#ebenezer and fanny

[shipcestuous]

I’m the Christmas anon from a while back; thanks for such a comprehensive list! I actually have a major soft spot for the siblings in Santa Clause 2, and the GotG Holiday Special stole my heart. I’ll definitely have to look into some of the other things you mentioned. Also, I can’t BELIEVE I hadn’t thought about Ebenezer and Fan before; in the 1984 TV version, especially, she seems even more important to him than Belle was. I have a lot to think about!

[x]

I wish it could have been more comprehensive, but I suffer from a terrible memory.

I just watched Scrooge: A Christmas Carol which came out this year on Netflix, I think, and there was some cute Ebenezer/Fanny in the past, plus present-day Scrooge mentioned Fanny fondly several times (while putting down his nephew, lol). They changed her name though. I hate that Fanny became a slang word for body parts because I've always loved that name. Anyway...

I don't think I've seen the 1984 version, but I can recall having seen a couple versions where Fanny was more central than Belle.

Also, not sure if you're into brothers, but Three Wise Men And A Baby, a Hallmark movie from this year, is focused on the relationship between three brothers (with love interests being secondary), and it's not only a pretty good Christmas movie but has some great scenes between the brothers.

I really want to watch the Santa Clause movie series this year and then wrap it up by watching the Disney+ series. I don't know if there will be time, maybe next year.

I also didn't mention a series that was on a few years ago with Francois Arnaud called The Moodys. Lots of family interact with adult kids, and there's an incest adjacent romance between one of the characters and his cousin's girlfriend.

I also watched an old DCOM this year called Twas The Night with Bryan Cranston. The main character has a banter-y relationship with his younger sister (and no love interest), though they spend most of the movie apart. A great movie for family relationships, though, since it focused on his relationship with his uncle.

[263adder]

British Expressions: Name Edition

Some of my favourite phrases and expressions that I feel more people should know and use. These phrases and expressions all use the names of real people or fictional characters.

1. Gordon Bennett

An exclamation of incredulity equivalent to "Jesus Christ!". A reference to an American James Gordon Bennett Jr., who became infamous in Britain due to his many scandals. Example: "Gordon Bennett, where did you come from?! I didn't hear you come in, are you trying to scare me to death?"

2. Sweet Fanny Adams

Often shorted to Sweet F.A, it is a reference to Fanny Adams, a child who was murdered in 1867. Originally, it meant something of bad quality. Nowadays, it's used interchangeably with "fuck all" (nothing). Example: "That lass knows sweet Fanny Adams!"

3. By Jove

An equivalent to "oh my God". A reference to the Roman god Jupiter (also called Jove; Zeus in Greek mythology). Example: "[Crash] By Jove what was that?!"

4. Scrooge

Named for Ebenezer Scrooge, Charles Dickens' main character in A Christmas Carol, to call someone a Scrooge is to call them a miser, mean or un-festive. Example: "You can be such a Scrooge. Maybe I should start calling you Ebenezer?"

5. Bejesus

Derived from "By Jesus", bejesus is said when someone is surprised. Common in Britain and Ireland. Example: "Bejesus, don't scare me like that!"

[ben-the-hyena]

Suddenly, everything seemed to change. It was the same classroom, but the luminosity had changed. Better yet, child Scrooge was no longer in his seat. When he turned around, Scrooge noted with surprised that indeed, teenage him was standing in another spot. So it was another, later Christmas memory. The door opened... oh. He remembered and got overwhelmed with emotions. The one who had just come in was a really excited little girl who jumped in the young man's arms announcing him that that's it, she had succeeded convincing their father to stop sending him to the boarding school. Fanny, or Fan for short. How he missed her. Even though their father didn't hate her, Scrooge had never been jealous, nobody could hate Fan. Unfortunately, years later, she would die giving birth to her only son, Fred. That's why the old man could never help but be cold to his nephew whom he subconsciously blamed...

[idiotwithanipad]

2024 Christmas Ghost pantomime: A Christmas Carol

Julian - Ebenezer Scrooge

Thomas - Fred

Pat - Bob Cratchit

Kitty - Tiny Tim

Fanny - Mrs Cratchit

Robin - Jacob Marley

Cap - Ghost of Christmas past

(Also Robin) - Ghost of Christmas Present

Ignorance and Want - Silver and Amy

Humphrey - Ghost of Christmas yet to come (cause cloak)

[lboogie1906]

Dr. Christine King Farris (September 11, 1927 - June 29, 2023) civil rights activist and professor was born in Atlanta to Alberta Christine Williams King and Martin Luther King, Sr. She was the eldest of three children: her younger siblings were Martin Luther King, Jr., and Alfred Daniel (A.D.) Williams King. She and her family belonged to Ebenezer Baptist Church, where her father preached. She attended Yonge Street Elementary School, famous for its organization of the first African American PTA, before transferring to Oglethorpe Elementary. She attended Atlanta University’s Laboratory High School, and when it closed, she enrolled at Booker T. Washington High School, which her grandfather helped to found. She graduated from Washington High School and entered Spelman College, where her grandmother, mother, and great-aunt had all matriculated.

She graduated from Spelman College with her BA in Economics. She graduated from Columbia University with her MA in Education. She earned a second MA from Columbia University in Special Education. She took her first job as a teacher at W.H. Crogman Elementary. She was hired as director of the freshman reading program at Spelman College and became director of the Learning Resources Center. She was Spelman’s longest-serving faculty member. When Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., led the campaign to vote in Selma, she sang at the opening rally on the day they departed for Montgomery. She served as the treasurer and taught workshops on nonviolence at the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change. She founded the Martin Luther King, Jr. Child Development Center.

The recipient of the Fannie Lou Hamer Award, she helped establish the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Site. She was the author of the acclaimed children’s book, My Brother Martin, and of an autobiography, Through It All: Reflections on My Life, My Family, and My Faith. She resided with her husband, Isaac Newton Farris. They had two children and one granddaughter. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence #alphakappaalpha

[yours-truly-henry-jekyll]

Stupid AUs on "The Ballad of songbirds and snakes. [DISCLAIMER: I don't know much about main trilogy, feel free to add Fred, Mr Cratchit and everyone else from the main timeline]

Part 2. Christmas AU

1. President!Coriolanus Snow as Ebenezer Scrooge

2. Tigris Snow as Fannie Scrooge

3. Lucy Gray Baird as Belle

4. Dr Volumnia Gaul as Jacob Marley (I was definitely thinking mostly about musical adaptation...)

5. Dean Casca Highbottom as Mr Fezziwig (wasn't that amiable to Snow, but, definitely could have been a far better influence than Dr Gaul)

6. Sejanus... Sorry, Sejanus. I guess, one of the ghosts may take your appearance to be extra haunting to Snow...

And no, I still don't have any adequate explanations

[theoldandnewfirm]

A lil' Marley/Scrooge snippet

I spent WAY too much time researching Victorian era smut and writing styles for this snippet that, alas, never went anywhere. I present it now for your enjoyment.

---

Portrait of a Rake read the title. Then, lower on the cover, Published for the enjoyment of my loyal friends and followers. There was no author. Curious, Marley flipped to a random page.

--his cock curved differently than the last man's, and struck inside me at an angle that thrilled. He held my hair as one might the reins of a horse and so doing gave a violent tug that brought my mouth in line with the prick that hovered inches from my face--

Marley's brows shot to his hairline. Then, behind him, sure footsteps that came to an abrupt halt. He looked up to find Ebenezer slack-jawed, his face the color of milk.

He surged forward, stopping just short of the desk, his features contorted in anguish. "It's filth. I know it. I found it in the tavern at luncheon, and I was going to give it to the tavernkeeper, but then I saw what it was and…" he shook his head. "I was going to burn it in the fire. Truly, I was."

"Were you now?"

"Yes," he stammered, "Paper is cheaper than coal."

"Of course, of course."

Marley opened to another page, skimmed a few lines, and this time started reading aloud. "--the gamekeeper knew no gentleness. He spread my buttocks and pushed his fingers into my hole. I cried out at the shock of it, and again when his rough hand squeezed my cock unkindly--"

"Jacob!" Ebenezer squeaked.

Marley hummed thoughtfully. "It's better than Fanny Hill at any rate."

Ebenezer looked stricken. He leaned over the desk and glanced around before whispering, "You read… smut?"

"I read a great many things. There are books in the world beyond Mercantile Accounts, you know."

"Yes, but that." Scrooge shook his head. "You're a gentleman!"

"And so are you now," said Marley as he rose from his chair, "And yet…"

He offered the book back to Ebenezer, who seemed to take it out of reflex more than desire. He was still staring as if Marley had announced he was going to waive all mortgage payments for the balance of the year.

"Burn it if you like," said Marley. "But who knows? Perhaps you'll find something of interest in it. Now, if you'll excuse me."

He went to the front office and busied himself with a nonsense task for what felt like an appropriate amount of time. Then, he returned to the counting room.

The first thing he noted was the distinct lack of pages on the fire. The second was Ebenezer hunched at his own desk, red-faced and writing feverishly in his accounting book. He did not look up as Marley entered. In fact, seeming to sense Marley's attention, he hunched down further.

Marley smirked.

[papillon82fluttersby]

Famous Five Art Nostalgia #19 – Part 1

Introductory post

Masterpost

🧭🐒🔔 Five Go to Demon’s Rocks – La boussole du Club des Cinq

Original publication date: 1961 (UK), 1963 (France)

(Original cover art by Jeanne Hives, 1963)

Like the previous volume (and the rest of the series, tbh), this book isn’t exactly plot-heavy but it is does feature interesting scenery, good character moments when the Five have to deal with being locked up in the lighthouse, and a dramatic climax in a storm. Too bad that the treasure is recovered merely by chance, instead of involving any wits from our young investigators. 😕

The French title translates to "Famous Five's Compass", hence the above visual!

~~~~~~

Plot summary (adapted from Wikipedia):

Irascible scientist Quentin Kirrin informs his wife, Fanny, that his colleague, Professor Hayling [le professeur Lagarde], will be arriving a week early for a stay at Kirrin Cottage. The professor is accompanied by his son, Tinker [Pilou, which is short for Pierre-Louis*], who has a propensity for imitating vehicular noises and has brought his pet monkey, Mischief [Berlingot]. Also arriving are Quentin and Fanny's daughter, George, and her cousins, Julian, Dick and Anne, and George's dog, Timmy. The ensuing crowded and noisy household upsets the two scientists, prompting Tinker to propose the children spend their holiday at his abandoned lighthouse at Demon's Rocks [le cap des Tempêtes], located 10 miles away.

[* Note: This nickname sounds worlds better than the original English version in which Professor Hayling introduces his son as Tinker because, quote, “I always forget what his real name is.” HE FORGETS HIS OWN SON’S NAME. 😫]

(Professor Hayling, Tinker, and Mischief)

(Happy faces eager for a quiet stay at Kirrin Cottage!)

(George and Timmy vs Tinker and Mischief make a very rocky acquaintance!)

(This picture is so silly, haha! Since there isn’t enough sleeping room in the house, Julian and Dick set up two mattresses and blankets in the loft. This is apparently the most efficient way they could find to carry these items. 😆) [Sadly, I can’t identify who is who on this black-and-white picture.]

(*glomp* Tinker does one too many of his (very loud) vehicular impressions, incurring the wrath of the scientists)

After settling in at the lighthouse, the children meet an elderly retired sailor, Jeremiah Boogle [Yann Le Briz], who tells them of his youthful encounters with three villains who lured ships to Demon's Rocks and plundered the wrecks. He says the ringleader, One-Ear Bill [le grand Laumec à l’oreille coupée], hid a treasure trove which has never been found. Two of One-Ear Bill's descendants, Jacob [Guillaume] and Ebenezer [Sylvestre], now show tourists through the wreckers' cave. Jacob burgles some items from the lighthouse and also steals the key.

(Tinker’s lighthouse…)

(…and its key. Better hold on to that key, Tinker!)

(Meeting the old sailor, Jeremiah Boogle)

(Jeremiah tells a thrilling tale)

(The Three Wreckers from Jeremiah’s tale: One-Ear Bill, his son Nosey and his nephew Bart)

(After leaving Jeremiah, the Five decide to warm up in a coffee shop: coffee and buns for the Five 🇬🇧; chocolate and croissants for les Cinq 🇫🇷!)

(One morning, Julian is a bit grumpy that Timmy woke him up way too early just because the ever-watchful dog heard the milkman approaching the lighthouse)

When the children visit the cave, Mischief discovers a gold coin. Later, Ebenezer and Jacob lock the children in the lighthouse to prevent them from returning to the cave to hunt for the treasure, but Julian and Dick enter the cave network via a tunnel and discover the treasure.

(Mischief makes friends with Jeremiah)

(The Five try to pass the time while locked up in the lighthouse; morale runs low and Julian tries to cheer up his troops!)

Unable to reach the mainland because of the rising tide, they return to the lighthouse, light its lamp and ring an old warning bell amid a fierce gale to alert the villagers to their fate. Jacob and Ebenezer flee, and the children are rescued the next morning. Julian and Dick declare they will recover the treasure for the police and then the children will return to Kirrin Cottage.

Bonus:

(Pesky monkey! 🙈🙉🙊)

~~~~~~

Cover art through the ages:

(Disclaimer: This is not an exhaustive list; sometimes the dates are difficult to pinpoint; and I have purposefully not included editions that re-used similar cover art, with differences only in layout and font style.)

(Original cover art by Jean Hives illustrating the titular compass – Hachette, 1963)

(A boat ride to the lighthouse – who are George and Timmy waving to? Jean Sidobre, Hachette, 1975)

(A boat ride FROM the lighthouse – isn’t that the wrong way to hold an oar? Shouldn’t the rower be facing aft? 🤔 Umberto Nonna, Edito Service, 1981)

(The Five and the old sailor – Yves Beaujard, Hachette, 1989)

(Paul Gillon illustrates the dramatic climax where the children hang a huge bell at the top of the lighthouse while a storm rages to try and get help from the mainland – Hachette, 1991) [Sorry for the low quality 😮‍💨]

(I can almost feel the sea spray from here! Munch and Prunier, Hachette, 2000)

(I am very disappointed that the Five forgot to pack up their life vests. All those personal safety lessons for nothing, tsk 🤨 – Frédéric Rébéna, Hachette, 2009)

(Julian, I am not sure that checking your compass is the wisest thing to do right this instant, if your intention is to find shelter in the lighthouse… Auren, Hachette, 2021)

~~~~~~

Thanks for reading!

[mcmusing]

As I dare discuss something unrelated to the USA Network and superheroes, let me finally acknowledge Christmas.

Long before the iconic Nightmare Before Christmas combined Halloween and Christmas, Charles Dickens merged terror with merriment in the most well-known seasonal tale, A Christmas Carol.

The famous 1843 novella is the definition of timeless. For nearly two centuries, the premise has been featured across every medium in existence. At this point, it's practically more respectful parody than revered parable. It also appears to be immune to adaptation abomination. While there have been innumerable versions with varying degrees of quality, none of its re-tellings have viciously disgraced the source material. That's right, lovely people- this is the one legacy even the worst of the hateful woke cannot contaminate.

My first exposure to the tale was in what is still one of my two favorite versions, A Flintstones Christmas Carol. That one is noteworthy for being, quite possibly, the only one where Ebenezer Scrooge gets back together with his fiancee, Belle. My other favorite did not come out until 2009 in Disney's-but-mostly-Jim-Carrey's A Christmas Carol.

The spectacular animated film is the first adaptation I saw in theaters. In fact, it's the only Christmas movie I've gone to see besides The Nativity Story 2006. For a 21st century animation, it stays the closest to the original book while adding in its own unique elements, especially in terms of cinematography. It's done in the style of motion capture- a technique I declare was done to perfection in this film. Unlike something such as Avatar- also from 2009- the visuals are breathtaking on and off the big screen. The camera work and attention to detail throughout the opening scene is nothing short of mesmerizing. The audience is taken on a fast-paced tour through London. It's beyond riveting and really gets you pumped for what the rest of the film has in store.

Similarly to Michael Jordan in Space Jam 1996, Jim Carrey deserves major credit for spending the bulk of the film interacting with/talking to himself. He plays Scrooge as well as the Ghosts of Christmas Past and Present. Jim completely disappears into Scrooge and Present with his face only remotely visible on Past. I don't believe it's possible to go wrong when Jim Carrey portrays a famous Christmas figure of literary origins. The other voice actors are terrific as well. Honestly, the harshest thing I can say about this version is that I don't care for Bob Cratchit's elvish design. However, I can more than tolerate it due to all of the seasonal greatness the movie has to offer.

All of that delightful backstory established, time to get to the real reason for this post. You know who my favorite character in A Christmas Carol is? Not the Ghosts nor the Cratchits. Even Scrooge himself comes in second. To his nephew, Fred. In the book and most adaptations, he's the son of Scrooge's beloved late sister, Fanny. I like any version that features him, but the 2009 movie really did him justice.

The exact second Fred pops into the counting house, Scrooge is automatically exasperated. I genuinely find his overly perturbed reaction hilarious. Everything about the uncle and nephew is a contrast, both obviously and subtly. Scrooge is old, frail, and frowning. Fred is young, well-built, and totally aglow. Scrooge is a miserable cynic while Fred is a cheerful realist. The uncle is a perpetual bachelor and the nephew is happily married.

That being the case, the two actually have a great deal in common as well.

Scrooge: What right have you to be merry? You're poor enough.

Fred: What right have you to be so dismal? You're rich enough.

When his own logic is brilliantly thrown back at him, Scrooge can only respond by uttering his infamous catchphrase.

Scrooge: Bah! Humbug!

The above exchange alone solidifies which man has the real power in this dynamic. Scrooge has wealth, prestige, seniority, and the unparalleled ability to strike fear into whole hordes of people with his mere presence. Despite all of that, he met his match the day his nephew was born. Fred is nothing like the rest of London, who regard the miser with contempt and/or fright. As did his deceased mother before him, Fred is the only one who loves Scrooge unrelentingly. Even so, he never allows his uncle to poison his worldview. Scrooge can only emphasize a point with a malicious tone and irrational ire that very likely harms his own blood pressure more than it emotionally wounds his listeners. Fred's rebuttals are always calm and casual yet witty.

People with Scrooge's misanthropic personality hate such a reaction far more than they do venomous refutes. They get off on having anger and/or fear hurled back at them because it proves they got under the skin of their opponents. Fred's amiable manner royally dissolves Scrooge faster than a downpour does to the Wicked Witch of the West. At worst, Fred feels sad and somewhat remorseful for his uncle but never hateful or bitter towards him. In fact, it's implied he frequently tries to invite him over for special occasions. Scrooge cruelly rejects every offer, but the younger man persists. Annoying for Scrooge; amusing for the audience.

Furthermore, anyone who enters the counting house- including Belle before they broke up- remains in front of Scrooge's desk. It's as if they're trepidatiously approaching a monarch with the authority to order their beheading simply for breathing the same air as him. Bob Cratchit has worked for the man for years yet he can't even hand Scrooge his cane without shaking. Fred, on the other hand, maneuvers around the desk and crosses over straight into his uncle's sacred bubble. Before the film's final scenes, this is the closest physical contact Scrooge has with another person. Both of their voices lower as Fred only wants to know why they can't have a better relationship and Scrooge randomly questions why he got married.

Before I knew the deeper details of the book, I thought that Scrooge had raised his nephew following his sister's death. Then, they had a falling out when Fred defied Scrooge's wishes and married a penniless girl. The Flintstones mentioned Fanny died, but not that it occurred following Fred's birth. I didn't find that out until I viewed one of the live action remakes. Still, it took further research for me to figure out that Scrooge probably dismisses Fred because he blames him for the loss of his sweet sister. Before when he talked to Christmas Past, it seemed as if Scrooge only regretted keeping Fanny's son at arm's length after Fred got married. It doesn't help that Fred's father is never shown or even named. One would think there'd be more details about Fanny's family since she is based on Charles Dicken's own sister.

Something else that speaks volumes is all that is unsaid between the two men. Fred seems genuinely confused as to why his last family elder is so cold towards him. Especially since Fred has never asked him for anything other than his company. With the way Scrooge responds, it comes off like Fred getting married is the sole reason for his anger. The miser makes so many vicious remarks before the film even reaches the fifteen-minute mark. He even wishes torture and death on Christmas fanatics and the destitute. Weirdly, though, he never once verbally accuses Fred of being responsible for Fanny's death. For all we know, that could be the straw that breaks the camel's back for Fred to sever ties with him permanently. So, why doesn't Uncle McDuck ever play that trump card? Instead, when Fred refuses to be upset with him and maintains the Christmas spirit, Scrooge is forced to get tough with the walking, talking beam of sunshine. He very firmly orders Fred to.... have a good afternoon! Granted, that pretty much translated to, "Get the *bleep* out of my cash crib! Glaring at you is making my cataracts flare up."

Fanny is described as Scrooge's one source of joy for most of his life. Now, Fred embodies and bestows that joy while also sharing commonalities with his uncle. They're both resolved in their positions, regardless of their different temperaments. They're able to command the attention of many: Fred through cheer and Scrooge through fear. When Fred said he married for love, Scrooge's disdain is probably rooted in regret for not fighting harder to keep Belle. Fred may very well be a window into who Scrooge would be if not for the constant hardships and tragedies that plagued his life. Seeing all of that hope, goodness, and potential in his nephew is too much to bear. Fred probably reminds him a lot of Fanny, too. Scrooge lived in fear of loving someone so much again due to his previous losses. In his mind, you can't hurt a hardened heart. Still, there's a part of him that doesn't want Fred to give up on him. He is just unable to admit or maybe even realize it.

Once he wakes up a changed man, an apologetic Scrooge arrives at Fred's house asking if the dinner invitation is still open. After recovering from the shock, Fred, his wife, and their guests are absolutely thrilled to have him. In addition, it seems I was right about Scrooge's negative emotions causing him health problems. When he turns over a new leaf, he gets a good three decades reduced from his age. This is evident in the end when the jubilant philanthropist has the strength and stamina to pick up and carry Tiny Tim on his shoulder.

While I'm unsure of Dickens' full intended purpose for these protagonists, Fred definitely reads like the story's Christ figure. Some might argue that Bob and/or Tim Cratchit hold that position. That interpretation comes from the one-dimensional image many have of Christ as a saccharine pacifist. The Cratchits better represent the 'least of these' who Jesus instructed His followers to care for. Fred fits the bill better for reasons beyond his kindness. He's charming, warm, persistent, and clearly as intelligent and sharp-tongued as his Uncle Ebenezer. They both sound articulate and well-read, but Fred has the edge. Scrooge's intellectual commentary is fueled by rage and resentment. It's much harder to come off strong and reasonably authoritative while maintaining composure and cordiality. No matter how much his uncle sneers at him, he never stops trying to make a connection. He doesn't allow the older man to treat him as a pushover or puppet, either. Scrooge's misery is powerless against Fred's merriment.

When his uncle is finally the one to initiate their reconciliation, Fred is overjoyed. As beautiful a moment as it is, one might wonder why Fred wants anything to do with the emotionally distant old crank in the first place. It's not as if Fred needs him necessarily. He has started his own family and is surrounded by friends and well-wishers. However, Fred still wants his uncle in his life the same way Jesus yearned for the lost sheep who strayed from the flock of 100. Fred's willingness to keep a metaphorical light on for Scrooge reflects Christ's policy of forgiving the fallen.

One aspect in particular I love about Fred is how he is able to articulate why Christmas has always meant so much to me in a way I couldn't word myself. It is the one time of year when people allow themselves to be openly nice, generous, and loving towards each other. The only time we ever seem to regard one another as fellow mortal beings with very limited time on this Earth. Essentially, Christmas is when we collectively yell, 'cease fire!' It's the only faith-based holiday that is inclusive with messages universal to all people. This is what makes Fred a realist instead of a platitude-spewing optimist. He never knew his mother and his father is most likely deceased also. Both he and Scrooge know well how short life is and how painful it can be. One wishes to savor every remaining moment while the other- for good reason- initially only wants to await the End Times from his golden throne.

Almost 200 years since Dickens spun this yarn yet this joyous time of year is needed now more than ever.

Don't kill yourself.

Do keep Christmas in your heart and through your actions 🎄💛

[pointnumbersixteen]

Imagine button house Christmas movie night and the ghost gang watch a Christmas Carol. Fanny would of grown up in the Victorian era and the book was written about 2 decades after Thomas died. I like to think the ghosts think Julian is just like mr Scrooge.

The ghosts watch the Christmas Carol for movie night:

Robin hates Scrooge for his faulty priorities. You can’t eat gold. It won’t keep you warm at night. Or at least it wouldn’t have when he was alive. Mary hates Scrooge for his treatment of the poor. She probably met far too many fancy people who got along by stepping on people like her in her life. Both of them get through the movie throwing vitriol at him.

Kitty cries when Ebenezer ends his engagement with Belle and has to leave the room when they get to Tiny Tim’s future death. Thomas insists that the lives of poor city-folk and heartless money lenders do not appeal to his classy Romantic poets’ heart. But he watches the whole thing and tears up a bit, too, when Ebenezer ends his engagement with Belle.

Fanny’s happy, because it’s a bit of familiarity. The Christmas Carol has remained popular since it was written in 1843. She quite probably that she read the book. It’s likely she saw the play. It’s even possible that she’s seen a version of it on film, as the oldest surviving screen adaptation is a British one from 1901, when she was still very much alive. She has nostalgia for this movie.

The Captain was assigned to read the book as a schoolboy, but isn’t nostalgic for it. He watches it because that’s what’s on the evening’s schedule, but, while he thinks that he maybe would have paid Bob Cratchit a bit more if he were in Scrooge’s shoes, being an all-work-little-to-no-play kind of guy himself (if you go by the magazine materials, his troops had to sneak around him to have a proper Christmas celebration), and there’s a very good chance he’s a political conservative, he sees Scrooge’s initial point of view a little too much himself, and isn’t overly fond of the message.   

Pat loves the Christmas Carol! It’s a favorite. Who can fail to love something that advocates for being nice and for Christmas cheer? He has a particular soft spot for Tiny Tim. 

Julian hates the Christmas Carol. He’s a big fan of prisons and work houses himself. He’s obviously not afraid to do bad things for money, see his descriptions of embezzling tax dollars, arms dealing, pyramid schemes and insurance fraud. And the Christmas Carol is just psychically torturing an old man just because he looks out for number one. Bah humbug. Everyone thinks Julian is Scrooge. Including the writers of the show, see his role in the Christmas special for details. 

All of them can’t help reflecting that somehow they ended up as Jacob Marley.

Except Humphrey. Humphrey’s body is wandering around the kitchen. Humphrey’s head got left on the stairs. He has no idea what’s going on.

[shipcestuous]

Given that we are now in the latter half of the 25-day Christmas countdown, are there any Christmas movies (or other pieces of media) that you think have good incest shipping potential? I’m actually struggling to come up with many; I prefer sibling/sibling, whereas a lot of Christmas stuff deals with parent and young child dynamics, nonrelated romantic couples, or siblings with age gaps so wide they don’t appeal to me. Is the Folgers commercial all we have?!? Lmao.

Hi Anon,

Apologies for taking so long to answer this, but hopefully it's not too late!

I am an aficionado of Christmas movies and I can confirm that the ratio of really shippable siblings in Christmas movies compared to regular movies is strangely low. You would think a time with families getting together and lots of focus on family would yield more, but no. I can honestly say that the list of Christmas movies I enjoy watching mainly for bro/sis shipping is incredibly short.

I did not include any of the Hallmark-type Christmas romances in this list because the canon love story always totally overshadows everything else, but you do actually see some great bro/sis relationships in the movie, but in the background. It's fairly common for the male romantic lead to be really involved in his sister's life (or she's really involved in his) and be an A+ uncle. It's common enough to be a trope. But those all bleed together so I would never be able to come up with any titles.

Siblings who are young:

All I Want For Christmas

Unaccompanied Minors

The Santa Clause 2

All Mine To Give

There's canon, but not endgame, stepcest in a Christmas movie called Siblings involving teens.

Adult siblings:

The Family Stone

The Fitzgerald Family Christmas

Office Christmas Party

A Christmas Carol is worth mentioning. Most versions make it clear how important Fanny is to Ebenezer, though she is dead in the present.

Also, I haven't seen it, but I've heard that the new show The Santa Clauses has shippable siblings.

Also, I'd like to add The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special to this list, though I think it qualifies most closely as an episode of a series rather than a movie. But it has great bro/sis stuff.

You should also take a look at this tag, where I've made similar lists like this in the past. And I drop Christmas stuff into this tag, when I remember. Or you can just use the search, which works well for this query.

Also, checking out Christmas episodes of TV shows with siblings is a great way to get Christmas-y content. There's a big age gap in this one so you probably wouldn't like it, but the iChristmas episode of iCarly has great Carly/Spencer content. The Middle has Christmas episodes, for example. Most sitcoms do. I wish I had a better list of those off the top of my head.

If anyone has suggestions, please reply!

Good luck finding something, Anon!

[baileyreaper]

Victorian names

A selection of names for boys and girls from the Victorian era.

Boys names:

Albert Alfred Algernon Ambrose Archibald Arthur Aubrey Augustine Augustus Basil Bernard Bertram Cecil Cedric Clarence Claude Clement Clifford Cornelius Cuthbert Cyril Donald Douglas Duncan Ebenezer Edgar Edwin Edmund Edward Enoch Ernest Eugene Eustace Evan Ewart Felix Fergus Francis Frank Franklin Frederick Geoffrey George Gerald Gilbert Harold Harvey Herbert Herman Horace Howard Hubert Hugh Hugo Humphrey Ivan Ivor Jasper Jonathan Julian Julius Kenneth Laurence Leonard Leopold Leslie Lionel Llewellyn Lloyd Louis Malcolm Maurice Maxwell Miles Montague Neville Nigel Oliver Oscar Owen Percival Percy Philip Ralph Randolph Raymond Reginald Reuben Roderick Roger Rupert Rufus Septimus Sidney Silas Simeon Stanley Theodore Timothy Valentine Vernon Victor Vincent Walter Wilfred

Girl's names:

Ada Adelaide Adeline Agatha Agnes Alice Amelia Amy Annie Augusta Beatrice Blanche Cecilia Cecily Clara Clarissa Clementina Constance Cora Cordelia Daisy Delia Dorcas Doris Dorothy  Edith Eliza Ellen Elsie Emmeline Ethel  Eugenie Eva  Eveline Fanny Flora Florence Frances Freda Georgina Gertrude Gladys Grace  Gwendoline Harriet  Helen Helena Henrietta Hetty Hilda Honor Ida Isabel Irene Iris Ivy Jemima Jenny Jessie Josephine  Julia Kate Kathleen  Lavinia Leah Lillian Lily Louisa Lucy Lydia Mabel Margaret Marguerite Marjorie  Martha Matilda Maude / Maud May Mercy Mildred Millicent Minnie Olive Patience Phoebe Phyllis Priscilla Prudence Rhoda Rosa Rose Rosetta Rosina Ruby Selina Susannah Sylvia Tabitha Theodora Theresa Ursula Victoria Violet Wilhelmina Winifred

[Source]

[kwebtv]

Dickensian  -   BBC One  -  December 26, 2015 - February 21, 2016

Drama (20 episodes)

Running Time:  30 minutes  -  50 minutes last episode

Stars:

Peter Firth as Jacob Marley

Joseph Quinn as Arthur Havisham

Tuppence Middleton as Amelia Havisham 

Sophie Rundle as Honoria Barbary 

Alexandra Moen as Frances Barbary

Tom Weston-Jones as Meriwether Compeyson 

Robert Wilfort as Bob Cratchit 

Ned Dennehy as Ebenezer Scrooge 

Mark Stanley as Bill Sikes 

Brenock O'Connor as Peter Cratchit 

Karl Johnson as Grandfather

Adrian Rawlins as Edward Barbary 

Bethany Muir as Nancy

Anton Lesser as Fagin 

Ben Starr as Captain James Hawdon 

Phoebe Dynevor as Martha Cratchit 

Oliver Coopersmith as John Bagnet 

Imogen Faires as Nell

Jennifer Hennessy as Emily Cratchit 

Christopher Fairbank as Silas Wegg 

John Heffernan as Jaggers 

Richard Ridings as  Mr Bumble 

Caroline Quentin as Mrs Bumble

Zaak Conway as Tiny Tim Cratchit 

Pauline Collins as Mrs Gamp 

Benjamin Campbell as Boy

Laurel Jordan as Daisy

Ellie Haddington as Fanny Biggetywitch 

Stephen Rea as Inspector Bucket 

Omid Djalili as Mr Venus

Amy Dunn as Mary

Ukwell Roach as Sergeant George 

Richard Cordery as Sir Leicester Dedlock 

Neil Findlander as Desk Sergeant

Sam Hoare as Matthew Pocket 

Jack Shalloo as Constable Duff 

Wilson Radjou-Pujalte as Dodger 

Richard Durden as Thomas Gradgrind

Antonia Bernath as Sally Compeyson 

Leonardo Dickens as Oliver Twist 

Stuart McQuarrie as Reverend Chadband 

Richard Cunningham as Reverend Crisparkle 

Mike Burnside as Major Bagstock 

Paul Lancaster as Lowten

[holidaywishes]

Why I HATE The Muppet Christmas Carol

So I was watching The Muppet Christmas Carol today and realized, I’d never actually seen it before. I thought I had but, upon watching it, realized none of it looked familiar. What I really noticed about 10 minutes into the movie was how much I hated it and, once it ended, I thought “surely I can’t be the only one?”

Well according to Google, I’m in the vast minority. In fact, this article from the Independent has the exact opposite take on it. So, I thought I’d take to Tumblr to really air out my frustrations.

I should point out here that I watch A Christmas Carol every year and I watch the stage play almost every other year it seems. While I love the original 1938 version, the 1951 version with Alastair Sim is my favourite and I feel I’m a bit of a “purist” or “traditionalist” because of all this. That being said, let’s get into it:

Let’s start at the top, shall we?

Listen, I realize this movie is made for kids but having these two stupid Narrator Muppets follow Scrooge around to provide “colour commentary” is completely unnecessary. Yes, different renditions of the film have narrators, with 2009 having Cratchit in that role, but they usually aren’t there for the entire thing. It’s usually just the start and end.

Next up, those damn Marley Ghosts. First of all, there was only ONE MARLEY. There weren’t brothers. It wasn’t The Marley’s were dead to begin with. It was: Marley was dead to begin with. I get taking liberties but you can’t just add a second Marley like it’s nothing. Not when the entire STORY that Dickens wrote hinged on Marley and Ebenezer being BESTIES and business partners.

Let’s talk about all the songs. A Christmas Carol was not and is not a Musical. There shouldn’t be anything but actual Christmas Carols in any of the depictions. I hate it. Like with a burning passion. Every time any of the characters started to sing, I rolled my eyes. It didn’t need to be done, no matter how cute the song was. Sorry not sorry. Especially the Marley Ghosts song, like just stop. Why do you exist? Just stop.

You know what really grinds my gears with this movie? It has NO DEPTH. They managed to take out all of the parts of the story that made Scrooge’s change of heart so meaningful. They took out it’s grit and made it seem like Ebenezer Scrooge was always a miser which wasn’t the case. They made it seem like he hated his nephew for no reason, just that he was silly for falling in love and getting married and loving Christmas. WHAT HAPPENED TO HIS SISTER? Fanny loved Ebenezer and Ebenezer loved his sister, so much so that when she died giving birth to his Nephew, Fred, he blamed him for it and it caused Scrooge great pain to see the boy all grown up knowing that his sister wasn’t able to. So, when he finally has his change of heart at the end, he has to address his sisters death. It’s integral to his development. Without it, he just fears his death and feels for Tiny Tim but his feelings for his Nephew wouldn’t have changed. His wanting to be in his Nephew’s life would still be for selfish reasons, nothing more. What about the kids that hid under the Ghost of Christmas Presents robe? Ignorance and Want? Sure, it wasn’t a huge deal for this depiction, but it was in the original story so why take it out? It adds a much needed bridge from Ghosts of Christmases Present to Yet To Come so you can understand how bleak the future would be if Scrooge doesn’t change his ways. Then there’s Belle. Who makes a brief appearance but there’s no grit to her. She’s so one dimensional. The fact that they took out the line “a new idol has replaced me/I release you, Ebenezer,” truly pissed me off. Like just let her have the upper hand for a second to add some tension. The tears just didn’t come from any scene in this movie the way it did with all the others.

Fozziwig and Mom’s... Why? Just why? Mrs. Fezziwig, being the wife of Mr. Fezziwig, made for some great comedic relief. The two of them as a couple are boisterous and very much in love and the scene was full of life. As a mother and son it just had nothing to offer. Literally, I don’t think Mrs. Fozziwig actually speaks so she’s pointless in this version whereas in other versions she pokes fun at Mr. Fezziwig and it’s adorable.

Next? Obviously, Miss Piggy being Mrs. Cratchit. Particularly that part where she eats a bunch of chestnuts even though they have a family of five and are supposed to have enough for everyone. Mrs. Cratchit would never!

There’s more that I hate but these are the things that really annoyed me. My main thing, I guess, is that if you’re going to adapt a classic Christmas story, why would you change so much of it that takes away from the moral of the story? I don’t know. Maybe it is just me, maybe it’s because I have such a soft spot for the originals even though I grew up with the Muppets...

I recommend watching the 1938 version and the 1951 version because Alastair Sim is a f***ing gem. Then if you want more, watch the 2009 Animated version with Jim Carey but also! Ebbie, which is a made for TV version with a female Scrooge, is really good. Also, I recommend watching The Man Who Invented Christmas because it’s like the back story of how Dickens wrote the story.

What do you think? Do you agree with the Independent or with me? Let me know! I’m actually super interested to hear everyone’s thoughts.

[1baddmouthcrown]

1942 Randolph speaks at Madison Square Gardens, Manhattan on discrimination in the military, war industries, government agencies and labor unions with a turnout of 18, 000 people and also receives the NAACP’s Springarn medal.

General China otherwise known as Waruhiu Itote enlists in the British Army serving in the Kings African Rifles in Asia, Ceylon and in the Burma campaign in which he was promoted to the rank of Corporal.

King becomes the youngest  assistant manager of a newspaper delivery station for the Atlanta Journal.

May 8 Elijah Muhammed is arrested in Washington D.C., charged with failure to register for the draft.

October Little is fired from his job for on the Yankee Clipper.

1943 Malcolm moves to Harlem, New York City and becomes involved in drug dealing, gambling, racketeering, robbery and pimping, he alsio works as a dishwasher in Jimmy’s Chicken Shack 63 St. Nicholas Ave with John Elroy Sanford from Chicago who goes on to become the comedian known as Red Fox.

March Little begins working at Small's Paradise bar and nightclub.

April Howell is released from prison and returns to Pinnacle.

June 1 Little attends his induction at Local Draft Board number 59 "I costumed up like an actor... I frizzled my hair up into a reddish bush of conk", he addresses a white soldier at the reception desk as "Crazy O" and in his interview with the military psychiatrist tells him that he wants to organise them some n soldiers, steal us some guns and kill us some crackers.

August Race Riot in Harlem, Manhattan.

September Woyane rebellion in the province of Tigray in Ethiopia.

October 25 Little receives an F-4 card in the mail informing him that he has been found mentally disqualified for military service.

December 24 Friday The Daily Gleaner.

Detained In Connection With Woman’s Death

Leonard Percival Howell, leader of the Ras Tafarian cultists of Pinnacle (off the Sligo Ville Road, St. Catherine). And members of his household, were detained for questioning by the Spanish Town Police yesterday afternoon in connection with the death, under what the Police consider suspicious circumstances, of his common-law wife (whose name was not ascertained up to the time of going to press), and whose partly decomposed and crow ravaged body, was found at the cult camp earlier in the day.

Police action followed a report from Pinnacle that the dead woman was missing from last week Friday and that the crows were seen dipping and soaring over a spot about a quarter mile from the house in which Howell and herself lived.

Du Bois is fired from his position at Atlanta University by its President Dufus Clement.

Rosa Parks, after boarding the bus at the front doors and paying her fair, straight away attempts to make her way to a seat and is instructed to reenter through the bay doors as according to custom by driver James F. Blake who drives off as she attempts to.

1944 Robinson after returning to Ethiopia in the same year is placed on house arrested for assaulting the Swedish Mercenary pilot Count Carl Gustarvon Rosen who refuses to be co piloted by him on account of the colour of his skin.

Prince Emmanuel Charles Edwards joins the community of the Ackee Walk, Back O Wall area in West Kingston, Jamaica.

1963 May 26 The Daily Gleaner Back O Wall is described as being ‘behind a wall, a high brick wall dividing the old Ebenezer Church cemetery from an area bordering the sea and adjacent Ackee Walk.’

Prince Emmanuel was previously working at Up Park Camp, the British army HQ in Kingston, and said that one day whilst he was painting a building, he fell off the ladder he was using and that he saw this as a calling, a sign from the Father for him to redeem his people.

July Little begins working for Abe Goldstein at the Lobster Pond nightclub on Fortysecond Street.

September 4 24 year old Recy Taylor walking on the way to her house from the church that she attended (the Rock Hill Holiness Church) in Abbeville, Alabama with her friend Fannie Daniel, 61 and her teenage son, 18, is approached by 7 armed men in a car, one of them later identified as US Army Private Hebert Lovett armed with a shotgun says that she is the woman that cut Tommy Clarson in Clopton that evening.

Taylor is forced into the car at gunpoint and Daniel goes to Mr. Cook to get help, Mr. Cook and Recy’s Dad go to find the sheriff and are unable to find him but find the Duty Sheriff.

Taylor is then taken 1 and a half miles out of town to a spot on the side of a road near some trees where the men force her to remove her clothes, threatening to kill her if she doesn’t, Taylor begs the men to let her go home to her family, Taylor also has a Husband and a young child, the men refuse to let Taylor go and remove their clothes, Lovett orders Taylor to lay down and for her to “act just like you do with your husband or I’ll cut your dam throat.”

Taylor is then gang raped by 6 of the men, blind folded and left on the side of the road.

Recys Dad and Mr. Cook.

Recy describes the car in which she was taken in as a green Chevrolet which Deputy Sheriff Louis Corbitt identifies as belonging to Hugo Wilson.

Taylor identifies Wilson as 1 of the 7 men in the car.

Although Wilson initially calls Taylor a liar and says that she had never seen her before he later admits that he was among those who picked up Taylor and also names the other 6 men including Lovett.

September 20 King begins his freshman year at Morehouse College in Atlanta.

October 3 Taylor’s case heard by an all white, all male grand jury in Henry Country is dismissed.

By this time none of the men had been arrested neither did Sheriff Gamble arrange an identification parade.

Gamble, when questioned later as part of a further inquiry into the investigation launched by says that he had arrested all of the men 2 days after the assault.

October 4 Wilson is issued with a fine of $250 ($3, 560 in 2018).

October The Chicago Defender publish front page article with the headline entitled "Victim of White Alabama Rapists".

Little works at Coral Gables in Lansing and as a busboy at the city's Mayfair Ballroom.

November Little is sentenced to 4 months in jail and 1 year probation for stealing a fur coat from his sister Ella's house which he had pawned for $5, the coat belonged to Ella's sister Grace.

Parks, the secretary of the NAACP’s Montgomery branch travels to Abbeville to investigate Taylor’s case.

Parks works with E. D. Nixon president of the Montgomery branch of the NAACP and leader of the Montgomery branch of Randolph’s Black Sleeping Car Porter’s, Rufas A. Lewis, funeral home director and Alabama State football coach E.G. Jackson, editor of the Alabama Tribune.

Parks founds the Committee for Equal Justice for the Rights of Mrs Recy Taylor.

Members of the Alabama divisions of Montgomery and Birmingham NAACP, editors and reporters from the Alabama Tribune and Birmingham World as well as members of the Southern Negro Youth Congress work to publicize Taylor’s case at the Negro Masonic Temple in Birmingham, Alabama.

Others who joined the committee include Du Bois; Mary Church Terrell, a suffragist and founder of the National Association of Colored Women; Charlotte Hawkins Brown, a popular clubwoman and respected educator; Ira De A. Reid, a sociologist and assistant director of the new formed Southern Regional Council; John Sengstacke, the publisher of the Chicago Defender; Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes of Harlem Renaissance fame; Lillian Smith, author of the controversial interracial love story Strange Fruit; and Broadway impresario Oscar Hammerstein II and Henrietta Buckmaster.

Sheriff Gamble when interviewed as part of the the ongoing investigation launched by claims that Taylor is nothing but a whore around Abbeville and that she had been “treated for some time by the Health Officer of Henry County for Venereal disease.”

On a later occasion some other white men testify of Taylor as being an “upstanding, respectable woman who abided by the town’s racial and sexual mores”.

4 of the 7 men "admitted to having intercourse with Taylor, but argued that she was essentially a prostitute and willing participant." whilst some of the other 3 men, including Herbert Lovett, completely deny knowing anything about the attack.

Joe Culpepper admits that he and the other men and his story of the version of events are consistent with that given by Taylor.

1945 February 13

252 MEMBERS OF ALABAMA CHAPTER SOUTHERN CONFERENCE FOR HUMAN WELFARE URGE YOU TO USE YOUR HIGH OFFICE TO INSURE A FAIR TRAIL AND INDICTMENT IN THE RECY TAYLOR CASE WHICH COMES BEFORE GRAND JURY IN IMMEDIATE FUTURE

PAULINE DOBBS SECRETARY

GOV CHAUNCEY SPARKS

STATE CAPITOL

WE APPEAL TO YOU TO USE YOUR HIGH OFFICE IN THE APPLICATION OF EQUAL JUSTICE AND A FAIR TRAIL FOR MRS RECY TAYLOR OF ABBEVILLE ALA WHO WAS ATTACKED ON SEPT 3 1944.

HOMER WILSON EXECUTIVE BOARD MEMBER INTERNATIONAL UNION BOARD MINE MILL AND SMELTER WORKERS.

February 14 The attorney general presents Taylors case but fails to convince the jury of Henry County that there is enough evidence to indict the 7 men.

February 19 received

March 17 Little is arrested for robbing Douglas Haynes at gunpoint and transferred to the Detroit Police Department.

April 25-June Du Bois along with other NAACP delegates attend San Francisco Conference where the United Nations is created, Du Bois drafts proposal.

April 28 Mussolini is hanged.

April 30 Hitler commits suicide. 

June 30

September 26

2011 The book At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance a New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power by Danielle L. McGuire is published.

2011 April 21 Alabama Legislature adopt a joint resolution stating: BE IT RESOLVED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF ALABAMA, BOTH HOUSES THEREOF CONCURRING, That we acknowledge the lack of prosecution for crimes committed against Recy Taylor by the government of the State of Alabama, that we declare such failure to act was, and is, morally abhorrent and repugnant, and that we do hereby express profound regret for the role played by the government of the State of Alabama in failing to prosecute the crimes.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That we express our deepest sympathies and solemn regrets to Recy Taylor and her family and friends.

Taylor receives apologies on her visit Rock Hill Holiness Church.

2011 Taylor visits the White House and attends a forum on Rosa Parks at the National Press Club.

2017 The Rape of Recy Taylor documentary by Nancy Buirski premiers at the Venice Biennale and the New York Film Festival.

2017 December 28 Taylor passes away in her sleep at a nursing home in Abbeville and is buried next to her daughters grave at New Mount Zion Freewill Baptist Church.

2018 January 7 Oprah Winfrey accepts the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award and says of Taylor "They threatened to kill her if she ever told anyone... Recy Taylor died 10 days ago... for too long, women have not been heard or believed if they deared speak their truth to the power of those men... And I just hope... I just hope Recy Taylor died knowing that her truth... goes marching on.

2018 January 31 Members of the Congressional Black Caucus invite Taylors family, including her daughter, Mary Joyce Owens, to attend a speech at State of Union the Democratic Caucus wear red "Recy" pins.

October 15-21 Du Bois attends the Fifth Pan African Congress held at Chorlton Hall, Chorlton on Medrock, Canvendish Street, Manchester, England and former Treasurer and Honorable Secretary of the International African Friends of Ethiopia; Amy Jacques Garvey and Jomo Kenyatta, as well as Kwame Nkrumah are among the congress's other attendees.

Little returns to Boston.

December 14 Little, his friend Shorty Jarvis from Lansing who he had befriended in, Francis E. "Sonny" Brown, Bea, 1 of the women that Little had been seeing, her younger sister and another Armenian woman burgle a house in the Brookline, Boston of $2, 400 worth of fur coats, silverware, jewelry and other items.

December 15 Little and his gang burgle another house in Brookline sealing several rugs worth $400 as well as liquor, jewelry, lenin.

December 16 Little and the gang sell their stolen goods in New York City.

December 17 Little burgle another house this time in Newton, Massachusetts of Jewelry, a watch, a vacuum cleaner, bed Lenin, silver candle sticks, earrings, a gold pendant and chain.

Sultanin Mumusa, a Bagirwa (Priestess) of the Nyabingi cult or movement in Rwanda/Tanzania, dies in Mbarara, Uganda.

Rwanda Uganda.

1946 January Little is arrested picking up a stolen $1000 watch at the repair shop, he is also carrying a loaded 32 calibre on him.

January 15 Little is charged with illegal possession of a firearm at Roxbury Court.

January 16 Little is charged with larceny and breaking and entering.

February Little and Jarvis begin serving an 8 to 10 year sentence at Charlestown state prison in Boston Massachusett.

Itote joins the Kenya African Union and Forty Group.

1947 January Little is transferred to the Massachusetts Reformatory at Concord.

Randolph and Grant Reynolds form Committee Against Jim Crow in Military Service/League for Non Violent civil disobedience.

George Watson aka Ras Boanerges or Bongo Watto founds Youth Black Faith in his yard at 9th Street, Trench Town, Jamaica.

The name Boanerges comes from the gospel according to Mark chapter 3 verse 17 which reads And James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James; and he surnamed them Boanerges, which is, The sons of thunder:

1948 January 8 Howell is sentenced to 6 months in prison.

January 23-25 Friday, Saturday and Sunday Du Bois chairs the National Conference on American Policy in China and the Far East at 111 West 42nd Street, New York.

February 25 King is assistant Pastor at Ebenezer Baptist church in Atlanta.

March Little is transferred to the Norfolk Prison Colony.

The Emperor grants 500 acres (2.0 km2) of his land in Shashamane 225 km (150 miles) south of Addis Ababa to people of African descent in the West Indies and America's who would like to resettle on the continent.

July 16 President Harry S.Truman ends racial segregation in the armed forces with Executive Order 9981.

King begins his studies at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania.

Du Bois resigns from the NAACP for the second time.

King graduates from Morehouse with B.A. in Sociology.

Little's brother Philbert writes to him in prison telling him that he and other members of the family have become members of the Nation of Islam.

Little's brother Reginald writes to him in prison telling him to give up pork and to stop smoking cigarettes, he also visits him in prison tells him about the beliefs of the Nation of Islam. Little later writes to the leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad.

Seay becomes the first woman British Honduras Justice of Peace.

1949 Du Bois attends the Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York.

L- r: John Howard Lawson; Alexander A. Fadeev; W. E. B. Du Bois; Dmitri Shostakovich; Bishop Arthur W. Moulton; William O. Stapledon, and Kiri Hrovek.

Du Bois also speaks at the World Congress of Parisians of Peace in Paris 

Pablo Picasso, Juan Marinello, Donald Henderson, Mineola Zugeisoll, Roclervell Kud are also among other delegates that attend the Congress.

Du Bois then the All Soviet Peace Conference in Moscow, Russia as the delegate for the National Council of Arts, Sciences and Professionsm.

The FBI reopen their file on Du bois on suspicion of him being a communist.

Julian becomes a licensed arms dealer.

1950 Itote takes the Mau Mau oath.

Dedan Kimathi takes the Mau Mau oath and joins the Ol Kalou branch of the Kenya African Union and also becomes the branch's secretary.

Randolph, Roy Wilkins, Executive Secretary of the NAACP, and, Arnold Aronson, of the National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council found the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR).

April 21 Springfield Morning Union.

local criminals in prison claim Moslem Faith New Grow Beards won't Eat Pork Demand East Facing Cells to Facilitate 'Prayer to Allah'.

April The Peace Information Center is founded, which includes in its aims the purpose of gaining publicity for the Stockholm Peace Appeal and signatures for a petition against atomic warfare which 3, 000, 000 American people sign. Du Bois becomes chairman of the PIC and also runs for Senator New York on the American Labor Party ticket.

August 11 The Justice Department serve a notice on the PIC requiring them to register as an agent of a foreign principal under the terms of the Foreign Agents Registration Act.

The FBI open a file on Little after he writes a letter to President Truman in which he states his opposition to the Korean War and also confirms for the president himself that he is a Communist. Little also begins to replace his surname with the letter X as a member of the NOI, symbolising his African American descent.

1951 January 18 Howell sentenced to 2 year in prison for Ganja.

Ex Cult Leader Held On Ganja Charge

Leonard Howell one time Ras Tafari chief at Pinnacle St. Catherine and two other men were arrested yesterday by first class constable A. E. Tilloch of Browns Town Police Station charged jointly with having Ganja.

Howell, Levi Ward and Edgar Reed were held in a raid 8 Windward Road on premises.

Hundreds of curious persons lined a stretch of the road for hours after the police left with a large quantity of stuff said to be Ganja.

Defendants who are in Sutton Street jail will appear before the Kingston Resident Magistrate's court today.

May 6-8 King graduates from Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania with a B. IV (bachelor of divinity) degree.

August Count Ossie's camp at Salt lane in Kingston Coronation market is destroyed by hurricane Charlie.

September 13 King begins graduate studies in systematic theology at Boston University.

Kimathi joins the Forty Group of the Kikuyu Central Association and becomes the secretary of this organization's branch too.

Du Bois's attorney informs judge that Albert Einstein has agreed, if need be, to stand as a character witness for Du Bois, the judge dismisses the case but Du Bois passport is confiscated for 8 years.

Seay becomes the only woman founder of the National Party and is also appointed to the City Council.

1952 Seay co founds the British Honduras Federation of Women which begins a project to establish an affordable daycare centre to assist employed mothers with their children.

June 4 X requests parole.

August 4 Massachusetts Supervisor of parole informs the parole board that a full time job at the Cut Role department stores in Detroit has been secured for him on his behalf.

August 7 X is released.

X and his siblings secure their Mother Louise release from Kalamazoo State Hospital, X also visits Muhammad in Chicago.

1953 January X works at the new Ford assembly plant in Wayne as a final assembler on the production line and becomes a member of the United Auto Workers Local 900.

Kimathi forms the Kenya Defence Council.

June X becomes assistant minister of the Nations Temple Number 1 in Detroit amd establishes Temple number 11 in Boston later on in the year.

June 18 King marries Loretta Scott on the lawn of her parents house in Heiberger, Alabama.

November Saint Lucia born Hulan E. Jack becomes the first African American Borough President of Manhattan, Jack was also the treasurer of the Committee for Equal Justice for the Rights of Mrs Recy Taylor.

1954 January General China Waruhui Itote is captured by British troops.

March X expands Temple Number 12 in Philadelphia.

April Howell arrested for illegal practice of medicine.

May X leads and expands Temple Number 7 in Harlem.

May 17 Supreme court in Brian V Education rules segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

May 25 The Emperor arrives in New York aboard the liner United States. 

The Emperor leaves La Guardia Airport for Washington in the presidential plane the Columbine.

May 27 Thursday.

The Emperor is arrives in Washington where he is received by Vice President Nixon. Herald Tribune, page 3.

The Emperor District Columbia Building and also visits the White House.

Selassie Sees Capital Sights

WASHINGTON (UP) Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, a frail little man with an indomitable will, made a sight seeing round of the capital with the genial good wishes of President and Mrs. Eisenhower.

His imperial majesty started off on a day taking him to Mt. Vernon and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and dinner tonight.

Shortly after breakfast, Mr. And Mrs. Eisenhower walked out on To the White House north portico, warmly shook hands with their royal visitor and saw him into his limousine. He was an overnight guest at the White House.

The President turned to the Emperor’s son and granddaughter and said, “I hope you enjoy your entire trip. It was very nice having you here.”

A servant placed in one of the cars of the emperor’s motorcade a huge box, obviously a gift to Haile Selassie from the President.

Haile Selassie is making his first visit to the United States. And yet to most Americans his erect 5-foot 3-inch frame is almost as familiar as Churchill’s cigar. THE HOLLAND, MICHIGAN, EVENING SENTINEL, page 7. RECORD-EAGLE, TRAVERSE CITY, MICHIGAN, page 5.

May 26 The Emperor visits Blair House.

1954 May 27 The biggest Ganja raid as of that time takes place at Pinnacle £3, 000 is seized. Howells son Monty in the interview on Wu World radio with Bob Marley’s granddaughter Donisha Prendergast said that a lot more than £3, 000 was taken from his Dads house and from the community thousands and thousands were taken. The police unearth the biggest store of Ganja ever to be found one place at a time. It is understood that whilst some men were digging out bags loaded with the “weed” others were pulling from the roof of a bags made out of old trousers. They were laden with 5 notes, notes, and other local currency notes and coins. With one woman the police find another had over 300 and several had other large sums, all of which the police took over. The money belongs to some of the 140 prisoners who have been charge with Ganja possession and with having fire arms illegally. It will be returned to them as soon as the cases are settled. Star newspaper. Monty and his brother Bill were also arrested in the raid and charges are brought against them for being in unlawful possession of a Bulova watch and a Rolex watch. The police send a note to Howell telling him that if he doesn't come up with x amount of money that his sons will be charged for a lb of Ganja each. Howell pays the money and is able to retain a receipt from the place he bought the watches from, the charges against his sons are withdrawn and his sons are also discharged. June 12 No case against Howell’s sons The charge was withdrawn yesterday in the case against Martinal and Silbert Howell, teenage sons of Leonard Howell, one time self styled “king of Pinnacle. They were held during the raid which the police made at Pinnacle property on the morning of May 22, and charged with unlawful possession of watches and a cloak. Mr. H. E. Rickards, solicitor of Dayes and Rickards, informed His Honour Mr H. P. Allea in the St. Catherine R. M. Court at Spanish Town that he had produced receipts to the police which showed that the two accused were in legitimate custody of the goods. They lived about a mile away from Pinnacle settlement in the house which used to be occupied by Howell. They were in no way associated with the settlement. Mr. Cliff Grant Clark of the Courts, said the case with withdrawn. The defendants were discharged.

May 28 Friday The Emperor speaks to 12, 000 at Howard University in Washington D.C. and receives the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Law. 

May 30 Sunday

Harlem Noisily Greets Selassie

NEW YORK, May 30 Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia paid his first visit to Harlem today and got a warm, noisy welcome from some 200, 000 persons.

Residents of the area, which houses much of the city’s Negro population, lined the streets by the thousands and cheered as the slight, dark-skinned monarch drove by in a closed limousine.

He was escorted to the podium of the Abyssinian Baptist Church by Hulan Jack, Negro borough president of Manhattan, and the Rev. Adam Clayton Powell, Negro pastor of the church who is also a Democratic member of the House of Representatives.

Church is filled

The church applauded loudest when Powell told the Emperor: We honor you because you are the symbol around which we place all out hopes, dreams and prayers that one day the entire continent of Africa shall be as free as the country of Ethiopia.”

Emperor Selassie told the audience its “warm welcome has overwhelmed me and I thank you from the bottom of my heart.”

The Emperor presented to the church a gold processional cross made in Ethiopia, and was given an oil portrait of himself by Ivan Tate, Negro artist.

The Emperor with Jack and Powell.

May 31 The Emperor attends the Yankee Stadium to watch New York play Washington in the first game of a doubleheader.

The Emperor is presented an autographed baseball by Casey Stengel, Manager of the New York Yankee.

June 9 The Emperor meets Mayor Joseph E. Dillon and his wife in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

June 10 The Emperor attends a ceremony, at Wold Chamberlain airport in Hennepin County, Minnesota.

June 11 The Emperor arrives at Seattle airport in Washington.

June 12 The Daily Gleaner.

11 sentenced to prison as Pinnacle trail opens

‘Extremely large’ quantity of ganja in Court

SENTENCES ranging from six months to two years imprisonment at hard labour were passed today by His Honour Mr. H. P. Allen in the Spanish Town R.M. Court as the trail of the Pinnacle case opened.

Eleven accused perswons sentenced today were convicted on charges of cultivating ganja and of having ganja in their possession.

One hundred and forty persons were arrested by the police in a raid on Pinnacle property, a few miles from Spanish Town, early Saturday morning on May 23.

The exhibits of what was certified as ganja were brought to the Court in police station wagons in all manner of containers boxes, barrels, baskets, crocus bags, grips, bales. There were also exhibits of ganja plants in court.

10 day trail

The trail which will resume on Monday at 9 a.m., is expected to last from a week to ten days.

Mr. Cliff Grant, Clerk of the courts, is prosecuting while Mr. H. E. Rickards is representing all the accused.

Acting Deputy Supt. J. N. Ricketts and Sub-Inspector George Eubanks were in attendance on the court.

Detective Sergt. Jez Marston, who was brought from Mandeville to take part in the raid, gave evidence today in all the cases heard: It was an account of his illness caused by a motor cycle accident that the trail was set back from Monday until yesterday.

There was only one incident in the smooth running of the trail. An accused who gave his name as Alfred Bennett collapsed while in the dock. He revived shortly after and was offered a chair.

He was being tried in the first case of the day along with James Bennett and Adina Manning. They were accused of cultivating ganja and having ganja.

Detective acting Corporal Gerald Nembhard told of accompanying Detective Sergeant Marston and acting Corporal Frank Harrison to Pinnacle at about 4 p.m. on the afternoon of May 23. They went to a cultivation surrounding two huts and saw the three accused weeding the field.

Warrant read

After a warrant was read, none of the accused said anything. A search was started and ganja plans numbering about 5, 000 were found in a 3 acre plot.

He arrested all three on charges of cultivating ganja and having ganja in their possession.

Cross examined by Mr. Rickards witness admitted that he did not know who was James Bennnettt or who was Alfred Bennnett.

Dectective Sergeant Marston gave evidence and under cross-examination pointed out James Bennett. Mr Rickards submitted that the accused was not James Bennett but Alfred Bennett.

Acting Corporal Frank Harrison also gave evidence. James Bennett in his defence said his name was not Alfred Bennett. He lived at Thompson Pen and had gone up to Pinnacle at around 2 p.m. on the day of the raid to visit his cousin Alfred, who was ill. He knew nothing about ganja nor had he ever planted it.

The other two accused in their defence denied that they were cultivating ganja or had ganja when they were accosted by the police.

The Magistrate found them guilty.

The police said the ganja seized on that occasion weighed 80lbs.

“It is a serious matter” said the Magistrate “and the quantity of ganja in this case is extremely large.”

James Bennett and Alfred Bennett were sentenced to twelve months on each of the two counts, sentences to run consecutively, Adina Manning was sentenced to twelve months for cultivating ganja and 6 months for having ganja in her possession, sentences to run consecutively.

Other policemen who took part in the raid and who also gave evidence were Corporal Albert Ellis, Constable Rudolph Ellis Acting Corporal Uley Delahaye, Constable Quintin Crawford and Constable Simeon Powell.

1000 lbs. Ganja

Caleb McPherson, who pleased guilty to having 100 lbs, of ganja in his possession was sentenced to 12 months imprisonment at hard labour.

He claimed that at the time of his arrest he had £18, which was taken away. Mr. Rickards promised to take up the matter.

Pircell Fairweather was acquitted on a charge of cultivating ganja. He was sentenced to 9 months imprisonment for having ganja in his possession.

Alexander Johnson found guilty of having 3 lbs. Of ganja in his possession was sentenced to 12 months hard labour.

Gustavus Robinson pleaded guilty to having 110 lbs of ganja. The weed was found in two boxes and a crocus bag in his room on the morning of the raid. He had one previous conviction for having ganja. Robinson was sentenced to two years at hard labour.

Henry Dawkins and Rebecca Murray were both convicted for having ganja. Dawkins, who pleaded guilty to being in possession of a box with 7 lbs. Of ganja, found in his room was sentenced to 12 months at hard labour.

The box

Mr. Rickards had submitted that Murray should not be presumed to have the ganja in her possession merely because she lived with Dawkins. Dawkins had admitted that the box was in his possession and had afterwards stated from the witness box that Murray knew nothing about the contents of the box. Mr. Rickards criticised the nature of the of the evidence given by police witnesses.

The Magistrate however, held that she was guilty of being in possession of ganja.

George Brown and Lillian Goode, who also said they lived together in a hut at Pinnacle, were  both sentenced to 12 months at hard labour for having over 100 lbs. Of ganja in their possession. Mr. Rickards commented on the conflicting evidence which he said was given by the police in that case.

They gave verbal notice of appeal and were offered bail in the sum of £100 each.

Furthur hearing was adjourned at this point.

No case against Howell’s sons

The charge was withdrawn yesterday in the case against Martinal and Silbert Howell, teenage sons of Leonard Howell, one time self styled “king of Pinnacle.

They were held during the raid which the police made at Pinnacle property on the morning of May 22, and charged with unlawful possession of watches and a cloak.

Mr. H. E. Rickards, solicitor of Dayes and Rickards, informed His Honour Mr H. P. Allea in the St. Catherine R. M. Court at Spanish Town that he had produced receipts to the police which showed that the two accused were in legitimate custody of the goods. They lived about a mile away from Pinnacle settlement in the house which used to be occupied by Howell. They were in no way associated with the settlement.

Mr. Cliff Grant Clark of the Courts, said the case with withdrawn. The defendants were discharged.

June 14 Bay Area Gives Haile Selassie Warm Welcome

Haile Selassie I, as indefatigable a tourist as he is the ruler of 19, 000, 000 devoted Ethiopian subjects, plunged into a backbreaking of official receptions, visits and sight seeing today.

Up at 5 a.m., as usual, for his morning devotions, the frail little man with the imposing titles of Lion of Judah and King of Kings enjoyed a typical American breakfast of grapefruit juice, bacon and eggs, toast with jam and tea in his gold plated suit at San Francisco's Mark Hopkins Hotel.

Then properly briefed by members of his entourage of 19, he began his official day with a press conference.

Immediately afterwards, he and his party drove a round about route to Fort Mikey Veterans Hospital to visit American and Ethiopian soldiers recovering from wounds suffered in the Korean war.

GREETED BY 1, 500

Another leisurely drive through Golden Gate Park was to bring the 62 year old ruler of the world's first Christian nation back to the San Francisco City Hall where he was to be received officially by Mayor Elmer E. Robinson.

From the City Hall, the Emperor was to motor down Market St. to the Palace Hotel to attend a luncheon in his honor sponsored by the Common Wealth Club, the Down Town Association and the Chamber in Commerce.

After a brief break during the mid afternoon hours, he was to attend a 5 p.m. reception at the Mark Hopkins given by the World Affairs Council of Northern California.

The last event on today's schedule was an 8 p.m. dinner at the Press and Union League Club.

OFFICIAL RECEPTION A crowd of about 1, 500 was on hand last night as the Emperor, smiling and gracious, stepped down from his Pullman at Oakland.

After a greeting by Mayor Clifford Rishell and Mrs. Rishell, he and his party of 19

(Continued Page B, Col.3)

June 18 The Emperor visits Ohlahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College of Stillwater.

June X is appointed Chief Minister at Temple number 7 in Harlem by Mohammad.

King becomes pastor at Dextor Avenue Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama.

October 14 The Emperor and his son, the Duke of Harar arrive at Victoria station in London where they are recieved by the Queen Elizabeth, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen Mother, Princess Margaret, Princess Royal, and the Duchess of Gloucester.

The Emperor and his son are then driven by carriage in procession by way of White Hall and Trafalgar Square to Buckingham.

October 18 The Emperor receives the Freedom of the City of Bath from the Mayor Cllr Gallop.

November 27 The Emperor arrives on the train in Switzerland.

The Emperor is taken to the Castle of Jegenstorf by carriage.

1955 March 2 15 year old Claudette Colvin, a student of Montgomery Booker T Washington High School and a member of the NAACP Youth Council, on the way back home from school refuses to give up her bus seat to a white on a Montgomery bus.

A white woman is left standing so the bus driver tells Colvin and three other black women to move, the three others move but Colvin remains seated.

Next another black woman by the name of Ruth Hamilton who is visibly pregnant sits next to Colvin, the driver tells them to move, Hamilton says that she isn't going to move, that she has paid her fare and doesn't feel like standing, Colvin also tells the driver that she isn't going to move.

April Du Bois is denied travel for the Bandung Conference in Indonesia by the U.S. government.

May 1 X holds a NOI meeting in Lansing.

May 6 Colvins case is brought to Montgomery Circuit Court and the charges brought against her of disturbing the peace and violating segregation laws are dropped.

June 5 King graduates with Ph.D for doctoral studies in systematic Theology at Boston University.

August 28 Sunday 14 year old Emmett Till from Chicago is murdered in Mississippi.

Between the hours of 2:00 and 3:30 in the morning Roy and his half brother Milam, both armed, drive to Emmett’s grand uncles house in Money, Mississippi.

The men arrive at Till's uncles house and call at the door, Till’s Uncle Mose Wright ask's who it is, Bryan replies telling Wright that it is him and that he wants to talk with Wright and the boy.

Wright opens the door to Milam with a pistol and a flashlight in his hand asks Wright if he has 2 boys there from Chicago, Wright says that he has and say he wants the boy that done all that talk.

The men go to the 2nd room, Emmett’s cousin Wheeler’s room where Wheeler and Maurice are in bed, the men then go to the 3rd room where Emmett is in the bed with his cousin Simeon Wright, Wright hears a noise in the bedroom and see’s the men, they tell him to lay back down and go to sleep, he keeps his eye’s open and see’s that they are going to take Emmett he said that he didn’t know where they were going to take Emmett and thought that maybe they were going to take him back home.

They wake up Emmett and ask him questions unpleased with the way he is responding they hurry him out of the house.

Wright’s wife offers them money but Milam refuses and says that he is going to take Emmett up the road, give him a beating and let him go.

Wrights says when the men took Emmett to the car there was someone else present who they asked if Emmett was the boy to which they replied yes, the men then proceed to drive towards money.

The men drive Emmett to Sheridan’s plantation in Drew where they beat him in Milam's brother's barn.

Willie Reed saw the green 1955 Chevrolet and 5 people who he says he thinks to have been Levi 'Too Tight' Collins, Henry Lee Loggins, Emmett, Bryant and Milam.

Collins and Loggins were employed by Milam's brother Leslie.

Reed hears the beating and crying.

Reed tells a neighbour and walks with her to a water well near the barn and turns the water on when he see’s Milam who is wearing a green shirt and khaki trousers and has a 45 on his side.

Milam asks Reed if he’d heard anything, Reed tells him that he hadnt.

Wright knocks on Emmett’s friend, John Crawford’s door and tells him what has happened, they drive to money in Crawford's vehicle and back trying to find Emmett.

The men shoot Emmett above the right ear, wrap a 75 pound metal fan around his neck with barbed wire to weigh his body and dispose of him in the Tallahatchie River.

August 31 A boy fishing in the Tallachatchie a naked body that of a young male and informs the Tallachatchie County Sheriff Clarence Strider who along with deputies goes on the river in his sons boat and.

Sheriff goes to Wright and tells him that they have found a body at and wants him to identify it, Crawford drives Wright, Crawford said that he could smell the body from 5 or 6ft away.

According to Crawford, Wright said that his tongue had been cut and pushed back in his mouth and his private had been cut off although Emmett's mother.

Both of Till's wrists were also broken.

Jones calls the Leflore county sheriff as well as his mother in Chicago.

9:30 Jones Mother calls Emmett’s Mother Mamie Till Bradley, Bradley calls her Mother and goes over to her house.

Wright and his wife Elizabeth drive to Summer Elizabeth's brother contacts to Sheriff.

August 24 4 days earlier Emmett had gone to to buy some candy Till’s cousin Curtis Jones leaves Till in the store to join a game of checkers across the street. Emmett had allegedly touched 21 year old Carolyn Bryant's hand and grabbed her waist at the Grocery and Meat Market she and her Husband Roy ran.

Later, at the trail Bryant says that Emmett grabbed her hand whilst she was stocking candy and said, "How about a date, baby?" She said that after she freed herself from his grasp, he followed her to the cash register and grabbed her waist and said "Whats the matter baby, can't you take it?" Bryant said she freed herself and Emmett said "You needn't be afraid of me, baby" and said "I've been with white women before."

Roy was away and Bryant’s sister in law was watching children.

Simeon said that he went into the store not long after Emmett was left alone with Bryant Emmett paid for his items and they left the store together.

2006 The FBI note that a second anonymous source, confirmed to have been in the store at the same time as Till and Simeon given the same account.

Bradley later said that Emmett’ speech impediment, under stress would not have allowed him to get these things out.

Horace Bryant in an interview with Timothy Tyson in 2008 said that the allegations made were false.

Till had also whistled at Bryant although he whistled his polio which gave him a stutter and made pronunciation’s, particularly with words with letter b sounds difficult.

After Emmett leaves the store, Bryant goes to her car to fetch her pistol and Emmett whistles, the other children are surprised and scared and when Emmett sees their reaction he is also scared the children begin to panic.

They get in the car and notice a car behind them, they thought that the car was after them, they accelerate, pull up get up of the car and run through the cotton field the car drives past.

A neighbour by the name of Ruth tells them that they are going to hear more about it.

After they pick cotton, older brother takes them to Greenwood

A child goes and tells those across the playing checkers across the street what has happened in the store and an older man who is playing with them tells the children to leave quickly.

September 3 Sheriff Clarence Strider who had previously positively identified Emmett's body now changes his mind and says that the body found probably isn't that of Emmett, that Emmett is probably still alive and that the body that was found had been planted there by T. R. M. Howard, founder of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, himself from Mississippi and that Howard had also placed the ring on the body.

Till’s body is transported to Funeral Direct A. A. Rayner’s Funeral Home in Chicago for burial.

Bradley asks Rayner to open the casket, he had been instructed not to, Bradley asks Rayner if he has a hammer, for she will open the box herself if necessary, Rayner tells Bradley to go home and he will call her when he takes the body out of the box.

Rayner calls Bradley and she goes back to the funeral home, Bradley said that as she was approaching the home, that she had picked up the strong smell of the body from 3 blocks away, Bradley also said that all but 2 of Emmett’s teeth had been knocked out.

September 6 Emmett is given a public funeral service with an open casket held at the Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ and buried in Burr Oak Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois, tens of thousands view his body.

Jars are placed in stores to collect funds for Bryan and Milam.

September 18 A man by the name of Frank Young tells Howard that he knows 2 witnesses, Collins and Loggins but Sheriff Strider arranges for them put be put in protective custody at the Charleston, Mississippi jail.

During the trail Bradley, black congressman from Michigan Charles Diggs and several black reporters stay at Howard's house in Mound Bayow which is patrolled by his armed guards.

September 19 Roy and Milan are tried at the county courthouse in the town of Sumner, the western seat of Tallahatchie Country.

The courtroom's capacity of 280 is filled and the trail lasts for 5 days.

Mose is photographed by Ernest Withers as he points out Milam who he says he recognised as being 1 of the 2 men who came to his cabin, the only light in the house at the time was Milan's flashlight.

A reporter who covered the trail for the New Orleans Times Picayune says it was the most dramatic thing he saw in his career.

Bradley testifies saying that she had warned Emmett about Mississippi and that if he ever found himself in a situation that he should get on his knees and beg for forgiveness from the white people, the defense questions her identification of her son and a $400 life insurance policy that she had taken out for him accusing her of.

2 witnesses testify to having seen Collins and Loggins on Milam's brother's property and hearing someone being beaten and cries. Leflore County Sheriff George Smith, Howard and several reporters try to locate Collins and Loggins but Sheriff Strider had put them into protective custody at the Charleston, Mississippi jail the day before the beginning of the trail when 1 of the witnesses

Judge Curtis Swango allows Carolyn to testify but not in front of the jury, objecting that her testimony is irrelevant to Emmett's kidnapping and alleged murder.

Sheriff Strider testifies for the defense that Emmett is probably still alive and that the body found was white. A doctor from Greenwood on the stand says that the body is too decomposed to identify, and had been in the water too long to be Emmett.

One persecuting attorney says that what Emmett did was wrong but warranted a spanking not murder.

Gerald Chatham denounces the statements made by Sheriff and the doctor.

The defense states that that the prosecution's theory of events are improbable and also says that the jury's "forefathers would turn over in their graves" if they convicted Bryant and Milam as they would receive a life sentence or the the death penalty.

2005 The Department of Justice exhume the body and an autopsy conducted by the Cook county coroner positively identified Till using DNA from his relatives, making dental comparisons with photographs and.

Bradley said that when the jury retired to return with the verdict and she saw the black people who lined the walls and the backs of the room beginning to leave quietly she knew that they knew they were not going to get a guilty verdict, she tells her party that its time to go, Diggs insists "and miss the verdict", Bradley says that she already knew that the verdict was not guilty, Bradley and her party then leave.

The all white all male jury acquit the 2 men.

Howard also paid for Wright, Reed and another witness to relocated to Chicago.

November 3 The Emperor 25th Jubilee attends service at church and signs a revision of the 1931 constitution and promises more political liberties in parliament while continuing to keep all powers to himself.

November 17 Kings first child, a daughter Yolanda Denise King is born.

November 27 Parks attends Dexter Avenue Baptist church where Howard speaks on Till's murder.

December 1 Thursday 18:00 Parks seated in the first row behind the white section of bus, along with four other African Americans is prompted to move further to the back of the bus but the section reserved for white fills up and 2 or 3 white passengers are left standing.

Parks refuses to give up her seat and is arrested.

Earlier on in the year Parks had completed a course in Race Relations at Highlander Folk school in Tennesse and had learn much about non violent civil disobedience tactics.

Parks said that thoughts of the treatment that her people were being subjected to understandably were going through her mind at that moment and in her 1992 interview with National Public Radio's Lynn Nearly also said that Till was also on her mind.

Parks is charged with violation of Chapter 6, section 11 of the segregation law and bailed by Edgar Nixon and her friend Clifford Durr.

Jo Anna Robinson and other members of the Women's Political Council print and begin to distribute 35, 000 leaflets informing the public of the boycott.

December 2 Friday 16-18 people meet at Mt. Zion AME Zion church including Parks, King and Abernathy.

December 5 Monday The Montgomery Advertiser publishes an article informing its readers of the boycott. African American cabs drivers charge the same fare as the bus.

Park is tried on charge of misorderly conduct and violating local ordinance fined $10 with court fee of $4.

King, at mass meeting held in Holt Street Baptist church is chosen by Ralph Abernathy and Rev. E.N. French as the President of the Montgomery Improvement Association to lead the Montgomery bus boycott decide that the boycott should continue.

December 8 Thursday Montgomery officials warn cab drives that anyone charging less than 45 cents will be fined.

The boycott lasts 385 days and ends Jim Crow on all public buses in Montgomery.

X establishes Temple Numbers 13 in Springfield, Massachusetts, 14 in Hartford, Connecticut and 15 in Atlanta, Georgia and also meets Betty Sanders after one of his lectures.

1956 January 30 Kings home is bombed.

February Fred Gray, attorney files federal court case Browder V Gayle (Aierelia V W. A. Gayle Mayor of Montgomery) is heard in the United States District Court, Colvin is 1 of 5 plaintiffs the others are Browder, Susie Mc Donald, Mary Louise Smith and Jeanetta Reese, all of who have been arrested earlier on in the year for refusing to give up their seats. Reese drops out of the case due to intimidation from.

February 21 King is indicted by the Montgomery County Grand Jury for alleged violation of a 1921 statute which outlaws boycotts against businesses.

March 19 Kings trail begins.

March 24 King is found guilty and fined $500 and $500 fees.

June 13 The district court in Browder V Gayle rules racial segregation on buses in the city of Montgomery and the state of Alabama as unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution.

October 21 Kimathi is shot and captured by fellow Kikuyu termed as askari meaning traitor. 

Betty Sanders joins the Nation of Islam also replacing her surname with the letter X.

November The state of Alabama appeals against the District Court's ruling at the United States Supreme Court who uphold the ruling.

December 20 The Supreme court issues order to Montgomery and state of Alabama to end bus segregation, the city passes an ordinance authorizing black bus passengers to sit virtually anywhere they choose on buses.

Roy and Milam agree between $3, 600 and $4, 000 to be interviewed by journalist William Bradford Huie for Look magazine about Till.

In the interview which is held at the law firm of the attorney's who had defended them, their attorney's ask the questions and the 2 men willingly admit to killing the boy.

2003 The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till documentary by Keith Beauchamp is released and PBS also air an effort installment of American Experience titled The Murder of Emmett Till.

December 23 Kings home is attacked, someone fires a shotgun through the front door.

December 24 Christmas Eve, A black teenager, after coming of a bus is attacked by a group of white men.

December 28 2 buses are fired on by snipers, a pregnant woman is shot in both legs.

1957 January 10 Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, Joesph Louver form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

5 black churches are bombed, Reverend Robert J Graetz's house is also bombed.

January 23 Willie Edwards is lynched by a group of Klansmen.

February 18th Kimathi is executed by hanging at Kamiti Maximum Security Prison and King appears on the front cover of Time magazine.

2007 February 18 On the 60th anniversary of Kimathi's execution, the official unveiling of the Kimathi bronze statue monument takes place in Nairobi with former Kenya Mau Mau freedom fighters Keiru Kioge, 84 and Thungu Githogo, 70 among those in attendance.

March 6 King attends independence celebrations in Ghana and also meet Kwame Nkrumah.

April 26 Frankee Lee Potts, Lypsie Tall and Hilton Johnson come across 2 police officers beating an African American man (Reese V. Poe) with their nightsticks and shout out This is New York not Alabama.

Johnson is beaten by 1 of the officers to the extent that he suffers brain contusions and subdural hemorrhaging.

The news reaches X who turns up at the 28th Precinct Station house with a small group of fellow Muslims asking to talk with Johnson, the police deny that Johnson is being held there but as the number of people at the station in support of Johnson grow to about 500, the police relent.

X sees that Johnson is taken to hospital in an ambulance, 100 of those at the station walk along with X up Lenox Avenue to Harlem Hospital and return to the station down West 125th Street.

The crowd outside the station grows to about 4, 000 people at the police station.

X and attorney Charles J. Beavers succeed in their trying to have bail granted for Tall and Potts but are unsuccessful in their attempt to have Hinton bailed and are told by the police that Hinton cannot go back to the hospital but must remain until the next day to appear in court.

X walks out of the station, gives a hand signal to the crowd of supporters and they begin to leave.

One police officer tells James Hicks editor of the New York Amsterdam News that "No man should have that much power."

April 27 The NOI pay $2, 500 bail for Johnson but the police decline to let him leave with X and Beavers.

Hinton is released outside the New York felony court and is taken to Harlem’s Sydenham Hospital where he is told that he has a 50/50 chance of surviving.

Hinton and the NOI file a lawsuit against the NYPD and are awarded over $70, 000 the largest sttlement of the time.

May 15 King attends Evangelist Billy Graham crusade in Madison Sqaure

May 17 Randolph collaborates with Bayard Rustin and Ella Baker to organise the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom march in Washington D.C. at which Wilkins is among the speakers, King makes his first national address and makes his "Give us the Ballot" speech.

King (at podium); first row: Wilkins, Randolph, Reverend Thomas J. Kilgore Jr., unknown, and Abernathy; Vivian Carter Mason (second row right).

June 13 King and Abernathy meet with Vice President Richard M Nixon.

King becomes President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

October 23 Martin and have their second child, their first son Martin Luther King III.

X sends telegram to the Police commissioner.

1958 January Malcolm proposes to Betty during a conversation on the pay phone in a gas station in Detroit and marries her two days later before a Justice of Peace at his brothers house on South Butler Street in Lansing, Michigan.

Pinnacle burnt by Police members disburse.

March 1 Prince Emmanuel's 21 day convention at Back O Wall in West Kingston, Jamaica begins.

1960 August 6 The Daily Gleaner.

In March 1958, Prince Edward C Edwards held a 'Convention' of Ras Tafari brethren at Kingston Pen adjoining Back O Wall Handbills had been circulated in advance announcing this Convention Some brethren from as far afield as Montego Bay sold their belongings and giving away the proceeds came in Kingston in the firm belief that at the end of the Convention they wold embark for Africa.

The Convention was reported in the JAMAICA TIMES (March 8, 1958 ppl and 14). Eye witnesses relate that a large number of old car and traetor tyres were collected at Orince Edwards's establishment behind the Tivoli Cinema. H.E. the Governor, Sir Keneth Blackburne, visited Edwards premises before the Convention opened and that speeches made by young and old on the platform before the assembly consisted of streams of filthy language, which is perfectly in order among some brethren, who hold that no words are bad in themselves. Nightly dances to the akete drums were held around fires fueled with the collected Tyre Some witnesses indicate that there were guards. "soldiers" and the like policing the place The Niyabinghi dance and theme were publicized through these gatherings which lasted 21 days On one occasion units of the Kingston Fire Brigade were called on to put out the fires which had become threatening They did this with considerable enthusiasm, dousing the environs at the same time Thereafter there were no fires One morning at about 4 a m an assembly of Ras Tafari Brethren moved in a body to the Parade known as Victoria Park shouting their intention to capture it. On receiving news of this, the police moved to meet them and after some fighting the Park was cleared.

THE CONVENTION, which had apparently attracted three thousand people (Jamaica Times, 8th March 1958, p1) many of whom have ended without anyone embarking for African Those who had disposed of their property in this belief were ashamed to return to their communities Prince Edward's convention marks the decisive point in the deterioration of relations between the Government and the public on the one hand and the Ras Tafari movement on the other The antisocial elements so heavily emphasized during those three weeks were perhaps irrevocable. During the latter part of 1958 two cases occurred at Trench Town, Kingston in which Ras Tafari men were said to have thrown children into the fire as sacrifices.

The cult of and increased steadily within the movement. Its moderate wing lost control, and a fair number of E.W.F. Locals became dormant The news of Haile Selassie's land grant spread like a rumour, unverified, irrefutable. The executive of Local 19, who held the letter did little to publicist the facts The moderate wing were sharply divided among themselves on doctrinal and personal grounds.  The Daily Gleaner Saturday, 1960 August 6 - Page 8.

When Norman Manley visited it as premier, accompanied by my brother Hartley Neita of the Government Public Relations Office, they had a hard time just finding somewhere to walk. A published paper following the visit described how families slept on cardboard and crocus bags. "There were no roads, just beaten tracks winding around each hut...and no piped water, one man had built a latrine where he charged residents one penny to use it. The alternative was at the edge of the community where they scraped a shallow hole and squatted to drop their waste. The smell from the combination of rotting wood, sour water and faeces and scraps was a nauseous, stomach turning smell."

The other side of Tivoli article in Jamaica Observer by LANCE NEITA 2014 December 13 Saturday.

The Back O Wall area inhabited by some 3, 000 residents was bulldozed in 1963 and Dungle or Dung Hill off Foreshore Road (now Marcus Garvey Drive) in 1966 for the new Tivoli Gardens Garrison. Dr Clinton Hutton, lecturer in the Department of Government at the University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona campus Cooke Gleaner 2010 August 29.

After the bulldozing of Back O Wall, Prince Emmanuel then moves to Galilee (Harris Street), Jericho (Spanish Town), Greenwich Street, David Lane, 54b Spanish Town Road in Denham Town, Western Kingston, where he founds the ETHIOPIA AFRICA NATIONAL CONGRESS and finally to 10 Miles Bull Bay in the parish of Saint Andrew, North East of Warieka Hill, renaming the ETHIOPIA AFRICA NATIONAL CONGRESS as the ETHIOPIA AFRICA BLACK INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS and publishes his Black Supremacy in Righteousness of Salvation.

2010 May social unrest in Tivoli Gardens Jamaica government declare a month long state of emergency.

Bruce Golding prime minister of Jamaica and leader of the Jamaica Labor Party signs the warrant for the arrest and extradition of Christopher Coke Dudus son of Lester Coke aka Jim Brown founder of the Shower Posse. Golding had refused to have because evidence had been obtained illegally by wiretap.

Dudus's supporters stage protests and barricade the street.

May 21 Friday Several police stations are attacked. 2010 May 25 www.bbc.co.uk Jamaica security forces storm 'drugs lord' stronghold.

May 23 Sunday 2 police are killed.

May 24 The manhunt for Dudus begins, a combined Soldier and Police operation storm the Tivoli Gardens slum.

May 25 Article in the Guardian reports that 44 have been killed during gun battles between the security forces and gunmen, this figure was given by Bishop Hero Blair who toured the slum escorted by security forces, Public defender Earl Witter says that most of the corpses at the morgue "appeared to be those of males under 30. There were no women among the dead."

The road to Kingston's international airport is closed and flights are cancelled.

May 26 Bulldozers are brought to clear the makeshift barricades of sandbags, barbed wire and junked cars thrown up by Coke's supporters.

The article published on this day written by Ross Sheik in Kingston and Carolina Davies for The Guardian entitled Residents trapped inside of their homes also reports that 4 soldiers and police have been killed, 37 have been injured and more than 500 are held in a temporary detention centre at the National Stadium.

Witter says residents, trapped in their houses, were in desperate need of help. "They complained that they were bottled up inside the buildings that were cleared," he said. "There was no running water, bodily waste was stored in pails.

"In a section called Rasta City there were some 30 children, many of them toddlers, who needed particular care. In one case a mother was injured and taken to hospital and she left her 18-month-old son with no one in particular." 10℅ of Kingston is cordoned off

May 27 The Daily Mail reports 60 dead.

June During the week of Dudus's arrest, the Jamaica government offers $60, 000 for any information on his whereabouts.

June 22 Coke, disguised wearing a wig and women's clothes is arrested at a roadblock at Mandela Highway on the way to surrender at the US Embassy in Kingston.

2011 May Coke pleads not guilty to federal drug trafficking and weapons trafficking.

2011 August Coke pleads guilty to federal racketeering charges in connection with drug trafficking and assault/racketeering conspiracy for trafficking large quantities of marijuana and cocaine into the U.S. and conspiracy to commit assault in aid of racketeering, for his permission of stabbing of a marijuana dealer in New York City.

2012 June 8 Coke sentenced by Federal Court in New York to 23 years.

August 29 Notting Hill race riot Majbritt Morrison, a Sweedish woman, has an argument with her Husband Raymond at Latima Road underground station, a fight breaks out between Raymond's friends and some white people who attempt to intervene.

August 31 Majbritt is assaulted by a group of white youth.

A white mob begin attacking the houses of the West Indian residents on Bramley Road.

September 3 King is arrested, charged and jailed for loitering at courthouse during Abernathy case.

September 17 King’s book Stride Toward Freedom is published.

September 20 King is stabbed in the chest by mentally ill black woman with a letter open while signing copies of his book Stride Toward Freedom in Blumsteins department store in Harlem.

October Du Bois, after regaining his passport, travels to Russia where he addressees the Afro-Asian Writers Conference held at the Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre in Tashkent.

Randolph Youth Marches for Integrated Schools in Washington, DC.

1959 February 3 King travels to India, meets Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehrie.

March 2 Reverend Cladius Henry's Seventh Emmanuel's Brethren distribute 15, 000 tickets.

April Henry is held after raid.

May 7 Mornings a dispute occurred at the Coronation Market Spanish Town Road, Kingston between a bearded Ras Tafari gate keeper and a non Ras Tafari police man both employees of the KAC. According to informants the policeman was quickly assisted by other policemen and the Ras Tafari was severely drubbed in public.

According to the brethren the market vendors, who knew and were friendly to the beaten man proceeded to stone his assailants with vegetables and anything they could lay hand on.

Lorry a fire.

A fire bridgade turned up the brethren say the Ras Tafari proceeded to batter the police and set the van on fire, more police arrive and there was a general melee at the end of which, the police were fully in control and are said to havewen to the Back O Wall area where where many Ras Tafari live and there wreaking vengeance some had their houses broken up about 57 were arrested a fair number of beating are alleged to have taken place and many Locksmen were forcibly shaved.

August 1 9:00 holders of certificate (card) requested to visit Henry's Seventh Emmanuel's Brethren HQ at Rosalie Ave. off Waltham Park Road for Emancipation Jubilee. Please preserve this Certificate for removal. No passport will be necessary for those returning to Africa. Bring this Certificate with you for "identification " We are sincerely, "The Seventh Emmanuel's Brethren" gathering Israel's Scattered Children for removal, with our Leader God's Appointed and Anointed Prophet Rev C V Henry R R

October 3 Pioneering Israel's scattered Children of African Origin back home to Africa, this year 1959, deadline this new Government is God's Righteous Kingdom of Everlasting Peace on Earth. certificate.

November Henry's son Reynold Henry and US citizen Mitchell Swaby arrive in Jamaica from the United States.

November 30 Immigration officer and sergeant of police Frank Alfred Davis with two officers is sent to Cladius Henry’s at 78 Rosalie Avenue by the acting chief immigration officer to inform Henry that he is to report to the police HQ the next day.

Henry receives letter from Fidel Castro.

December 5 Henry holds meeting at his 78 Rosalie Avenue residence with two to three hundred  present on the premises two men at the gate report in the Star newspaper on premises speaks of machine guns Manley 14, 000 and that trip to the United States thought he had gone to see his wife but he had been to Russia as well as to see the King of Kings.

Du Bois is awarded the International Lenin Peace Prize by the USSR.

X visits the United Arab Republic of Egypt/Syria, Sudan, Nigeria and Ghana.

King publishes his the meseaure of a man book including his what is man and The Dimensions of a complete life Sermons.

Count Ossie records Kumina Burru drumming for Prince Buster produced Oh Carolina by the Folkes brothers.

1960 Rupert Gabbidon orders Ras Tafarians Claude Beckford aka Thunder, R. Mac Donald and Gerald Scott to lay down on their faces then shots them.

June 22 Wednesday The Daily Gleaner.

Police and Military undercover Red Hills Rastafari arms cache DESPERADOES WITH RAPID FIRE GUNS KILL TWO ROYAL HAMPSHIRE SOLDIERS two other infantry men critically shot Gang of five, some bearded, hijack van, escape to Sligoville

PREMIER CALLS ON PUBLIC TO HELP

A COMBINED Police Military raid on Rastafarian camp in the Red Hills area, yesterday morning, was turned into a deadly ambush when five men attacked the raiding party from the rear and fled, leaving one soldier, a member of the Royal Hampshires, dead on the ground and three other members of the same unit critical wounded.

A second soldier died at Military Hospital at Up Park Camp last night and the other two wounded men were reported still on the danger list, particularly one, who was shot three times in the chest and once in the neck. Automatic weapons were used in the attack.

The surprise attack and casualties increased the tempo of the combined Police Military operations, in an area stretching all the way from Red Hills, through Ferry to the rugged hills of Sligoville, where the five desperadoes are said to be located.

They reached there after slipping through the Police and Military cordon in the Red Hills area and then headed for cover by commandeering at gun point a van owned by Wills Battery Company, and driven at the time by Mr. C. Staples, and shooting their way through a Police and Military road block along the Spanish Town Road, near Ferry.

SUBMARINE RUMOR Yesterdays development follow a weekend filled with rumors of increased subversive activity in Jamaica, including stories that a strange submarine had landed arms on the North coast and that large quantities of arms had been secretly brought into the island. There was no confirmation by the authorities of these rumors.

The operations were described by the Premier, the Hon. Norman Manley, however, as "normal", in a broadcast to the people in which he appealed for the cooperation of citizens to assist the Government in protecting the good name of the country.

Up to Press time, Police and soldiers (of both the Royal Hampshires and the West India Regiment) had a widely stretched cordon around the entire area of operations, although in concentration in the Sligoville area; a heavy armed guard has been assigned to duty at the Sligoville home of the Hon. Willis O. Isaacs, Ministry of Trade and Industry; ad armed Police protection had been alerted at the homes of the Premier and other ministers of Government.

The combined Police and Military operation moved out to cordon off the Red Hills area early yesterday morning in order to take measures which were described by the Ministry of Home Affairs yesterday in the following words:

"The Military and Police operations now taking place are a continuation of the security measures being taken by the Government in places where it is suspected ganja and/or crude weapons are stored for activities similar to those which were discovered".

This is a reference to raids made in April by the Police on the African Reform Church premises of the Rev. Claudius Henry, Repairer of the Breach, now held without bail on a Treason Felony charge, and to raids by the Military and Police on Rastafarian camps in the Wareika Hill area.

The movement, which began around three o'clock yesterday morning, was directed against a Rastafarian camp the Police knew existed in the Red Hills area. The camp is located on the slopes of the hill overlooking approaches, and connect with Washington Boulevard. High level Police and Military conferences over the week end decided to move in on the camp.

ENCIRCLEMENT The area was cordoned off during the dark, and at dawn the raiding party moved in. When they arrived there, however, it was empty. All that was found were dynamite, crude bombs and several sharp two edged cutlasses. A party of Hampshire Regiment soldiers was left at the camp while other member's of the raiding party began what was to be a day long combing of the area.

Details are not yet available, but around 11:30 a.m. yesterday the residents of the Red Hills area were startled by the sound of shooting from the bush.

According to an official release, five men, believed to have been among the occupants of the camp, made a surprise attack on the search party at the camp, shooting one fatally and wounding three others. One of them died later at Military Hospital.

The five men have been described as dressed in military style khaki clothing. Three of them were brown and two black; three were bearded fully, two appeared to be without beard, They were armed with long guns or automatic weapons, and one had a long revolver stack in the top of his trousers.

After they had escaped from the scene of the camp's disaster, they were next placed along the Spanish Town Road just below Ferry and a Police Military road block.

Here, two hundreds yards east of Ferry, they seized a Fod can belonging to Wills Battery Company at gun point, ejected the driver, crashed a Police cordon, shooting as they headed towards Spanish Town and Sligoville, A police van which was headed toward Kingston turned around to give chase and in turning went over the embankment.

On the way to Sligovile, people have told of being asked the way, by armed men in a car, and some at Cotton Piece, about five miles from Sligoville, said the men waved to them as they sped towards Sligoville. At Cedar Valley, two miles from Sligoville, the Ford van crashed into a telegraph pole as it attempted to negotiate a corner. The occupants fled the vehicle, carrying their weapons and amunition, and disappeared into the bush.

The Police and Military units are now concentrated in the area, having set up campaign headquarters at Mt. Moreland Postal Agency, about two miles from Sligoville. Two Police dogs are in the area to join the search, while a spotter plane overflew the Sligoville area  all yesterday afternoon to assist the ground search for the wanted men.

Though alowed by darkness and difficult terrain, the search for the desperadoes went on through the night.

Shooting, then Screams from the bush

REVOR Wilfris, A 16 year houseboy who works about a quarter mile from thescene of the shooting, told the Gleaner that between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. some soldiers came to the house and took him down to the now defnnet Red Hills Country Club.

At the club they asked him if he knew where any Rastas lived. He told them he did not know, he had only seen them working on a nearby quarry, They returned him to the house shortly after.

While in the house, soldiers accompanied by policemen started moving toward an in the bush near the home.

Long after he heard shooting and screams. An officer shouted for some soldiers and stretchers. Two men were carried away on stretchers. The shooting lasted about 5 minutes.

Military h/q closed to visitors

FULL SECURITY measures were taken at Up Park Camp yesterday, which became closed to all visitors.

Inquiries at the Military Headquarters for the names of the members of the Hampshire Regiment killed and injured in yesterday’s raid on the Rastafari camp at Red Hills, produced no information. The names will not be released until the next of kin have been notified.

Meantime, units of the Hampshires have joined the West India Regiment units and the Police in the Sligoville Area in continuation of the search for the armed desperadoes wanted by the authorities.

Crash kills van driver

OLD ENGLAND Mr. June 21 (From out correspondent) ONE MAN was killed and another seriously injured in an accident on the Old England Brokenhurst main road shortly after noon today.

It is reported that a van owned by Blue Ribbon Bakery of May Pen, and driven by Mr. Dalton Sutherland, 26, of Four Paths, overturned while negotiating a corner, Mr. Sutherland was pinned down under the van and died on the spot.

Mr. James Ferguson, 40, a salesman who was travelling on the van, was seriously injured and was taken to the Mandeville Hospital.

Ten in hospital after bus plunge

THIRTEEN persons were injured yesterday when an Enterprise bus plunged down a 45 foot ravine into a river at Trinityville, St. Thomas.

UNIA appeal Help root out ‘evil menace

MR. RALSTON S. POWELL, Commissioner of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Jamaica (founded by Marcus Garvey) told the Gleaner last night he wished to send profound sympathy to the relatives and Army colleagues of the deceased and injured soldiers.

As a result of the shooting he said, well thinking citizens should aid the Police in rooting out the “evil menace in our midst”.

He wished to make clear that the UNIA did not tolerate such “un-Jamaican and un-democratic activities” and they were determined to help in whatever way they could to prevent any similar incident here.

Machine gun hold up ORDER:DRIVE US THROUGH

THE driver of the 1959 Ford pick-up belonging to Willis Battery Company, which was commandeered by five desperadoes on their way to the hills of Sligoville yesterday, described last night how the vehicle was taken from him.

The driver, Mr. Staples, said he was driving toward Spanish Town around noon.

At the bridge, just before reaching Ferry Police Station, five men, dressed in greenish uniforms resembling the uniforms of American soldiers, wearing what he believed to be false beards, and each holding what appeared to him to be a machine gun, suddenly appeared; standing in the road, causing him to stop the vehicle.

One man climbed in beside him, stuck a machine gun into his ribs and ordered him to “drive us through”. Four times he was ordered to do so, and four times he refused. He told them he must know what it was all about before he would drive them. The man refused to tell him; Meanwhile, the other four men had climbed in the pickup from the rear.

A police van approached from the opposite direction and there were exchanges of gun fire between the men and the police; one bullet struck the wind screen, breaking it. The man beside him called to one of the men behind. “You come an drive”. He then opened the van door and pushed him out on the road. Another man, he said came from the rear pushed him aside, climbed in and took the wheel. The motor had been left running and the desperadoes drove off, leaving the driver crouching on the road.

While on the ground, the driver saw the Police van trying to turn round to pursue the bandits, but in the manoeuvring, it went over into the ditch. He heard Police in the upset van, radio to all units a description of the stolen pickup.

The desperadoes threw out his “tool-pan” as they drove away.

A POLICE ROAD BLOCK on Spanish Town Road, at Duhaney Bridge, similar to that at Ferry through which the five desperadoes shot their way yesterday to escape into the rough, broken hilly terrain of Sligoville.

Troops move on Civil Servant’s home

THE HOME occupied in the Red Hills area by Mr. A, St. A. Clarke formerly Senior Statistician in the Civil Service, now attached to the Ministry of Finance, was involved yesterday morning in the security manoeuvres in that area by Military and Police units.

The security forces searching for Rastafarians, moved in on the house, situated some distance beyond the old Red Hills Country Club, about 7:00 yesterday morning and later in the morning and questioned Mr, Clarke. Soldiers were reported to have battered on the door.

At home at the time were Mr. Clarke, his wife and their seven year old son.

Mr. Clarke, who wears a beard, later lodged a complainant with the Ministry of Home Affairs.

He vacated his family from the home for the rest of the day.

Report unusual Rasta moves – Manley

THE Premier, the Hon Norman Manley, Q.C., made an appeal for the cooperation of citizens in reporting unusual movements of Rastafarians to the proper authorities, in a broadcast yesterday afternoon.

Mr. Manley was reporting to the island on yesterday’s incidents in the Red Hills and Sligoville areas:

He said:

“I want to say just a few words about the news that you have probably heard in regard to a raid made by the Police and a detachment of soldiers on a Rastafari camp in the Red Hills.

“I deeply regret that a soldier was shot and killed and three wounded.

“This was done by five of the men who had been in the camp, who managed to get hold of weapons and were shooting their way to escape. It seems that they feel upon the soldiers from the rear,

“This was just a normal raid that was being made on this camp where we discovered the sort of thing that we had found at Rosalie Avenue; we discovered dynamite and cutlasses and things like that.

Must End

“There is no need for anyone to get alarmed, but at the same time, everyone must realize that this wicked and mischievous activity must come to an end. These people and I am glad it is only a small number of them are wicked enemies of your country.

“They are doing your good name great harm, and it is tragic that this sort of thing should be happening just when we are on the verge of becoming an independent people.

“I want to ask every citizen to assist your Government in protecting the good name of your country. I want to ask you all to report any unusual movements you may see of Rastafari people whether they are going in ones or twos or in groups, wherever they suddenly appear in suspicious circumstances.

“I think you have a duty to do this. Make your report to the proper authority, if need be, to the nearest Police station. I promise you that anybody giving information along these lines will have his name kept absolutely secret and will be protected in every way, completely protected. We will do our duty, you do yours, and all will be well.”

Government sympathy to relatives of dead

Following is the text of an announcement made by the Ministry of Home Affairs yesterday afternoon on yesterday’s security measures by the police and the military and on developments:

“The Police and Military raid, mentioned in an earlier statement made by the Ministry of Home Affairs took place early this morning. A well prepared camp was discovered in the Red Hills area but when the raiding party moved in no one was there and it was evident that the camp though recently occupied had been abandoned.

“As we expected dynamite, crude home made bombs and other crude arms were discovered.

“At around 11:30 a.m. five persons, who are believed to have been amongst the occupants of the camp, made a surprise attack on members of the search party, shooting one fatally and wounding three others. These desperadoes then made their escape by commandeering a vehicle at gunpoint on the Spanish Town Road. Appropriate follow up action is proceeding.

Mischief

“Steps have already been taken to advise relatives of the soldiers who suffered casualty in the unfortunate incident, and the Government expresses its sympathy to their relatives.

“There is no doubt that a small element of the Rastafari movement is determined to make mischief and to do damage to the good name of this country. Government calls for the co operation of all law abiding citizens to help to put and end to this wicked conduct.

“Everyone is asked to bring to the attention of the Police authorities any evidence they have of the movements of these persons whether in twos or threes or in larger numbers or any suspicious activities by strangers that they may notice. Government guarantees that their reports will be kept secret and they will be fully protected.

“There is no need for alarm but we must put a stop to this business”

Two held; in ganja charge

DURING the Military operations at Sligoville, yesterday evening, the Police arrested, on a charge of having Ganja in their possession. The men are Gladstone Perkinsm 44, of 44 Seventh Street. Trench Town, and Samuel Tucker 39, of Maxfield Park settlement. They were taken in by Acting Corporal Grant of the Half Way Tree CID.

The soldiers, several hundreds of them, from both the Royal Hampshires and the West India Regiment, together with hundreds of Police armed with rifles, bren guns, sten guns, and light mortars, displaced themselves for an all nig combing of the area but up to the time of going to Press, had made no contact with the armed fugitives.

June 23 King has a private meeting with Democratic presidential candidate John F Kennedy.

July 26 Tuesday The Daily Gleaner.

Reynold Henry, Al Thomas, William Jeter and Howard Rollins found by military and police unit after 7 day manhunt whilst having fallen asleep in shop at Orange Grove in Sligoville, St. Catherine, Rollins is shot reaching for machine gun and later taken to Kingston Public Hospital by ambulance, Henry was as he tries to reach for a weapon is struck by a soldier with the butt of his rifle. taken to Central Police Station.

JAMAICA’S biggest manhunt came to an end just before dawn yesterday morning as four men Reynold Henry, Al Thomas, William Jeters and Howard Rollins, all American citizens were taken into custody by police and military units at Orange Grove, two miles out of Sligoville.

One man was shot. He is Howard Rollins, who the police say reached for a sub machine gun when the search party came upon them in a small dwelling house shop at Orange Grove. As he reached for the weapon, a soldier opened fire. Rollins is now under heavy guard in the Kingston Public Hospital.

The other three men three of the five whom military and police units have been searching for since last Tuesday are in the Kingston Police Station.

Hunger and sleep were the twin factors which led directly to the capture of the wanted men. The men woke up a lone shop keeper at Orange Grove, on Sunday night, demanded food and drinks and having had them fell asleep on the floor of his house. They were awakened just before 5 o’clock yesterday morning by police demands that they “come out with your hands up.” Rollins stirred and reached for the sub machine gun and was promptly shot by military and police guns trained in at a window and covering them as they lay sleeping on the floor.

The shooting was the signal for entry into the room. As the policemen and soldiers entered, Reynold Henry (son of the Rev. Claudius Henry, head of the African Reform Church, now held without bail on a charge of Treason Felony) reached for a gun. A soldier clubbed him to the floor with the butt end of his rifle.

Thus ended a chase and search which had occupied six days and which had begun at a Rastafarian Camp in Red Hills, where four Hampshire soldiers were shot two fatally and which had soread to the rugged hills and broken country of Sligoville. The police took into custody a sub machine gun and several small arms and a large quantity of ammunition.

IDENTIFICATION PARADE

The hunt ended just a few hours before the police had established that the three Rastafarians killed at the Red Hills camp, included among them the long wanted Claudius Beckford, otherwise called “Thunder.” They had all been shot in the head, allegedly on the orders of American nationals who had joined the camp at Red Hills. Before their deaths, Beckford and the two others Gerald Scott and R. McDonald whose bodies were discovered at Red Hills on Sunday were the leaders of the camp.

All four captured men are to be charged with murder in connection with the deaths of the two soldiers at Red Hills on Tuesday and evidence is being accumulated in connected with the death of the three men whose bodies were discovered on Sunday.

Three of them Henry, Jeters and Thomas will appear in the Half Way Tree Court tomorrow. An identification parade was held at the Central Police Station yesterday.

A police communiqué on the capture of the wanted men yesterday said:

At about 1.30 a.m. on the 27th June, a resident of Orange Grove reported to the Police that the four (4) wanted men had gone to his house and demanded food and drink, which he was forced to supply. They then went to sleep and this man contacted the police and military road block at Tredegar Park. As a result a small detachment was taken to watch the house and reinforcements were immediately called for from Sligoville. The reinforcements under Major D. F. Robinson 1 W. L. R. and Asst Supt. Of Police W. S. Howard left Sligoville and proceeded to the area.

A cordon was thrown around the house and at 5.00 a.m. a combined military and police unit moved in on the house. A window was broken by a W. I. B. Sergeant and a police man, who saw the four men lying on the floor. They were ordered out and one man subsequently identified as Howard Rollins attempted to reach the arms that were on the floor of the house. He was shot. Thereupon all the men surrendered to the police and army.

“The injured man was conveyed to the Kingston Hospital by a military doctor and ambulance unit.

“The other three men who are identified as Reynold T Henry, Al Thomas and William Jeters were send under escort to Police Headquarters, where they are detained.

“All four men are U.S. citizens. A quantity of arms and ammunition has been recovered.

“The Police are stil very anzious to interview the following persons:

Lawrence Thornwell RICHBURGH o/c Larry RECHBURGH, Mitchell Dunbar SWABY, Patrick Alnswirth GRANT, Qasim ABDULLAH, Phillip STEVENSON, David AMBRISTER, o/c David KENYATTA, Eldrid Zinton Emanuel MORGAN o/c ‘REX’, Donald Masou Harper, Titus DAMONS, George Junoir DAMONS, All WATUSIE o/c WATTUSEY, Jospeh Lee WILLIAMS o/c William JOSEPH, Sethi AMENEN HAT.”

MILITARY WITHDRAW

At a Press Conference yesterday morning, the Commissioner of Police, Mr. L. P. R. Browning, Lieut. Col. David Smith, Commanding Officer of W.I.R., Major Dunstan Robinson, of WIR, Mr. A. G. Langdon, Assistant Commissioner of Police and Captain D. Prothero, of the Royal Hampshires attended.

Mr. Browning paid tribute to the military, whose action in the operation was absolutely first class, he said.

A skeleton force of police had been left in the area but all military personnel have been withdrawn.

Mr. Browning stressed the fact that public support is still required even though the fugitives have been arrested,

Asked about the arrival of the fugitive s into the island Mr. Browning said that the time of arrival was doubtful.

Lt. Col. Smith said in reply to a question that the ammunition found on the men was not from the local military.

Taking part in the seven day man hunt were 400 military personnel and 100 police.

United States Consul Mr. Robert McGregor was kept informed of the situation up the the arrest yesterday morning, Mr. Browning told the Press Conference.

A reward of £1,200 will be paid today to the shopkeeper at Bamboo whose information to the police led to the arrest of the four fugitives.

Premier commends Police, Military

THE police and the military have been commended by the Premier, the HON. Norman Manley, Q.C., for their work in the manhunt which ended yesterday.

In letters sent to Brigadier Derek Lister, Commander Caribbean Area, and Mr. L. P. R. Browning, Commissioner of PolIce, yesterday, Mr. Manley said:

“Brigadier Lister, Please accept and convey to the commanding officers and all other ranks of the Hampshire Regiment and the West India Regiment the thanks of the Government of Jamaica for their devoted services in the recent troubles which have been brought to a successful conclusion today.

The Government of Jamaica repeats its sincere regrets and (Continued On PAGE 14)

‘Thunder’ one of the dead Rastafarians

CALVERT Claude Beckford, otherwise called “ Thunder” and wanted by the police on a Treason Felony charge since April, when the Rev. Claudius Henry was taken into custody on a similar charge, was one of the three men whose bodies were recovered from a grave at Red Hills on Sunday.

The two other dead men found in the grave were Gerald Scott and R. McDonald, also members of the Rastafarian Cult and members of the Ethiopian Coptic or Reform Church, headed by the Rev. Claudius Henry.

Postmortem examination yesterday morning settled the cause of their deaths. They were all shot in the head.

The police believe that the manner of their deaths was in the nature of execution and on the instructions of American nationals who had taken over command of the camp at Red Hills, where Beckford had been in hiding and where all three were up to recently the leaders of the cultists who occupied the camp.

Soldiers of the Royal Hampshire Regiment digging for weapons at the abandoned Rastafarian Camp at Red Hills on Saturday discovered a recent grave. Expecting to unearth one body a police and military search party visited the on Saturday morning and dug up not one body but three.

First indications were that the man had been strangled or hanged. Marks conforming with such a theory were found around their necks. A postmortem examination yesterday revealed the true cause. They had been shot at close quarters through the head.

Rastas identified

All Jamaicans, the dead Rastafarians were identified yesterday by other Rastafarians who were rounded up by the police yesterday and Sunday.

A police release on this matter said yesterday:

“It is now believed that the three men buried near the abandoned Rastafarian Camp in Red Hills woods are (1) Gerald Scott, (2) C. C. Beckford, and (3) R. McDonald. All these men were members of the Ethiopian Coptic Church and followers of the Rev. C. V. Henry. It is understood that these men were murdered on instructions from foreign members of the camp.” (Continued On PAGE 14)

HE CALLED FORCES WHILE MEN SLEPT

MR. SEPTIMUS HIGGINS, 46, the shopkeeper in whose house the four wanted men were held, yesterday told how he was forced to give them food and drink from his shop and was finally able to summon the security forces when the men went to sleep on the floor of his house.

The wanted men were held at Orange Grove yesterday morning between Tredegar Park and Sligoville by a detachment of policemen and members of “B” company of the West India Regiment.

Mr. Higgins said that at about 7.30 Sunday night four men came in his yard and called to him.

Reynold Henry said to him: “We are in trouble, we are out from Tuesday gone and we got nothing to eat. What do you have in the shop?”

Pot on fire

He said he told them that he had nothing save for “little flour, fish and oil” The four men went in the one room building used as a kitchen and sleeping quarters, made a fire and put a pot of the fire.

They went in the shop, took four bottles of aerated water from a shelf and drank one each.

Mr. Higgins said he gave them flour, codfish and oil, and the men helped prepare it.

The men made dumplings from the flour, cooked and ate them. Then they took off their clothing which were wet wrung them and placed them over cross sticks by the fire to dry.

Mr Higgins said they showed him their guns, saying, “These are for all those who set hands against us.” They put them on the floor.

They next asked for a cro (Continued On PAGE 14)

June 30 Thursday The Daily Gleaner.

ARRESTED AMERICANS EXCEPT ONE IN HOSPITAL TAKEN BEFORE HALFWAY TREE COURT FOUR CHARGED WITH MURDER OF SOLDIERS three also accused of slaying of Rastafarians.

As the round the clock search continues for five men wanted for questioning by the police two Jamaicans and three Americans three of the four men held in the Orange Grove section of the Sligoville area on Monday morning were taken before the Half Way Tree Court yesterday and charged with murder of two soldiers at the Red Hills Rastafarian camp and also with the murder of three Rastafarian members of the camp on June 15.

The men Reynold Henry, son of the Rev. Claidius Henry, head of the African Reform Church who has been held without bail since April, with 15 of his followers, on a charge of Treason Felony Al Thomas and William Jeters were taken to the Court under heavy military and police guards.

They were taken to the Court in a truck in which sat members of the West India Regiment with fixed bayonets and armed members of the police force. Leroy Malachai, an American, held earlier was also taken before the Court.

They were formally charged before His Honour Mr. Donald Eccleston, with the murder of 5 persons, two soldiers Brian Mettherell and David Philpott, privates of the Royal Hampshite Regiment, and three Rastafarians Calvert Beckford, otherwise called "Thunder," R. McDonald and Geral Scott.

Mettherell and Philpott were killed following a combined military-police operation on the Rastafarian camp at Red Hills on Tuesday last week, a development which led to the island's largest manhunt and the bodies of Beckford, McDonald and Scott were discovered by the police in a single grave at the Red Hills camp on Sunday. They had been shot in the head, eight to twelve days previously according to medical evidence. Other charges against the wanted men, as also against Leroy Malachai, who was held last week in premises at Duff Street (and who was charged last week with the murder of the two soldiers) and against Howard Rollins, otherwise called Quasim Abdullah (now recovering in the Kingston Public Hospital from a bullet wound on Monday morning) are being prepared by Mr. Huntley Monroe, Crown Counsel, who was been assigned to the police in connection with the preparation of the cases.

SOLDIERS ON EITHER SIDE The five men wanted by the police Gabidon, Eldrid Morgan, Jamaicans, Larry Heckburg or Lawrence Richburg, David Ambrister or David Kenyatta and Titus Damon, Americans, were apprehended up to late last night. Rewards of 300 each have been offered for information leading to their detention.

The four men (including Leroy Malachai) were brought to the Half Way Tree police station yesterday in a truck which was escorted by a police car. The accused sat in the middle of seat boards placed in the truck with soldiers on, either side of them. An English officer attached to the West India Regiment faced Henry and held a revolver trained on him. All the soldiers and policemen in the vehicle carried rifles.

The procedure was repeated on the return trip to the Central Polce Station. Handcuffed and barefooted and wearing dirty shirts and pants two with shirts unbuttoned and one wearing his shirt capelike across his shoulders, the three men taken to court were marched into court by soldiers of the West India Regiment carrying rifles with fixed bayonets. Members of the police force with batons also guarded the men.

Before the Court were Reynold Henry, 26-year old mechanic, a United States citizen of Jamaican birth; Al Thomas, 26 year old American labourer and William Jeters, 23-year old American electronics engineer. They are charged with being concerned together with Howard Rollins, otherwise called Quasim Abdullah, captured on Monday and now in the hospital suffering from a gunshot wound, Gabidon and Eldrid Morgan, still at large, that on June 15, in the Red Hills woods of St. Andrew they murdered Gerald Scott, Calvert Beckford and R. McDonald.

The second count against Henry, Jeters and Thomas charged them with being concerned with Abdullah on June 21 at the Red Hills woods with the murder of Brain Mettherell and David Philpott two privates of the Royal Hampshire Regiment.

The men were remanded in custody until July 6, Leroy Malachai, 26-year-old carpenter of Brooklyn, New York, who is also charged in connected with the murder of the two soldiers and with unlawful possession of unlicensed firearms and several rounds of ammunition was also brought into Court and remanded in custody until July 6.

Rollins charged, convicted and sentenced to death for robbery and murder of Champion House club and bar Lyndhurst Road and Maxfield Avenue, St. Andrew.

Charged with seven counts of murder, tried, convicted and sentenced to death hanged on the gallows at St. Catherine District Prison.

September X attends the United Nations General Assembly where he meets Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Ahmed Sekou Toure of Guinea, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambian African National Congress and Fidel Castro of Cuba all of who invite him to their nations. as travels to Egypt, Sudan, Nigeria and Ghana.

October 1 The Daily Gleaner.

JURY TAKES FOUR HOURS RETIRES THREE TIME BEFORE RETURNING VERDICT

REYNOLD HENRY, GABBIDON, MORGAN, JETER TO HANG

Damons, Rollins, Thomas acquitted

COURTROOM CROWDED, THOUSANDS OUTSIDE

THE death sentence was passed last night on four of the seven persons charged with the murder of Gerald Scott after a jury sitting until 7.45 o’clock and retiring three time had found them guilty of murder.

Sentenced by the Chief Justice to be hanged were Reynold Henry, 26, Eldred Morgan, 22, William Jeter 23, and Albert Gabbidon, 23, at the conclusion of a ten day trail.

George Domons, Howard Rollins and Al Thomas were acquitted of the charge.

When sentence of death was passed by Sir Colin MacGregor Henry, who during the trail was referred to as the “Commander” at the Camp in Red Hills woods where Scott was shot shrugged his shoulders, struck an unlighted cigarette in his mouth and leaning over to his Counsel, Mr. W. B. Frankson said “you tried your best. You did a dam dine job”.

William Jeter turned to his Counsel, Miss Gladys Morrison and smiled broadly from the oversized prisoners dick which had been built specially to accommodate the accused.

Morgan and Gabbidon stared straight at the Chief Justice.

A packed No.1 Home Circuit Courtroom, many of the occupants having arrived at the Court from 8 o’clock that morning, and eat lunch in the building listened in dead stillness to the verdict.

Outside, thousands of people waited in the dark to hear the outcome and to see the accused when they were being taken from the Courtroom.

The charge against the men followed the discovery in the Red Hills woods if three men buried in a single grave. The three men were identified as Gerald Scott, Calvert Beckford, otherwise called “Thunder”, and R. McDonald, all Rastafarian cultists.

Jury retires first time

Evidence led by the Crown during the trail was that the three men were among five found guilty of “treason” by the accused, ordered to lie down on their faces and shot by the accused Albert Gabbidon. Two of the men were granted a last minute reprieve by the accused and one of these, Alvin Irving, was the chief witness for the Crown.

Ten witnesses gave evidence for the Crown during the hearing and all of the accused with the exception of Henry and Rollins entered the witness box and gave evidence on theor own behalf.

Yesterday the Chief Justice finished his address to the jury which he began on Thursday afternoon and at 2.50 p.m. the jury returned for the first time.

While they were out Henry sat reading a STAR, and Gabbidon sat wiping his face with a handkerchief. At the time Mr, United States Vice Consul who has been watching the trail on behalf of the United States Government, chatted with Henry.

AT 6.40 p.m. two hours after they had been out, the jury returned and asked further directions from the Chief Justice on the question of common design. After retiring once more the twelve men returned to the Courtroom and the foreman, Mr. Stanley Prendergast, informed the Court that they were unable to agree on a decision with respect to all the prisoners.

They were offered ten minutes more time by the Chief Justice, left and returned to the Courtroom at 7.35 four hours after they had first retired: In a packed courtroom that was momentarily stilled the foreman delivered the verdict making recommendation of mercy in respect of the condemned Morgan and Jeter.

Three removed from dock

The Chief Justice ordered the accused who had been acquitted to be taken from the dock and after the black cap was placed on his head, addressing the remaining four said: “After two weeks of very patient and careful hearing and after hours of consideration the jury have come to a verdict guilty of murder against all four of you.

“In regard to Morgan and Jeter, I have noted the recommendations for mercy, the recommendations I will forward to His Excellency the Governor with such recommendations as I see fir to add.

The sentence of the Court on each one of you is that you suffer death in the manner authorised by Law.

When the prisoners were taken from the dock the Judge told the jury of Stanley Prendergast, Eleuterious Kirkland, Peter Nelson, Charles Phillips, Eric Smith, Audley Renwick, Walter Tomlinson, Vincent Rose, Lorenzo Parkes, John Archer, George Roman and Winston Parris, that he was discharging them from jury service for the next five years.

Outside when they were being transported from the Court, Henry and Gabbidon waved to the crowd of thousands that gathered in the precincts of the Court to see them.

In the trail Mr W B Frankson appeared for Henry, Miss Gladys Morrison for Rollin and Jeter, Mr Dennis McFarlane for Albert Gabbidon Mr W B Wilkie for Al Thomas and Mr Basil Rowe for Eldred Morgan and Titus Damons.

Mr Huntley Monroe Crown Councel and Mr L L Robotham Crown Councel, led the evidence for the Crown.

Mr V O Malcome. Deputy Registar of the Supreme Court, was Registar to the Court.

Yesterday during part of the proceedings Mr Robert Mac Gregor United States Consul General was oresent in Court

(Continued on PAGE 13)

Trail of Claudius Henry begins on Monday

THE Rev. Claudius Henry, founder of the African Reform Church and 15 of his followers, charged jointly with reason felony, go on trail Monday in the No. 1 Home Circuit Court.

Mr. Justice Duffus will preside.

Mr. Huntley Monroe, Crown Councel and Mr L. L. Robotham, Crown Councel, will lead the evidence for the prosecution.

Mr. Peter Evens, who appeared for the accused at the preliminary inquiry, will represent them at the trail.

October King is arrested at sit in at Rich's department store in Atlanta and is sentenced to 4 months hard labor for violating a suspended sentence he received for a 1956 traffic violation.

October 27 King is released on a $2, 000 bond.

Howell is arrested for Ganja at Tredegar Park, Spanish Town and sent to Bellevue.

November Du Bois attends the inauguration of Nnamdi Azikiwe as the first African Governor of Nigeria.

King publishes his autobiography.

1961 January 17 Patrice Lumumba is murdered.

February 6 The edifice of Africa Hall is named by the Emperor who dedicates it to the service of the African people.

March 29 Wednesday The Daily Gleaner.

CONDEMNED MEN ACCEPT CHRISTIAN MINISTRATION IN DEATH CELL

HENRY, GABBIDON HANGED

Pastor says Reynold finally accepted ‘God was love, not hate’

GARVEY HIS LAST WORD

‘THE LORD IS MY LIGHT’ GABBIDON

AFTER SEVERAL penitent session with Christian Ministers, Reynold Henry and Albert Gabbidon walked to the gallows at 8.30 o’clock yesterday morning, paying the price for the murder of one of three Rastafarians 10 months ago near Red Hills.

“I die for Marcus Garvey,” were the last words of Henry, a naturalized American, aged 27, and son of the Rev. Claudius Henry, now serving a ten year term for treason felony.

“The Lord is my light,” said Gabbidon as he stood on the platform waiting for hangman Alan Whonder to pull the lever at St. Catherine Prison, Spanish Town.

Taking his forty second walk to the gallows beside condemned men, Rev. J. J. Carter Henry, Baptist Pastor, administered the last sacrament to the two.

Two Sister sof Mercy visited Henry last Monday afternoon and, as a result, Fr. T Curran, S.J. OF Spanish Town went to Death Row later in the day and gave Henry final Roman Catholic rites. The Sisters said they consoled and tried to strengthen Henry who was very penitent.

The sisters remembered Henry who attended a Roman Catholic school during his youth in Jamaica.

Henry also saw an Anglican Minister Rev. J. D. Gentle of Spanish Town.

Shorty before they started the seven yard trek to the gallows, Henry shouted; “Morgan, Jeter I will meet you at 8:30 in the morning.” (today).

Gabbidon said; “Morgan, Quasim (meaning Howard Rollins who is also in Death Row) remember tomorrow before you die to say Lord have mercy on my soul.”

Henry’s parting words to his comrades were: “Today I shall be in Paradise.”

A few minutes before he had sighed: “I feel like committing suicide.”

NEAR FINAL DAY

Policemen patrolled the area around the prison as a crowd of about 500 grew restless on the main road nearby. A stirring hush indicated the 8:30 date with death, and several women cried openly as a prison warden pinned the death notice on the public side of the concrete wall signifying that Mr. George E. Morris, Superintendent of Prison, witnessed the hanging and Dr. G. A. McKenzie certified the end.

Rev. Carter Henry held a Press conference at his home 10 minutes after the execution. He said Henry was an atheist at first. He believed that the white men went to stole the lands of his forefathers and gave the Bible in exchange.Rev. Carter Henry added that Henry maintained his chief aim in returning to Jamaica was to gather an army to liberate Africa. He meant no harm to any one in the island.The middle aged pastor said Henry accepted God as the final day approached, after he had been told that God was love, not hate.He said Henry recited John 3:16 , inserting his name: “For God so loved this world that He gave His only begotten Son that I Reynold Henry shall not perish but shall have everlasting life.”“He was loyal to himself.” Rev Carter Henry said, solemnly.The pastor produced a sheet of paper on which he said Henry wrote; “Through Him I shall not die, I am fortunate; I can be no more resolute. No more! Thank God for His love and thank you too Rev. Carter. I am sorry I never met you before.”Henry then recited the passage from John and everyone sang the Hymn: “ There is no dark valley where Jesus comes to gather His loved ones.Jeter, Morgan follow todayEldred Morgan, a Jamaican and William Jeter, an American will be hanged today at 8:30 a.m. at the St. Catherine District Prison also for the murder of Gerald Scott.They were found guilty at the same trail as Reynold Henry and Albert Gabbidon of taking part in a common design to kill Scott.Yesterday morning the two men each had one scalded egg, one poached egg, two slices of toast and a cup of tea. They then smoked mentholated cigarettes, maintaining calm composure as eight strong wardens ried their hands. Then, blindfold, they were led to the gallows.Henry weighed 188 lbs, Gabbidon 162. On a signal from Mr. G .A. McKenzie, the Director of Prisons, the hangman pulled the lever. The platform collapsed.(Continued on PAGE 20)   

April 4 The Mission to Africa sent by the government of Jamaica leave. The Mission compromised of 9 men Mortimer Planno, representing the Ras Tafari movement, Bro Douglas Mac and Bro Filmore Alavarana, Rases from Eastern and Central Kingston, Mr. Westmore Blackwood of the UNIA, Dr. M. B. Douglas of the Afro Carribean League, Mr. Cecil George Gordon of the Ethiopian World Federation Inc. advisers Dr. L. C. Leslie, former Mayor of Spanish Town, medical practitioner and leader of the Mission and Mr. Victor Reid, journalist and author.

The Mission was sent to Africa to investigate the potential intake of emigrant's the Mission and include in its report the economy of each of the countries visited.

April 4 The Mission leaves Kingston for New York. The Mission spend 2 day at Hotel Theresa on 5th Avenue and are met at the Idlewilde Airport by members of the Ethiopian World Federation, UNIA and other Back to Africa Movements in New York. 

They visit the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in New York, the HQ of the Ethiopian World Federation, New York and also visit the U.N.O. Buildings but are unsuccessful in obtaining sears in the balcony of its general assembly.

April 6 Thursday 21.30 The Mission leaves New York for London.

April 7 Friday 8.30 The Mission arrives in London. They stay at  Hotel Londoner and visit the Ethiopian Embassy, the French Embassy  and the Ghanaian Embassy to get visas for entry. They visit the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Abbey. 

April 14 15.40 The Mission leave London for Khartoum via Rome

April 15 04.10 The Mission arrive in Khartoum and at 4.30 leave for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

The Mission arrive at Haile Selassie I airport via Asmara, Mack and Alvarange met 4 Ethiopian Orthodox Priests who fly with them to Addis Ababa.

April 16 Sunday 9.35 The Mission arrives at Addis Ababa on Ethiopian Airlines where they  are met by Ato Getanen Haile Mariam, Chief of English and Commonwealth Department in the Ministry of Foereign Affairs, Waizaro Maize of the Ministry of Education.

The Mission visit His Holiness Abuna Basilios of the Ethiopia Orthodox Church.

April 17 visit Her Imperial Majesty Empress Menen handicraft and technical school for girls and boys where they see hand weaving of wool, cotton, working in gold and silver, carpentry, joinery, cabinet making and wood carving.

April 18 Tuesday The Missions meet with the Emperor is postponed until they meet more Government Ministers. They visit the Lions Den next to the Imperial Palace  which contained 21 Lions.

April 19 The mission visit the Co operative Farm at Awasa and on the way stop at Shesshaminane, the land granted to the people of the, about 200 km from Addis.

April 20 The mission fly's by Ethiopia Airlines Special Charter Flight to Jimma in the province of Kaffa.

April 21 Planno, Doulas Mac and Alavarana meet the Emperor at the Imperial palace, Alvarana presents a carved wooden sculpture of a map of Africa and a painting of the Emperor, Brother Mac presents photographs taken of Ras Tafari brethren, and a painting of Navy island (Errol Flynn Island), Planno presents a ites gold and green scarf woven by he himself, a painting of the Emperor in his military uniform painting by Sporty Green.

April 22 The mission visits the Ministry of the Interior the Minister welcomes the delegation and says that.

In the afternoon to his residence where they have tea and honey.

April 23 Sunday 10.30 The Mission leaves Haile Selassie I Airport on Ethiopian Airlines for Lagos, Nigeria via Khartoum. The Mission stay at Ikeja Airport Hotel and go to the Federal Palace Hotel in Lagos. 

22.30 The Mission arrives at Ikeja Airport by Ethiopia Airlines where they are met by Mr. Babatunde Harper of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other officials and stay 2 days at Ikeja Airport Hotel.

April 24 Monday The Mission visit the Oba Adele, King of Lagos and in the afternoon visit the Yaba industrial estate.

April 26 Wednesday The Mission meet Nnamdi Azikiwe at State House in Lagos and also attend as ice show in Lagos as Azikiwe’s guests.

April 27 Thursday Sierra Leone gains its independence and the mission visits the furniture factory at Village also the Defacto Bread Factory Surelereat Yabba and drive around Ikoyi Village.

April 29 Saturday The Mission drives by car to Ibadan from Lagos and are accommodated at Green Sorings Hotel.

10.00 The Mission call on the Head of Service and Chief Secretary, and then the meet Acting Premier of Ibaddan Oba C. D. Akran in the Premier;s office.

13.00 A luncheon is held by the Government in honor of the Mission and in the afternoon they tour the University of Ibadan.

18:30 whilst in the city of Ibadan in Western Nigeria the Mission attend a cocktail party held in their honor by the West Indian residents at the home of Secretary General D. A. R. Alexander a Saint Lucian and Mrs. Alexander a Jamaican.

April 30 The mission drive to Illora farm settlement, 50 miles from Ibadan.

May 1 Monday 9:00 The Mission leave Ibadan by Nigerian Airlines for Kaduna in the north.

11:55 The mission arrive at Kaduna Airport and stay at Catering Rest House.

May 2 The Mission meets the deputy secretary to the Premier S.A.S. (S.D.S.) Premier office in the afternoon legislative and the Kaduna Textile Plant which employs 1, 600 workers.

May 3 The mission drives by car to the city of Zaria about 69 miles from Kaduna. Zaria is an ancient city with a wall of stone and mud all around it, the mission also visits.

May 4 Thursday 1.50 The Mission arrive in Enugu in the east by Nigerian Airlines, they stay at Catering Rest House and in the evening are invited to dinner by Dr Michael Okapard, Premier of Eastern Nigeria at the Premiers Lodge.

May 8 Monday 16.20 The Mission arrives in Accra, Ghana by Nigeria Airlines and stay at the Ambassador Hotel.

May 9 19.00 The Mission attend a reception held in their honor at the Ambassador Hotel where they meet the chiefs from various states in Ghana including 92 year old Nii Amoo Nakwa II Obtobolum Mensta the oldest chief in Ghana and also meet 2 Rastafarians brethren from Jamaica, Jackie Payne a compositor working at the Guenis press in Accra and another brother a machinist working at the Osageyfo Builders Brigade.

May 10 The Mission meets Nkrumah at Flagstaff House.

Nkrumah appoints a special committee to talk with the mission.

May 11 The Mission visits Tena Harbour, the home of the Black Star Line, 20 miles from Accra.

May 12 The mission visit a botanical garden and rest house and are given some seeds to suck which makes everything they eat taste sweet.

May 13 The mission visits the museum at Accra.

May 15 11:59 p.m. The mission leaves Ghana for Liberia.

May 16 1.00 am The Mission arrive in at Robertsfield airport in Liberia by PAA and drive through miles Firestone rubber plantations on the way to Ducor Palace Hotel in Monrovia where they stay.

May 18 The Mission meets President Tubman at his office, the majority report mentions the 1955 law which was enacted to "authorise the President to make arrangements for the care of immigrants to Liberia" enriched by a provision granting the issuing of free lands to immigrants, plus 3 months free housing to encourage immigration and for a bias to farmers, unmarried settlers recieve 10 acres of farm land and 1 town lot, married settlers receive 25 acres of farm land and 1 town lot.

Tubman speaks of Garvey and recalls his own state visit to Jamaica, says that Jamaica is overpopulated and needs easement, speaks of the founding of the republic and the immigration laws which have existed since then which permit people of African descent from the West Indies.

The foreign secretary, Mr. Grimes, who is of West Indian decent is also present at the meeting. The President also mentions Jamaicans Barnes, Corniffe, building contractor Clifford Brown and Miss Ethelda James, the country's first female Diamond miner as some of the West Indians who have contributed to Liberia.

1921 March 7 President C. D. B. King of Liberia arrives in New York as head of the United States Liberian Plenary Commissione to negotiate loan; 5 man UNIA welcoming delegation pays greeting call at Waldorf Astoria Hotel.

March 18 UNIA mission arrives in Monrovia.

March 22 UNIA delegates to Liberia hold official interview with Liberia’s acting president.

April UNIA delegates in Liberia stop "construction work" temporarily because of lack of funds.

Rev. F. Wilcom Ellegor, UNIA high commissioner meets with President C.D.B. King in Washington D.C., regarding UNIA Liberia construction loan.

1924 January

The delegation was led by Henrietta Vinton Davis and also included Princeton education Robert Piston and UNIA new attorney Milton Van Lowe.

1815 Cuffe arrives at Sherbrooke Island in present day Sierra Leone with 88 African Americans, the first.

1816 December The American Colonization Society is established.

1820 The ship Elizabeth sails from New York to Sierra Leone and Liberia with 88 emigrants.

and 22 emigrants die within 3 weeks from yellow fever and of the 4, 571 emigrants brought to Liberia between this year and 1843 only 1, 819 survive.

1821 Lt. Robert Stockton points a pistol to King Peter's head and King Peter sells Cape Mersurado.

1822 January 7 The emigrants brought to Sherbrooke Island by Cuffe are taken to Cape Mersurado by another ship and there they establish the city of Christopolis.

1824 The city of Christopolis is renamed Monrovia after President James Monroe.

1825 King Peter and other Kings sign a treaty with Ashmun granting land and are given 3 barrels of rum, 5 caskets

1829 March Jamaican John Brown Russworm co founder of the first African American owned newspaper, "Freedoms Journal" emigrates from the U. S. to Liberia.

1830 Russwurm found employment as the colonial secretary for the American Colonization Society serving from until 1834 and also worked as the editor of the Liberia Herald and served as the superintendent of education in Liberia's capital, Monrovia.

1836 Russwurm becomes the first black governor of the Maryland in Africa colony which was annexed Liberia in 1857.

1845 The ACS draft a constitution at a convention held in Monrovia.

1847 Liberia delcares its independence becoming an independent and sovereign Republic using the constitution.

1848 January 3 Joseph Jenkins Roberts is elected Liberia's first president.

1850 Edward Wilmot Blyden at age 18 emigrates to Liberia after unsuccessfully enrolling in Rutgers Theological College as well as 2 other theological colleges in the U.S.

Blyden had made the trip to the U.S. with the wife of John P. Knox, pastor of St. Thomas Protestant Dutch Reformed Church.

The state of Virginia begin to put aside $30, 000 every year until 1855 to support emigration.

Blyden edits the Liberia Herald and writes the column "A Voice From Bleeding Africa".

1859 May Martin Delany, whos own paternal descent was that of Goan sails from New York to Liberia where he and chiefs in the Abeokuta region make an agreement similarly to for to unused land.

Earlier that same year Delany had published parts of Blake: Or The Huts of America in response to Harriet Beecher Stowe’s "Uncle Tom’s Cabin", in which he criticized for inaccurately portraying the slaves as too passive although for cruelty of Southern slave owners, the first half of part one is serialised in The Anglo-African Magazine between January to July.

1860 Delany leaves Liberia for England and there he is honoured by the International Statistical Congress, and returns to America shortly.

1835 Delany attends the National Negro Convention in Philadelphia.

1843 Delany begins publishing The Mystery black newspaper, his articles and writings are reprinted in William Lloyd Garrisons "The Liberator" and also meets and marries Catherine A. Richards Pittsburgh.

1846 Delany is sued $650 for libel by an African American, Fiddler Johnson, who he accused in The Mystery newspaper of being a slave catcher.

1847 Delany meets Douglass and Garrison whilst they are in Pittsburgh on an anti-slavery tour and helps to put together Douglass’s first abolitionist newspaper "the North Star", printed from the basement of the Memorial African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in Rochester, New York.

Delanys eulogy for Rev. Fayette Davis is widely redistributed.

Delany recruits for the Union Army. His son Touissant Louverture Delany serves with the 54th regiment.

1848 July Delany reports in the North Star that the jury in the Crosswait trial were instructed by U.S. District Court Justice John McLean to make it a punishable offence for a citizen to thwart those trying to “repossess” an alleged runaway slave, and as a result influences abolitionist Salmon P. Chase to remove McLean as a candidate of the Free Soil Party for the Presidency.

1850 Delany becomes one of the first of three black men to attend Harvard Medical School but is dismissed in after a few weeks on account of a race complaint from white students.

1852 Delany publishes his The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, Politically Considered.

1854 Delany publishes The Origins and Objects of Ancient Freemasonry: Its Introduction into the United States and Legitimacy among Colored Men.

Delany, in the second Cholera outbreak stays behind in Pittsburgh to treat patients whilst many leave the city.

August Dealany leads the National Emigration Convention in Cleveland, Ohio.

and publishes his “Political Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent”.

1856 Delany moves his family to Chatham, Ontario, Canada.

1861 Delanys second part of part one series is published in Weekly Anglo African Magazine, he also prepares to embark Abeokuta but abandon plans abolition

Delany begins recruiting black men for the Union Army Rhode Island, Connecticut and Ohio raising thousands of enlistees many joining the new United States Coloured Troops, his son serving in the 54th regiment, writes to secretary of war Edwin Stanton

179, 000 black men enlisting in the U.S. Coloured Troops making up almost 10% of those serving in the Union army.

1865 February Delany meets Abraham Lincoln and proposes the creation of a Corps of black men led by black officers to attract blacks in the south.

Delany becomes the first black line field officer in the U.S. Army as well as the only black officer to receive commission of the highest rank of Major during the Civil War.

April 14 Delany invited to the War Department ceremony in Charleston, South Carolina, attending with Robert Vesey son of hanged black abolitionist, Denmark Vesey in ship named the Planter former slave Robert Smalls, Major Genral Robert Anderson Fort Sumter 1861, abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison Senator Warner speak, Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson and abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher.

1861 Blyden becomes professor of Greek and Latin at Liberia College and becomes Liberian Secretary of State.

1877 Delany became chairman of the Liberian Exodus Joint Steamship Company finance committee they bought the 400 ton ship Azor.

1878 The following year the company made the voyage from Charleston to Monrovia with captain Harrison N. Bouey.

Blyden serves as President of Liberia College for 4 years.

1887 Blyden publishes his Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race.

1895 17 years later Bishop Henry Mc. Turner was responsible for two ships with 500 emigrants sailing to Liberia in 1895 and 1896.

The year after he also received James Mata Dwane of South Africa along with H. B. Parks and J. S. Flipper.

Dwane previously a South African Methodist Minister had left the Methodist Church to join the Ethiopian Church of Mangena Mokone in the same year and was also the founder of the Order of Ethiopia in the Anglican Church.

May 21 Sunday 14:05 The mission leaves Liberia by Air Liban for Freetown, Sierra Leone.

14:05 The mission arrive in Sierra Leone and are met at Queen Elizabeth II Quay in Freetown by representives of Government attended by the Parliamentary Secretary for External Affairs and his permanent Secretary.

The mission meets Prime Minister Dr. Sir Milton Margai at his office in Freetown. 

The majority report mentions the Trelawny maroons from the parish of St. James in Jamaica who fought the British in 1795 in what is known as the second maroon war and were sent to Nova Scotia then to Sierra Leone some of the most well known of these maroons are John Jarret, Charles Samuel and his brother Captain Andrew Smith and Montague James.

August 3 A Council of War was held in Spanish Town at which martial law was declared.

"the members of which, considering the flying reports that Frenchmen and people of colour were conspiring with the Maroons, the danger of suffering the departure of troops ready to sail to St. Domingo, and the necessity of justifying Lord Balcarres in detaining them, concurred in opinion that it was requisite to establish martial law; which was accordingly proclaimed."

August 5 Balcarres on arriving at Landoverly orders the 6 Maroons captains into irons.

Correspondence send six Maroon Captains obtain passports from General Palmer Major James and son to go to Spanish Town and to the Governor. Balcarres Caskell to report to Spainish Town.

The six Maroons captains at Landoverly St. Ann half way between Trelawny and Spanish Town apprehended by the Commander of the militia and made to wait for Balcarres.

July the Maroons dismiss superintendent Caskell from his position.

July 17 39 Maroons go to Vaughans field a mile and a half from Trelawny Town to warn Caskell not to return to the town and to let know that they ready for the white people and that if the whites do not come to them they will come to the whites.

The war was caused after the Montego Bay magistrate had authorised the flogging of two Maroons by a slave the maroons had previously taken, these 2 maroons were flogged for killing two hogs belonging to a poor man the situation escalated when Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres orders 6 maroon captains into irons.

July 18 The magistrates of the parish of St. James send a message to the Maroons requesting a meeting between 4 of their justices and 4 chosen maroons, Colonel Montague declines adding that they do not want to see Caskell back in Trelawny ever again wage war. ask for the reappointment of Major James.

July 28 At Green Vale penn where the Maroons had moved up to, three miles away from Trelawny, the Maroon Captain Smith delivers a letter to the Custos of Trelawny Mr. Tharp.

Trelawny John Jarret is chosen to jot down the Maroons greviances.

Governor Alexander Lindsay the 6th Earl of Balcarres imports 100 bloodhounds from Cuba.

December The Maroon surrender Walpole Balcarres deports 600 Maroons to Nova Scotia Sierrra Leone.

1795 April 22 the Brigands war in Saint Lucia, the British attack Fond Doux and Rabot in Soufriere ensuing in the Battle of Rabot.

April Balcarres is appointed to succeed Sir Adam Williamson as Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica.

February defeat a battalion of British trops.

June 19 the British leave the Island not returning until a year later.

1797 November The Battle of Rabot ends and recruited into the 1st West India regiment stationed in Sierra Leone.

1794 February 4 the National Convention, the first elected Assembly of the First Republic, under Maximilien Robespierre proclaim the abolition of slavery in all French colonies and giving civil and political rights to all Blacks.

February Charles No Flint Grey and Vice Admiral John Jervis arrive in the West Indies.

March 22 capture Fort Royal and Fort Saint Louis in Martinique.

March 24 The British capture Fort Bourbon.

March 30 The British reinstate the Old Regime, including the Monarchy's Supreme Council and the seneschal's courts of Trinité, Le Marin, and St Pierre. The Royalists regain possession of their properties and positions, slaves are returned to their masters, and emancipation was forbidden, whereas in the previous month the French had abolished slavery.

The government also promulgate an ordinance banning all gatherings of blacks or meetings by slaves, and banned Carnival. However, the British did require an oath of allegiance to the King of England.

April Jervis leads the invasion of St. Lucia, citadel More Fortune is captured and renamed Fort Charlotte.

L'Ouverture switches his allegiance and now fights on the side of the French, he raises the republican flag over the port of Gonaïves, he has all supporters of the Spanish to leave Cordon de l'Ouest and 4, 000 of his troops with those of General Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Lavaux's with Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henri Christophe as.

May 6 L'Ouverture ambushes the Spanish after mass at church at San Raphael.

May 19 Troops from Greys force under commander John Whyte arrive in Saint Domingue and march to Port Au Prince where 45 ships of sugar are docked in the harbour they take and allow Sonthonax and the French leave providing that they do not burn the ships.

May L'Ouverture and Sonthonax commanding in the North whilst André Rigaud in the South.

Rigaud takes the town of Léogâne by storm and drives the British back to Port-au-Prince.

December 25 Rigaud takes Tiburon in surprise attack.

Soldiers of the 104th, 105th, 111th and 112th regiments in Dublin and Cork, Ireland riot.

1795 July Treaty of Baseline.

Jean-François and Biassou fight with L'Ouverture until November when Francois leave's for Spain and Biassou for Florida.

November 16 The Great Push 30, 000 men on 200 ships under General Ralph Abercromby departs from Portsmouth but wrecked by a storm.

December 9 sets out again for Saint Domingue.

1796 March 17 General Ralph Abercromby arrives in Barbados and despatches a force under Major General Gordon Forbes to Port-au-Prince.

fails to take French held city of Leogane, French Commander Alexandre Peton uses guns of his fort to sink three ships in-line under Admiral Hyde Parker and then turns his guns to the British, Forbes retreats back to Port au Prince. 

March 20 Commander Jean-Louis Villatte captures and overthrows French General Étienne Lavaux as part of his plan to form an allegiance with Governor Rigaud, L'Ouverture's troops arrive at Le Cap-Français to free him and drive Villatte out.

May Lavaux promotes L'Ouverture to commander of the West province.

Sonthonax arrives with the French third commission, promotes L'Ouverture to General and arranges for L'Ouverture's sons Placide and Issac to a school for children of colonials in France. highest ranking officer.

June 1 Only 198 of 1, 000 from the Sixty-sixth regiment and 515 of 1, 000 men of the Sixth-ninth regiment, have not been infected with yellow fever. September elections for colonial representatives of the French National Assembly take place.

Louveture Lavaux, Sonthonax is also elected.

October Lavaux leaves and Sonthonax stays.

1797 L'Ouverture appointed Lieutenant General second only to Lavaux himself.

5, 000 of Greys 7, 000 die from yellow fever and the Royal Navy 11, 000.

1787 Prior to all of this London's Black Poor, some of which were African American Loyalist’s were brought to Sierra Leone by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor and had founded Cline’s Town named after Emmanuel Kline a liberated Hausa, the town was later renamed Gransville Town after Granville Sharp.

Black Loyalist were former slaves who served for British military forces in the American War of Independence and were resettled in Nova Scotia by the British after they lost the war.

1 of the Black Regiments of the British Army were Lord Dunsmore's 800 man strong Ethiopian Regiment who fought in the Battle of Kemp's Landing and the Battle of Great Bridge

1775 November 7 Lord Dunmore, the Royal governor of Virginia makes his proclaimation calling for slaves to enlist in the British Army threatening them with liability of penalties.

November By the end of the month several hundred slaves have fled to Norfolk, Virginia to enlist, almost 2/3rds of those who were resettled in Sierra Leone were from Virginia.

1789 Granville Town is burned down by King Tom's successor, King Jimmy, another King of the local Temne people. The land on which the town was founded was purchased from Koya Temne sub schief King Tom and regent Naimbana.

1792 February 29-March 9 15 ships arrive at St. George Bay.

March 11 The site of Cline's Town is designated by the Sierra Leone Company as the site of the new settlement for African American Loyalists.

Nathaniel Gilbert.

1810 The African Institution ask the British Government for a land grant in Sierra Leone for Paul Cuffe.

1811 March 1 Cuffee arrives in Freetown, Sierra Leone.

April 7 Cuffe meets with black merchants including John Kizele, they write a petition to the African Institution and found the Friendly Society of Sierra Leone.

1815 Cuffe arrives at Sherbrooke Island in present day Sierra Leone with 88 African Americans, the first.

1775 Cuffe, at age 16 learns navigation.

In the late 1780s Cuffe's flagship was the 25-ton schooner Sun Fish and after that he bought the 40-ton schooner Mary.

1795 Cuffe sells the Mary and Sun Fish to finance construction of the Ranger, a 69-ton schooner launched.

1796 Cuffe launches the Ranger from his shipyard in Westport. Wanting a larger homestead

1799 February Cuffe pays $3,500 for 140 acres (0.57 km2) of waterfront property in Westport.

1800 Cuffe purchase a half-interest in the 162-ton barque Hero.

1806 Cuffe's largest ship, the 268-ton Alpha and his favorite ship, the 109-ton brig Traveller are built.

1811 Cuffe takes his favorite ship, the Traveller into Liverpool, The Times of London reports that it is likely the first vessel to reach Europe "entirely owned and navigated by Negroes".

May 23 Tueday The mission visit Njala Agricultural Centre and Training College.

May 24 The mission visits Marampa Iron ore mines and meet with a mission from the U.A.R. also touring the mines.

September The Emperor attends the Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrade, FPR Yugoslavia, considered to be the founding conference of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Nkrumah.

October Du Bois joins the Communist Party and travels to Ghana with his wife to take up residence there and to begin work on his African encyclopedia.

December 15 King works with the desegregation movement in Albany, Georgia.

December 16 King and Abernathy are among those arrested in demonstration in Albany, King declines bail until the city.

Prince Buster’s Oh Carolina by the Folkes Brothers is licensed to Blue Beat Records for release in the UK by Melodisc owned Emil Shalet.

Julius Winston Garvey receives M.D. degree and moves to the United States where he practices medicine in New York.

1962 April 27 LAPD officers beat members of Temple number 27 in South Central, Los Angeles.

A group of Muslims come outside, the disarm one of the officers, another officer is shot on the elbow by one of his colleagues.

Reinforcements of 70 officers arrive and raid the Mosque beating members and even shoot several members including William X Rogers, who is hit in the back and paralyzed for life and Ronald Stokes who is shot from behind whilst raising his hands over his head to surrender and is killed.

The coroner rules Stokes’s killing as being justified.

July 27 King after returning to Albany, Georgia is arrested at prayer vigil 45 days imprisonment or fine of $178, Kings chooses but has his fine paid by Billy Graham three days later with the help of Police Chief Laurie Pritchett.

August 10 King is released.

King works with the Gandi Society to give President Kennedy an executive order for civil rights.

October Brigadier P E Crooks of the Jamaica Defense Force submits a paper to the Governor General Kenneth Blackburne for consideration by the Defence Board in which Ras Tafari is identified as an international threat to Jamaica's national security by reasoning that ‘…the internal threat is well known to readers of this paper and does not require much elaboration. Briefly, Communism will try to infiltrate by all possible means and may make active use of the following: (i) Extreme racial organisations, eg, The Rastafarians approx strength 3,000-5,000, not organised but a potential danger’.

[lboogie1906]

Octavius Valentine Catto (February 22, 1839 – October 10, 1871) was an educator, intellectual, and civil rights activist in Philadelphia. He became the principal of male students at the Institute for Colored Youth, where he had been educated. Born free in Charleston, South Carolina, in a prominent mixed-race family, he moved north as a boy with his family. He became educated and served as a teacher, becoming active in civil rights. He became known as a top cricket and baseball player in 19th-century Philadelphia. A Republican, he was shot and killed in election-day violence in Philadelphia, where ethnic Irish of the Democratic Party, which was anti-Reconstruction and had opposed African American suffrage, attacked African American men to prevent their voting for Republican candidates. In 1853, he entered the all-white Allentown Academy in Allentown, New Jersey. In 1854, when his family returned to Philadelphia, he became a student at that city's ICY. Managed by the Society of Friends. ICY's curriculum included classical study of Latin, Greek, geometry, and trigonometry. While a student at ICY, he presented papers and took part in scholarly discussions at "a young men's instruction society". Led by fellow ICY student Jacob C. White Jr., they met weekly at the ICY (which was renamed the Banneker Institute). He graduated from ICY in 1858, winning praise from principal Ebenezer Bassett for "outstanding scholarly work, great energy, and perseverance in school matters." He did a year of post-graduate study, including private tutoring in both Greek and Latin in DC. In 1869, he left ICY when he was appointed ambassador to Haiti. He lobbied to succeed Bassett as principal, and the ICY board chose his fellow teacher, Fanny Jackson Coppin, as head of the school. He was elected as the principal of the ICY's male department. In 1870, he joined the Franklin Institute, a center for science and education whose white leaders supported his membership despite his race, in the face of some opposition. He served as principal and teacher at ICY until his death. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence https://www.instagram.com/p/Co9p9jXrLAQ/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=