187) Eudromia elegans; Kusacz pampasowy, kurak stinamu, elegant crested tinamou (kusacz czubaty elegancki), martineta tinamou - gatunek średniego ptaka lądowego z rodziny kusaczy (Tinamidae), zamieszkujący Amerykę Południową. Nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem. Kusacz pampasowy występuje w zależności od podgatunku:
E. elegans intermedia – północno-zachodnia Argentyna, być może także skrajnie południowa Boliwia
E. elegans magnistriata – północno-zachodnia Argentyna
E. elegans riojana – zachodnio-środkowa Argentyna
E. elegans albida – zachodnio-środkowa Argentyna
E. elegans wetmorei – zachodnia Argentyna
E. elegans numida – środkowa Argentyna
E. elegans elegans – południowo-środkowa Argentyna
E. elegans multiguttata – wschodnio-środkowa Argentyna
E. elegans devia – południowo-zachodnia Argentyna
E. elegans patagonica – południowe Chile (region Aysén) i południowa Argentyna.
Prowadzi naziemny tryb życia. Prawie w ogóle nie lata, jedynie w sytuacji zagrożenia podrywa się na chwilę w powietrze, by za chwilę wylądować. Zimą kusacze pampasowe zbierają się w grupki od 6 do 30 ptaków i wspólnie przemierzają duże połacie terenu w poszukiwaniu pożywienia. Latem, kiedy jest obfitość pożywienia, pozostają z reguły na niewielkim obszarze. Otwarte, suche tereny trawiasto-krzewiaste: pampa, puna i chaco. Występują na wysokościach od poziomu morza do 2500 m n.p.m.
Międzynarodowa Unia Ochrony Przyrody (IUCN) uznaje kusacza pampasowego za gatunek najmniejszej troski (LC – Least Concern). Liczebność populacji nie została oszacowana; w 1996 roku ptak ten opisywany był jako dość pospolity. Jego liczebność spada ze względu na polowania i utratę siedlisk. Naturalnymi wrogami kusaczy pampasowych są skunksy, lisy, dzikie koty oraz ptaki drapieżne, takie jak myszołów rdzawogrzbiety.
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Eudromia
Elegant Crested Tinamou, by Dick Daniels, CC BY-SA 4.0
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Name: Eudromia
Status: Extant
First Described: 1832
Described By: I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
Classification: Dinosauria, Theropoda, Neotheropoda, Averostra, Tetanurae, Orionides, Avetheropoda, Coelurosauria, Tyrannoraptora, Maniraptoriformes, Maniraptora, Pennaraptora, Paraves, Eumaniraptora, Averaptora, Avialae, Euavialae, Avebrevicauda, Pygostylia, Ornithothoraces, Euornithes, Ornithuromorpha, Ornithurae, Neornithes, Palaeognathae, Notopalaeognathae, Tinamiformes + Dinornithiformes Clade, Tinamiformes, Nothurinae
Referred Species: E. elegans (Elegant Crested Tinamou, extnat), E. formosa (Quebrancho Crested Tinamou, extant), E. olsoni (extinct), E. intermedia (extinct)
Eudromia is our next genus of Tinamou, and they’re distinct for their crests on the top of their heads - giving all species of this genus a rather distinct look compared to other Tinamou. Only two species are alive today, the Elegant Crested Tinamou and the Quebrancho Crested Tinamou, but there were quite a few extinct forms during the Pliocene and latest Miocene - indicating that this genus probably first appeared somewhere around 7 to 5 million years ago.
E. olsoni, by José Carlos Cortés on @quetzalcuetzpalin-art
The older known extinct species, E. intermedia, isn’t very will described or discussed - having been found in 1914. It lived in the Monte Hermoso Formation of Argentina - the Early Pliocene portion, from about 5.3 to 3.6 million years ago, in the Zanclean of the Pliocene. It probably evolved directly into - or was very closely related to - the later (and better known) E. olsoni. E. olsoni is also from the Monte Hermoso Formation, but from the later member - so it lived in the Piacenzian of the Pliocene, about 3.6 to 2.6 million years ago. It is known form elements of the legs and pelvis, which show that E. olsoni was very closely related to its modern relatives, and in fact the three form a clade together (closely related to the non-crested Tinamotis). E. olsoni would have been very similar to its modern relatives, and probably also had some sort of crest on its head.
Elegant Crested Tinamou, by Stavenn, CC BY 2.5
As for living species, both of them are not endangered and living in the shrublands of lower South America. The Elegant Crested Tinamou lives in Chile and Argentina, and is about 39 to 41 centimeters long on average. They look like weirdly proportioned partridges with their striped feathers and crests. They lay green, shiny eggs in hollows in the ground, which are incubated and then reared by the males. The babies are very precocial, as with all tinamou. The Elegant Crested Tinamou also forms large flocks, unlike most other Tinamou. They make loud, sad-sounding whistles for calls. The Quebracho Crested Tinamou lives in Paraguay and Argentina, and is 39 centimeters in length. They’re usually greyish brown and blackish with some white spots, and the males once again rear the young. Both enjoy eating fruit and small amounts of invertebrates, seeds, and roots.
Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudromia
http://fossilworks.org/?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=152085
Bertelli, S, L. M. Chiappe, G. Mayr. 2014. Phylogenetic interrelationships of living and extinct Tinamidae, volant palaeognathous birds form the New World. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 172: 145 - 184.
Cenizo, M. M., C. P. Tambussi, C. I. Montalvo. 2012.Late Miocene continental birds from the Cerro Azul Formation in the Pampean region (central-southern Argentina). Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Paleongology 36(1): 47 - 68.
Tambussi, C. P., J. I. Noriega, E. P. Tonni. 1993. Late Cenozoic Birds of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina): an attempt to document quantitative faunal changes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 101: 117 - 129.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegant_crested_tinamou
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebracho_crested_tinamou
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I highly recommend having this survey open on your browser, doing research, and filling it out slowly. Because, birds.
Palaeognaths
The first major division of modern birds (all the rest are Neognaths). Includes the Moa, Elephant Birds, Tinamous, Emus, Rheas, and Lithornithids. Casuarias and Struthio are ineligible, so don’t write in any Cassowaries or Ostriches.
Highlights include the Kiwi, an adorable small with a long snoot; Aepyornis, the largest Neornithean known; the Emu, who has one of the funniest ways of running; and Lithornis, an extinct flying member of the group.
Galloanserans
The earliest derived group of Neognaths. Includes Gastornis & the very similar Dromornithids, Geese, Screamers, Ducks, Swans, Curassows, Guans, Megapodes, Partridges, Quails, Junglefowl, and Pheasants. Genera Pavo and Gallus are ineligible, so don’t write in any peafowl or the four junglefowl under Gallus (which includes the chicken).
Highlights include Gastornis, which was actually a large herbivore rather than a super predator as thought; Vegavis, one of the earliest well-known Neornithes, being from the Cretaceous; Hooded Merganser, the duck with the very large crest that is quite impressive; and the Blue-billed Curassow, confirmed Friend and Curly Man.
Caprimulgiformes & Opisthocomiformes
These two groups aren’t actually closely related, I just had to stick Opisthocomiformes somewhere. Caprimulgiformes include Oilbirds, Owlet-Nightjars, Frogmouths, Nighthawks, and Nightjars. Opisthocomiformes include Hoatzin. Genera Nyctibius and Opisthocomus are ineligible, so no potoos or the only modern Hoatzin.
Highlights include the Satanic Nightjar, which looks exactly like you’d expect; the Tawny Frogmouth, who almost looks like a potoo if you squint; the Oilbird, which has some of the weirdest and spookiest eyes; and Hoazinoides, an extinct Hoatzin with feet like that of an owl.
Apodiformes
Swifts, Treeswifts, and Hummingbirds. Nothing is ineligible. All are precious.
Highlights include the Bee Hummingbird, the smallest dinosaur known to science; the Common Swift, which looks like a boomerang; Eocypselus, an early relative of all these groups; and anything of the genera Sappho and Lesbia, which are the best genus names I’ve ever heard of.
Columbaves
Cuckoos, Turacos, Bustards, Pigeons, Doves, Sandgrouse, and Mesites. Genus Columba is ineligible, so don’t write in any of the “typical pigeons.”
Highlights include the Dodo, which is not as dumb as we were lead to believe; the Bare-Faced Go-Away Bird, which represents Me at All Times; the Nicobar Pigeon, which has beautiful rainbow plumage; and the Kori Bustard, which has a really elegant neck and posture IMO.
Gruiformes
Cranes, Crakes, Rails, Limpkin, Trumpeters, Flufftails, Finfoots, and Sungrebes. Nothing is ineligible.
Highlights include the Whooping Crane, an endangered species with a distinctive call; the White-Spotted Flufftail, who has adorable spots on its butt; the Red-Legged Crake, which is red in lots of places besides its legs; and the Sungrebe, which has a nice blue cap on its head.
Mirandornithes & Charadriiformes
Flamingos, Grebes, Waders, Snipes, Sandpipers, Jacanas, Wanderers, Gulls, Skimmers, Terns, Puffins, Skuas, Plovers, Buttonquails, Thick-Knees, Sheathbills, Ibisbills, Avocets, Oystercatchers, and Lapwings. Nothing is ineligible.
Highlights include the Great Auk, an extinct large puffin that we as humans don’t deserve; the Ring-Billed Gull, whom I have a personal vendetta against; the Dovekie, a smol, adorable friend; and the Sanderling, one of the inspirations behind Pixar’s Piper.
Ardeae
Tropicbirds, Kagu, Sunbittern, Loons, Albatross, Petrels, Storkss, Boobies, Cormorants, Pelicans, Hamerkop, Ibises, Spoonbills, Herons, Egrets, and Penguins. The genus Balaeniceps is ineligible, so don’t write in the Shoebill.
Highlights include the Little Penguin, the smol adorable penguin of smol adorableness; the Least Bittern, who is indeed the Least Bittern; the Common Loon, against whom my partner Max (@plokool) has a personal vendetta; and the Emperor Penguin, which is the Pinnacle of Dinosaurian Evolution according to Thomas Holtz (well, okay, he said penguins in general were, but this is the emperor penguin, so...)
Accipitrimorphs
Vultures (both Old and New world), Ospreys, Hawks, Eagles, Kites. Genera Sagittarius and Gypaetus are ineligible, so don’t write in the Secretary Bird, or the Bearded Vulture. No, do not write in the Bearded Vulture, nor Lammergeier, nor Ossifrage. You will have wasted your vote. Do not do the thing. It doesn’t count.
Highlights include Haast’s Eagle, an eagle so large it hunted the Moa; the Harpy Eagle, which honestly when you see it if you aren’t convinced birds are dinosaurs there’s nothing more I can do; the Turkey Vulture, or as I like to call it, the Bare-Faced Come-Hither Bird; and the Red-Tailed Hawk, aka, that sound you hear when people try to ignore that Bald Eagles are actually huge dorks.
Strigiformes
Owls. Genus Tyto is ineligible, which is basically all barn owls and most of their close relatives, so just, don’t write that in.
Highlights include Palaeoglaux, one of the earliest derived forms and may have been diurnal; the Burrowing Owl, who likes to dig them holes; the Snowy Owl, aka Hedwig; and the Fearful Owl, who looks exactly like what you’d expect.
Coraciimorphs
Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, Trogons, Hornbills, Hoopoes, Rollers, Kingfishers, Woodpeckers, Toucans. Genus Dacelo is ineligible, which means no Kookaburras, none, do not write one in.
Highlights include Septencoracias, aka a Friend and Boy; the Hoopoe, aka the Most Jewish bird; the Resplendent Quetzal, which truly is magnificently colored; and the Keel-Billed Toucan, who just really loves fruit okay?
Falconiformes & Cariamiformes
Serimas, Terror Birds, Bathornithids, Caracaras, and Falcons. Genus Titanis is ineligible, as is Falco peregrinus, the peregrine falcon. Since most falcons are under Falco, the rest of the genus is eligible.
Highlights Include Phorusrhacos, one of the most Quintessential Terror Birds; the Red-Legged Seriema, who is just a very angry bird; the Pygmy Falcon, who is a Smol Ball of FURY; and the Northern Crested Caracara, who has distinctive purple-pinkish skin on its face.
Parrots
... Parrots. The Kakapo, genus Strigops, is ineligible.
Highlights include the Cockatiel, a common pet and soft friend; the African Grey Parrot, one of the smartest species of dinosaurs; Spix’s Macaw, a beautiful blue parrot on the brink of extinction; and the Mulga Parrot, a parrot with feathers that almost look like clay in certain lighting.
Passerines
Perching birds. The vast majority of birds. Most birds are in this group. I am so sorry. Includes, but is not limited to, Pittas, Broadbills, Cotingas, Sharpbills, Flycatchers, Antthrushes, Ovenbirds, Lyrebirds, Scrub-birds, Bowerbirds, Honeyeaters, Fairywrens, Whistlers, Orioles, Vireos, Birds of Paradise, Jays, Satinbirds, Wattlebirds, Rockfowl, Tits, Chickadees, Larks, Nicators, Wren-Babblers, Swallows, Warblers, Babblers, Waxwings, Treecreepers, Thrushes, Oxpeckers, Mockingbirds, Sugarbirds, Sunbirds, Sparrows, Finches, Buntings, Cardinals, Whistlers, Woodshrikes.
The genus Corvus is ineligible, which is a good portion of crows and ravens, so don’t write them in. There are so many passerines to choose from, you can pick another one.
It’s, nearly impossible to pick four highlights, but here we go. Highlights include the Blue Jay, one of the most famous and beautiful perching birds; the Superb Bird of Paradise, who has one of the most spectacular mating dances of birds; the Great Tit, who truly is an amazing soft sphere of birb; and the House Sparrow, a feature of almost every major city and one of the dinosaurs often used to define the clade.
Good luck. Have fun. Voting will close February 24 (possibly earlier if we get enough votes in).
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