundred Years' War, the monarchs of England and France worked to consolidate their political power. They were aided in this effort by a. their acceptance of the concept of constitutional monarchy. b. a new sense of national identity among their subjects. c. a resurgence of regional loyalties among nobles. d. promising their subjects that they would uphold the concept of human rights.     ANS:  B   Marco Polo's Travels was important primarily because it convinced many Europeans a. of the need for a defensive alliance against hostile non-European powers. b. that direct trade by sea with China was possible. c. of the need to Christianize China. d. that Chinese culture was superior to European culture.     ANS:  B   The primary motive for the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European voyages of exploration and discovery was the desire to a. spread Christianity around the world. b. verify the new scholarly theory that there were undiscovered continents. c. gain direct access to the goods of Africa and Asia. d. establish naval control of the seas.     ANS:  C   These winds made it easy for Spanish and Portuguese mariners to sail from the Iberian Peninsula to the Canary Islands. a. The Northeast Trades b. The Polar Easterlies c. The Horse Latitudes d. The prevailing Westerlies     ANS:  A   Why was it difficult for Spanish and Portuguese mariners to return home from the Canary Islands? a. The Northeast Trades, which quickly carried Iberian sailors from the Iberian peninsula to the Canaries, blow steadily southward. b. Unusual magnetic fields in that area rendered navigational instruments useless. c. Berber pirates preyed on ships sailing northward from the Canaries. d. They had no knowledge of the tacking maneuver.     ANS:  A   The Mediterranean Atlantic prepared the way for the European voyages of exploration and discovery because it was there that European mariners a. first learned the skill of trimming their sails. b. discovered that the Westerlies would carry them swiftly into the Atlantic and toward the Caribbean. c. first learned the importance of square sails in making their ships more maneuverable. d. learned the valuable strategy of sailing around the wind.     ANS:  D   By the 1470s the world's first colonial plantation economy was found in the a. Azores. b. Canaries. c. Madeiras. d. West Indies.     ANS:  C   After conquering the last Canary Island in 1496, the Spanish devoted the land to the cultivation of a. corn. b. rice. c. sugar. d. tobacco.     ANS:  C       Which of the following correctly characterizes the trade relationship between Portugal and the states of West Africa? a. The Portuguese merchants grew wealthy; the African chiefdoms gained little. b. The African chiefdoms gained wealth and power; the Portuguese gained little. c. The Portuguese merchants controlled the terms and conditions of the trade. d. The rulers of West Africa controlled the terms and conditions of the trade.     ANS:  D   Black slavery was introduced into Europe by the a. French. b. Spanish. c. English. d. Portuguese.     ANS:  D   The first economy based primarily on the bondage of black Africans was created in a. the Azores. b. the Canaries. c. the Madeiras. d. São Tomé.     ANS:  D   Based on their experiences in the islands of the Mediterranean Atlantic, the Europeans learned that they a. would have to use European laborers if colonies were to be productive and profitable. b. could successfully transplant their crops and livestock to exotic locations. c. would never be able to develop a system for supplying workers to distant colonies. d. could successfully cure the diseases they contracted in distant lands.     ANS:  B   As a result of his visit to the Portuguese colony on the Gold Coast of Africa, Columbus a. began to understand how important rice cultivation could be in solving food shortages in his native Genoa. b. recognized the economic potential of the slave trade. c. acquired a hatred for abusive and exploitive labor systems. d. learned how important it was to understand and accept the belief systems of non-Europeans.     ANS:  B   Queen Isabella decided to finance exploratory voyages, in part, because she a. believed it would divert her subjects' attention away from Spain's domestic problems. b. hoped profits from such voyages would help finance an expedition to wrest Jerusalem from the Muslims. c. wanted to prevent England from colonizing Africa. d. wanted knowledge about other world cultures.     ANS:  B       Columbus's log of his first encounter with the New World and its inhabitants reveals which of the following? a. He wanted to profit from the land he had found by exploiting its natural resources, including its people. b. He wanted to exterminate all Native Americans and completely destroy the cultures they had built. c. He insisted that Europeans had come merely to observe, not to change, the cultures of the New World's native inhabitants. d. He believed that his primary goal should be to Christianize the native inhabitants of the land he had found.     ANS:  A   The first person to publish the idea that Columbus had discovered a new continent was a. Pedro Alvares Cabral. b. John Cabot. c. Amerigo Vespucci. d. Martin Waldseemüller.     ANS:  C   Which of the following is true of John Cabot? a. He brought back to Europe the first formal knowledge of North America's northern coastline. b. He is credited with having found an all-water route through North America to Asia. c. As a result of his voyages, Cabot was the first European to realize that Columbus had not reached Asia. d. He established a settlement at Vinland, which was the first European settlement in North America.     ANS:  A   Under the encomienda system, a. the Catholic Church established schools and hospitals in Indian villages. b. individual conquistadors were granted tributary Indian villages from which they could collect money and goods. c. Spanish Jesuits undertook the task of converting Indians to the Christian faith. d. prisoners from Spain were sent to work in New World silver mines for periods ranging from seven years to life.     ANS:  B   Large numbers of Native Americans living in Spanish territory accepted Catholicism, in part, because a. it was the religion of their conquerors. b. they believed the parish priests could cure them of European diseases. c. they believed they would be executed if they refused. d. Catholicism seemed to promise immediate rewards in this life.     ANS:  A           Which of the following was a long-term consequence of the influx of gold and silver from the New World into Spain? a. The Spanish government funded domestic social programs that substantially raised the standard of living of the peasant masses. b. Rapid inflation led to an unfavorable balance of trade and the collapse of many businesses. c. The ready availability of investment capital at low interest rates led to the expansion and modernization of Spanish industries. d. The Spanish government became complacent and failed to defend the nation's interests against the aggressive Dutch and English.     ANS:  B   The main reason for the dramatic decline of the Indian population of Hispaniola from 1492 to 1542 was the a. Spanish decision forcibly to move the Indians to South America. b. inhumanity of the Spanish slave system. c. introduction of European diseases onto the island. d. psychological devastation caused by systematic destruction of traditional Indian culture.     ANS:  C   The Lakota, Comanches, and Crows of the Great Plains were profoundly affected by the a. introduction of the horse into North America. b. introduction of wheat and rye into North America. c. cultivation of tobacco. d. introduction of settled agriculture into North America.     ANS:  A   The permanent outposts established by Europeans in North America in the early seventeenth century were initially inhabited by people whose aim was to a. establish permanent colonies for their respective countries. b. establish military bases for their respective countries. c. Christianize the Indians of North America. d. make money by sending as many beaver pelts as possible home to Europe.     ANS:  D   Which of the following is true concerning trade between Indians and Europeans? a. Such trade was beneficial only to Europeans. b. In order to supply Europeans with much-demanded furs, some Indian bands abandoned their traditional economies. c. The controls imposed by some Indians on trade with Europeans created financial problems for European trading companies. d. Most Indian bands traded with Europeans only out of fear of reprisals if they refused.     ANS:  B   Who published translations of stories of exploratory voyages and argued in favor of English colonization of North America? a. John Cabot b. Richard Hakluyt c. John Hawkins d. Captain John Smith     ANS:  B   Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish English outposts in the New World, in part, because he wanted to a. establish tobacco plantations. b. serve the colonies of other European nations by carrying New World products into European markets. c. establish a haven for religious dissenters. d. establish trade with the Indians.     ANS:  D   ESSAY   Discuss the series of Mesoamerican civilizations that eventually gave rise to the Aztec civilization, and describe the major characteristics of Aztec culture. How did the Indian cultures that emerged in Mesoamerica differ from those that emerged in North America? What factors caused these differences?   ANS:         Discuss the similarities and differences among the Indian cultures of North America at the beginning of the seventeenth century. How can the differences among these cultures be explained?   ANS:         Discuss the similarities and differences among the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century West African cultures. How can the differences among these cultures be explained?   ANS:         Discuss the political, social, and economic characteristics of the Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Muskogean Indians in the early seventeenth century.   ANS:         Discuss the similarities and differences concerning the sexual division of labor among the English, the Iroquois, and the societies of West Africa.   ANS:         Discuss the prevailing winds of the North and South Atlantic as both a hindrance and an aid to European seafarers, and examine the role these winds played in the European voyages of exploration and discovery.   ANS:         List and discuss the three key lessons of colonization learned by Europeans from their experiences in the islands of the Mediterranean Atlantic and the African coast.   ANS:         Discuss the impact of the transfer of plants, diseases, and animals on Europe and Africa and on the Americas.   ANS:         Discuss the goals behind Spanish colonization of the Americas, and examine the features of the Spanish model of colonization. Did Spain attain its goals? What impact did Spanish colonization have on Spanish society and on the civilizations that the Spanish encountered in the Americas?   ANS:         Discuss the first English attempt to plant a permanent settlement in North America, and explain why that attempt failed.   ANS:                                           MAP EXERCISES   Map Exercise 1-1 Use the map that follows:     Refer to Map Exercise 1-1. On the outline map of the Americas above and referring to an historical atlas, draw in the boundaries for and mark the location of each of the present-day nations: Argentina Ecuador Paraguay Belize French Guiana Peru Bolivia Guatemala Puerto Rico Brazil Guyana Surinam Chile Haiti United States Colombia Honduras Uruguay Costa Rica Jamaica Venezuela Cuba Mexico   Dominican Republic Nicaragua   El Salvador Panama                         Refer to Map Exercise 1-1. Mark the location of each of the following cities: Buenos Aires Caracas Lima Mexico City Panama Santiago             Refer to Map Exercise 1-1. Using three pens of different colors (highlight pens will work fine) and referring to an historical atlas, mark the location of: the Aztec Empire the Inca Empire the Maya Empire             Refer to Map Exercise 1-1. Referring to an historical atlas, mark the following: the route taken by Cortés in his conquest of the Aztec Empire the route taken by Pizarro in his conquest of the Inca Empire                                                                 Map Exercise 1-2 On the outline map of the world that follows and using the text as a reference, mark the following:     Refer to Map Exercise 1-2.   Part 1 You will need five colors to complete this map exercise. (Highlight pens will work fine.)   Trade winds (Northeast and Southeast) blow from the Horse Latitudes toward the Equator. The rotation of Earth causes these winds to blow diagonally rather than directly North or South.   Westerlies blow from the Horse Latitudes toward the polar regions. The diagonal deflection of these winds is also caused by Earth's rotation.   Stagnant air exists in the Horse Latitudes and in the area called the Doldrums. (The Horse Latitudes are so named because the Spanish, who frequently ferried horses across the Atlantic, often found their sailing vessels stalled in this region. As a result, they ran out of water for the horses. As the horses died from thirst, they had to be thrown overboard.)   Polar Easterlies blow from the Arctic regions toward the more temperate regions to the South.   Use one color to highlight the area in which the Doldrums are located. Label this area "The Doldrums." (The Doldrums are located to the immediate north and south of the Equator, where the Northeast Trades and the Southeast Trades meet.)   Use a second color to highlight the Trade winds, both Northeast and Southeast.   Use a third color to highlight the areas in which the Horse Latitudes are located. Label this area "The Horse Latitudes." (The Horse Latitudes are located about at about 30 degrees North latitude¾in the area between the Westerlies and the Northeast Trades¾and at about 35 degrees South latitude (in the area between the Southeast Trades and the Westerlies).)   Use a fourth color to highlight the Westerlies.   Use a fifth color to highlight the Polar Easterlies.   Part 2 On the outline map of the world above and using the text as a reference, mark the following:   · The route of Columbus's first voyage to the New World. · The route of Cabot's 1497 voyage to the New World. · The route of Cabot's 1498 voyage to the New World.   Part 3 Based on this map exercise, and using your text as a reference, answer the following questions:   1. What winds aided Columbus in his voyage from Spain to the New World? 2. What winds appear to have hindered Cabot on his first voyage from England to the New World? 3. What winds appear to have made Cabot's second voyage easier?     ANS:       Read the full article

[csrgood]

Los Angeles Convention Center Donates 26 Tons of Event Items & Carpet to Several Los Angeles Nonprofit Organizations

The Los Angeles Convention Center (LACC), owned by the City of Los Angeles and managed by AEG Facilities, recently collected and donated 14.1 tons of remaining event items and 12 tons of carpet to several Los Angeles-based nonprofit organizations. The recent donations underscore the LACC’s commitment to zero waste management and service to the community.

Organizations including Habitat for Humanity, The Salvation Army L.A. Red Shield Youth & Community Center, St. Francis Center and EduCare Foundation received furniture, art supplies, tote bags, fixtures, water bottles, lanyards, clothing and more. Additionally, the LACC donated 72 four-stream recycling bins to The Salvation Army Red Shield Community Center in Downtown LA to be used to educate students at schools and camps about how to responsibly dispose of waste.

“The Los Angeles Convention Center has been an outstanding partner for our community," said Irene Lewis, Director, The Salvation Army Red Shield Community Center. “Their dedication has provided impactful services for the children and adults that walk through our doors.”

In addition to donating thousands of hard goods per year, the LACC continues to give back to the community through numerous volunteer opportunities. In 2018, more than 25 employees from the LACC and in-house vendor teams participated in a service day at The Salvation Army Red Shield Community Center in the Pico Union district. The volunteers worked with students in an afterschool program by completing arts and crafts projects, tutoring, participating in sports and playing games. 

During the LACC’s third annual day of service in 2019, the LACC teamed up with the Downtown Women’s Center (DWC) where 30 LACC and Taste of LA by Levy employees prepared and served home-style meals and sorted donations for the Made by DWC retail store and women in need. 

This spring, a team of LACC volunteers visited the Hope Street Margolis Family Center to give back to the neighborhood, and a group painted part of the Shaping LA mural by Portraits of Hope that is currently displayed on South Hall’s curved wall facing the 110 freeway. 

“The LACC team takes AEG’s mission, ‘giving the world a reason to cheer’ and applies it to the heart of our business approach,” said Ellen Schwartz, General Manager, LACC. “We are a facility committed to impacting the community for the better, continuously seeking ways to reduce our environmental footprint and serve those in need.”

Media Contact Michelle Riehle-Ludtke 213-765-4664 mriehle@lacclink.com

About the Los Angeles Convention Center The Los Angeles Convention Center (LACC) is renowned internationally as a prime site for conventions, trade shows, and exhibitions. Owned by the City of Los Angeles and professionally managed by AEG Facilities, the LACC attracts over 2.5 million visitors annually.  The facility is an integral economic component to the Southern California area, generating economic benefits through attendee direct and indirect spending and sustaining over 12,500 local jobs. The LACC also remains an enduring symbol of environmental sustainability and social responsibility and is proud to be a LEED® Gold certified facility; the venue was recertified on the Gold level in 2015 making the LACC the first convention center of its size in the U.S. to receive LEED® EB:O+M Gold recertification. For more information, please visit lacclink.com.

About AEG Facilities AEG Facilities is a stand-alone division of AEG, the leading sports and live entertainment company in the world. AEG and its affiliates owns, operates or consults with more than 150 of the industry’s preeminent venues worldwide, across five continents, providing complete venue management, as well as specialized programs in operations, guest services, ticketing, booking, sales and marketing. AEG Facilities also provides resources and access to other AEG-affiliated entities, including AEG Presents, one of the largest live music companies in the world, AEG Global Partnerships and AEG Real Estate, as well as such industry leading programs as AEG 1EARTH and AEG Encore to support the success of its venues across the globe. The Los Angeles-based organization owns, operates or provides services to the world’s most elite venues, including STAPLES Center and Microsoft Theater (Los Angeles, CA), Dignity Health Sports Park (Carson, CA), Sprint Center (Kansas City, MO.), Pechanga Arena San Diego (San Diego, CA), KFC Yum! Center (Louisville, KY.), AmericanAirlines Arena (Miami, Fla.), Barclays Center (Brooklyn, N.Y.), Target Center (Minneapolis, MN),  Oakland Arena and Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum (Oakland, CA), PPG Paints Arena (Pittsburgh, PA), Mercedes-Benz Arena (Shanghai, China), Cadillac Arena (Beijing, China), The O2 (London, England), Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin, Germany), Barclaycard Arena (Hamburg, Germany), SSE Hydro (Glasgow, UK), RAC Arena (Perth, Australia), Qudos Bank Arena and ICC (Sydney, Australia), Ericsson Globe Arena (Stockholm, Sweden), Los Angeles Convention Center (Los Angeles, Calif.), Hawaii Convention Center (Honolulu, HI), Puerto Rico Convention Center (San Juan, Puerto Rico) and the Oman Convention & Exhibition Center (Muscat, Oman). For more information, please visit aegworldwide.com.

source: https://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/42688-Los-Angeles-Convention-Center-Donates-26-Tons-of-Event-Items-Carpet-to-Several-Los-Angeles-Nonprofit-Organizations?tracking_source=rss

[jamesgeiiger]

Huawei pledges to do ‘whatever is required’ to meet Canada’s security standards for 5G networks

Huawei Technologies Canada Co. will do “whatever is required” to meet the Ottawa’s security standards for 5G networks, the Chinese telecommunications giant pledged in a letter sent Wednesday to the Canadian Cyber Security Centre.

The promise comes at a tense time in Canada’s relationship with Hauwei after its CFO was arrested on Canadian soil under an extradition agreement with the United States. Canadian officials are facing mounting pressure to ban Huawei equipment from next-generation wireless networks over fears it contains hidden backdoors the Chinese government could exploit for espionage.

But Huawei Canada President Eric Li said the company will make a series of commitments to “ensure the integrity and security of 5G networks in Canada” in line with new commitments it made to the United Kingdom, according to the letter to Francis Castonguay, the CCSC’s director general of partnerships and risk mitigation. A copy of the letter was sent to the Financial Post.

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This week, Huawei said it would spend US$2 billion over the next five years in the U.K. to fix technical problems that the U.K’s spy agency believes could expose British telecom networks to security risks. Specific measures have not been made public, but Huawei said it shared an outline of its commitments to the U.K. government with Canadian officials.

Li wrote he “would like to ensure it is understood our commitments to the U.K. also apply to the Government of Canada.”

Canadian officials are facing mounting pressure to ban Huawei equipment from next-generation wireless networks over fears it contains hidden backdoors the Chinese government could exploit for espionage.

“We are proud to have been able to work with Canada for a decade, and hope that these additional efforts ensure we are doing whatever is required to meet the standards of the Government of Canada,” Li wrote.

“This is Huawei Canada’s unwavering commitment to the Government of Canada.”

The promise comes as Huawei faces intense scrutiny in Canada and around the world. In early December, Canadian authorities arrested Huawei’s CFO Meng Wanzhou in Vancouver at the request of the United States, which wants to extradite her to face fraud charges for allegedly violating its sanctions against Iran. Meng, the daughter of Huawei’s founder, a former officer in the People’s Liberation Army, has been released on bail. China has subsequently detained three Canadians.

Hauwei has repeatedly denied any ties to the Chinese government.

Still, Australia, New Zealand and the United States have blocked Huawei from their next-generation 5G networks for national security reasons. Japan and France are reportedly poised to do the same.

As it stands, Huawei equipment is entrenched in Canada’s telecom networks, particularly those owned by BCE Inc. and Telus Corp. For security reasons, Huawei’s equipment is not used in their core networks, but there would be huge financial implications if they had to replace the equipment.

Bell and Telus have partnered with Huawei to test 5G technology, while Rogers Communications Inc. partnered with Ericsson to upgrade its network.

Canada has tested Huawei’s equipment for security risks since 2013, though the Communications Security Establishment only revealed the practice earlier this year after former government officials raised security concerns. The CSE, which oversees the cyber security centre, uses independent labs to test the equipment to help mitigate the risk of spying or network disruption.

Huawei Canada also has research partnerships with more than 10 Canadian universities and employs more than 700 people.

“Openness and transparency has been the cornerstone of Huawei’s business and R&D operations here in Canada, and it will continue to be in the future,” Li said.

• Email: ejackson@nationalpost.com | Twitter: theemilyjackson

Huawei pledges to do ‘whatever is required’ to meet Canada’s security standards for 5G networks published first on https://worldwideinvestforum.tumblr.com/

[htfmarketintelligence-blog]

A Comprehensive Study exploring Long Term Evolution LTE Technology Market

HTF MI published a new industry research that focuses on Long Term Evolution LTE Technology market and delivers in-depth market analysis and future prospects of Global Long Term Evolution LTE Technology market. The study covers significant data which makes the research document a handy resource for managers, analysts, industry experts and other key people get ready-to-access and self-analyzed study along with graphs and tables to help understand market trends, drivers and market challenges. The study is segmented by Application/ end users [M2M and Connected Device, Public Safety LTE, VoLTE, Video on Demand, Defense & Security & Other], products type [LTE FDD, LTE TDD & LTE Advance] and various important geographies like United States, EU, Japan, China, India & Southeast Asia].  Get Access to sample pages @ https://www.htfmarketreport.com/sample-report/842216-global-long-term-evolution-lte-technology-market   The research covers the current market size of the Global Long Term Evolution LTE Technology market and its growth rates based on 5 year history data along with company profile of key players/manufacturers such as Alcatel-Lucent, AT&T, Bharti Airtel, China Mobile, Huawei Technologies, LM Ericsson, Nokia Solutions and Networks. B.V., NTT DOCOMO, Verizon Communication & Vodafone Group. The in-depth information by segments of Long Term Evolution LTE Technology market helps monitor future profitability & to make critical decisions for growth. The information on trends and developments, focuses on markets and materials, capacities, technologies, CAPEX cycle and the changing structure of the Global Long Term Evolution LTE Technology Market. The study provides company profiling, product picture and specifications, sales, market share and contact information of key manufacturers of Global Long Term Evolution LTE Technology Market, some of them listed here are Alcatel-Lucent, AT&T, Bharti Airtel, China Mobile, Huawei Technologies, LM Ericsson, Nokia Solutions and Networks. B.V., NTT DOCOMO, Verizon Communication & Vodafone Group. The market is growing at a very rapid pace and with rise in technological innovation, competition and M&A activities in the industry many local and regional vendors are offering specific application products for varied end-users. The new manufacturer entrants in the market are finding it hard to compete with the international vendors based on quality, reliability, and innovations in technology.  Global Long Term Evolution LTE Technology (Thousands Units) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type such as LTE FDD, LTE TDD & LTE Advance. Further the research study is segmented by Application such as M2M and Connected Device, Public Safety LTE, VoLTE, Video on Demand, Defense & Security & Other with historical and projected market share and compounded annual growth rate.  Geographically, this report is segmented into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue (million USD), and market share and growth rate of Long Term Evolution LTE Technology in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast), covering United States, EU, Japan, China, India & Southeast Asia and its Share (%) and CAGR for the forecasted period 2017 to 2022.  Read Detailed Index of full Research Study at @ https://www.htfmarketreport.com/reports/842216-global-long-term-evolution-lte-technology-market   What this Research Study Offers:  Global Long Term Evolution LTE Technology Market share assessments for the regional and country level segments  Market share analysis of the top industry players  Strategic recommendations for the new entrants  Market forecasts for a minimum of 5 years of all the mentioned segments, sub segments and the regional markets  Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)  Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations  Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends  Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments  Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements  Buy this research report @ https://www.htfmarketreport.com/buy-now?format=1&report=842216   There are 15 Chapters to display the Global Long Term Evolution LTE Technology market.  Chapter 1, to describe Definition, Specifications and Classification of Long Term Evolution LTE Technology , Applications of Long Term Evolution LTE Technology , Market Segment by Regions;  Chapter 2, to analyze the Manufacturing Cost Structure, Raw Material and Suppliers, Manufacturing Process, Industry Chain Structure;  Chapter 3, to display the Technical Data and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Long Term Evolution LTE Technology , Capacity and Commercial Production Date, Manufacturing Plants Distribution, R&D Status and Technology Source, Raw Materials Sources Analysis;  Chapter 4, to show the Overall Market Analysis, Capacity Analysis (Company Segment), Sales Analysis (Company Segment), Sales Price Analysis (Company Segment);  Chapter 5 and 6, to show the Regional Market Analysis that includes United States, EU, Japan, China, India & Southeast Asia, Long Term Evolution LTE Technology Segment Market Analysis (by Type);  Chapter 7 and 8, to analyze the Long Term Evolution LTE Technology Segment Market Analysis (by Application) Major Manufacturers Analysis of Long Term Evolution LTE Technology ;  Chapter 9, Market Trend Analysis, Regional Market Trend, Market Trend by Product Type [LTE FDD, LTE TDD & LTE Advance], Market Trend by Application [M2M and Connected Device, Public Safety LTE, VoLTE, Video on Demand, Defense & Security & Other];  Chapter 10, Regional Marketing Type Analysis, International Trade Type Analysis, Supply Chain Analysis;  Chapter 11, to analyze the Consumers Analysis of Global Long Term Evolution LTE Technology ;  Chapter 12, to describe Long Term Evolution LTE Technology Research Findings and Conclusion, Appendix, methodology and data source;  Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Long Term Evolution LTE Technology sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source.  Get customization & check discount for report @ https://www.htfmarketreport.com/enquiry-before-buy/842216-global-long-term-evolution-lte-technology-market   Thanks for reading this article; you can also get individual chapter wise section or region wise report version like North America, Europe or Asia.  Contact Us:  CRAIG FRANCIS (PR & Marketing Manager)  sales@htfmarketreport.com  Ph: +1 (206) 317 1218  Connect with us at  https://www.linkedin.com/company/13388569/

[hst304finalproject]

John Ericsson

Even though the Monitor is an American naval icon, its inventor was born abroad. John Ericsson was born in Sweden in 1803. Here is a short overview on some of his major inventions:

Ericsson left Sweden and moved to England in 1827 to pursue the development of a new engine driven by hot air. He would work on this engine his whole life, but it never replaced the popular steam engine. Air engines proved to be impractical, as they were heavy and required high temperatures and constant maintenance (Mindell, 35).

In 1829, Ericsson tried his hand at railroading by entering a contest held by the Liverpool and Manchester Railroad. His engine, the Novelty, outpaced the revolutionary Rocket built by George and Robert Stephenson. However, the Novelty kept breaking down and Ericsson withdrew from the contest. (Mindell, 36)

The screw propeller, arguably Ericsson’s most important invention, was also deemed a failure, at least when he first demonstrated it to the British Admiralty. Installed in his experimental ship, the Francis B. Ogden, Ericsson’s propeller easily towed an Admiralty barge up the Thames. However, the Admiralty turned his invention down.

Once Ericsson moved to America in 1839, some of his work followed him. In England, he had built a wrought-iron naval gun of strong design, with iron bands wrapped around the breech to strengthen it. In America, with the help of his associate Robert Stockton, Ericsson built the first propeller-driven steam warship, the Princeton, for the U.S. Navy. Ericsson’s gun was one of the two installed. The second was ordered by Stockton and built in New York. It lacked the reinforced bands and blew up during the Princeton’s demonstration on February 28, 1844, killing several high-ranking government officials. 

Even though it was Stockton’s gun that had catastrophically failed, much of the blame fell on the Swedish inventor, and “Ericsson’s Folly” meant he would not work with the U.S. Navy until 1863. (Mindell, 37)

[at-mercatino]

The Public France Télécom phone cards

I've introduced the French phone cards for telephone booth or telephone location, which are inserted into a payphone, providing valuable information about classification, appearance and models of France Télécom phone cards, which are chip cards, helped by The Collector's Bible, ie Phonecote catalog,[^], the website that connects collectors, that is Colnect, and my experience. I looked into the figurative side of the phone card at the type of chip and at cartouche, and at the back side of the phone card, in the white space, where are logo, service text and other written, serial number, print run and issue date, etc., etc. I come, now, finally to the bread of the collector, the phone card with its image and the series to which it may belong, speaking of those one I had in my hands, that is the Public and Equivalent Public France Télécom phone cards.

Some information

The Public France Télécom phone cards, Les Publiques,[^] are thousands,[^] and they have attracted, for the inimitable style, million of collectors of phone cards, and not only, of every part of the globe for more than twenty years, more or less at the turn of the year 2000. The Public French phone cards are in two values, 50 unités and 120 unités. 120 units card usually has lower print run than 50 units card, often are a pair, and sometimes with the same image, many, instead, are part of a series.

The main changes in phone cards with the same picture affects la puce, print run and date, but are not many. Varieties of the serial number, serigraphs, their position, errors and other, are instead quite a number and requires a specialist study, which in Phonecote has a dedicated section, under the name Les Variétés de Publiques.[^] Print run on télécarte is overall of 50 and 120 units, and of cards with different chip and date (there are, however, exceptions), and it serves, therefore, a catalog to know the actual circulation of the single card. Any télécartes have written Tirage of well 2,000,000,[^] a card with the image of the Eiffel Tower just 105,000[^].

I prefer to omit examples of phone cards, even at the expense of documentation, that have on Colnect additional signs, in pencil or pen, and many French cards have them because varieties are many, such as the catalog number,[^] even with the price,[^] or with other annotations[^].

The First Public phone cards

In May 1987 sees the light the first public French chip phone card, JTB Paris Champs-Elysees Arc de Triumphe.[^] La télécarte has no logo but only the cartouche, and France Télécom will be born only in 1988. The first phone cards, is obvious, are rare, and I do not have them, I would like, it is equally taken for granted, get them. With the first cartouche and France Telecom that is just in the text En cas d'incident appellez le 13 ou adressez-vous à votre Agence de France Telecom, I remember any télécartes that I own, which already have a bigger run, La 4e Dimension, 3e Internationaux de France de Gimnastique, Kronenbourg[^].

The Golden Age, from 1989 to 2000

With second cartouche, which lasts from 1989 to 2000, beautiful télécartes, unforgettable, that capture, I leave many names in French. The phone card is in the pocket of any person who wants to call outside, and there are a lot of phone calls, and it can be said that it is its golden age, which comes after payment with token-coins and coins and before the advent of the mobile phone.

Two cult series: Les Grand Figures des Telecommunications e Telephone et Cinema

Two series are real object of worship for card collectors, imitated by so many other countries and Telecom of the world. Many cards are in the double value, 50 and 120 units.

The first one is Les Grand Figures des Telecommunications, with the image of a character who has made the history of telecommunications, inventors and scientists, and at the back of the card a short biography. Each télécarte has one-color background, there are date variations and puce manufacturer. These Great Figures are:

1 Maurice Deloraine (10/92), 2 Alexander Graham Bell, 3 Samuel Morse, 4 René Barthelemy, 5 Emilie Baudot, 6 Clement Ader, 7 Guglielmo Marconi, 8 Gustave Ferrier, 9 Claude Chappe,[^] 10 Edouard Belin, 11 Robert Keller, 12 Giovanni Caselli (03/94).

The second memorable series of télécartes is Telephone et Cinema, a numbered series begun before 1990, when there was still no circulation and date of issue on the card, and continued beyond 2000. The series portrays, with pictures taken by film, known actors and actresses while telephoning:

1 Michel Serrault dans "Les fantômas du chapelier" (1982) un film de Claude Chabrol.[^]

2 Claude Lelouch (02/92) dans "La belle histoire" (1992) un film de Claude Lelouch.

3 Gerard Lanvin (02/92) dans "La belle histoire" (1992) un film de Claude Lelouch.[^]

4 Jean Gabin (03/93 - 05/94) dans "Les Grand Familles" (1958) un film de Claude Deny de La Patellière.

5 Simone Signoret (12.93, 03.94) dans "Les Diaboliques" (1954) un film de Henri-Georges Clouzout.

6 Romy Schneider dans "La Piscine" (1969) un film de Jacques Deray.

7 Jean-Louis Trintignat dans "Trois Couleurs Rouge" (1994) un film de Krzysztof Kieslowski.

8 Catherine Deneuve (04/95) dans "Le bon plaisir" (1984) un film de Francis Girod.

more in a short, 9 Gérard Depardieu-Christian Clavier,[^] 10 Jeanne Moreau (10/96), 11 Michel Piccoli, 12 Christian Clavier, 13 Bernard Blier (02/99), 14 and 15 with the new cartouche.

Other series featuring the phone, the phone call and the phone booth

I keep writing the best time of phone card, with télécartes series on theme the phone, the act of calling and where it happens, in the phone booth. The merit of France Télécom, as in the two above-mentioned series, is to put it in front of any other type of subject. These series are:

Collection Historique, dated 1997 and 1998, where every télécarte has a vintage phone, and at the back there is the name of the phone, the year and a caption:

1 Téléphone Deckert 1912,[^] 2 Téléphone Ericsson 1900, 3 Téléphone D'Arsonval 1900, 4 Téléphone Jacquesson 1924, 5 Téléphone Ader 1880, 6 Téléphone Ericsson 1885,[^] 7 Téléphone Mildé 1892, 8 Téléphone Bailleux 1892, 9 Téléphone Mildé 1901, 10 Téléphone Pasquet 1905, 11 Téléphone Berliner 1910, 12 Téléphone Mildè 1911, ..., 22 Télégraphe manipulateur Bréguet 1850.

9 histoires humoristiques (the first télécarte is 11-98): 1 Les petits diables,[^] 2 Le roller, ..., 9 Le père Noël.

Depart immediat pour Londres, New York, ou Le Caire... (12-98 - 05-99): 1 New York,[^] 2 Pise, 3 Pékin, 4 Londres, 5 Moscou, 6 Amsterdam, 7 Le Caire, 8 Tokyo, 9 Marrakech, 10 Münich, 11 Seville, 12 Cuba.

Collection Dessins d'enfants: Cabine n° 1 gaelle 6 ans, ..., Cabine n° 8 marc 6 ans[^].

Collection grand nouvelles: 1 Le Mariage, 2 La Danseuse Étoile, 3 La Naissance, 4 Les Vacances,[^] 5 L'Oscar, 6 L'Examen (any are with the following cartouche).

Other series of télécartes and télécartes

Other phone cards of that fantastic and unique decade, in the size of a credit card, 85.60 mm. × 53.98 mm, that has a lot of luck, I group them by subject. Some are series of télécartes, others a pair, 50 and 120 units, a smaller number are recurring every year:

cultural: Accadémie francaise (multiple series, the first subjects are in 1989), Festival de Musique d'Anvers-sur-Oise with Van Gogh's famous self-portrait,[^] Mozart Musicién Européen (05/91),[^] L'Art Vocal series in 6 cards, 50 and 120 unités, with Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong,[^] Bessie Smith, Fats Waller and Cab Calloway, then Street Culture, and many more.

about telephone services and France Télécom brand: Tarif 18 h 00, Mémophone 3672,[^] Signal d'appel, Transfert d'appel, Call home, Minitel 2, the seasons,[^] and many more.

advertising: Aspirine oberline, Milka Lila Pause, Yoplait[^] with the image of the torch for Albertville 92, the first French phone card I got, EuroDisney,[^] Bose, Gaz de France, Orangina, Schweppes, Buitoni, Barilla, Peugeot Assistance, Renault, Citroen, Kitkat, SNCF, Yves Rocher, Michelin, Nike, Auchan, and many other. Some brands, periodically, are in telephone cards, and in series.

celebration of sporting events: the series of Albertville, on a blue background, an athlete for every winter discipline (hockey,[^] skating, skiing, cross country skiing, ski jumping), Roland Garros, gymnastics world championships in Bercy, two series of Peugeot 1ere aux 24 heures du Mans en 92 et 93, Tour de France. Then, football World Cup France 98, with groups, Footix,[^] posters, players, cartoons of humorists, stadiums[^]. These last deserve a special memory. In fact, I bought them from my French acquaintance, who perhaps made my own trade, do flea markets, going to Nice, departing by train from Bordighera, where I usually spent my holidays.

commemorative: 50ème Anniversaire de Débarquements en Normandie et de la Libération de la France.

of places and regional, cards to more short-run release only in regions or departments: Ile de France, Règion des Pays de la Loire and other.

about telecomunication, telephone technology and the sale of phone cards: Musée de Télécommunication de Plemeur-Bodou, Plemeur-Bodou (21 series over the years), BNVT (Bureau National de la Vente des Telecartes de France Telecom).

informational and fighting disease: SIDA.

And what seems to be just a list of phone cards, it is the time that passes, my life flowing.

Télécartes from 2000 onwards

From 2000, having to continue my story, with the pointed cartouche and new logo, French phone cards gradually become more difficult to find, despite the high circulation printed on the card, perhaps because less sold and, more likely, because France Télécom changes frequently date on the same card and manufacturer.

New series illustrate, with drawing, other aspects of telephony, such as the progress, phone booths, in art, but they appear to be less effective than previous series. These series are:

goes on Telephone et Cinema, with 14 Roman Polanski (03/00)[^] and 15 Johnny Depp (11/00).

Le XXème siècle (00): Carte N° 1 La Conquête spatiale (with the previous cartouche), N° 2 L'Ordinateur, N° 3 Le G.P.S, N° 4 La Télévision, N° 5 L'automobile, N° 5 Le cinema, N° 6 Les Télécommunications, N° 7 La Plongèè sous-marine,[^] N° 8 La Musique, N° 9 L'Électricitè, N° 10 Le Microprocesseur, N° 12 La Médicine.

Collection Courants Artistiques (11/00): N°1 Le "Wiener Werkstâtte" Austriche (1896-1932),[^] N°2 Le Fauvisme - France (1905-1910), ..., N°8 Le Pop Art Etats-Unis (1955-1970).

Three series, each of 4 cards : Le Soleil, les Vacances, la Plage (07/01), Les cabines de... (07/01), Le double-effet cabines telephoniques (10-01 - 12-01).

Parlez-vous Européen? (01-02 - 02-02): 1 Hola - Espagne, 2 Emitpos - Grece, 3 Hallo - Hollande, 4 Hallo - Allemagne-Autriche, 5 Hello - Angleterre, 6 Pronto - Italie[^].

Other ones: "Instantanes de cabines" (04-02) a serie of 4 chip cards, Cool! OK! tranquille! (07-02) 6 télécartes, 20000 cabines partoute en France! (10-02) 6 télécartes, Vivez la ville (09-03) 4 phone cards.

Other télécartes or serie of télécartes are: Bollè, RFM, & france telecom et votre buraliste, Rugby, upcoming movies in cinemas, such as S1m0ne, Seigneur des Anneaux (The Lord of the Rings),[^] Blade II and Austin Powers, then Les Grand Monuments, and many more.

My cataloging

After several messes, in which I've separated cards of telephone service and France Télécom only-brand cards from the others, because less showy and more common or ordinary, I have followed, then, the more logic chronological cataloging of Phonecote.

My télécartes are jealously kept in shoe boxes, that I never changed, within numbered cigarette packages, while other ones are arranged in row in labeled boxes, of the card's size, anyone wooden, with the longest series, and other in cardboard. They are scattered in several rooms, the wardrobe of my bedroom, a corner of the living room and in the cellar. I have presented my French chip cards into three big albums, by pooling cards of each series, and putting, in each pocket, a small sticker on top, where there is the catalog number, and another sticker down, round, with my selling price.

In the past I brought one of my albums of Public France Télécom phone cards at mercatino, right at the center of my stall, and I was so proud, because they were the most beautiful among my foreign phone cards.

References

Chambre des négociants experts en télécartes. Phonecote 2002: Guide Annuel des Télécartes et mobicartes (13a ed.) (in French). Retrieved 21 February 2017.

Chambre des négociants experts en télécartes. Les Publiques et Assimilées Publiques. Phonecote 2002: Guide Annuel des Télécartes et mobicartes (13a ed.) (in French). pp. 81-173. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"France Telecom". In Phonecard catalog: France: Series List. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

Chambre des négociants experts en télécartes. Les Variétés des Publiques. Phonecote 2002: Guide Annuel des Télécartes et mobicartes (13a ed.) (in French). pp. 175-240. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"L'univers Telecarte". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Tour Eiffel". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Schweppes 1". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Call Home 92". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Minicom". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Paris J.T.B.". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Kronenbourg Petite Fleche". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Grandes Figures Telecom. n. 09 - Claude Chappe". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"01 - Michel Serrault". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Tel-cine03 Lanvin". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Telephone et Cinema n. 9 - Clavier & Depardieu". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Collection Historique n. 01 - Téléphone Deckert". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Collection Historique n. 06 - Téléphone Ericsson". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Les Petits Diables". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"01 - New York". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Marc 8 ans - la cabine en haut". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Grandes Nouvelles n. 4 - Les Vacances". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Van Gogh". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Mozart". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Jazz - Louis Armstrong". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Memophone Jazz". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"L'hiver". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Yoplait". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Casting Center Eurodisney Gros Logo Mickey". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Hockey". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"World Cup '98 - Footix, Tete". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Les Stades de France 98 - Lyon". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Telephone et Cinema n. 14 - Roman Polanski". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Le XXe Siecle n. 7 - La Plongee". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Collection Courants Artistiques n. 1 - Wiener Werkstatte Aut". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Allo 6 - Italie (pronto)". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

"Seigneur Des Anneaux - Yeux Fermés". In Phonecard catalog: Phonecard. Colnect. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

Italiano

[maurogv]

Le schede telefoniche France Télécom Pubbliche

Ho introdotto le schede telefoniche francesi per cabina telefonica o postazione telefonica che si inseriscono nel telefono pubblico fornendo preziose informazioni sulla classificazione, sull'aspetto e i modelli di schede telefoniche France Télécom, che sono schede telefoniche a chip, aiutato dalla Bibbia del Collezionista ossia il catalogo Phonecote,[^] dal sito che connette i collezionisti, cioè Colnect, e dalla mia esperienza. Ho guardato nel lato figurato della scheda telefonica al tipo di chip e al cartiglio, e al retro della scheda telefonica nello spazio bianco, dove si trovano il logo, il testo di servizio e altre scritte, il numero di serie, la tiratura e la data di emissione, ecc., ecc. Vengo, ora, finalmente al pane del collezionista, la scheda telefonica con la sua immagine e la serie alla quale eventualmente appartiene, parlando di quelle che ho avuto tra le mani, ossia le schede telefoniche France Télécom Pubbliche e Assimilabili Pubbliche.

Alcune informazioni

Le schede telefoniche France Télécom Pubbliche, Les Publiques,[^] sono migliaia,[^] e hanno attratto, per lo stile inimitabile, milioni di collezionisti di schede telefoniche, e non solo, di ogni parte del globo per più di venti anni, più o meno a cavallo dell'anno 2000. Le schede telefoniche francesi pubbliche sono in due valori, 50 unités e 120 unités. La scheda in 120 unità di solito ha una tiratura inferiore della scheda da 50 unità, spesso sono una coppia, e a volte con la stessa immagine, molte, invece, fanno parte di una serie.

Le variazioni principali di schede telefoniche aventi la stessa immagine riguardano la puce, la tiratura e la data, ma non sono molte. Le varietà del numero di serie, serigrafie, la loro posizione, errori e altro, sono invece un certo numero e richiede uno studio specialistico, che in Phonecote ha una sezione dedicata, con il nome Les Variétés de Publiques.[^] La tiratura sulla télécarte è complessiva delle 50 e 120 unità, e delle carte con chip e date diverse (ci sono tuttavia eccezioni), e serve, quindi, un catalogo per conoscere la reale tiratura della singola scheda. Alcune télécartes hanno scritto Tirage di ben 2.000.000,[^] una scheda con l'immagine della Torre Eiffel appena 105.000[^].

Preferisco omettere esempi di schede telefoniche, anche a scapito della documentazione, che su Colnect hanno segni aggiuntivi, a matita o a penna, e molte carte francesi li hanno perchè le varietà sono molte, come il numero di catalogo,[^] anche con il prezzo,[^] o con altre annotazioni[^].

Le prime schede telefoniche Pubbliche

Nel maggio 1987 vede la luce la prima scheda telefonica a chip francese pubblica, Paris JTB Champs-Elysees Arc de Triumphe.[^] La télécarte non ha logo ma solo il cartiglio, e France Télécom nascerà solo nel 1988. Le prime schede telefoniche, è evidente, sono rare, e io non le ho, mi piacerebbe, è altrettanto scontato, averle. Con il primo cartiglio e France Telecom che è solo nel testo En cas d'incident appellez le 13 ou adressez-vous à votre Agence de France Telecom, io ricordo alcune télécartes che posseggo, che hanno già una tiratura maggiore, La 4e Dimension, 3e Internationaux de France de Gimnastique, Kronenbourg[^].

Il periodo d'oro, dal 1989 al 2000

Con il secondo cartiglio, che dura dal 1989 al 2000, bellissime télécartes, indimenticabili, che catturano, lascio molti nomi in francese. La scheda telefonica è in tasca ad ogni persona che vuole telefonare fuori casa, e le telefonate sono tantissime, e si può dire che è il suo periodo d'oro, che viene dopo il pagamento con gettoni e monete e prima dell'avvento del telefonino.

Due serie culto: Les Grand Figures des Telecommunications e Telephone et Cinema

Due serie sono vere oggetto di culto per i collezionisti di schede telefoniche, imitate da tanti altri paesi e Telecom del mondo. Molte carte sono nel doppio valore, 50 e 120 unità.

La prima è Les Grand Figures des Telecommunications, con l'immagine di un personaggio che ha fatto la storia delle telecomunicazioni, inventori e scienziati, e al retro della carta una sua breve biografia. Ogni télécarte ha uno sfondo ad un colore, ci sono variazioni di data e di produttore della puce. Queste Grandi Figure sono:

1 Maurice Deloraine (10/92), 2 Alexander Graham Bell, 3 Samuel Morse, 4 René Barthelemy, 5 Emilie Baudot, 6 Clement Ader, 7 Guglielmo Marconi, 8 Gustave Ferrier, 9 Claude Chappe,[^] 10 Edouard Belin, 11 Robert Keller, 12 Giovanni Caselli (03/94).

La seconda serie memorabile di télécartes è Telephone et Cinema, una serie numerata iniziata prima del 1990, quando ancora non c'era la tiratura e la data di emissione sulla carta, e continuata fin oltre l'anno 2000. La serie ritrae, con immagini tratte da film, noti attori e attrici mentre telefonano:

1 Michel Serrault dans "Les fantômas du chapelier" (1982) un film de Claude Chabrol.[^]

2 Claude Lelouch (02/92) dans "La belle histoire" (1992) un film de Claude Lelouch.

3 Gerard Lanvin (02/92) dans "La belle histoire" (1992) un film de Claude Lelouch.[^]

4 Jean Gabin (03/93 - 05/94) dans "Les Grand Familles" (1958) un film de Claude Deny de La Patellière.

5 Simone Signoret (12.93, 03.94) dans "Les Diaboliques" (1954) un film de Henri-Georges Clouzout.

6 Romy Schneider dans "La Piscine" (1969) un film de Jacques Deray.

7 Jean-Louis Trintignat dans "Trois Couleurs Rouge" (1994) un film de Krzysztof Kieslowski.

8 Catherine Deneuve (04/95) dans "Le bon plaisir" (1984) un film de Francis Girod.

più in breve, 9 Gérard Depardieu-Christian Clavier,[^] 10 Jeanne Moreau (10/96), 11 Michel Piccoli, 12 Christian Clavier, 13 Bernard Blier (02/99), 14 e 15 con il nuovo cartiglio.

Altre serie con tema il telefono, la telefonata e la cabina telefonica

Continuo a scrivere del periodo più bello della carta telefonica, con le serie di télécartes con tema il telefono, l'atto di telefonare e dove avviene, nella cabina telefonica. Il merito di France Télécom, come nelle due serie sopra nominate, è di metterlo davanti ad ogni altro tipo di soggetto. Le serie sono:

Collection Historique, con date 1997 e 1998, dove ogni télécarte ha immagine un telefono d'epoca, e al retro c'è il nome del telefono, l'anno e una didascalia:

1 Téléphone Deckert 1912,[^] 2 Téléphone Ericsson 1900, 3 Téléphone D'Arsonval 1900, 4 Téléphone Jacquesson 1924, 5 Téléphone Ader 1880, 6 Téléphone Ericsson 1885,[^] 7 Téléphone Mildé 1892, 8 Téléphone Bailleux 1892, 9 Téléphone Mildé 1901, 10 Téléphone Pasquet 1905, 11 Téléphone Berliner 1910, 12 Téléphone Mildè 1911, ..., 22 Télégraphe manipulateur Bréguet 1850.

9 histoires humoristiques (la prima télécartes è del 11-98): 1 Les petits diables,[^] 2 Le roller, ..., 9 Le père Noël.

Depart immediat pour Londres, New York, ou Le Caire... (12-98 - 05-99): 1 New York,[^] 2 Pise, 3 Pékin, 4 Londres, 5 Moscou, 6 Amsterdam, 7 Le Caire, 8 Tokyo, 9 Marrakech, 10 Münich, 11 Seville, 12 Cuba.

Collection Dessins d'enfants: Cabine n° 1 gaelle 6 ans, ..., Cabine n° 8 marc 6 ans[^].

Collection grand nouvelles: 1 Le Mariage, 2 La Danseuse Étoile, 3 La Naissance, 4 Les Vacances,[^] 5 L'Oscar, 6 L'Examen (alcune sono con il cartiglio successivo).

Altre serie di télécartes e télécartes

Altre schede telefoniche di quel decennio fantastico e irripetibile, nella dimensione di una carta di credito, 85.60 mm. × 53.98 mm, che ha tanta fortuna, le raggruppo per argomento. Alcune sono serie di télécartes, altre una coppia, 50 unità e 120 unità, un numero più piccolo sono ricorrenti ogni anno:

culturali: Accadémie francaise (più serie, i primi soggetti sono del 1989), Festival de Musique d'Anvers-sur-Oise con il celeberrimo autoritratto di Van Gogh,[^] Mozart Musicién Européen (05/91),[^] la serie L'Art Vocal di 6 carte, 50 e 120 unités, con Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong,[^] Bessie Smith, Fats Waller e Cab Calloway, poi Street Culture, e molte altre.

di servizi telefonici e del marchio France Télécom: Tarif 18 h 00, Mémophone 3672,[^] Signal d'appel, Transfert d'appel, Call home, Minitel 2, le stagioni,[^] e molte altre.

pubblicitarie: Aspirine oberline, Milka Lila Pause, Yoplait[^] con l'immagine della fiaccola, per Albertville 92, la prima carta telefonica francese da me avuta, EuroDisney,[^] Bose, Gaz de France, Orangina, Schweppes, Buitoni, Barilla, Peugeot Assistance, Renault, Citroen, Kitkat, SNCF, Yves Rocher, Michelin, Nike, Auchan, e molte altre. Alcuni marchi, periodicamente, sono in carte telefoniche, e in serie.

celebrative di eventi sportivi: la serie di Albertville, su sfondo azzurro, con un atleta per ogni disciplina invernale (hockey,[^] pattinaggio, sci, sci di fondo, salto con gli sci), Roland Garros, campionati del mondo di ginnastica a Bercy, le due serie di Peugeot 1ere aux 24 heures du Mans en 92 et 93, Tour de France. Poi, campionato del mondo di calcio France 98, con i gruppi, Footix,[^] i manifesti, i giocatori, le vignette di umoristi, gli stadi[^]. Queste ultime meritano un ricordo speciale. Infatti, le acquistai da un mio conoscente francese, che faceva forse il mio stesso mestiere, fare dei mercatini, andando a Nizza, partendo in treno da Bordighera, dove di solito trascorrevo le vacanze.

commemorative: 50ème Anniversaire de Débarquements en Normandie et de la Libération de la France.

di luoghi e regionali, carte a più bassa tiratura uscite solo in regioni o dipartimenti: Ile de France, Règion des Pays de la Loire e altre.

della telecomunicazione, della tecnologia telefonica e la vendita di schede telefoniche: Musée de Télécommunication de Plemeur-Bodou, Plemeur-Bodou (21 serie nel corso degli anni), BNVT (Bureau National de la Vente des Telecartes de France Telecom).

informative e lotta contro le malattie: SIDA.

E ciò che sembra essere solo una lista di carte telefoniche, è il tempo che passa, la mia vita che scorre.

Le télécartes dal 2000 in poi

Dal 2000, dovendo continuare il mio racconto, con il cartiglio a punta e il nuovo logo, le schede telefoniche francesi progressivamente diventano più difficili da trovare, nonostante l'alta tiratura stampata sulla carta, forse perchè meno vendute e, più probabilmente, perchè France Télécom cambia frequentemente la data della stessa carta e il fabbricante.

Nuove serie illustrano, con disegni, altri aspetti della telefonia, come il progresso, le cabine telefoniche, nell'arte, ma risultano essere meno efficaci rispetto alle serie precedenti. Le serie sono:

continua Telephone et Cinema, con 14 Roman Polanski (03/00)[^] e 15 Johnny Depp (11/00).

Le XXème siècle (00): Carte N° 1 La Conquête spatiale (con il cartiglio precedente), N° 2 L'Ordinateur, N° 3 Le G.P.S, N° 4 La Télévision, N° 5 L'automobile, N° 5 Le cinema, N° 6 Les Télécommunications, N° 7 La Plongèè sous-marine,[^] N° 8 La Musique, N° 9 L'Électricitè, N° 10 Le Microprocesseur, N° 12 La Médicine.

Collection Courants Artistiques (11/00): N°1 Le "Wiener Werkstâtte" Austriche (1896-1932),[^] N°2 Le Fauvisme - France (1905-1910), ..., N°8 Le Pop Art Etats-Unis (1955-1970).

Tre serie di 4 carte ciascuna: Le Soleil, les Vacances, la Plage (07/01), Les cabines de... (07/01), Le double-effet cabines telephoniques (10-01 - 12-01).

Parlez-vous Européen? (01-02 - 02-02): 1 Hola - Espagne, 2 Emitpos - Grece, 3 Hallo - Hollande, 4 Hallo - Allemagne-Autriche, 5 Hello - Angleterre, 6 Pronto - Italie[^].

Altre: "Instantanes de cabines" (04-02) una serie di 4 schede telefoniche a chip, Cool! OK! tranquille! (07-02) 6 télécartes, 20000 cabines partoute en France! (10-02) 6 télécartes, Vivez la ville (09-03) 4 carte telefoniche.

Altre télécartes o serie di télécartes sono: Bollè, RFM, & france telecom et votre buraliste, Rugby, film in uscita nei cinema, come S1m0ne, Seigneur des Anneaux (Il Signore degli Anelli),[^] Blade II e Austin Powers, poi Les Grand Monuments, e tante altre.

La mia catalogazione

Dopo vari pasticci, in cui avevo separato le schede di servizi telefonici e del solo marchio France Télécom dalle altre, perchè meno appariscenti e comuni o ordinarie, ho seguito, poi, la più logica catalogazione cronologica di Phonecote.

Le mie télécartes sono gelosamente custodite in scatole di scarpe, che mai ho cambiato, all'interno di pacchetti di sigarette numerati, mentre altre sono sistemate in fila in scatole etichettate, della dimensione di una scheda, alcune in legno, con le serie più lunghe, e altre in cartone. Esse sono sparse in più locali, l'armadio della mia cameretta, un angolo della sala e la cantina. Ho presentato le mie schede telefoniche francesi a chip in tre grandi album, raggruppando le carte di ogni serie, e mettendo, in ogni taschina, un piccolo adesivo in alto, in cui c'è il numero di catalogo, e un altro adesivo in basso, rotondo, con il mio prezzo di vendita.

Nel passato portavo uno dei miei album di schede telefoniche France Télécom Pubbliche al mercatino, proprio al centro della mia bancarella, e ne andavo fiero, perchè esse erano le più belle tra le mie schede telefoniche straniere.

Note

Chambre des négociants experts en télécartes. Phonecote 2002: Guide Annuel des Télécartes et mobicartes (13a ed.) (in francese). Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

Chambre des négociants experts en télécartes. Les Publiques. Phonecote 2002: Guide Annuel des Télécartes et mobicartes (13a ed.) (in francese). pp. 81-173. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"France Telecom". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Francia: Lista per Serie. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

Chambre des négociants experts en télécartes. Les Variétés de Publiques. Phonecote 2002: Guide Annuel des Télécartes et mobicartes (13a ed.) (in francese). pp. 175-240. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"L'univers Telecarte". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Tour Eiffel". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Schweppes 1". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Call Home 92". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Minicom". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Paris J.T.B.". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Kronenbourg Petite Fleche". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Grandes Figures Telecom. n. 09 - Claude Chappe". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"01 - Michel Serrault". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Tel-cine03 Lanvin". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Telephone et Cinema n. 9 - Clavier & Depardieu". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Collection Historique n. 01 - Téléphone Deckert". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Collection Historique n. 06 - Téléphone Ericsson". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Les Petits Diables". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"01 - New York". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Marc 8 ans - la cabine en haut". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Grandes Nouvelles n. 4 - Les Vacances". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Van Gogh". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Mozart". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Jazz - Louis Armstrong". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Memophone Jazz". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"L'hiver". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Yoplait". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Casting Center Eurodisney Gros Logo Mickey". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Hockey". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"World Cup '98 - Footix, Tete". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Les Stades de France 98 - Lyon". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Telephone et Cinema n. 14 - Roman Polanski". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Le XXe Siecle n. 7 - La Plongee". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Collection Courants Artistiques n. 1 - Wiener Werkstatte Aut". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Allo 6 - Italie (pronto)". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

"Seigneur Des Anneaux - Yeux Fermés". In Catalogo di schede telefoniche: Scheda telefonica. Colnect. Consultato il 21 febbraio 2017.

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