#ciliary motility

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Research Journals of Satyendra Sunkavally, page 40.

[unifiedcitationjournals]

Understanding GI Motility: How Specialized Testing Can Improve Your Health

Introduction

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex system responsible for digesting food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling waste. To maintain this delicate balance, proper motility—or movement—within the GI tract is essential. When issues arise, a variety of diagnostic tests help pinpoint the problem, including several specialized or "miscellaneous" GI tests. This blog explores the concepts of motility, its importance, and the diagnostic tools available to address GI concerns.

What is Motility?

Motility refers to the ability of the GI tract to move its contents through coordinated contractions of muscles. This movement is vital for digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. Disruptions in motility can lead to a range of symptoms, including bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. These disruptions can be caused by various conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastroparesis, and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

Types of Motility

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Cellular Motility:

Amoeboid Movement: Seen in cells like amoebas and white blood cells, where movement is facilitated by the extension and retraction of pseudopodia.

Ciliary and Flagellar Movement: Cilia and flagella are hair-like structures that protrude from the cell surface. Cilia beat in coordinated waves, while flagella usually whip back and forth to propel cells such as spermatozoa.

Muscle Motility:

Muscle contraction and relaxation involve the coordinated movement of actin and myosin filaments within muscle cells, leading to movement of body parts or the entire organism.

Gastrointestinal Motility:

This refers to the movement of the digestive system and the transit of the contents within it. It is essential for processes like peristalsis, which moves food through the digestive tract.

Microbial Motility:

Many bacteria and other microorganisms exhibit motility through various mechanisms, such as flagella, pili, or the secretion of slime.

Sperm Motility:

The ability of sperm cells to swim towards the egg for fertilization. It is a crucial aspect of reproductive biology

Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction: A severe condition with symptoms similar to a blockage but without any physical obstruction.

Miscellaneous GI (gastrointestinal) testing refers to a range of diagnostic procedures and tests used to evaluate various conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract. These tests are typically ordered when common tests (such as blood tests, stool tests, or endoscopies) do not provide sufficient information for diagnosis. Here are some examples of miscellaneous GI tests:

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1. Hydrogen Breath Test

Purpose: Diagnoses lactose intolerance, fructose intolerance, and SIBO.

Procedure: The patient ingests a sugar solution, and breath samples are analyzed for hydrogen, a byproduct of fermentation by gut bacteria.

2. Capsule Endoscopy

Purpose: Visualizes the small intestine to detect abnormalities such as bleeding or Crohn’s disease.

Procedure: The patient swallows a capsule with a tiny camera, which captures images as it moves through the GI tract.

3. Esophageal pH Monitoring

Purpose: Evaluates acid reflux and GERD.

Procedure: A probe is placed in the esophagus to measure acid levels over 24 hours.

4. Gastric Emptying Study

Purpose: Assesses the speed at which food leaves the stomach.

Procedure: The patient eats a meal with a small amount of radioactive material, and a camera tracks its movement through the stomach.

5. Secretin Stimulation Test

Purpose: Evaluates pancreatic function.

Procedure: Secretin is injected, and the pancreatic response is measured by analyzing duodenal fluids.

6. Small Bowel Follow-Through (SBFT)

Purpose: Examines the small intestine for blockages or abnormalities.

Procedure: The patient drinks a barium solution, and X-rays track its movement.

7. Anorectal Manometry

Purpose: Assesses the function of the rectum and anal sphincters.

Procedure: A catheter measures pressures and reflexes in the rectum.

8. Fecal Fat Test

Purpose: Diagnoses malabsorption conditions.

Procedure: The patient collects stool samples, which are analyzed for fat content.

The Importance of Comprehensive GI Testing

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Understanding and diagnosing motility disorders is crucial for effective treatment. GI tests, especially the specialized ones, provide detailed insights into how the digestive system operates and where it may be malfunctioning. This information is essential for tailoring treatments to individual patients, which can significantly improve their quality of life.

Conclusion

Motility is a fundamental aspect of a healthy GI tract, and disruptions can lead to significant health issues. Through various diagnostic tests, especially the more specialized miscellaneous GI tests, healthcare providers can accurately diagnose and treat these disorders. If you experience persistent digestive symptoms, consult with a healthcare professional to explore these diagnostic options and find relief.

[theartmuseumoflifescience]

High-speed image of ciliary motility -線毛運動のHighspeed映像 1秒間に約15回の早さで動いている粘膜上皮細胞表面上の線毛の動きを捉えています。繊毛は鞭をうつような線毛の動きをしており、粘液とともにウイルスや細菌を体外へ排出しています。 

[wisdomrays]

TAFAKKUR: Part 57

Seeing Near: A Blessing We Take for Granted

There are so many blessings in life, granted to us free of charge, which we take for granted. Eyesight, being able to see near and far distances, most certainly tops the list. But we do not have to be deprived of our sight in order to understand its wisdom and functioning, and to contemplate upon its true value and worth.

Years of research and hard work were dedicated to develop cameras and multi-featured objective lenses. Initially, one to three lens objective cameras were used for simple shots, whereas today, objectives with seven to ten lenses are being used to take better photographs from a snow drop falling onto a flower to a buzzing bee resting on a flower. I wonder to what extent human beings are aware of the pair of eyes that has been bestowed upon them by God, and its ability to see different colors and shapes both near and far. Unfortunately, as people who often understand the true value of things once they are lost, we understand the blessing of being able to see near after the age of forty when we cannot read the newspaper without glasses and when we cannot put a thread through a needle.

So why is it that we can still see far after the age of forty but fail to see near? In order to understand this we need to examine the structure of the eye and its functions.

The structure of the eye and the ability to see

The exterior part of the eye is made up of a translucent layer (cornea) at the front and a white protective layer (sclera) behind it. The vascular layer of the eye (uvea) is located in the middle of the sclera. The most inner part of the eye is made up of the retina, the light-sensitive layer of tissue responsible for converting light rays into electrical signals. The hole located in the center of the iris, the colored part of the eye, is called the pupil. Behind the pupil is the crystalline lens. For a clear vision, lights reflected from objects need to be focused on the central part of the retina (fovea). While cameras have lens systems to focus the image on the film, it is the cornea and crystalline lens that are responsible for the same function in the eye.

Refraction power of cornea is constant and around 43 diopters. The refraction power of the eye lens when resting is around 20 diopters. Light rays coming from outside refracts at a set ratio and manages to focus on the retina. The light rays coming at the retina are then coded into electrical signals. Afterwards these signals are routed towards related regions of the brain via optic nerves. Most of the stimuli relayed by the optical nerve arrive at the visual center of the brain (occipital cortex). These coded electrical signals then become vision when they reach the optical lobe of the brain.

The function of the lens and accommodation

The refraction power of both the cornea and the lens (43+20+63 diopters) is sufficient to focus an image on the retina when looking at objects farther than 6 meters. Extra refraction power is needed for closer distances in order to focus images on the retina. Mobile lens systems enable this job to take place in camera objectives. Since refraction power of the cornea in human eye does not change, this additional task of refraction is set to be provided by the ocular lens. It is built as a flexible structure without any blood vessels. Aqueous humor (lens fluid) which is secreted by the ciliary body is responsible for lens nourishment, removal of waste products and toning of the eye since the lens does not contain any blood vessels. This internal fluid has low oxygen concentration therefore the lens is made to derive its energy supply mostly from anaerobic metabolism.

The iris is positioned in a suitable place where it can change the shape of the internal lens behind the pupil. The lens in this special place is suspended into position via zonule of zinn ligaments attached to the eye as a ciliary body. The ciliary body contains ciliary muscles where zinn ligaments are attached. Only 0.5 mm of space exists between the lens and the ciliary body. Zinn ligaments are tight when ciliary muscles are resting and this enables a flatter configuration of the lens. Upon contraction of ciliary muscles, zinn ligaments become relaxed and the diameter of the lens decreases along with an increase in its thickness. Thicker lens becomes more globular and this increases its refractive power, thus enabling vision of the closer distances. This increase in refractive power of the lens in order to see closer objects is called “accommodation.�� If the stimuli of the ciliary muscles expire, ciliary muscles then relax making zinn ligaments tighter, reducing thickness of the lens, making it flatter and therefore less refractive. This reshapes it to focus on distant objects for a clearer vision.

Accommodation mechanisms and loss of accommodation during aging

The vision blurs temporarily when one takes an immediate shift from staring at an object in the distance to another object nearby. As soon as this blurry image reaches the occipital cortex, stimuli generated here arrives first at the Edinger-Westphal nucleus via special nerve tracks and then to the ciliary muscles of the eye. In a very short time, this blurry vision is corrected and becomes clearer without us even noticing with optimal increase of refraction in the internal lens. In a time as short as 0.35 seconds, for thousands of times in a day, this mechanism is set to function in such a perfect manner to spur those thoughtful minds into reflection and wonder.

Accommodation ability is at its highest point in children and this feature of the eye decreases with age. Refractive power of the lens can increase up to 34 diopters with a 14 diopters accommodation power along with 20 diopters of resting refraction during childhood. This way, children can clearly see objects as close as 7 centimeters. Accommodation power decreases with age. It reduces to 4-8 diopters after the age of 40 and 2-3 diopters around the age of 50. It is widely accepted that refractive power disappears entirely after the age of 60.

In the advanced stages of aging, the eye lens loses its transparency, becomes cloudy as it develops cataract. Eye lens in this poor transparent stage is removed via cataract surgery, to be replaced with an artificial lens to carry out the refracting task. Unfortunately today, technology is still unable to produce an artificial lens that is capable of all the tasks that a human eye can perform. Artificial internal eye lenses that are used in surgeries today cannot carry out accommodation functions. Majority of these lenses can only focus on one point at a near or far distance. Newly developed multifocal lenses can utilize various mechanisms to see both near and far distances yet they are not in any position to replace the human lens completely.

Ocular motions when looking near and far

Thanks to ocular movements, we do not have to move our head constantly while looking around. The eye movement involving both eyes in which each eye moves in the same direction is referred to as version type movements. Another movement type is called vergence, and this is when both eyes move in opposite directions. Vergence type movements are a type of ocular motility coded in a special center part of the brain. It is called convergence because the eyes get closer to each other when looking at closer distances, and called divergence when both eyes focus on the same spot by directing away from each other. If eyes only moved in the same direction without this convergence mechanism, both eyes would not be able to focus on closer points and would not be able to develop three dimensional visions (depth perception).

In addition to accommodation and convergence, when we look closer, our pupils get smaller (Miosis). Light rays coming from outside objects get improved focus on the retina via this constriction of the pupils. This way, a clearer image is provided.

When we look closer, accommodation, convergence and miosis all happen at the same time in a synchronized manner to provide a clear vision. The details of these complicated chains of events have yet to be understood.

Conclusion

The fineness of refractive power of the eye with a single lens, accommodation ability and sensitive balances of ocular motility is only a few of the blessings of the eye granted to humankind. The ability to see near being at its peak during young ages when learning is most active is another dimension to this miracle. These wisdom-filled capacities given to the eye makes one ponder upon the importance of the eye for survival, in addition to being a reminder to those with an open mind and heart to gaze upon the natural world and contemplate upon the Almighty.

[casesmains]

Jonathan kunie wikibot

The Human Condition II: Road to Eternity (Ningen no jôken) (1959) After changing his mind about killing himself and deciding he wants to live, he accidentally shoots himself in the head with his rifle.Identification of Elongation Factor 1alpha as a Ca2＋/Calmodulin-binding Protein in Tetrahymena Cilia.Ĭell Motillity and the Cytoskeleton, 55, 1, 51-60, May, 2003. Hironori Ueno, Kohsuke Gonda, Tetsuya Takeda, Osamu Numata*. Purification and Characterization of a Hemolysin-Like Protein, Sll1951, a Nontoxic Member of the RTX Protein Family from the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Tetsushi Sakiyama, Hironori Ueno, Hideya Homma, Osamu Numata, Tomohiko Kuwabara*. Journal of Biochemistry 140 3 393-399 September 2006ģ. Tetrahymena Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 1A (eEF1A) Bundles Filamentous Actin through Dimer Formation. Fumihide Bunai, Kunie Ando, Hironori Ueno, Osamu Numata*. Homologues of Radial Spoke Head Proteins Interact with Ca2+/Calmodulin in Tetrahymena Cilia. Hironori Ueno, Yoshinori Iwataki, Osamu Numata*. Uyeda*.Ī novel system for expressing toxic actin mutants in Dictyostelium and purification and characterization of a dominant lethal yeast actin mutant. Noguchi, Noriko Kanzaki, Hironori Ueno, Keiko Hirose, Taro Q. Hironori Ueno, Takuo Yasunaga, Chikako Shingyoji, Keiko Hirose*.ĭynein pulls microtubules without rotating its stalk. Uyeda*.ĭominant negative mutant actins identified in flightless Drosophila can be classified into three classes. Noguchi, Yuki Gomibuchi, Kenji Murakami, Hironori Ueno, Keiko Hirose, Takeyuki Wakabayashi and Taro Q. Maryam Saadatmand*,Takuji Ishikawa, Noriaki Matsuki, Mohammad Jafar Abdekhodaie, Yohsuke Imai, Hironori Ueno, Takami Yamaguchi.įluid particle diffusion through high-hematocrit blood flow within a capillary tube.īiochem Biophys Res Commun., 396, 4, 170-175, January, 2011.ġ. Takuji Ishikawa*, Hiroki Fujiwara, Noriaki Matsuki, Takefumi Yoshimoto, Yosuke Imai, Hironori Ueno, Takami Yamaguchi.Īsymmetry of blood flow and cancer cell adhesion in a microchannel with symmetric bifurcation and confluence.īiomedical Microdevices, 13, 1, 159-167, February, 2011.ģ. Takuji Ishikawa*, Naoto Yoshida, Hironori Ueno, M.Wiedeman, Yosuke Imai, and Takami Yamaguchi.Įnergy Transport in a Concentrated Suspension of Bacteria. Inertial migration of cancer cells in blood flow in microchannels.īiomedical Microdevices, 14, 1, 25-33, February, 2012.ġ. Tatsuya Tanaka*, Takuji Ishikawa, Keiko Numayama-Tsuruta, Yousuke Imai, Hironori Ueno, Takefumi Yoshimoto, Noriaki Matsuki, Takami Yamaguchi. Nanomedicine –Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine. Mouse respiratory cilia with the asymmetric axonemal structure on sparsely distributed ciliary cells can generate overall directional flow. Hironori Ueno*, Takuji Ishikawa, Khanh Huy Bui, Kohsuke Gonda, Takashi Ishikawa, Takami Yamaguchi. Separation of cancer cells from a red blood cell suspension using inertial force. Tatsuya Tanaka*, Takuji Ishikawa, Keiko Numayama-Tsuruta, Yohsuke Imai, Hironori Ueno, Noriaki Matsuki, Yamaguchi Takami.

[mcatmemoranda]

This patient is most likely suffering from bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis is a permanent dilation of bronchi caused by recurrent cycles of infection/inflammation leading to fibrosis and remodeling. Dilation of the airways in bronchiectasis is due to destruction of cartilage and elastic tissue by chronic necrotizing infections. Certain pathologies put a patient at risk of developing bronchiectasis, all being causes of recurrent bronchial inflammation: Cystic fibrosis (accounts for about 50% of all cases) COPD Airway hypersensitivity diseases Primary ciliary dyskinesia Immunodeficiency Autoimmune disease Localized airway obstruction Recurrent pulmonary infections or recurrent aspiration Primary ciliary dyskinesia Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Patients with bronchiectasis will have a chronic cough with yellow/green sputum and dyspnea. They may also have hemoptysis. Bronchiectasis is often confused with is chronic bronchitis, which in itself can be a cause of bronchiectasis. In general, bronchiectasis has >100 mL sputum production per day whereas chronic bronchitis has <100 mL per day. Also, sputum is usually purulent in bronchiectasis but is normally non-purulent in chronic bronchitis. On physical exam, patient may have rales, wheezes, or rhonchi depending on the cause of bronchial inflammation. These abnormal sounds (especially wheezing) may be heard even when the patient is not having an acute attack. The first imaging test done is usually a chest x-ray, which can show increased bronchovascular markings and tram lines (parallel lines outlining bronchi). Cilia are composed of 9 microtubule doublets arranged in a circle, with 2 microtubules at the center (9+2 arrangement). Dynein connects the peripheral doublets to each other and uses ATP to drive the differential sliding of doublets relative to each other. Other proteins crosslink the doublets, preventing simple sliding and instead converting the motion initiated by dynein into bending of cilia. Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia) results from impaired motility of cilia due to a defect in dynein. It is associated with male/female infertility (immotile sperm and dysfunctional cilia in the fallopian tubes), chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, anosmia, and situs inversus.

[respiratorybymatt]

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, inherited, genetic disorder of motile (moving) cilia. Cilia are tiny hairlike structures on the cells

in the body. Motile cilia perform an important role in the nose, ears, and airways within the lungs, working to remove unwanted inhaled particles and germs. PCD causes frequent respiratory infections starting at a very early age that result in lifelong, progressive lung, sinus and ear disease. People with PCD benefit from early diagnosis and treatment to hopefully limit permanent lung damage. PCD diagnosis remains challenging, but faster and more reliable diagnostic methods and the development of expert centers around the world are improving both diagnosis and care for people with PCD.

https://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/pcd.pdf

[juniperpublishersmicrobiology]

Pigments of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Authored by  Chateen I Ali Pambuk*

Editorial

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes extensive morbidity and mortality in individuals who are immunocompromised or have underlying medical conditions such as, urinary tract, respiratory tract and skin infections and primarily causes of nosocomial infections [1]. It’s a non sporulating, gram negative, oxidase positive motile bacterium with apolar flagellum [2], P. aeruginosa is a common nosocomial pathogen because it is capable of thriving in awide variety of environmental niches [3]. It is a leading cause of hospital associated infections in the seriously ill, and the primary agent of chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients [4]. They exist in very large numbers in the human environment and animal gut, they are capable of inhabiting/contaminating water, moist surface and sewage, hospital environment usually have resident P. aeruginosa [5].

Despite the apparent ubiquity of P aeruginosa in the natural environment and the vast array of potential virulence factors, the incidence of community-acquired infections in healthy subjects is relatively low. However, in the hospital environment, particularly in immunosuppressed, debilitated and burns patients, the incidence of P. aeruginosa infection is high [6]. It produces many numbers of extracellular toxins, which include phytotoxic factor, pigments, hydrocyanic acid, proteolytic enzymes, phospholipase enterotoxin, exotoxin and slim [1].

P. aeruginosa grows well on media and most strains elaborate the blue phenazine pigment pyocyanin and fluorescein(yellow), which together impart the characteristic blue-green coloration to agar cultures [5]. Pyocyanin is a blue redox-active secondary metabolite [7], which induces rapid apoptosis of human neutrophils, with a10 fold acceleration of constitutive neutrophil apoptosis in vitro but no apoptosis of epithelial cell or macrophages [8]. The redox active exotoxin pyocyanin is produced in the concentration up to 100mol/l during the infection of CF patient and other bronchiectatic airways. The contributions of pyocyanin during infection of bronchiectatic airways are not appreciated [9]. Notably pyocyanin mediated ROS inhibit catalase activity, deplete cellular antioxidant reduced glutathione and increased the oxidized reduced glutathione in the bronchiolar epithelial cell [10,11]. Excessive and continuous producing of ROS and inhibit of antioxidant mechanisims overwhelm the antioxidant capacity, leading to tissue damage, also pyocyanin inhibit ciliary beating of the airway epithelial cell [12]. Pyocyanin. Also increases apoptosis and inactivates 1-protease inhibitor. reducing agents such as GSH and NADPH can reduce pyocyanin to pyocyanin radical, which then mono-or divalently reduce O2 to form superoxide anion O2- or H2O2 [13].

Pyoverdin per contra is the main siderophore in iron gathering capacity its function as a powerful iron chelator, solubilizing and transporting iron through the bacterial membrane via specific receptor proteins at the level of outer membranes. Pyoverdin is important because it has a high affinity for iron, with an affinity constant of 10(32) [14]. Moreover, has been shown to remove iron from transferrin in serum, probably assisting growth within, and ultimate colonization of the human host by P. aeruginosa [15]. Moreover experiments studying the burned models of P. aeruginosa infections have shown that ferric-pyoverdine is reuired infection and /or colonization, underlining the importance of ferric-pyoverdin to virulence of P.aeruginosa [14].

Pyomelanin, a dark brown/black pigment, is a potential target for anti-virulence compounds which is a negatively charged extracellular pigment of high molecular weight, derived from the tyrosine catabolism pathway [16]. Pyomelanin production has been reported in P. aeruginosa isolates from urinary tract infections and chronically infected Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients [17]. Pyomelanin is one of the many forms of melanin that is produced by a wide variety of organisms. Production of pyomelanin is reported to provide a survival advantage, scavenge free radicals, bind various drugs, give resistance to light and reactive oxygen species, and is involved in iron reduction and acquisition, and extracellular electron transfer [18]. Non-pyomelanogenic strains of Burkholderiacepacia are more sensitive to externally generated oxidative stress and show reduced survival in phagocytic cells [19]. In P. aeruginosa, pyomelanin production results in increased persistence and virulence in mouse infection models.

P aeruginosa it is highly resist to antibiotics this resistance can be conferred by the outer membrane which provides an effective intrinsic barrier in the cell wall (or) cytoplasmic membrane (or) within the cytoplasm and modifications in outer membrane permeability via alternations in porin protein channel represent a component of many resistance mechanisms. In addition in activating enzymes released from the inner membrane can function more efficiently within the confines of the periplasmic space, the mechanisms by which intracellular concentrations of drugs are limited include decreased permeability through the outer membrane and active efflux back out across the cytoplasmic membrane [20]. The production of B-lactamase is the most prevalent mechanisms of resistance to B-lactam antibiotics, the B-lactamase have been reported to hydrolyze all anti pseudomonal agents. Moreover, P. aeruginosa cell particularly in patients with chronic infections can develop a biofilm, In which bacterial cells are enmeshed into a mucoi dexo polysaccharide becoming more resistant to beta-lactams as well as decrease the outer membrane permeability that enable bacteria to gain resistance development [21].

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[fclc-arsnova-2018]

Siwen Xie, ‘18

Major: Psychology, Pre-med track

Title of Research Disruptions in fried/CG31320 cause precocious larval wandering, delayed pupariation, and larvael lethality

Name of Faculty Mentor Dr. Jason Morris

Partner(s): Zelie Anner, Kalliopi Chatzis, Abigail Cross

BIOGRAPHY

Siwen is a senior psychology major born in China who came to New York when she was 13. She is interested in medicine and hopes to enter medical school for psychiatry. 

 ABSTRACT

 Drosophila fried alleles were initially identified in an ovary germline clonal screen for mutations that disrupt oogenesis (Morris et al., 2003). We have shown that fried alleles disrupt CG31320, which encodes HEATR2, a HEAT Repeat protein required for cilium assembly in the mechanosensory neurons of the embryo (Diggle et al., 2014).       fried mutants frequently undergo precocious wandering and they arrest as larvae rather than pupariating.  They die within seven days after egg deposition following a progressive darkening of the trachea. In order to study Fried/HEATR2 protein expression and subcellular localization during larval stages, we are employing CRISPR-Cas9 to tag Fried protein with a V5 amino acid sequence at the C terminus of the protein.  Diggle, C.P., D.J. Moore, G. Mali, P. zur Lage, A. Ait-Lounis, et al., 2014 HEATR2 plays a conserved role in assembly of the ciliary motile apparatus. PLOS Genetics 10:31004577. Morris, J. Z., C. Navarro and R. Lehmann, 2003 Identification and analysis of mutations in bob,Doa and eight new genes required for oocyte specification and development in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 164: 1435–1446.

[gyouisid-blog]

How long do sperm live in women and how much sperm survive?

How long do sperm live in women? Under normal circumstances, sperm survival rate normal?. Some women rely on ovulation contraception, but in this way the failure rate is very high, in addition to the slight change of elusive female ovulation may each month, another important reason is the neglect of the sperm in leaving the body after a certain survival time of this problem. We know that eggs usually survive 24 hours, or about 1 days, but sperm live longer in women than in eggs, usually up to 2-3 days, and may be longer in individual cases.

Research shows that human sperm in vitro in the natural environment can only survive a few minutes, and direct access to the female body sperm because of the environment relatively suitable, can still maintain exuberant vitality, its reproductive capacity in 2 days can not be ignored. This is also the result of the selection and evolution of nature, and the magical time difference also provides more possibilities for the sperm and eggs to meet and become fertilized eggs.

Wonderful journey: the whole process of sperm implantation

So, if you do not want to be pregnant women, it is best to calculate ovulation and dangerous period, more days to play a surplus, three days before ovulation is also the best precautions. Of course, for planning pregnancy, you can also act in advance, and give yourself additional opportunities.

When the semen is transmitted into the vagina, most of the product accumulates in the vaginal fornix and the cervix of the uterus is just immersed in the semen pool. Under normal circumstances, sperm can enter the cervical canal in minutes. The normal vaginal environment is acidic, and this environment has important physiological significance for vaginal self-cleaning, but it is not conducive to sperm activity and survival. However, the seminal fluid, which is mixed with the secretion of the epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethral glands, is alkaline and can dilute and neutralize the acidic fluid in the vagina. In addition, when the * * * is alkaline cervical secretion increases, can make around the mouth of the cervix into neutral or alkaline. All of these have created good conditions for the survival and activity of sperm in the vagina.

Wonderful journey: the whole process of sperm implantation

The process of sperm passing through the cervix:

Whether sperm can pass through the cervix is closely related to the biochemical properties of cervical mucus. The secretion of cervical mucus is directly affected by the levels of estrogen and progesterone secreted by the ovary. In the pre ovulation period, mature follicles secrete large amounts of estrogen, making the cervical mucus thin, clear and transparent, such as egg white, and the amount also increases. It contains nutrients such as sugar, micro organism and salt, which provides energy for sperm motility.

The cervix of the uterus plays a role in screening sperm, and only those normally functioning high motility sperm can pass through the cervix. In addition, there is a kind of activated substances inhibit sperm in seminal plasma, attached to the sperm head, sperm through the cervical mucus process, can remove these substances and obtain the fertilization capability, a process called capacitation.

The process of sperm movement in the uterine cavity:

After the sperm enters the womb cavity through the cervix, by the womb cavity fluid assistance, continues upward moves, generally does not stop in the womb, the spermatozoon passes the womb angle, arrives at the oviduct isthmus. Of course, the sperm in both sides of the fallopian tube will pass, unless the fallopian tube obstruction can not pass

The process by which sperm pass through fallopian tubes:

The sperm runs in the fallopian tube, mainly through the short contraction of the muscular wall of the fallopian tube, allowing the sperm and tube fluid to flow through the fallopian tube. There are numerous ciliated epithelial cells in the fallopian tube, and the direction of cilia swing from the tip of the fimbria to the uterine cavity. The egg is trapped by the fimbria when it breaks out of a ruptured mature follicle. The egg itself has no ability to exercise, the exercise on ciliary beat contraction and epithelium in the oviduct smooth muscle, move passively to the direction of the uterine cavity, here and upstream of the sperm binding and fertilization, the fertilized egg passively into the uterine cavity, in endometrial implantation, a new life began.

Sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract for a few days, and the ability to fertilize for 2-3 days remains only 24 hours after the egg is excreted, which then degenerates. Therefore, if you can not accurately determine ovulation time, then 1-2 days earlier than after the mistake easier to conceive

[je0kkik-blog]

Dynamic Transport and Diffusion Barriers Restrict Joubert Syndrome-Associated ARL13B/ARL-13 to an Inv-like Ciliary Membrane Subdomain

Cilia are microtubule-based cell limbs, serving motility, chemo-/mechano-/photograph sensation, and formative flagging capacities. Cilia are contained unmistakable auxiliary and practical subregions including the basal body, change zone (TZ) and inversin (Inv) compartments, and imperfections in this organelle are related with a growing range of acquired issue including Bardet-Biedl disorder (BBS), Meckel-Gruber Syndrome (MKS), Joubert Syndrome (JS) and Nephronophthisis (NPHP). Regardless of significant advances in understanding ciliary trafficking pathways, for example, intraflagellar transport (IFT), how proteins are transported to subciliary layers remains ineffectively caught on. inka express bus Utilizing Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells, we examined the vehicle instruments basic compartmentalization of JS-related ARL13B/ARL-13, which we beforehand found is confined at proximal ciliary films. We now indicate transformative protection of ARL13B/ARL-13 localisation to an Inv-like subciliary film compartment, barring the TZ, in numerous C. elegans ciliated neurons and in a subset of mammalian ciliary subtypes. Compartmentalisation of C. elegans ARL-13 requires a C-terminal RVVP theme and film securing to counteract distal cilium and atomic focusing on, separately. Quantitative imaging in more than 20 mutants uncovered differential commitments for IFT and ciliopathy modules in characterizing the ARL-13 compartment; IFT-A/B, IFT-dynein and BBS qualities forestall ARL-13 gathering at periciliary layers, though MKS/NPHP modules also hinder ARL-13 relationship with TZ layers. Besides, in vivo FRAP investigations uncovered particular parts for IFT and MKS/NPHP qualities in managing a TZ boundary to ARL-13 dissemination, and intraciliary ARL-13 dispersion. At last, C. elegans ARL-13 experiences IFT-like motility and quantitative protein complex investigation of human ARL13B distinguished utilitarian relationship with IFT-B buildings, mapped to IFT46 and IFT74 associations. Together, these discoveries uncover particular prerequisites for succession themes, IFT and ciliopathy modules in characterizing an ARL-13 subciliary film compartment. We presume that MKS/NPHP modules contain a TZ boundary to ARL-13 dispersion, while IFT qualities prevalently encourage ARL-13 ciliary section as well as maintenance by means of dynamic transport systems.

[leedsomics]

Evolutionary proteomics uncovers ciliary signaling components

Cilia are organelles specialized for movement and signaling. To infer when during animal evolution signaling pathways became associated with cilia, we characterized the proteomes of cilia from three organisms: sea urchins, sea anemones and choanoflagellates. From these ciliomes, we identified 437 high confidence ciliary candidate proteins conserved in mammals, including known regulators of Hh, GPCR and TRP channel signaling. The phylogenetic profiles of their ciliary association indicate that the Hh and GPCR pathways were linked to cilia before the origin of bilateria and TRP channels before the origin of animals. We demonstrated that some of the candidates not previously implicated in ciliary biology localized to cilia and further investigated ENKUR, a TRP channel-interacting protein that we identified in the cilia of all three organisms. In animals, ENKUR is expressed by cells with motile cilia, ENKUR localizes to cilia in diverse organisms and, in both Xenopus laevis and mice, ENKUR is required for patterning the left/right axis. Moreover, mutation of ENKUR causes situs inversus in humans. Thus, proteomic profiling of cilia from diverse eukaryotes defines a conserved ciliary proteome, reveals ancient connections to Hh, GPCR and TRP channel signaling, and uncovers a novel ciliary protein that controls vertebrate development and human disease. http://dlvr.it/PPHydf

[rlhealthcare]

How To Treat Sinus Infection At Home (By Ginger) Ginger has antiviral, antibiotic and beside-inflammatory properties that promote treat sinus infections. The polyohenols minister to in ginger proclaim inhibit the secretion of mucus, even though maintaining okay nasal ciliary motility. Healthy cilia are important for sinus health as they filter allergens and prevent sinus infections. Direction Cut a two-inch fragment of light ginger root into slices. Boil the slices in one cup of water on summit of low heat for very roughly 10 minutes. Strain the include, and combination some lemon juice and honey in it. Drink this tea a few time a hours of daylight for approximately a week or until you get your hands on the desired results. Play Again:https://youtu.be/2y0qkxv1o6A You Can Also Like To See: ============================================== ►► How To Treat Sinus Infection At Home (By Apple Cider Vinegar):https://youtu.be/Pg1xjpbNJ5o ►► How To Treat Sinus Infection At Home (By Cayenne Pepper):https://youtu.be/4D94jvm4iAM ►► How To Treat Sinus Infection At Home (By Onion):https://youtu.be/BJiJxW2CuOw ►► How To Treat Sinus Infection At Home (By Garlic):https://youtu.be/uVgxuE2izyk Follow Us On: ======================================================== Please Subscribe Our Channel:https://www.youtube.com/c/RLHealthCare?sub_confirmation=1 Google Plus:http://ift.tt/2iWED3y Blogger:http://ift.tt/2jsbY50 Medium:http://ift.tt/2iWNLVL Tumblr:http://ift.tt/2jscxLZ WordPress:http://ift.tt/2iWP7jd Twitter:https://twitter.com/RLHealthCare1 Pinterest:http://ift.tt/2js6iYL Digg:http://ift.tt/2iWEEo8 Thanks For Watching How To Treat Sinus Infection At Home (By Ginger) =============================================== DISCLAIMER: This information in this video are provided for general and educational purposes only and do not constitute any legal, medical or other professional advice on any subject matter. It is always better to see a doctor depending upon the intensity of the case. REMEMBER: All people are not the same. It is possible that these home remedies will serve you. But it may also not work for you. by RL Health Care

[mtariqniaz]

PHYSOSTIGMA VENENOSUM, Calabar Bean

PHYSOSTIGMA VENENOSUM, Calabar Bean

PHYSOSTIGMA VENENOSUM Calabar Bean This remedy and its active principle, Eserine, form a valuable addition to Materia Medica. Stimulates heart, raises blood pressure, and increases peristalsis. Causes contraction of the pupil and of the ciliary muscles. Induces a condition of short-sightedness. Spinal irritation, loss of motility, prostration, with very sensitive vertebræ Fibrillary tremors.…

[fclc-arsnova-2018]

Kalliopi Chatzis, ‘17

Major: Natural Science with a concentration in Cell and Molecular Biology

Title of Research Disruptions in fried/CG31320 cause precocious larval wandering, delayed pupariation, and larvael lethality

Name of Faculty Mentor Dr. Jason Morris

Partner(s): Zelie Anner, Abigail Cross, Siwen Xie 

BIOGRAPHY

Kalliopi is a graduated senior Natural Science major with a concentration in cell and molecular biology. She is currently pursuing a career in developmental biology and genetics research. 

ABSTRACT

 Drosophila fried alleles were initially identified in an ovary germline clonal screen for mutations that disrupt oogenesis (Morris et al., 2003). We have shown that fried alleles disrupt CG31320, which encodes HEATR2, a HEAT Repeat protein required for cilium assembly in the mechanosensory neurons of the embryo (Diggle et al., 2014).       fried mutants frequently undergo precocious wandering and they arrest as larvae rather than pupariating.  They die within seven days after egg deposition following a progressive darkening of the trachea. In order to study Fried/HEATR2 protein expression and subcellular localization during larval stages, we are employing CRISPR-Cas9 to tag Fried protein with a V5 amino acid sequence at the C terminus of the protein.  Diggle, C.P., D.J. Moore, G. Mali, P. zur Lage, A. Ait-Lounis, et al., 2014 HEATR2 plays a conserved role in assembly of the ciliary motile apparatus. PLOS Genetics 10:31004577. Morris, J. Z., C. Navarro and R. Lehmann, 2003 Identification and analysis of mutations in bob,Doa and eight new genes required for oocyte specification and development in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 164: 1435–1446.