#brazil not treating their indigenous population well

[cobraonthecob]

f1 hot take: queer person here, i'm going to need everyone to stop talking about qatar's abhorrent human rights unless they mention the US is doing the same; queer rights and abortion rights in florida and texas are also being denied. you can still talk about qatar's lack of human rights, but don't act like the US didn't just pull back on abortion rights and queer rights, and attempted to undo ICWA.

one step further, why not criticize the united kingdom for attempting to roll back laws against trans people? or practically any other country for their human rights violations?

what i'm getting at is that you can criticize qatar and saudi arabia for the human rights violations, but don't act like they're the only countries doing it.

[kimyoonmiauthor]

Hi, brazilian here. I was curious about what whould be the brazilian story-structure and also what resources i could use, please?

I think Brazil would use a combination of Indigenous tribes from the area--I'd look those up, Magic Realism, which while it started out German, also turned Latin American in general, and then I'd look into synchronization between Portugal, Indigenous tribes, and African influxes. There might also be later influences from East Asian populations since I know Brazil has a heavy Chinese, Japanese and Korean influxes, though later in history, often population influxes can have larger impacts on cultural shifts than you might expect.

Of course Portugal itself had influences from the countries it colonized, as well as from the Islamic Empire/Al Andalus. This heavily influenced how Romance is structured and thought of.

Sometimes, though, independent of all of that, you find a story structure totally made up independent of any of those where some author decided to make one up, and everyone quietly copied it. And I'm far, far, from saying that's not valid. I would also think about reading from surrounding countries and see if in your heart and bones, you feel like there are structural differences and *how* people treat story is different. Brazil is also very large, so regional differences may apply as well. (For example, Scotland, v. England, or the Southern Fiction of the US, etc.) Unfortunately, this field isn't really studied because people often think it's natural and ubiquitous... but I hope that gives you a start to triangulate it. My Portuguese, however, is really crap. So you probably have a better chance of finding it than I do. I hope this helps.

[unwilting]

…it was only with the Great Acceleration, beginning in the mid-twentieth century and extending to the present, that the quantitative expansion of global production and of resource extraction in particular led to a qualitative transformation in the human relation to the Earth System as a whole. This has given rise to the Anthropocene Epoch in geological history, in which anthropogenic (as opposed to nonanthropogenic) factors for the first time in Earth history constitute the major force in Earth System change.1 In the Anthropocene, extractivism has become a core symptom of the planetary disease of late capitalism/imperialism, threatening humanity and the inhabitants of the earth in general.

In many countries in the Global South, particularly Latin America and Africa, primary commodities, including both agriculture and fossil fuels/minerals dominate the export economy, reminiscent of an earlier age, with percentages of primary commodities in merchandise trade exports in 2019 as high as 67 percent in Brazil and 82 percent in both Chile and Uruguay. In Algeria, export dependence on fossil fuels is almost complete, now accounting for 94 percent of the value of its merchandise trade exports. In Latin America, in particular, the import-substitution industrialization era of the early post-Second World War years, which promoted manufacturing, has been succeeded in the new era of accelerated resource extraction and by a new dependence on primary commodities, including both agricultural goods and fuels/minerals. In 2017, natural resource rents (including mineral, oil, natural gas, and forestry rents) accounted for 43 percent of GDP in the Republic of Congo. In Africa, the drive for resources and new agricultural lands has fueled vast land grabs throughout the continent, made possible by the failure of the decolonization process in securing the rights to the land for Indigenous populations. In island nations around the globe, fishing and resource rights over vast ocean territories have been ceded to multinational corporations as the ocean commons are being intensively exploited. New technologies have led to a race for new rare minerals, as in the case of lithium mining. A vast financialization of the earth, in which international finance based in the Global North is taking over the commodification and management of ecosystem services, primarily in the Global South, is now underway.

Some of Marx’s most critical comments with regard to the capitalist mode of production are directed at mining as the quintessential extractive industry. In his discussion of coal mining in Capital, vol. 3, he treats the absolute neglect of the conditions of the coal miners, resulting in an average loss of life of fifteen people a day in England. This led him to comment that capital “squanders human beings, living labour, more readily than does any other mode of production, squandering not only flesh and blood but nerves and brains as well.”……Not only was the expropriation of land and bodies recognized in Marx’s analysis, but the earth itself could be expropriated in the sense that the conditions of its reproduction were not maintained, and natural resources were “robbed” or “squandered.” Key to a historical materialist analysis of extractivism is Marx’s analysis of what he called “Original Expropriation,” a term that he preferred to what the classical-liberal political economists called “Previous, or Original Accumulation” (often misleadingly translated as “primitive accumulation).” For Marx, “so-called primitive [previous] accumulation,” as he repeatedly emphasized, was not accumulation at all, but rather expropriation or appropriation without equivalent. Taking a cue from Karl Polanyi—and in line with Marx’s argument—we can also refer to expropriation as appropriation without reciprocity. Expropriation was evident in the violent seizure of the common lands in Britain. But “the chief moments of [so-called] primitive accumulation” in the mercantilist era, providing the conditions for “the genesis of the industrial capitalist,” lay in the expropriation of lands and bodies through the colonial “conquest and plunder” of the entire external area/periphery of the emerging capitalist world economy. This was associated, Marx wrote, with “the extirpation, enslavement, and entombment in mines of the Indigenous population” in the Americas, the whole trans-Atlantic slave trade, the brutal colonization of India, and a massive drain of resources/surplus from the colonized areas that fed European development…In Marx’s analysis, the free appropriation of nature by human communities, constituting the basis of all production was seen as having metamorphosed under capitalism into the more destructive form of “a free gift of Nature to capital,” no longer geared primarily to the reproduction of life, the earth, and community as one largely indivisible whole, but rather dedicated solely to the valorization of capital. The “robbery” of the earth and the metabolic rift—or the “irreparable rift in the interdependent process of social metabolism” between humanity and nature—were thus closely interwoven.

…the current planetary ecological crisis has to be seen in terms of the generation of a destructive expropriation of nature, which needs to be transcended in the process of going beyond capitalism and the Capitalian Age. Others independently have proposed the name Capitalinian for this new geological age, while also pointing to the notion of a Communian —standing for communal, community, commons—as the future geological age of the Anthropocene that needs to be created in coevolution with nature—with a “great climacteric” in this respect necessarily occurring by the mid-twenty-first century

[anebarone]

WIP Time!

Public Patreon post in which I’m talking about these process pics 🍊 I'll leave some ramblings below, though!

Chew and Yara tag

An Ao3 one-shot with Chew and Yara (It’s in Portuguese-BR, though!) 

Chew

I tried to tell that Chew is a blacksmith but without the iconic hammer and anvil representations. The iron gate says a bit about his personality as well — more defensive than offensive, but has some mean ornate spikes when needed. He's not a fighter, but strong enough for his craft, dexterous and attentive to detail.

I should add some tailoring tools onto his apron as well but oooof I’m tired today lmao

Yara

Classic adventurer type, survivalist, used to escorting people through forests. Uses a ghost bow she conjures and fires with her fingers by gesturing dramatically in the air. Like playing air guitar but you shoot enemies with a cool spectral blue bow.

She stumbles upon the villain (below) in the woods and ends up unconscious lol. oops. A great fire snake (I’m using Brazil’s folklore Boitatá) takes pity on her, then lures a stranger (Chew) into a bog to find the wounded woman.

Teju-Jagua (inspo: a Latin American lizard/dragon myth)

Big goofy dragon-dog with multiple heads. Not a single thought inside most of the heads. Can be bright and wise when needed. Likes fruits and honey offerings.

Carbuncle, the yellow girl

A teenage healer that got her role early and treats it very seriously. Inspired by the indigenous Guarani-Kaiowa in Brazil. Among her loyal friends is Teju-Jagua.

p.s. this ethnic group lives in Paraguay and Argentina as well. Indigenous populations in Brazil are often targets of attacks by corporations, poachers, rich agribusiness (who bribe the police, or worse, control the laws already). I’m writing this with 1 brain cell atm (so my English is extra wonky) but I wanted to give a quick background about my references. A Guarani leader was murdered recently and it’s not that common for news about this minority group to provoke strong or quick enough reactions from authorities here. Sometimes it barely reaches the news headlines.

Villain (below)

Greedy man inspired by the Persian myth of Zahhak. In my story he is an immoral man who steals from Carbuncle in search for power and riches. Teju-Jagua curses him to live as a powerful being... that is also half-man, half-beast.

cw: body horror / gore below (I may post him again in the future without the divider, so please mute the cw tags in this post if you’re uncomfortable with the cursed guy/villain)

Thanks for checking these ♥ I’ll try to finish all these artworks in a few days. Won’t be super polished, but some colors and pretty details to compliment everyone.

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

COVID rumours hamper Brazil’s efforts to vaccinate Indigenous

False claims include that the vaccine turns recipients into animals, or that it includes a chip ‘to control the Indigenous people’.

Indigenous nurse Almeida Tananta battled heavy downpours of tropical rains as he rode his motorbike for hours across the red-soiled dirt tracks of Tabatinga, a municipality in Western Amazonas, which borders the Amazon rainforest and Colombia, and has the largest concentration of Indigenous Brazilians in the Amazon.

Tananta was en route to apply the first doses of the COVID-19 vaccine to the remote Umariacu villagers, in Alto Rio Solimoes. But when he arrived at the village of wooden-thatched houses skirting the banks of the Amazon river, the nurse’s hopes of vaccinating the 1,037 villagers quickly vanished.

“Indigenous people of all ages are rejecting the vaccine. They’re terrified that if they take it, they’ll turn into an animal, or die”, Tananta told Al Jazeera.

Tananta has worked with Indigenous communities like the Umariacu for more than 20 years and says the panic over the COVID-19 vaccine is a recent occurrence.

“Other vaccines are already well known. This COVID-19 vaccine is new. There are myths that China has contaminated the vaccine, that it comes with a chip designed to control Indigenous people,” he explains.

Indigenous communities living in remote villages are a priority group in Brazil’s national vaccination programme as they only have access to basic medical services unequipped to treat the virus and most practise communal living. They have also become a target for misinformation.

In Umariacu, which reported the first case of COVID-19 infection among Indigenous people, the false rumours can be found on Facebook timelines, WhatsApp groups and on radio shows heard by communities particularly vulnerable to coronavirus. Vaccination is especially urgent in Amazonas state where the healthcare system in capital city Manaus collapsed last month.

At least 957 Indigeneous people, including notable tribe leaders such as Chief Aritana Yawalapiti from Mato Grosso’s Xingu have died from COVID-19, according to APIB, Brazil’s largest Indigenous rights group. But the numbers are believed to be underreported as SESAI, the government’s Indigenous health agency, only counts deaths of those living within demarcated Indigenous lands – excluding around 33 percent of the Indigenous population.

Continue reading.

[exploringbrazilianculture]

Exploring Brazilian Culture!

Below excerpts represent a virtual study of Brazilian culture by Columbia College Chicago (CCC) undergraduate students enrolled in the Humanities, History and Social Science (HHSS) Dept. online course:  HUMA121 “Latin American Art, Literature and Music” .

This virtual showing on tumblr is hosted by CCC students enrolled in this HHSS Dept. course with its instructor, Jesus Macarena Avila. This investigation began with a study on Tarsila do Amaral and her involvement with the cultural movement: Antropofagia.

Amaral with creative intellectuals like Oswald de Andrade and Anita Malfatti advocated a new ideology, the Manifesto Antropofago.

This investigation was only enhanced by the course's online contributors and guests: Dr. Roberto J. Tejada and Ariani Friedl. Dr. Tejada's expertise of Latin American art history and knowledge on Amaral's cultural production.

Dr. Tejada gave cultural and historic interpretations of Amaral's paintings like "Carnaval em Madureira" (1924, oil on canvas, 76 × 63.5 cm) showing the Afro Brazilian influence on the work. 

Below are students' comments on what was learnt from Dr. Tejada's lecture: 

"The speaker Dr. Roberto J. Tejada did an amazing job really helping me comprehend what was going on, and the different and creative ways with the European side and the afro American side were trying to solidify the culture and understanding of one another’s history."

"Amaral is also well known for creating the work of 'Anthropofagia', according to Dr. Tejada, in which its 'main intention was to create a mythic space in a language of painting through using bold colors and unusual forms, in order to create a vision specific to Brazilian history and attending to contemporary human geography/landscapes'."

"Dr. Tejada gave a great explanation of Amaral’s painting Anthropofagia. Made in 1929, its intention was to create a mythic space in painting using non-contemporary forms and vanguard themes to connect to Brazil's history of violent colonialism."

"Some background information about that Dr. Tejada touches on the fact where many Brazilians might have come from. The government encouraged immigration for the most part from Europe. Around the year 1888, the population contained many white Brazilians but also as well many black Brazilians. 

Brazil was also one of the last countries in Latin America to abolish slavery. So even from then on racism was something that was influencing many policies (specifically Immigration policies), systems created in Brazil, etc."

"Dr. Tejada made a good point when he stated 'the word itself, signifies the Tupi language and enhancement, it seems to serve the undeniable presence of indigenous people. The indigenous culture is elevated and given importance just as any other subject European painters would put forward’."

And Ariani Friedl (above) representing Chicago's annual cinematic program: Mostra Brazilian Film Series gave an insight to this year's film programming.

Friedl was recently interviewed by Illinois Latino Voice's TransLatinx artist, Jesus "Jesse" Iniguez, this is an excerpt: 

Jesus "Jesse" Iniguez: Due to the national Shelter in Place order, how has Mostra become more accessible to a wider audience this year? 

Arian Friedl: Due to the pandemic and the impossibility for us to have a MOSTRA in person, we decided, as many other organizations, to present our MOSTRA XI virtually. This has been a completely new field for us and we have had to learn a great deal of new techniques and ways of doing a festival.

JJI: As with previous festivals, What film(s) are this year’s highlights? What are the themes or concepts being featured for Mostra Brazilian Film Festival 2020?

AF: As you know, MOSTRA present Brazilian films with social conscience and every year we bring films which address different aspects of Brazilian culture, environment, social issues, history and others.  This year we will be featuring films related to our political history, environment, gender and race issues and others.

JJI: Thank you so much for your time during our “new normal”. You can find Mostra’s film listings on their official website: http://mostrafilmfestival.org/xi/

Below are student/instructor film review excerpts:

"Amazônia, o Despertar da Florestania", Dirs: Christiane Torloni & Miguel Przewodowski, Documentary/1h 46min/2018 (Portuguese w English Subtitles)

"How has Brazil dealt with nature and its natural resources in the early 20th century? What state is the Amazon Forest in? Based on interviews with specialists from the most diverse areas and the rescue of historical figures, the notion of forestry is discussed: the citizenship of the forest, a term necessary to reflect on Brazilian identity.

Although dramatic, sometimes bordering on desperate romanticism, the questions raised by the documentary Amazônia, the Awakening of Forestry are treated with the necessary urgency and a very welcoming tone by the actress, environmental activist, and now even filmmaker Christiane Torloni. 

In her directorial debut, Torloni accesses something profound, mystical, and sacred, but no less concrete or vivacious: the surreal power of the Amazon rainforest – and the risk of its disappearance.A documentary film of a conventional format like this only works with the cast's quality and constitution. 

A movie like this is only as good as the level of testimony it collects and makes available to the viewer. Fortunately, there are media personalities of weight, prestige, and intelligence, from the fields of art to sciences. All are coming together to trace and unravel the devastating panorama in which we find ourselves as a society." -- E. Reynaga

View trailer here: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=0Dvm-VH1L8k

"Açúcar", Dirs. Renata Pinheiro & Sérgio Oliveira, Fiction/1h 30min/2020 (Portuguese w English Subtitles)

"Açúcar is a surreal but haunting portrait of an aging sugar cane plantation. It centers on the main character, Bethânia Wanderley (played by Maeve Jinkings), a last remaining family member of a historic Brazilian plantation family. She tries to repair the old mansion and thinking of new crops to revive the plantation industry.

Although this is a fictional tale, it does reference actual facts about slavery in Brazil (being the last Latin American country to abolish slave ownership). As the story progresses, Bethânia begins to see or "hallucinate" things around the old mansion, is it the Wanderley's past with slavery? Or is it the local people, descendants of slaves plotting to get the aging land back? Is it this about “revenge” or reclaiming human rights?

It's beautifully photographed against a sugar cane landscape referencing Afro Brazilian beliefs in Orixas and body possession. Directors Renata Pinheiro and Sérgio Oliveira has won awards for their own films and this feature is a collaborative work at re-looking Brazil's slavery and the history of plantation families." -- J. Macarena Avila

View trailer here: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=rQBfzNZMags

”Mormaço", Dir: Marina Meliande, Political Drama/1h 36min/ 2018 (Portuguese w English Subtitles)

"Mormaço combines different genres, fantasy, political, drama, etc. using visuals to make social commentary about 2016 Rio de Janiero's Olympics. That year, many resident areas were displaced to create attractions for tourism for the Olympics.

This feature is a dazzling, but slow burner story using different genres based on true events surrounding the 2016 Olympics when one of the hottest summers faced Rio de Janiero's area.

It centers on a public lawyer, Ana representing residents being threaten to move. The residents have regular meetings with Ana to prepare to lobby against the city government. Then Ana develops a unknown medical condition that starts a metaphorsis that only complicates her life." -- J. Macarena Avila

"After viewing the film I did some research and learned from an article titled 'Film Mormaço Interweaves Fiction and Reality to Retell Story of Vila Autódromo Evictions' that these events in the film are based on historical events that actually occurred. 

The article also states that Mormaço 'makes use of actual footage of these events.' Many of the scenes illustrating war and protest are primary sources that I found very interesting. 

Knowing this about the film made me want to watch it a second time to catch all of these primary footages. Mostly because of how seamless the transition from historical footage to current footage. Overall, I felt the film was not only entertaining but also informational." -- J. Heflin

View trailer here: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=FwSanEqppds

"Deslembro", Dir: Flávia Castro, Drama /1h 36min / 2018 (Portuguese w English Subtitles)

"Quickly summarizing this movie, it’s about a girl named Joanna, who lives with her mom, stepfather, and two stepbrothers in Paris. Her parents announce that they would be moving the family to Brazil and it is very clear at the beginning of the movie how Joanna feels about the decision. Of course, the move is inevitable and the rest of the movie is located in Brazil. 

The move to Brazil allows Joanna to be able to explore new things, like the world of literature, her first love, and she awakens politically. Being in Brazil seems to bring up a whole bunch of old disturbing memories from Joanna’s childhood that have something to do with her fathers’ disappearance which then leads Joanna to have a slight hope that her father may be alive.

Leaving this paragraph on a cliff hanger just in case anyone ends up wanting to watch it. I believe that this was a very well written and portrayed movie. It caught my interest because it just seemed relatable. Something realistic, unlike this other movie that I was interested in watching which seemed more fiction based." -- Y. Contreras 

View trailer here: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=4qFP5cbmyEg

"Mulher Que Sou" (15m), Dir: Nathalia Thereza (Portuguese w English Subtitles)

"The film 'The Woman Who I Am' follows a single mother who is in search of a new beginning away from what appears to be the rural lifestyle she once lived. We immediately begin the story following our main character, Marta, who is traveling alongside a mountain by bus before abruptly switching to a highway where she continues her travel into the city. Later, as she is searching for apartments we are introduced to her daughter who she consults with during this process. 

This establishes for the audience their relationship with one another but also theimportance of and emphasis placed on the value of listening to her daughter and including her in this journey. While the prevailing theme of this film, I contend, was identity, we also can identify themes of femininity, single motherhood, modernity, and beauty all woven into the dynamic of Marta’s character. 

These intersections help us to understand and even challenge the ways in which we often place mothers in society, especially those that are single or value women past a certain age, questioning their worthiness to be called beautiful" -- G. Paredes

"Oddly enough, the Woman I am was probably my least favorite out of all the films I watched at Mostra. Don’t get me wrong I still enjoyed the film and thought it was pretty good, but it had a lot of potentials that was wasted. There were scenes where the dialogue was too rushed and others where nothing was happening for a particularly long time. 

One thing I don’t like is that they didn’t show you some things. For example, the characters would be talking about something off-screen, and the way they were talking about it, you would think it would be some, what of a big deal. They didn’t show the thing in that scene and I thought they were leaving it to be some sort of reveal later on in the film. 

But it never gets mentioned again and the audience never gets to see what the characters were talking about. In my opinion, it would’ve been fine not to show it if it was a quick mention but the character made it seemed like it was kinda important. 

A reason I did like the film’s 'secretness' is that it captured what the film was supposed to be about: a mom and daughter moving on from their past to a new beginning." -- K. Williams

View this short here: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=05-F8PDvxdY

"Azougue Nazaré", Dir: Tiago Melo, Fiction/1h 22min/2018 (Portuguese w English Subtitles)

"The film Azougue Nazaré was a drama film released in 2018 directed and written by Tiago Melo. The film is about the start of a new destructive supernatural phenomenon and different spiritual ideologies that collide within this community.

The film touches on religious topics and events in Latin American and was very informational and entertaining. I felt that this film was well put together and although I was not used to many of the different rituals and traditions are shown in the film.

It was very easy to follow along and even relate some of these traditions to ones in my culture. I usually would never go for a film that has to do with religious topics but the film’s artistic values and images caught my eye." - J. Heflin

View trailer here: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NFxE51n0IQo

"Quebramar", (27m), Dir: Cris Lyra (Portuguese w English Subtitles)

"Going off of Mostra Festival’s description of the film, Breakwater (Quebramar) is a movie about a group of girls from São Paulo who takes a vacation to a remote island for the New Years. While on this vacation, the girls hang out, form a connection, build a safe space, and discuss with each other their experiences being in a part of the LGBTQ+ community. 

The things that caught my attention most about this movie and made me want to watch it were the categories 'LGBT' and 'black perspective' because those both relate to me. The movie was filmed in the style of a documentary, though I couldn’t really find any proof it was. 

If the film was scripted, then I have to give a huge round of applause to the actresses because they delivered them seamlessly and made it feel natural.One of my favorite things about the film is how casual it was. It was a feel-good film where everyone was having fun, bonding, and really supporting each other." -- K. Williams

View trailer here: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=xNDquFNV9dQ

"Sem Asas", (20m), Dir: Renata Martins

"Sem Asas, or Wingless in its English translation, is a short film about a boy with a longtime interest in flying discovering he 'can'. I watched this movie because it was under the category 'black perspective' but I enjoyed it so much because it broke a lot of basic representation the media gives us.

The film mainly centers around the boy but also features his parents. I mention this because the movie really focuses on this family’s strong bond. That’s one thing media rarely gives movies, films, T.V, and etc that focuses on black representation. There’s always one parent (usually the dad) missing or dead and if both parents are there, the marriage is toxic and on the verge of breaking. 

This family however is very close and from what the movie showed us very healthy. They help each other out when asked, joke around, lightheartedly tease each other, and were overall worried for each other. Another thing this film didn’t do that most media does was only make it about struggle. 

I won’t lie the Black community does have a lot of struggles and situations it has to deal with but those things are usually the only thing media recognizes us for. While the representation of that is important, it starts to build an image in your head when that’s pretty much the ONLY time you see yourself and your community focused on in media. 

Yes, there is black on black violence, broken family, major poverty, and many other things but that’s not all the black community is. I think Wingless did a good job of portraying this."-- K. Williams

View trailer here: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPkWmJvC-Tc

This for educational purposes and co-hosted by

Friedl's video introduction (created/produced by Sara Vianni) to enrolled students in the HUMA 121 course, "Latin American Art, Literature and Music".

[book-poppings]

Understanding Race in Brazil

This is not masterpost nor a complete guide, I am just putting together some things I read and watched during quarantine and some conclusions I had. In English for a wider reach.

I am brazilian living in Europe so my own identity crisis made me look for more information and a deeper understanding of what race means for my culture. Please feel free to add if you are brazilian too.

Racism in Brazil is a loaded topic because it has been tied to Classism (class prejudice). The existing diversity was not unintentional, it was a project to whiten the population. Below, A Redenção de Cam by Modesto Brocos, 1895. My favorite painting to start explaining what happened and how it still affects brazilian society.

Racism in Brazil by Dr. Ted Young : lecture, I like the part where he talks about the different terms to define skin color (we have a lot).

Structural Racism : short video, focusing on the situation inside the favelas. Mentions how the government uses the police to keep that structure.

GLOBAL BRAZIL LAB | Race in Brazil & What the Future Holds : lecture, presented by a black researcher. She tackles a wide variety of topics and brings many statistics.

Where are the "Three Races"? Rethinking the Racial Narratives of Brazilian History : lecture, tackles how while miscigenation aka mixing seems racially inclusive, the goal was actually erasure of Indigenous people (and Black people later by the same logic).

Entendendo ORIENTAIS DO BRASIL : long video, in Portuguese with PT subtitles, I am yet to find a video in english that explains it as well as they do about asian immigration and racial identity in Brazil too. Did you know that Brazil has the largest japanese population outside of Japan?

I should have said it before, but in case it is not clear: latine is not a race. Each of the 20 countries of Latin America has its own population, its own culture, its own people and its own history. We may have friendly and commercial relations but we are not the same.

What I concluded so far from lectures and life experience is that race gets confusing when you are middle class and pardo. Race is socially and oficially based on your physical features (phenotype) instead of your family (genotype). In Brazil we have 5 categories for self-declaration: Branca, Preto, Amarela, Pardo, Indígena (in order, white, black, yellow, multiracial, indigenous).

Race is also unoficially based on which class you and your family belong to, when it is not obvious. A deciding factor and an aggravant for racism. Black with straight hair or white with a natural tan? Class will define it.

Class, percentage of the population, monthly family income reais (our currency) per person range.

It is something we got from slavery and how it ended, making rich = white and poor = black an subconscious association that sadly exists. If you can read in portuguese, I highly recommend Geledés to educate yourself more on black brazilians. In English, Social apartheid in Brazil brings some general information if you dont have any.

I could not find a detailed graph but by now you know that Classes A and B are mostly white and white-passing, while C, D and E are mostly multiracial and black. Why do I use white-passing and multiracial as different? because multiracial (here, pardo) implies black is one of the races in the mix, so they usually have ethnically black features that the white-passing brazilians dont.

What does it mean? it means that associating oneself with whichever white features one may possess does grant white privilege. So they are white for our society (while never being as white as someone who is fully ethnically european btw) by comparison. In other words, if you look black you are black and if you look white you are white. Indigenous and yellow have separate issues in brazilian society but in terms of privilege, society treats asian-brazilians better than they treat natives.

Internalized racism is a thing too so there is currently a debate on how many brazilians are black but declare themselves as pardo. Like when a celebrity said he was not black and everyone else said he was. The graph below shows a pardo majority, but since pardo is such an umbrella term, it could be any shade with mixed heritage from any socio-economic background.

So when a brazilian goes abroad we have a hard time understanding how we are latine when we already have our own classifications. The latine stereotype is also... no comments

[ms-cellanies]

Indigenous Peoples around the world are, as in the past, THE MOST VULNERABLE GROUPS when there are outbreaks of diseases.  Ali Velshi had segment on the situation facing indigenous populations worldwide.  

[gum-recessiongrowback-blog]

Gum Recession Grow Back

Despite the fact that dental care was certainly not a concentrated branch of Ayurveda, it is actually consisted of in its own Shalakya Tantra (body of surgical operation). Problems including impairments of the oral cavity, oral plaque buildups and diseases were actually taken care of in ancient India. Standard medicine may manage various contagious as well as chronic problems.  For more about Grow Back Receding Gums

Research has presented that all sort of eating sticks illustrated in old Ayurveda content possess therapeutic as well as anti-cariogenic buildings. Its oil taking (Kaval, Gandush) practice is actually asserted to cure about 30 systemic ailments. 

Gum Regrowth Treatment

Amla (Emblic myrobalan), is actually a basic rebuilder of oral health. Bilberry fruit (Vaccinium myrtillus) and hawthorn berry (Crateagus oxycanthus) support bovine collagen, reinforcing the gum tissue. Liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabral) markets anti-cavity action, minimizes cavity enducing plaque, and has an antibacterial impact. Use risk-free, quality items as well as techniques need to be actually made sure based upon readily available proof if standard medicine is to become acknowledged as part of main health care. Scientific verifications of the Ayurveda dental health strategies can justify their consolidation right into modern dental care. Promotion of these methods using ideal media would certainly benefit the basic populace by offering additional assurance in the old techniques, thus protecting against dental caries and also loss. Keyword phrases: Ayurveda, kaval, oral health, oil taking, traditional medication Go to: INTRO

Ayurveda is actually an all natural system of medication which grew in India some 3000-5000 years ago, a body of standard medicine belonging to the Indian subcontinent, now performed in various other component of the world as a form of corresponding medicine. [1] The earliest literary works on Indian medical technique appeared throughout the Vedic duration in India. The Susruta Samhita as well as the Charaka Samhita are its earliest authoritative messages. [2] Over the centuries, Ayurvedic practitioners built great deals of medical preparations and surgical procedures for the treatment of several health problems as well as diseases. [3] Although dentistry was actually not a specialized branch of Ayurveda, it was actually featured in its own device of surgery. In ancient India, concerns like impairments of the mouth, oral plaque buildups and also diseases might be handled and also also treated.

Gum Regrowth Treatment At Home

Conventional medication is actually the sum total of knowledge, capabilities and strategies based on the ideas, opinions as well as knowledge indigenous to various cultures that are actually used to preserve health, and also to prevent, identify, boost or deal with physical and mental illnesses. Standard medication that has been actually embraced by other populaces (outside its own indigenous culture) is commonly labelled complementary or even holistic medicine. Natural medicines consist of herbs, organic materials, plant based prep work, and finished herbal products which contain portion of plants or even various other plant products as energetic components.

In some Asian and African nations, 80% of the population depends upon typical medication for main medical. In a lot of established nations, 70% to 80% of the populace has actually made use of some type of substitute or corresponding medicine. Organic treatments are actually the most preferred form of standard medicine, and also are extremely beneficial in the global market place. Yearly incomes in Western Europe got to US$ 5 billion in 2003-2004. In China sales of items headed to US$ 14 billion in 2005. Organic medicine profits in Brazil was US$ 160 thousand in 2007. [4] Ayurveda and also oral health

In Ayurveda, dental health (danta swasthya in Sanskrit) is upheld be actually really individual, varying with each person's nature (prakriti), and also weather modifications resulting from sunlight, lunar and planetary effects (kala-parinama). The body system constitution is actually classified based upon the preponderance of several of the 3 doshas, vata, pitta as well as kapha. The domination dosha in both the personal and also attribute finds out medical in Ayurveda, featuring dental health. 

Natural Gum Regrowth

[5] Most likely to: EATING STICKS

Ayurveda suggests chewing embed the morning along with after every meal to stop ailments. Ayurveda insists on making use of herbal combs, around 9 inches long as well as the density of one's little finger. These natural herb sticks ought to be either 'kashaya' (astringent), 'katu (acrid), or 'tikta' (harsh) in flavor. The approach of making use of is to crush one point, chew it, and consume it little by little. [6] Toothbrushing is actually a task executed with a 'tooth brush' which is an exclusive little brush designed for make use of on teeth. Nibbling a therapeutic stick equivalent advised by a Vaidya, or other typical practitioner, might validly be actually upheld be equivalent to the western-pioneered activity of 'brushing the teeth ', however it is actually not adequately similar to become given the exact same name, especially given that sticks that are munched are made use of totally in different ways coming from combs.

It is actually advised that chewing sticks be acquired from new controls of details plants. The neem (margosa or even the Azadiraxhta indica) is a famous organic chewing stick. The stems need to be actually well-balanced, soft, without leaves or knots and also drawn from a healthy tree. Nibbling on these stems is strongly believed to result in attrition and levelling of attacking areas, help with salivary secretion and, possibly, assistance in oral plaque buildup control, while some stems have an anti-bacterial action. With reference to the individual's constitution and also dominant dosha, it is actually specified that folks with the vata dosha dominance might establish atrophic and also receding gums, as well as are encouraged to utilize chewing stick to bitter-sweet or even astringent preferences, including liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and black catechu or even the cutch plant (Acacia Catechu Linn.), specifically. 

Natural Gum Regrowth Treatment

[7] Pitta dosha leading individuals are highly recommended to use chewing stick to an unsweetened flavor like the branches coming from the margosa plant (Azadirachta indica or even natures neem) as well as the arjuna plant (Terminalia arjuna). Those with the kapha dosha prevalent are probably to have light as well as hypertrophic gums and are actually asked to utilize chewing sticks with a poignant taste, presenting the fever nut (Caesalipinia bonduc) and the typical milkweed vegetation (Calotropis procera). Present-day research has actually revealed that all the chewing sticks defined in historical Ayurveda content (circa 200 BC) possess therapeutic and also anti-cariogenic properties. [8] Saimbi et al (1994) assessed the anti plaque effectiveness of Neem remove, Ayurvedic tooth grains and also commercial tooth pastes. Neem extract prevailed as well as commercial tooth pastes were actually the last. [9] In one more research study Venugopal et al (1998) assessed a total amount of 2000 children (1-14 year age group) in Mumbai for cavities incidence. Those children who were actually utilizing natures neem datun were located to be less impacted along with cavities. [10] In southern India, mango fallen leave is actually largely used for cleaning teeth. A clean mango leaf is actually washed and the midrib is cleared away. Fallen leave is actually then folded up lengthwise with shiny surfaces encountering each other. It is rolled into a round pack. One point of the pack is bitten off 2-3mm to develop a raw surface area which is rubbed on the teeth - pack is actually held in between the thumb as well as the forefinger. In the end, the midrib, which was first removed, is actually made use of as a tongue cleaner. Sumant et alia (1992) assessed the efficiency of mango fallen leave as an oral health help and also acquired interesting results. [11] Much higher soft down payment ratings were stated in team that made use of mango leaf. Cavities knowledge in this group utilizing mango leaf was similar to the group that utilized tooth comb. Mangiferin a substance found in mango leaves had considerable antibacterial property against particular strains of Pneumococci, Streptococci, Staphylococci, as well as Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Gum Regrowth At Home

The miswak (miswaak, siwak, sewak) is actually a teeth washing branch created from a branch of the Salvadora persica tree, additionally called the arak plant or even the peelu plant and also functions in Islamic health jurisprudence. The miswak is predominant in Muslim locations yet its make use of precedes the inception of Islam. Almas and also Atassi (2002) carried out research to analyze the effect of miswak and also tooth brush filaments end-surface structure on enamel. Twenty-one specimens were actually prepared; they were actually divided right into Aquafresh toothbrush team, Miswak group as well as command team. End results revealed that filaments end-surface texture play major duty in abrasive energetic activity as well as enamel tooth area loss. Miswak revealed smaller result on enamel as compared to Aquafresh toothbrush. [12] Almas and Zeid (2004) in a research to determine antimicrobial activity of miswak chewing embed vivo, particularly on streptococcus mutans and also lactobacilli confirmed that miswak had a prompt antimicrobial result reviewed to toothbrush. Streptococcus mutans were more at risk to miswak than lactobacilli. [Thirteen]

[do-gums-growback-blog]

Do Gums Grow Back?

Although dentistry was not a focused branch of Ayurveda, it is consisted of in its own Shalakya Tantra (device of surgical treatment). Concerns like impairments of the oral cavity, cavity enducing plaques and contaminations were handled in early India. Traditional medicine may treat numerous contagious as well as persistent problems. Read more about Will A Receding Gum Grow Back?

 Research has presented that all kinds of eating sticks described in ancient Ayurveda content possess therapeutic as well as anti-cariogenic residential or commercial properties. Its oil pulling (Kaval, Gandush) practice is actually stated to cure about 30 systemic conditions. Amla (Emblic myrobalan), is an overall rebuilder of oral health. Bilberry fruit (Vaccinium myrtillus) and hawthorn berry (Crateagus oxycanthus) maintain bovine collagen, strengthening the gum cells. Liquorice origin (Glycyrrhiza glabral) promotes anti-cavity action, lowers oral plaque buildup, as well as has an antibacterial effect. 

Can Your Gum Line Grow Back?

Use of safe, top quality items as well as practices must be actually made certain based on available evidence if standard medication is actually to be acknowledged as aspect of main medical. Scientific verifications of the Ayurveda dental health practices can warrant their consolidation right into modern dental treatment. Publicity of these approaches using suitable media would certainly help the general populace by giving more self-confidence in the historical techniques, therefore protecting against dental caries as well as loss. Keywords: Ayurveda, kaval, oral health, oil taking, conventional medicine Go to: INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda is an all natural system of medication which grew in India some 3000-5000 years ago, a body of traditional medication native to the Indian subcontinent, right now performed in other parts of the globe as a kind of corresponding medication.

 [1] The earliest literature on Indian medical technique appeared during the Vedic time period in India. The Susruta Samhita as well as the Charaka Samhita are its earliest authoritative messages. [2] Over the centuries, Ayurvedic practitioners developed large numbers of medicinal plannings as well as procedures for the treatment of numerous disorders and also ailments. [3] Although dental care was certainly not a specialized branch of Ayurveda, it was consisted of in its unit of surgical operation. In historical India, concerns including deformities of the oral cavity, cavity enducing plaques and diseases can be handled and also also healed.In another research of clients with hypertension, extreme gum disease was associated with damage left wing side of the heart. 

How To Grow Back Receding Gums Naturally?

Typical medicine is the result of know-how, skill-sets as well as techniques based upon the theories, beliefs and expertises aboriginal to various cultures that are utilized to maintain health, and also to stop, identify, enhance or alleviate physical and also mental illnesses. Conventional medication that has actually been taken on through other populations (outside its own indigenous lifestyle) is actually frequently termed complementary or natural medicine. Organic medications feature cannabis, plant based materials, plant based preparations, as well as finished plant based products that contain parts of plants or even various other plant products as active elements.

In some Asian and African countries, 80% of the populace depends on typical medicine for primary healthcare. In many industrialized countries, 70% to 80% of the populace has actually utilized some kind of different or complementary medicine. Organic therapies are one of the most well-liked type of standard medication, as well as are extremely financially rewarding in the worldwide marketplace. Yearly profits in Western Europe connected with US$ 5 billion in 2003-2004. In China sales of items visited US$ 14 billion in 2005. Organic medication income in Brazil was actually US$ 160 thousand in 2007. [4] Ayurveda and oral health

In Ayurveda, dental health (danta swasthya in Sanskrit) is held to be incredibly self-loving, differing along with everyone's nature (prakriti), and weather modifications coming from solar energy, lunar as well as earthly impacts (kala-parinama). 

Grow Back Receding Gums Naturally

The physical body constitution is categorized based upon the preponderance of one or more of the 3 doshas, vata, pitta as well as kapha. The prominence dosha in both the personal and nature identifies medical care in Ayurveda, consisting of dental health. [5] Go to: EATING STICKS

Ayurveda recommends eating embed the early morning in addition to after every meal to avoid diseases. Ayurveda insists on using natural brushes, about 9 ins long and also the thickness of one's little hands. These natural herb catches must be actually either 'kashaya' (astringent), 'katu (acrid), or 'tikta' (bitter) in taste. The technique of making use of is to crush one end, eat it, and eat it little by little. [6] Toothbrushing is actually a task accomplished along with a 'toothbrush' which is a special little comb made for use on teeth. Biting a therapeutic stick equivalent encouraged through a Vaidya, or even other typical specialist, might validly be actually held to be equivalent to the western-pioneered task of 'brushing the teeth ', yet it is certainly not adequately comparable to become provided the same name, exclusively given that sticks that are actually munched are actually made use of totally in a different way from brushes.

It is actually suggested that nibbling sticks be actually obtained coming from fresh contains of certain vegetations. The natures neem (margosa or the Azadiraxhta indica) is actually a popular herbal chewing stick. The contains must be healthy and balanced, soft, without fallen leaves or even knots as well as taken from a healthy and balanced plant. Eating on these arises is felt to trigger weakening and levelling of biting areas, assist in salivary tears as well as, possibly, support in oral plaque buildup command, while some stems possess an anti-bacterial activity. 

Will Gums Grow Back?

Apropos of the person's constitution as well as dominant dosha, it is mentioned that people along with the vata dosha prominence might build atrophic and receding gums, and also are advised to use chewing sticks with bitter-sweet or even astringent preferences, such as liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and black catechu or the cutch plant (Acacia Catechu Linn.), specifically. [7] Pitta dosha prevalent individuals are actually recommended to make use of chewing stick to an unsweetened taste like the branches coming from the margosa tree (Azadirachta indica or natures neem) and also the arjuna plant (Terminalia arjuna). Those with the kapha dosha prevalent are actually likely to possess light and also hypertrophic gums as well as are asked to utilize chewing stick to a pungent taste, presenting the high temperature nut (Caesalipinia bonduc) and also the usual milkweed plant (Calotropis procera). Modern investigation has revealed that all the chewing sticks described in ancient Ayurveda text messages (circa 200 BC) possess medical and also anti-cariogenic attributes. [8] Saimbi et alia (1994) checked the antiplaque efficiency of Neem extraction, Ayurvedic tooth powders as well as office tooth pastes. Natures neem extraction triumphed and also office tooth pastes were the final. [9] In yet another study Venugopal et alia (1998) studied a total of 2000 little ones (1-14 year generation) in Mumbai for decays occurrence. Those kids who were actually utilizing natures neem datun were found to be much less influenced along with cavities. [10] In southern India, mango leaf is actually largely made use of for cleansing teeth. A clean mango fallen leave is cleaned and the midrib is removed. Leaf is at that point folded lengthwise with glossy surface areas experiencing each other. It is actually rolled into a cylindrical pack. One end of this pack is actually bitten off 2-3mm to create a raw surface area which is wiped on the teeth - pack is held between the finger and also the index finger. By the end, the midrib, which was first cleared away, is actually utilized as a tongue cleaner. Sumant et alia (1992) examined the efficacy of mango leaf as an oral hygiene aid as well as gotten exciting searchings for. 

How To Strengthen Gums Naturally?

[11] Greater smooth down payment scores were actually stated in team that used mango fallen leave. Cavities experience in this group using mango fallen leave was similar to the group that utilized tooth brush. Mangiferin a material current in mango leaves had considerable antibacterial characteristic versus certain strains of Pneumococci, Streptococci, Staphylococci, and also Lactobacillus acidophilus.

The miswak (miswaak, siwak, sewak) is actually a teeth cleansing twig created coming from a branch of the Salvadora persica tree, additionally called the arak tree or even the peelu plant and features in Islamic health law. The miswak is predominant in Muslim regions but its own use precedes the inception of Islam. Almas and also Atassi (2002) performed study to examine the effect of miswak as well as tooth comb filaments end-surface structure on enamel. Twenty-one samplings were readied; they were actually arranged right into Aquafresh toothbrush team, Miswak team and also control team. Outcomes revealed that filaments end-surface texture action primary role in rough active activity and polish tooth surface area loss. Miswak showed lesser impact on enamel as contrasted to Aquafresh toothbrush. 

Do Receding Gums Grow Back?

[12] Almas and Zeid (2004) in a research to analyze antimicrobial activity of miswak eating stick in vivo, specifically on streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli confirmed that miswak possessed a prompt antimicrobial impact compared to toothbrush. Streptococcus mutans were even more susceptible to miswak than lactobacilli. [13]

[bestwaytotreatrecedinggums-blog]

Best Way To Treat Receding Gums

Although dental care was not a focused division of Ayurveda, it is actually consisted of in its Shalakya Tantra (body of surgical treatment). Issues such as impairments of the mouth, oral plaque buildups and also infections were managed in historical India. Read more about Natural Ways To Treat Receding Gums

Traditional medicine can easily treat a variety of transmittable and chronic ailments. Investigation has actually shown that all sort of eating sticks illustrated in historical Ayurveda texts possess medical and anti-cariogenic residential or commercial properties. Its own oil drawing (Kaval, Gandush) practice is professed to cure about 30 systemic ailments. Amla (Emblic myrobalan), is a general rebuilder of oral health. 

How To Treat Receding Gum?

Bilberry fruit product (Vaccinium myrtillus) as well as hawthorn berry (Crateagus oxycanthus) maintain collagen, boosting the gum cells. Liquorice origin (Glycyrrhiza glabral) markets anti-cavity activity, reduces plaque, and possesses an antibacterial impact. Use of safe, quality products and also techniques must be made certain based on accessible proof if typical medication is actually to become recognized as aspect of primary healthcare. Scientific recognitions of the Ayurveda dental health practices could possibly warrant their unification right into modern dental treatment. Promotion of these procedures making use of necessary media would certainly gain the overall population by offering even more confidence in the early techniques, hence avoiding dental caries and reduction. Key phrases: Ayurveda, kaval, oral health, oil drawing, traditional medication Most likely to: INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda is actually a comprehensive device of medication which grew in India some 3000-5000 years back, an unit of conventional medicine native to the Indian subcontinent, right now exercised in other portion of the world as a type of complementary medication. [1] The earliest literary works on Indian clinical practice appeared during the Vedic period in India. The Susruta Samhita and also the Charaka Samhita are its earliest authoritative content. [2] Over the centuries, Ayurvedic professionals created large numbers of therapeutic preparations and surgeries for the treatment of numerous ailments and also illness. [3] Even though dental care was not a specialized branch of Ayurveda, it was included in its body of surgical treatment. In old India, concerns including defects of the oral cavity, plaques and contaminations can be managed as well as also cured.

Ways To Treat Receding Gums

Typical medication is the result of know-how, capabilities as well as practices based on the theories, views and also knowledge aboriginal to various societies that are actually utilized to maintain health, along with to avoid, identify, enhance or manage bodily and mental illnesses. Standard medication that has actually been actually used by other populations (outside its own indigenous lifestyle) is frequently called complementary or holistic medicine. Plant based medicines consist of weeds, herbal products, plant based preparations, as well as ended up organic products which contain parts of vegetations or even other vegetation components as active elements.

In some Asian and also African nations, 80% of the populace depends upon traditional medication for key health care. In several industrialized countries, 70% to 80% of the population has actually utilized some kind of alternative or even corresponding medication. Herbal procedures are actually the best popular type of standard medication, and are strongly rewarding in the global industry. Annual revenues in Western Europe reached US$ 5 billion in 2003-2004. In China purchases of items mosted likely to US$ 14 billion in 2005. Herbal medication profits in Brazil was actually US$ 160 million in 2007. [4] Ayurveda as well as oral health

In Ayurveda, dental health (danta swasthya in Sanskrit) is upheld be really individualistic, varying with everyone's constitution (prakriti), as well as weather adjustments arising from photo voltaic, lunar as well as wandering influences (kala-parinama). 

Easiest Way To Treat Receding Gums

The physical body nature is categorized based upon the predominance of several of the 3 doshas, vata, pitta as well as kapha. The prominence dosha in both the private as well as attribute identifies healthcare in Ayurveda, featuring dental health. [5] Go to: CHEWING STICKS

Ayurveda advises chewing embed the early morning along with after every meal to avoid ailments. Ayurveda demands the use of natural combs, approximately 9 ins long and also the density of one's little bit of finger. These herb adheres must be either 'kashaya' (astringent), 'katu (acrid), or even 'tikta' (bitter) in taste. The technique of use is actually to crush one end, eat it, and consume it little by little. [6] Toothbrushing is an activity performed along with a 'toothbrush' which is actually an exclusive little bit of comb developed for use on teeth. Eating a therapeutic stick of a kind suggested by a Vaidya, or various other conventional practitioner, might validly be upheld be equivalent to the western-pioneered activity of 'brushing the teeth ', yet it is not completely identical to be provided the same label, particularly because sticks that are munched are actually used completely in different ways from combs.

It is actually highly recommended that nibbling sticks be actually obtained from new controls of specific vegetations. The neem (margosa or the Azadiraxhta indica) is actually a well-known plant based chewing stick. The contains must be healthy and balanced, smooth, without leaves or even knots as well as extracted from a healthy and balanced tree. 

Best Way To Treat Receding Gums

Munching on these stems is felt to induce attrition and also levelling of biting areas, facilitate salivary secretion and also, possibly, assistance in plaque management, while some arises have an anti-bacterial activity. With reference to the individual's constitution and also dominant dosha, it is stated that folks with the vata dosha supremacy might cultivate atrophic and receding gums, and also are actually suggested to utilize chewing stick to bitter-sweet or even astringent flavors, like liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and dark catechu or the cutch plant (Acacia Catechu Linn.), respectively. [7] Pitta dosha leading people are advised to utilize chewing stick to a bitter flavor such as the branches coming from the margosa plant (Azadirachta indica or neem) and also the arjuna plant (Terminalia arjuna). Those with the kapha dosha leading are actually probably to have light as well as hypertrophic gums and are inquired to utilize chewing stick to a stimulating preference, pointing out the high temperature almond (Caesalipinia bonduc) as well as the typical milkweed vegetation (Calotropis procera). Current research has actually presented that all the chewing sticks defined in old Ayurveda texts (circa 200 BC) have medical and anti-cariogenic features. [8] Saimbi et al (1994) examined the antiplaque effectiveness of Neem extract, Ayurvedic tooth particles and also business tooth inserts. Natures neem extract prevailed and also commercial tooth mixes were the last. [9] In one more study Venugopal et alia (1998) evaluated a total amount of 2000 little ones (1-14 year generation) in Mumbai for caries prevalence. Those children who were utilizing neem datun were located to be less impacted along with dental caries. [10] In southern India, mango fallen leave is actually largely used for cleaning up teeth. A fresh mango leaf is actually washed and also the midrib is actually gotten rid of. Fallen leave is then folded lengthwise along with glossy areas facing one another. It is spun right into a cylindrical pack. 

Natural Way To Treat Receding Gums

One point of this particular pack is bitten off 2-3mm to produce a raw area which is massaged on the teeth - pack is kept in between the thumb as well as the index finger. At the end, the midrib, which was first cleared away, is actually utilized as a tongue cleaner. Sumant et al (1992) reviewed the efficiency of mango fallen leave as an oral health help and secured fascinating findings. [11] Greater soft down payment scores were disclosed in group that used mango leaf. Decays experience within this team making use of mango fallen leave was similar to the team that made use of tooth brush. Mangiferin a material found in mango leaves had notable antibacterial attribute versus certain pressures of Pneumococci, Streptococci, Staphylococci, and also Lactobacillus acidophilus.

The miswak (miswaak, siwak, sewak) is actually a teeth cleansing branch produced from a twig of the Salvadora persica plant, likewise called the arak tree or even the peelu tree and components in Islamic care law. The miswak is predominant in Muslim places however its own make use of predates the beginning of Islam. Almas and Atassi (2002) conducted research to determine the effect of miswak as well as tooth comb filaments end-surface appearance on enamel. Twenty-one specimens were prepared; they were actually divided right into Aquafresh toothbrush team, Miswak group as well as management team. End results showed that filaments end-surface structure action primary part in rough energetic task and also enamel tooth surface reduction.

How Treat Receding Gums?

 Miswak presented minimal impact on enamel as matched up to Aquafresh tooth brush. [12] Almas and also Zeid (2004) in a research study to assess antimicrobial activity of miswak eating embed vivo, specifically on streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli determined that miswak had a prompt antimicrobial result matched up to toothbrush. Streptococcus mutans were actually a lot more prone to miswak than lactobacilli. [Thirteen]

[lupine-publishers-rrhoaj]

Lupine Publishers | Nanotechnology in Phytotherapy: The Effect of Noni’s Nanoemulsion on Bacterial Translocation Induced By Experimental Model of Intestinal Ischemia and Reperfusion

Lupine Publishers | Journal of Health Research and Reviews

Abstract

Background: The study evaluated nano structured extract Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) conveyed in enteral form, in an experimental model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), as well as in the prevention of bacterial translocation.

Purpose: Observe the protective and repairing effect of Noni’s nanoemulsified extract in the presence of induced bacterial translocation, by an experimental model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion.

Methods and Findings: The study consisted of 2 groups of 7 animals, where the Controls were treated with 0.9% saline solution (I/R + S) and Experimental group (I/R + Noni) treated with 5 mg/ml/Kg Noni nanoemulsion, orally by gavage 12h and 2h before the experiment. In the groups, the superior mesenteric artery was occluded with a vascular micro clamp and the laparotomy reopened 60min. after for pull back the clamp. Treatment response was assessed by blood count, inflammatory markers and biochemical dosages, including a sample of the terminal ileum and hepatic of each animal was harvested, fixed in formalin 10% and included in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for morphometric measurement. Measurement of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 was done. One gram of spleen, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested for culture by selective means for Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria. ANOVA and the post-hoc Turkey and Student´s t test were used, considering p<0, 05 as significant.

Conclusion: Noni´s nanoemulsion positively influenced the organic reactions in the presence of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion, reducing the production of pro inflammatory cytokines, bacterial translocation, preventing tissue injury and attenuating the systemic inflammatory response against the experimental model used

Keywords: Noni: Ischemia-reperfusion injury; Bacterial translocation; Biotechnology; Nanotechnology; phytotherapy

Abbreviations: GGT: Gamma-glutamyl Transferase; ECUA: Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals; NCCAE: National Council for Control of Animal Experimentation; NO: Nitric oxide; AST: glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase; ALT: glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; HSV: total bilirubin and fractions, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; SMA: Superior Mesenteric Artery

Mammography

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury is a severe condition resulting from acute mesenteric ischemia, small bowel transplantation, abdominal aortic aneurysm, hemorrhage, trauma, septic shock, or severe burns. Various chemical and cellular mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion, such as reactive oxygen, cytokines, endotoxins, and neutrophils [1]. Following adhesive interactions among neutrophils and endothelial cells, neutrophil accumulation in the intestinal mucosa contributes to intestinal ischemia/ reperfusion injury via production of reactive oxygen metabolites and proteases. Leukocyte accumulation is a complex phenomenon that also involves endothelium-based adhesion molecules as well as leukocyte chemotaxis factors such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) [2,3]. Intercellular adhesion molecules are normally expressed at a low basal level, but their expression can be enhanced by several inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). A variety of cytokines, including TNF-α, interferon-γ, and IL-1β, are released from post-ischemic tissues [4].

It is now considered that these mediators bring about the systemic microcirculatory injury which is thought to be the main mechanism responsible for damage in sepsis. The host defence responses to sepsis may promote the generalized increase in leukocyte recruitment and accumulation in the tissues, which may lead to subsequent endothelial damage, leaky capillaries, and organ dysfunction and failure [5,6]. The organic lesion begins in the lungs, progressing to the anguish respiratory syndrome, followed by kidney and liver failure because of damage caused by the architecture of these organs. Heart failure occurs in late-stage sepsis [7]. The pathophysiology of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats with induction of bacterial translocation is widely used in animal models and well established in the literature, and is a viable way of analyzing therapeutic options [8].

The technique will result in a bacterial translocation, generating an ideal model for the therapeutic trial with Noni. Medicinal plants influence the health conditions of the people, in part due to the increase of studies with phytotherapeutics, leading to a confirmation of the therapeutic action of several popular plants, a fact that proves Phytotherapy as part of the culture of the population, being used and widespread for many generations[9-11]. In Brazil, the use of medicinal herbs has its bases in the indigenous practice, which influenced by the African and Portuguese culture, generated a vast popular culture. With the technological advances in allopathic medicine and the pharmaceutical industry in recent years, herbal medicines have been placed in the background, being something allied to popular belief and without scientific bases [12]. However, due to side effects and the high cost of medicines, Phytotherapy is again highlighted and scientific studies with medicinal plants are being resumed [13].

Among the species for herbal treatment highlights the Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae), popularly known as Noni. Information on its therapeutic benefits has gone through the world causing great demand as a medicinal product [14-16]. Morinda citrifolia L (Noni) has the phytotherapeutic activity of analgesic, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In scientific studies conducted for the isolation of fixed compounds of the plant, about 200 active substances have already been isolated, where the presence of anthraquinones, triterpenes, iridoids, among others [7- 9]. The anti-inflammatory activity of Noni has been studied in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting the activity of COX-1 enzymes and COX- 2, and the release of chemical mediators from macrophages (nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 - PGE-2)[10].

In this sense, products using biotechnology in the form of nanoparticles or nanostructured compounds, can have excellent results, since, due to their reduced diameter, the substance can be used in smaller doses, avoiding the toxic effect of the plant and maintaining its phytotherapic action [11-13]. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the protective and repairing effect of Noni’s nanoemulsified extract in the presence of induced bacterial translocation, by an experimental model of intestinal ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) in rats, using the dosage and subsequent blood count, inflammatory markers and biochemical measurements, including histopathological analysis of the compared to the control group treated with 0.9% saline solution.

Material and Methods

Ethical Principles

The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals - ECUA, number 012/2016, Brazil. Animals were handled in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, US National Research Council, 1996. The Institutional Committee on Ethics in the Use of Animals approved the research project under the protocol. The care with the use of the animals followed the standards of the Brazilian legislation for the scientific use of animals (Law 11.794 / 2008 National Council for Control of Animal Experimentation - NCCAE / Brazilian Government).

Preparation of vegetable extract hydroalcoholic extract of Morinda citrifolia L: (Noni)

The hydroalcoholic extract of Morinda citrifolia L. was prepared from the aerial parts (stem, leaves, and fruits) of fresh adult plants. The collected material was placed for drying at room temperature; then comminuted with a knife and placed for 24h in an oven at a temperature between 45ºC and 50ºC to remove moisture. It was then subjected to a grinding process to obtain the powder. This material was weighed and deposited in a glass vessel with the addition of 70% hydroalcoholic solution in the ratio of 1:3 of the powder. The resulting mixture was stirred for 12h and stirred for five minutes every two hours under two simple filtration procedures under reduced pressure to give the crude extract, which was concentrated in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure, at a temperature between 55°C and 60°C, for total solvent elimination. The product obtained after concentration was in the form of a paste which was diluted in distilled water until a hydroalcoholic extract at the concentration of 5mg/ml was obtained, being kept in a refrigerator at 10ºC until it was used.

Obtaining Nanoemulsified Systems

Nanoemulsion systems were obtained by maceration in a mixture of ethanol: water (8:2/800mL of alcohol 70° INPM + 200mL of distilled water) according to the previously described methodology. The study of phase diagrams of the oil, water and surfactant mixture formed a nanoemulsified (SN) system with a self-emulsifying characteristic. The SN system was considered O/W of the autoemulsifying type due to the unchanging of its appearance after successive dilutions in water. The vegetable oil used contains the following chemical components: vitamin E, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid, low saturated fat and high content of polyunsaturated components [17,18]. The procedure used to obtain the nano emulsion regions is based on the method involving the determination of the maximum solubility points of active matter (surfactant) in the aqueous and oily phases, by means of mass titrations. The structure is composed of vegetable oil in the range of 0.5% to 6.0%; a surfactant in the range of 8.0% to 20% and distilled water in the range of 75% to 90% (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Phase Diagram (Maciel 2009).

Description of Nanoemulsion Preparation: Initially, industrialized vegetable oil was weighed on a precision digital scale (model: FA-2104N / 2008; Brand: BIOPRECISA-->) in the preferred range (1% to 5%), the surfactant in the preferred range (8% to 20%), and distilled water in the preferred range (75% to 90%) mixed and heated the components of the formulated SME - Nanoemulsion System, in magnetic stirrer with heating - stirring range 100-2200rpm and temperature controlled in the preferred range between 40°C to 70°C (Model NI1103P/2009: Mark: NOVAINSTRUMENTS-->). Thereafter, centrifuged at a constant speed, between 550rpm and 650rpm, for a preferential time of 15 minutes. (Model TDL80-2B, Mark Centribio-->).

Analysis Characterization: Performed through the refractive index, droplet diameter, rheological behavior and surface tension. To obtain the refractive index, an analog bench refractometer (ABBE, Model: 2waj; Mark: BioBrix-->) was used at a temperature in the range of 20°C-30°C.

Determination of droplet diameter: The diameter of the nanoemulsion droplets was determined by measurements in triplicates and with the refractive index of 1.4715 with a light beam of 659nm wavelength and angle of incidence of 90°. The diameter of the droplets (ranged from 50nm-75nm).

Rheology: The evaluation made from the graph generated by shear stress versus shear rate using a greenhouse thermometer (HG - Brazil, No.1876/11-->), in the range of 20°C-30°C, with variation for the shear rate (1s-1-1000s-1), resulted in a linear behaviour, with r2 = 0.91058.

Fluid Classification: The fluid under analysis was classified as Newtonian and the viscosity was determined to be 2mPa.s - 6mPa.s (2cP - 5cP).

Maximum Dilution Analysis: The evaluation was performed by experimental data of surface tension. Assays were performed using the SensaDyne Tensiometer apparatus (model QC-600, Chem-Dyne Research Corp. - USA). The description of the method consisted of measuring the maximum bubble pressure using two capillaries with holes of different diameters, where an inert gas (N2) was pumped at a certain constant pressure (200-595kPa). The larger capillary measured the effect of the immersion depth and the smaller the surface tension. For each measurement, the samples were diluted in distilled water, with concentrations varying until the values of surface tension close to the water (γH2O = 72.1mN/m) and temperature in the range of 20°C to 30°C were reached.

Surgical model / experimental design: We used 14 Wistar male Wistar rats weighing 265±32g (from Nucleus of Experimental Surgery, Potigura Universty - LAUREATE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES - UnP/Natal/Rio Grande do Norte State/ Brazil), randomly divided into 2 groups, kept in individual cages with food and water standard (Labina-Purina-->) is rodents, ad libitum. In the experimental group (n=7) rats received 5mg/mL/Kg (EMS-FC5) Noni nanoemulsion via the probe/gavage 18 and 2 hours prior to clamping of the superior mesenteric artery (I/R), the remainder rats (n=7) were treated with oral saline solution at 0.9%, 18 and 2h prior to (I/R). After 12h of fasting, the rats were anesthetized with for the induction of anesthesia general, the solution of Zoletil--> 50, the anesthetic dissociative, will be used in the dose of 0.3mL/100mg intramuscularly in the region of the quadriceps, with disposable syringes of 1mL of insulin and needle 27F and operated under aseptic conditions. In groups I/R + Saline and I/R + Noni, under sterile conditions.

Measurement of bacterial translocation: After shaving, the abdominal skin was disinfected with 0.2% chlorhexidine. All procedures were performed under sterile conditions. A laparotomy was performed and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded with a microvascular clamp for 60 minutes. In order to block any collateral blood supply, the right colic and proximal jejunal arteries were also clamped. The laparotomy incision was then closed, to be opened later for removal of the clamps after 60 minutes of ischemia. Reperfusion was confirmed by the return of the mesenteric arcade pulsation. The incision was closed again and the animals were killed by anesthetic overdose (thiopental 100mg/ Kg) after 120 minutes of reperfusion. They breathed spontaneously throughout the procedures.

Measurement of bacterial translocation: At the end of the procedures (time = 180 minutes), a midline laparotomy was performed under aseptic conditions and biopsies were aseptically obtained for bacterial colony counts. One gram of mesenteric lymph node complex, blood, liver, and lung were removed for culture. Tissues were homogenized and aseptically solubilized after addition of 0.5mL of 0.9% saline. Aliquots of 0.2mL were processed and cultured on selective MacConkey’s agar and Blood Agar for detection of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively. The agar plates were incubated at 37oC and examined for growth after 24 and 48h. Any growth in the plates of bacteria of the same biotype as cultured was considered positive and expressed as colony-forming units per gram of tissue (CFU/g).

Laboratory analysis/ Cytokine Assays: After 24h of a conclusion of the procedures under anesthesia and aseptic conditions, blood was collected by cardiac puncture to measure the hemogram, hepatogram, cytokines, and albumin. Samples of blood were treated with EDTA and the plasma was separated by centrifugation at 2000rpm and stored in -80°C for later measurement of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin- 1b (IL-1b) by the ELISA (enzyme-linked all immunoassay kits from PeproTech--> (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) according to the manufacturer’s recommended protocols. The fluorescence was measured by a Bio-Tec--> Instruments EL808 ultra microplate reader, using KC4-V3.0 analysis software. The sensitivity of detection was 30pg/mL for all cytokines. For counting leukocytes and red cells using an automated cell counter (Abbott Cell-Dyn 3500R CD--> 5L-3500, USA). For albumin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (AST), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT), total bilirubin and fractions, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (HSV) blood was treated with EDTA.

Histological study: Terminal ileum and liver specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections cut at a thickness of 4μm were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for morphometric measurements using an image analyzer (Image- Pro Plus, Media Cyber-->)[19-21]. The damage of the intestinal specimens was assessed in a blinded manner by an experienced pathologist according to microscopic criteria for degree of damage based on a grading system previously described: normal mucosa, 0; subepithelial space at the villus tip, 1; more extended subepithelial space, 2; epithelial lifting along villus, 3; denuded villi, 4; loss of villus tissue, 5; crypt layer infarction, 6; transmucosal infarction, 7; transmural infarction, 8.

Statistics: Data analysis was performed using the BioEstat--> 2.0 program. Differences between the microbiological samples as measured by positive cultures were evaluated by a test for differences between proportions. The results were tabulated and compared by ANOVA using post hoc analysis with Tukey and Student’s t test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Data on continuous quantitative variables are the mean ± expresso standard deviation. In the variables that did not present normal distribution, the logarithmtransformation method was adopted. These variables are represented by their respective logarithms. To verify if the differences between the Experimental (Noni nanoemulsion) and Control groups were statistically significant, the Student’s t-test for independent samples was used. The statistical package SPSS-->21 was used.

Results

We observed bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lung, and blood in all animals subjected to I / R. However, in I/R group rats treated with Noni nanoemulsion, translocation to these organs and blood was significantly lower than in I/R untreated (Table 1). Cytokines had lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines in group I/R+Noni (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and a higher level of antiinflammatory-cytokine (IL-10), when compared with I/R + Saline (C) (Table 2). In I/R + Saline (Control) group rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher when compared to I/R+Noni. This group had the highest values of IL-10 when compared with (Control) group (p<0.05). Noni was able to maintain and modulate the inflammatory reaction in the experimental group, which was proven through normality in the hematological dosages. There was also a significant reduction in the number of total leukocytes, which did not generate immune suppression in experimental animals, but control the systemic inflammatory response in the presence of induced bacterial translocation for intestinal ischemia and reperfusion.

Table 1: Bacterial Translocation in groups treated and not treated with Noni nanoemulsion (colony-forming units per gram of tissue - CFU/g).

*p < 0.01 compared with groups I/R + Saline (C) and I/R + Noni nanoemulsion.

Table 2: Serum levels of cytokines in groups with and without Noni nanoemulsion treatment.

*p< 0.01 compared with groups I/R + Saline (C) and I/R + Noni nanoemulsion.

Table 3: Descriptive and inferential statistics of hemograma results.

Figure 2: The mucosa is injured, and leukocyte infiltration of lamina propria and mucosa are shown (group I/R), 100x. 2: Hemorrhage and inflammation of mucosa (group I/R), 100x.

A trend towards normality was observed in the other cellular parameters measured in relation to the control group (Table 3). Macroscopically, the segments of the organs studied presented intramural dilation and hemorrhage, with greater intensity in rats of the I / R group, compared to the experimental group (Noni). Microscopic findings revealed marked mucosal lesion after ischemia and reperfusion injury; we observed more intense lesions in the rats of the I / R group compared to the other groups. The most frequent lesions were: disorganization of the normal tissue structure, transmural infarction, infiltration of leukocytes in the lamina propria and mucosa, alveoli and hepatic sinusoids. In the group that used the nanoemulsion of Noni, there was protection and preservation of the tissue structure, with reduced or absent infiltrating inflammatory reaction (Figures 2-4).

Figure 3: Preserved intestinal mucosa, demonstrating normal villi and intestinal epitelial cells of uniform pattern, normal to histological examination, 100x

Figure 4: A) Normal liver structures are demonstrated. B) A hepatic section from a septic rat with vehicle (normal saline) treatment. Patches of hepatocytes show necrosis with eosinophilic cytoplasm nuclei that are condensed and intensely stained with hematoxylin. C: A section from a septic rat with Morinda citrifolia L (Noni) treatment. Liver structures appear normal. (HE.50;100 x /100 μm).

Discussion

The present study used an experimental model of ischemia and reperfusion, to verify the effect of nanostructured extract Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) on intestinal injury and bacterial translocation. Some authors consider the bacterial factor, crucial in the pathogenesis of sepsis and multiple organ failures [22]. In surgery and intensive care, intestinal obstruction and intestinal ischemia are the most associated pathological conditions [23]. The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases has been occurring since the dawn of civilization. The development of methodologies for the isolation of active substances has made it possible to identify substances in complex samples such as plant extracts. In this way, the interest for compounds of vegetal origin that could be used as prototypes for the development of new drugs resurfaced [24]. Medicinal plants represent the main raw material used for the synthesis of medicinal products, besides being used as therapeutic agents. Plant consumption is overvalued in traditional use based on it medicinal benefits [25].

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) has become a promise of the cure for a variety of diseases, ranging from simple hypertension to malignant tumors; even provokes the cure of syndromes, still incurable such as AIDS and other viral diseases [26]. However, The popular use and wellbeing attributed to Noni make the industry commercially explore Morinda citrifolia L products, often without scientific evidence [15].In this context, the use of biotechnology transforming Noni into a nanostructured compound, has the advantage of using the plant’s medicinal properties, reducing its toxicity, keeping its bioactive principles beneficial to health [27,28]. Antimicrobial activity of Noni has already been reported in the literature. Studies have shown that noni inhibited growth in vivo and in-vitro bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginous, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella and Shigella.

In addition, Noni has already been studied on its effect against Plasmodium falciparum, believed to be due to the presence of anthraquinones, acubin, L-asperuloside, alizarin, scopoletin, among other substances [29,30]. It has also been found that ethanol and hexane extracts of noni have an antitubercular effect since they inhibit by 89-95% the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The major components identified in the hexane extract were E-phytol, cycloartenol, stigmasterol, b-sitosterol, campesta-5,7,22-trien-3-bol, and the ketosteroids, stigmasta-4-en-3-one and stigmasta-4-22- dien-3-one[18-20]. Moreover, they showed that the anti-microbial effect is highly dependent on the stage of ripeness and on processing, being greater when the fruit is ripe, without drying [23-25]. The limiting factor for the use of Noni as an herbal remedy is that most of the studies previously found in the literature, administer the extract in the alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic form, which may, through prolonged use, mainly cause hepatotoxicity [24].

With this in mind, the present study makes its scientific contribution to demonstrate that with the use of biotechnology in the formulation of a nanostructured extract of Noni, such undesirable side effects were abolished, maintaining the active principles of the vegetable under analysis [31]. Recent studies have demonstrated, respectively, the efficiency of Noni´s nanoemulsion in experimental models of healing of infected wounds in the skin of rats as well as in abdominal sepsis induced by cecum ligation and puncture [32,33]. This phenomenon was confirmed in the present study, where a reduction in the total leukocytes and polymorphonuclear levels was observed, maintaining normal hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the experimental group, which used Noni in the presence of an experimental model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats with induction of bacterial translocation.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that Noni’s nanoemulsified extract acted as an immune modulatory agent in the presence of an experimental model of intestinal ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) in rats with induction of bacterial translocation, reducing the systemic inflammatory response, stimulating the immunity of experimental group animals, preserving liver function and maintaining its bioactive principles beneficial to the experimental model used

For more Lupine Publishers Open Access Journals Please visit our website: h http://www.lupinepublishers.us/ For more Journal of Research and Reviews on Healthcare Research articles Please Click Here: https://lupinepublishers.com/research-and-reviews-journal/

To Know More About Open Access Publishers Please Click on Lupine Publishers

[psilocybecubensis02]

Where To Experience The Most Ideal Magic Mushrooms

Lots of individuals look for one of the most excellent offer on this well-known psychedelic fungi. The psilocybin mushroom has actually expanded in appeal due to the fact that they recognize magic mushroom has substantial assurance in treating specific psychological health and wellness problems. Psilocybin treatment is a treatment choice being looked into for mental wellness problems. It incorporates the pharmaceutical benefits of the hallucinogenic drug psilocybin with psychological assistance. Psilocybin is an active component in several mushroom species, frequently called "magic mushrooms." The world of psychedelic fungi is a lot more varied than many people understand. These psychedelic mushroom species can be located worldwide, and various varieties have actually been made use of for ages by indigenous populations worldwide for social and restorative purposes. Each psychedelic plant types stands out in geographic circulation, perfect growing situations, as well as even subjective hallucinogenic results.

The ordinary psychedelic mushroom is Psilocybe cubensis. It describes expanding on well-manured ground or pet dung, although it is also one of the most convenient psychedelic mushroom varieties to cultivate inside your home. Consequently, P. cubensis has expanded in popularity and also is currently the most often made use of hallucinogenic mushroom. Due to this, the varieties has moved out of its all-natural habitat in the tropics and also is now expanded inside by farmers throughout the globe. It consists of 0.63 percent psilocybin and also 0.6 percent psilocin. Psilocybe azurescens is commonly acknowledged as one of the most potent wild mushroom recognized to date, with a typical focus of 1.8 percent psilocybin and also 0.4 percent psilocin. It also consists of one more tryptamine alkaloid, baeocystin, a psilocybin analog. When taken care of, azurescens associates to the blue wounding on the mushroom stem. They are likewise understood as "Flying Saucers" due to the fact that of their broad, squashed mushroom tops. It is regarded as among the most widely known as well as old Psilocybe mushrooms. With a psilocybin degree of about 1%, it is the 3rd most efficient of the usual Psilocybe mushroom varieties.

It is additionally considered as one of the most prevalent mushroom varieties in natural environments. It is discovered over much of the north hemisphere as well as in isolated Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, as well as New Zealand areas. P. cyanescens mushrooms are occasionally known as Wavy Caps as a result of their uncommon curly head, which is distinct amongst Psilocybe species. These psilocybe cubensis have a dark, caramel-like tint that fades as it dries. When these mushrooms are managed or hurt, the stems, caps, and also gills come to be blue owing to quick oxidation. This is well-known for expanding in mulch plant beds, which has resulted in a rise in its growth areas in recent years. These can aid deal with the signs of mental disorders such as significant anxiety, generalised anxiety problem, social anxiousness disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention deficit disorder (ADHD), and obsessive-compulsive condition (OCD). They generally enhance one's mood, boost creativity, concentration, efficiency, and also focus, calm the mind, increase energy levels, and also promote it. The power of a magic mushroom is figured out by its species, provenance, development conditions, harvest period, and whether it is consumed fresh or dried out. And typically taken in as a made tea or prepared with food to disguise its bitter flavour, dried mushrooms are commonly ground right into a powder and packaged in pills by manufacturers. Some people eat these mushrooms after layer them in chocolate.

It can improve particular scenarios, such as spending quality time with friends or seeing a band play live and wishing to really feel satisfied as well as giddy, boosting creativity, boosting power levels and also excitement, very early psychedelic explorations, and also examining the waters. It can assist to accomplish a complete psychedelic experience for recreational, individual, or spiritual factors, self-improvement, self-examination, as well as self-contemplation getting in touch with close friends as well as liked ones, getting in touch with nature, and boosting experiences at gigs or music celebrations. It also helps attain psychological advancements as well as spiritual experiences, as well as attempting to get rid of a personal dilemma or trouble, such as an existential dilemma or considerable anxiety, and also attaching even more meaningfully with oneself, others, and the world. After understanding so much concerning psilocybin mushrooms, you ask yourself where to purchase them. Keep in mind that top quality must be your number one problem if you want to find the most wonderful magic mushrooms for sale. There are numerous strains of them, each with its residential or commercial properties. Make the effort to follow our suggestions to take them without issues quickly.

They have various strains offered to make sure that you can find the best one for your demands. Their magic mushrooms are of the highest grade as well as are guaranteed to generate the called for outcomes. You might feel confident that you are obtaining the most great product readily available. Their customer support is exceptional, and they are always going to respond to any kind of concerns. Finally, because everyone is different as well as metabolizes mushrooms in different ways, what someone thinks about a threshold or moderate amount might be a full-on brave dosage for one more. It is best to begin cautiously, to have a safe container for the experience, to have sitters or buddies you can count on if things come to be difficult, and also to be in an enticing, caring, as well as safe atmosphere.

[nylonsandlipstick]

lala my babe what are your unpopular opinions about the harry potter fandom?

omg. what aren’t they? nina, you know the right questions to ask. i’m literally so salty about everything in the books. tbh this is gonna turn more into an anti jkr post so if anyone is sensitive about rowling hate, scroll down.

jkr is such a terrible “feminist” as she calls herself, because she treats her female characters so poorly.

cho is just basically treated like shit because she’s soft and gentle? like, way to be a hypocrite, rowling (she called lewis a sexist for his treatment of susan and hasn’t even read the books and she’s literally doing the same exact shit).

she didn’t bat an eyelash when lavender brown, a explicitly described as black, was whitewashed in the films, it’s not like she treated lavender any better as she killed lavender off in the battle of hogwarts but there you go.

she hated and mistreated pansy just because she’s a nasty slytherin girl, like, that’s a child, have her grow up, have her learn from her mistakes, have her develop, who the hell hurt you so much that you can’t give a girl like pansy a redemption arc???

tonks deserved so much better but the fuck with that incest shit with her crushing on her cousin (in a pottermore story)?? like, damn, guess i know now where cc came up with her incest obsession.

the patil twins are basically ignored by rowling. they’re kind of there for woc brownie points but rowling couldn’t even be bothered to confirm whether the twins died or not at the end of the battle of hogwarts.

hermione is literally the worst. i hate hermione so much. she’s just so annoying and so high and mighty and it’s like, fuck off, nobody cares.

in the entire series there are about 15 poc characters (angelina johnson, alicia spinnet, bane the centaur, blaise zabini, cho, dean, duncan inglebee, fred weasley ii, gweong jones, kingsley shacklebolt, lavender brown, lee jordan, padma and parvati patil, and roxanne) and only a handful of them even have speaking lines. there are a total of 772 characters. only 15 have been worth being mentioned as poc, even less than that even have speaking roles. gonna let that speak for itself.

rowling literally fucking apologized for snape’s death and i’m like, the death of a white supremacist parallel, bullying, prejudiced, narrow-minded man who fucking hated kids that he worked with and didn’t give a damn about the child of the woman that he was fucking obsessed over (do not give me that “but he was james’s son so snape wasn’t obligated to like harry” bullshit, snape could totally have had harry close to him as his last tie to lily and could have tried to protect harry as that would have been lily’s wish). i understand that it’s tradition to apologize for some death on the anniversary of the war or whatever but maybe you should apologize for deaths of characters that weren’t such assholes???

also, the fact that rowling could give such a shitty guy a redemption arc (that a lot of people in the fandom fawn over!!!) yet draco, a child, was mistreated and straight up hated by rowling just because he grew up in a bigoted, close-minded household and didn’t know any better and ended up in slytherin and only continued to follow voldemort out of fear for voldie and his father and he’s such a great and three-dimensional character yet rowling constantly hates him for ????? being a slytherin???

which, like, what the fuck is up with rowling and hating on slytherins?? she acts like they’re terrible people yet gave us some pretty complex characters coming out of that house and it’s like, if your intent was to make us hate slytherin just because you do, it didn’t work.

the goblins are heavily coded as jewish and just the fact that literally the only jewish rep in the entire series are a bunch of goblins that work in banks just blows. my. fucking. mind. wow. as if jewish people haven’t experienced enough antisemitism in europe as it is now they’re gross and greedy goblins. yup. rowling is great.

how is it that draco, a child who is so very obviously suffering from depression, is seen as evil and terrible because of his mental illness (because his depression is what makes him “go crazy” and paranoia is a punchline to rowling) yet everyone who had to spend 12 years in azkaban (who all happen to be her favorite characters) and had to go through a shit ton of terrible crap somehow come out perfect and unaffected. like, not only is that a gross display of ableism but an insane lack of understanding of anything psychological. and, sirius, the only person who even displayed a small amount of mental instability was killed off so. ableism.

i am so mad about dumbledore. what the fuck, rowling, what the fuck? rowling is nowhere near being an ally as literally her only hp books character (i’ll talk about fantastic beasts in a mo) that’s confirmed as gay was confirmed so several years later in an interview (as if rita skeeter wouldn’t have figured that shit out asap??) and he’s an evil dude because of the fact that he’s gay and rowling explains his rejection of his homosexuality as being asexual and like, that’s not how it fucking works, rowling. first, you can’t turn off your sexuality like that, and second, asexuality isn’t just what you call being celibate or whatever.

the fact that werewolves are supposed to represent hiv+ gays. oh. my. g o d. wha t  t h e  f u ck???? what the fuck is that? oh my g o d. i can’t even handle this. i’m going to the next bullet point because the homophobia is destroying my soul.

gonna continue with the homophobia with the fact that rowling has a gay character in fantastic beasts that’s a fucking piece of shit and a total abuser and oh, look at that, played by an abuser. and little miss “i don’t support aggressors” literally supported an abuser playing the character. like. oh my god. look, i never gave a rat’s patootie about johnny depp or amber heard before the abuse allegations came out but olivia benson taught me better than to veer on the side of the alleged abuser just because he’s famous and the victim is bisexual and settled the court case with money.

eurocentrism is a real thing and rowling just seems to love to show that off. how the fuck are you gonna tell me that in the entire world there would be 11 wizarding schools and 3 of them would be in europe?? you know what, how the fuck are you gonna tell me that europe itself would have only 3 schools??? do you not understand that europe, the home of nationalism, would have almost one school per fucking country?? do you not understand that most of the european countries turn their nose in the air to each other because they all think that they’re better than each other and that they wouldn’t all totally have their own schools??? maybe benelux would share their own school, the uk would share their own school (although don’t doubt that the scottish would say a big fuck you to england and block all of the non-scottish kids out of hogwarts and force the rest of the uk to make their own new school at some point), and a few other places would share but literally do not tell me that spain, who cannot stand france, would share a fucking school with the french. like, i know a lot of hp fans are american but xenophobia in europe is a big thing.

but, on to the other wizarding schools. don’t tell me that latin america would have one fucking school for all of latin america. like, do you not understand that latin america is a mix of spanish, indigenous, african, and asian with different forms of ancient practices and brujeria that wouldn’t mix well with each other??? brazil doesn’t even fucking speak spanish!!!!!! brazil, with it’s large ass population of portuguese-speakers would need their own school while the caribbean would need their own school (if not two, because don’t tell me that a school full of cubans, puerto ricans, and dominicans wouldn’t be fucking insane and need to be divided), mexico would probably need their own school, and central and south american would need at least two other schools. and that’s just latin america. you can imagine how many schools asia would need what with most of southeast asia not being able to share a school (china and north korea would definitely have their own schools, don’t fight me), south asia having completely different practices than southeast, and the middle east would have to divide several schools between each other. and africa would need several schools. and australians??? jk never even mentioned them if i remember correctly????

eurocentrism mixed in with cultural appropriation and straight up racism is what i call ilvermorny. how the fuck are you gonna tell me that white racists are gonna be okay with sending their kids over to a school of native american magic. no, actually, how the fuck are you gonna tell me that native americans are gonna be okay with sharing their magic? magic that is so sacred and has so many rules and isn’t some fucking fictional fantasy to actual native americans but is complete reality to them??? and they’re going to be totally okay with a bunch of white people (people who’s ancestors committed mass genocides full of native americans because they wanted fucking land and power and gold and gave no fucks for the real human beings that were the natives because they weren’t apparently civilized and therefor weren’t real human beings) coming and putting a school where sacred native magic is taught in boston of all places??? rowling, you didn’t even try to research this shit.

boston wouldn’t even be where the new england wizarding school would be in. it would be in fucking salem, massachusetts. fight me if you disagree but i will fight back so hard on that shit. midwest would have its own school. the south would have one. texas would have its own school because fuck texas, nobody wants them. and florida would have its own school because where the fuck are we in?? the south?? north cuba?? who fucking knows. and let’s not forget louisianna would have its own school and the african americans in the north would have their own school too and asians in the u.s.??? their own schools. and the native americans would have a shit ton of smaller schools because there are different tribes with different histories and some wouldn’t be able to share a school because of those differences like in asia.

and canada would have two schools because fuck you if you think that french canadians (read: quebec) would willingly share a school with english canadians and don’t tell me that canada wouldn’t have tried pushing everyone into one school where the question of “what about french-speakers? what about us catholics? we’re magicians but we’re still good french catholics and we’re sure as hell not practicing protestantism”. and actually, i’m wrong. it would be three schools as indigenous people in canada fucking exist.

i’m done with the school shit (not done but at least on this post). like, okay, tell me how the fuck fantastic beasts takes place in harlem yet even the fucking extras are a bunch of crackers? i’m sorry jk, i didn’t realize that the jazz age wasn’t led by black people and that harlem hasn’t been hsitorically black. thank you, a white english woman, for teaching me that. thank you very much.

how the fuck is it that we have native american-based magic being used and yet not one single fucking native american in the entire movie? tell me. i want a good ass explanation for that shit because so far the only one i’m thinking of is that rowling just supports cultural appropriation.

how the fuck is it that newt schammander is seen as an angel when he literally was the one to begin werewolf oppression? oppression of the people that are supposed to be hiv+ gays??

an abuse victim is literally turned into a fucking monster and then killed. i cannot fathom this shit.

the film is supposed to be a parallel to racism yet cracker cast.

i think i’m done for now. now excuse me as i go scream because i just can’t. fight me on anything but i swear to god i am pissed and i will not be kind. i am done with jk rowling’s horseshit. absolute horseshit.

[ladystylestores]

WHO states agree to coronavirus response probe: Live updates | News

WHO member states have agreed on an independent review of the global pandemic response at a virtual meeting of the World Health Assembly.

China has accused the United States of smearing Beijing and shirking responsibilities to the World Health Organization (WHO) after President Donald Trump threatened to pull out of the UN health body.

Unemployment claims in Britain jumped by 69 percent last month as the coronavirus pandemic took hold and hit the labour market.

Globally, there have been more than 4.8 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and more than 318,800 people have died, according to Johns Hopkins University. Nearly 1.8 million people have recovered.

Here are all the latest updates:

Tuesday, May 19

18:20 GMT – South Africa to start phased school re-opening on June 1

South Africa will resume classes for all grade 7 and 12 pupils on June 1, after a nationwide school closure of more than two months due to the coronavirus outbreak.

Minister of Basic Education Angie Motshekga said that, under strict social distancing rules, other grades would be able to attend lessons in smaller schools with fewer than 150 pupils.

Bigger schools will open for other grades at a later date. South Africa, the African nation worst hit by COVID-19 with 16,433 infections and 286 deaths, began a phased easing of its lockdown at the start of May.

All teachers are expected to return to work from May 25 and the revised school calendar will be published soon, the minister said, adding that school sports would not be permitted.

Locals look on during the distribution of food amid the spread of the coronavirus in Alexandra township, South Africa [Siphiwe Sibeko/Reuters]

18:00 GMT – Nicaragua’s ‘express burials’ hide true COVID-19 scale: Doctors

Doctors are warning of looming coronavirus chaos in Nicaragua, where victims’ families and the opposition accuse President Daniel Ortega’s government of ordering “express burials” to hide the true number of infections. 

To date, the Central American country has confirmed just 25 cases of the coronavirus and eight deaths. But rights groups and experts believe the numbers are far higher.

“We are entering a phase of rapid community spread of the virus,” epidemiologist Alvaro Ramirez told the AFP news agency. “As the exponential curve continues to increase and more people become infected, we are going to get a chaotic situation.”

Read more here. 

The coffin with the body of a patient who died with symptoms of the new coronavirus, COVID-19, is carried by relatives to be buried at the Oriental Cemetery, in Managua [AFP]

17:40 GMT – Ontario schools not to open at this time: Premier

Schools in Ontario, Canada’s most populous province, will not open at this time due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Premier Doug Ford has said. 

All provincial schools were shut in mid-March in an effort to contain the new coronavirus, which has killed 1,919 people in the province, according to the latest data.

“The safety of our children is my top priority,” Ford told reporters. “We cannot open schools at this time. I’m just not going to risk it.” Ford said.

The schools normally end their session by the end of June

17:20 GMT – Pandemic deadliest in NYC’s Black, Latino neighbourhoods: Data

Some New York City neighbourhoods have seen death rates from the novel coronavirus nearly 15 times higher than others, according to data released by New York City’s health department on Monday, showing the disproportionate toll taken on poor communities.

The data shows for the first time a breakdown on the number of deaths in each of the city’s more than 60 postcodes. The highest death rate was seen on the edge of Brooklyn in a neighbourhood dominated by a large subsidised-housing development called Starrett City.

Read more here. 

People wearing protective face masks wait in line at a free food distribution for people in need, outside the West Harlem Group Assistance in Manhattan [Mike Segar/Reuters]

17:00 GMT – Trump: WHO must clean up its act or US will no longer be involved

President Donald Trump has said the WHO had to improve how it treated the US and other countries or Washington would pull out, doubling down on a threat made the previous day. 

“They have to clean up their act. They have to do a better job. They have to be much more fair to other countries, including the United States, or we’re not going to be involved with them anymore,” Trump told reporters at the White House.

The president’s comments came after he released a letter to the WHO on Monday saying it had to make improvements in the next 30 days or he would make a temporary freeze on US funding to the organization permanent and consider pulling out the body all together.

Trump says he’s taking hydroxychloroquine

16:40 GMT – Wealthy countries failing Africa during pandemic, presidents say

Wealthy countries are failing Africa, with pledges of financial support and debt relief falling well short of the continent’s needs as it battles the COVID-19 pandemic, several African presidents have said. 

Developed economies have channelled trillions of dollars into health initiatives and economic stimulus at home. But the presidents – from Kenya, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Senegal and Niger – said they could not afford such measures in their own countries.

“We’re not in a position to protect companies, to preserve jobs. There’s an injustice that is again being exposed by COVID-19,” Senegal’s President Macky Sall said during a virtual roundtable organised by the New York Forum Institute think-tank.

While Africa, with a limited capacity to test, has recorded just a fraction of the world’s coronavirus cases, it has been hit hard by the economic fallout from global trade disruptions, falling oil and commodities prices and the lockdowns deployed to fight the disease’s spread.

Could the pandemic threaten the survival of Africa’s wildlife? | Inside Story

16:20 GMT – Regional health body warns of spread in Amazon tri-border area

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has warned that the new coronavirus is spreading rapidly in the tri-border area of the Amazon between Brazil, Colombia and Peru and threatens to infect remote indigenous communities in the rainforest.

PAHO directors urged in a virtual briefing that special measures be taken to protect vulnerable groups among the poor and indigenous populations of the Americas.

They said contagion was rising fast in densely populated Amazon border cities such as Manaus, Leticia and Iquitos, and the greatest danger is the COVID-19 spreading now to isolated villages.

Brazil’s president defiant as coronavirus death toll soars

16:00 GMT – Italy’s daily death toll and new cases climb

Deaths from the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy have climbed by 162, against 99 the day before, the Civil Protection Agency said, while the daily tally of new cases rose sharply to 813 from 451 on Monday.

The total death toll since the outbreak came to light on February 21 now stands at 32,169 the agency said, the third highest in the world after those of the United States and Britain.

The number of confirmed total cases is now 226,699, the sixth highest global tally behind those of the US, Russia, Spain, Britain and Brazil.

Shops, cafes reopen as Italy lifts coronavirus restrictions

15:45 GMT – Latin American health chief says ‘hopes’ to continue working with US

 The head of the Pan American Health Organization, Carissa Etienne, has said that the WHO-affiliated body “hopes” to continue working with the US government, after President Donald Trump threatened on Monday to end US funding and withdraw from WHO.

In recent days, Trump has ramped up his criticism of the WHO’s early response to the coronavirus pandemic.

PAHO Director Carissa Etienne pointed to past collaborations with the US government to combat diseases like malaria and yellow fever, and noted that US contributions account for about 60 percent of the regional health agency’s budget.

15:30 GMT – Canada, US agree to 30-day extension of ban on non-essential travel: Trudeau

Canada and the US have agreed to extend a ban on non-essential travel between the two nations by another 30 days as part of the fight against the coronavirus, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has said.

Trudeau made the announcement in remarks to reporters. Officials from both nations said last week it was likely that the measure would be rolled over until June 21. 

Drivers wait to cross through Canadian customs at the Canada-US border near the Peace Arch Provincial Park in Surrey, British Columbia. [File: Jesse Winter/Reuters]

15:15 GMT – Pakistan airlifts 274 students from Wuhan

Pakistan has repatriated 274 students from the Chinese city of Wuhan, according to the ministry of foreign affairs. 

The students were shuttled from the city, where the virus first appeared and the one-time epicentre of the global outbreak, to Islamabad on a Pakistan International Airlines flight that arrived in Islamabad on Monday. 

The first wave of the outbreak in Wuhan had been brought largely under control in April, but new clusters have emerged in recent days.

15:00 GMT – Sweden tops Europe deaths per capita over last 7 days

Sweden, which has opted for a more open strategy in combating the virus than other European countries, has the highest number of deaths in Europe per capita from the COVID-19 disease over the last seven days, data shows.

Sweden has kept most schools, restaurant and businesses open during the pandemic. While deaths are on the decline Sweden had 6.25 deaths per million inhabitants per day in a rolling seven day average between May 12 and May 19, according to Ourworldinsata.org. That was the highest in Europe and just above the United Kingdom, which had 5.75 deaths per million.

Over the course of the pandemic Sweden still has fewer deaths per capita than the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Belgium and France, which have all opted for lockdowns, but much higher than Nordic neighbours Denmark, Norway and Finland.

Sweden response to coronavirus outbreak divides opinion

14:45 GMT – UK economy will take time to return to normal after lockdown: Finance minister

British finance minister Rishi Sunak has said it would take time for the economy to get back to normal even when the government’s coronavirus shutdown is lifted.

“It is not obvious that there will be an immediate bounce-back,” Sunak told lawmakers, saying the retail sector, for example, would still face restrictions when it reopens.

“In all cases, it will take a little bit of time for things to get back to normal, even once we have reopened currently closed sectors.”

England’s schools to reopen as coronavirus curbs ease

14:30 GMT – WHO will continue to lead global fight against pandemic, Tedros vows

The WHO will continue to lead the global fight against the coronavirus pandemic which “threatens to tear at the fabric of international cooperation”, its chief has said.

Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO director-general, thanked “the many member states who have expressed their support and solidarity” at its two-day annual ministerial assembly.

He welcomed an EU resolution, adopted by consensus by WHO’s 194 member states, that calls for an independent evaluation of the international response, “including, but not limited to, WHO’s performance”.

“We want accountability more than anyone,” Tedros said. “We will continue providing strategic leadership to coordinate the global response” to the pandemic.

The WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus has welcomed a resolution calling for an independent evaluation of the international response to the pandemic [Christopher Black/AFP]

14:10 GMT – Russia denounces US attempts to ‘break’ WHO     

Russia has denounced President Donald Trump’s threat to pull the US out of the WHO over its handling of the coronavirus pandemic.     

“Yes there are opportunities to improve it… but we are against breaking everything that is there for the sake of one state’s political or geopolitical preferences,” deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov said, according to Interfax news agency.

More:

13:50 GMT – China protests support for Taiwan at World Health Assembly

The Chinese envoy to the WHO has denounced support shown by the US and other members to Taiwan during its annual ministerial assembly.

“There are still a few countries determined to plea for Taiwan authorities…,” Chen Xu, the Chinese ambassador told the virtual assembly, saying this was “undermining global anti-epidemic efforts”.

“This conduct is not acceptable,” Chen added in response specifically to US support for Taiwan following remarks by a senior US diplomat which he dismissed as “political hype”.

Taiwan is not a member of the UN agency although a proposal was submitted to allow it to participate in the assembly as an observer. However, no invitation was issued due to a lack of consensus.

Xi: Nobody can change fact Taiwan is part of China

13:30 GMT – US backs pandemic resolution at WHO but rejects patent wording

The US has joined consensus on an EU resolution on the global handling of the coronavirus pandemic, but quickly distanced itself from its wording on intellectual property and reproductive health services.

In a statement, the US mission to the UN in Geneva said the pandemic review would ensure “complete and transparent understanding of the source of the virus, timeline of events … and the decision-making process for the WHO’s response”.

But it had to “disassociate” itself from the references in the pandemic resolution to intellectual property under the so-called “TRIPS” agreement that allows for compulsory licensing of medicines and vaccines during a health emergency.

Such language would “send the wrong message to innovators who will be essential to the solutions the whole world needs”, the US statement said. The Trump administration “believes in legal protections for the unborn”, and it could not accept the idea of an international right to abortion, it added.

The US has rejected the wording on intellectual property in an EU resolution passed at the World Health Assembly [Bing Guan/Reuters]

13:15 GMT – Italy’s PM says entering next pandemic phase with ‘cautious optimism’

Italy’s prime minister has told the World Health Organization on Tuesday that he was cautiously optimistic about the next phase of the pandemic as the country eases coronavirus measures.

“We are entering this phase with cautious optimism and a sense of responsibility,” Giuseppe Conte said in a speech to the World Health Assembly, being held virtually. “We know that our struggle is far from being over.”

He also said that global health should be a “shared priority” shortly after the assembly adopted an EU resolution on the pandemic.

Hello, this is Joseph Stepansky in Doha, taking over from my colleague Saba Aziz.

12:30 GMT – WHO states agree on COVID-19 response probe

World Health Organization member states agreed to an independent probe into the UN agency’s COVID-19 response as US criticism mounted over its handling of the pandemic.

Countries taking part in the WHO’s annual assembly, held virtually for the first time, adopted a resolution by consensus calling for an “impartial, independent and comprehensive evaluation” of the international response to the crisis, including a probe of WHO actions and “their timelines pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic”.

Live from the virtual #WHA73. #COVID19 https://t.co/KDkakRz34G

— World Health Organization (WHO) (@WHO) May 19, 2020

None of the WHO’s 194 member states – which include the United States – raised objections to the resolution brought by the European Union on behalf of more than 100 countries including Australia, China and Japan.

12:15 GMT – How does lockdown affect our mental health?

The coronavirus pandemic and lockdowns are having an effect on people’s psychological well-being.

So, how do we help ourselves and the people around us? Watch our latest Start Here episode. 

12:10 GMT – Egypt extends suspension of international flights 

Egypt has extended a halt to all international passenger flights to curb the spread of the coronavirus, Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly said in a statement. 

Flights at Egyptian airports were suspended on March 19, and the stoppage will continue until further notice, the statement said.

11:45 GMT – S Africa rugby team use World Cup score for fundraiser

South Africa’s World Cup winning squad are using the score from last year’s final in Japan to launch a campaign to feed people affected by the COVID-19 crisis.

A total of 100,000 raffle tickets are being sold at 32.12 South African rand ($1.76) which will pay for food parcels and soup kitchens.

South Africa’s rugby players pose after winning the Laureus World Team of the Year award in February [Annegret Hilse/Reuters]

The Springboks beat England 32-12 in November’s final to win the World Cup for a third time and many of their top players have already launched their own initiatives to collect food for the hungry, notably captain Siya Kolisi.

11:30 GMT – Turkey extends travel ban in 15 major cities

Turkey has extended a travel ban in 15 major cities for 15 more days to stem the spread of the new coronavirus.  

In a statement, the interior ministry said the travel ban will continue until June 3 and those who do not comply with the travel restrictions will face administrative fines.

The cities include Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Balikesir, Bursa, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Kayseri, Kocaeli, Konya, Manisa, Sakarya, Samsun, Van and Zonguldak. 

Turkey imposed a travel ban across 31 provinces in April to stem the spread of the virus and later lifted the restrictions in some of them [Mehmet Ali Ozcan/Anadolu]

11:10 GMT – EU backs WHO after Trump pull-out threat

The European Union has backed the World Health Organization and multilateral efforts to fight the coronavirus after Trump threatened to quit the global agency.

“This is the time for solidarity, not the time for finger pointing or for undermining multilateral cooperation,” European foreign affairs spokeswoman Virginie Battu-Henriksson told reporters.

The EU has sponsored a motion at Tuesday’s session of the WHO’s annual assembly to urge an “impartial, independent and comprehensive evaluation” of the international response to the pandemic.

11:00 GMT – Qatar introduces new restrictions for Eid al-Fitr

Qatar has announced a series of new measures aimed at stopping the spread of the new coronavirus, including halting most commercial activities until May 30.

All shops, with the exception of food and catering shops, pharmacies, restaurants delivery services and a few other essential services, will also be closed during the same time period, which coincides with the official Eid al-Fitr holidays.

Read more here. 

Decision to suspend all commercial and service activities during Eid Alfitr holiday, with the exception of specific sectors and activities. #Qatar #YourSafetyIsMySafety pic.twitter.com/YgSCOBDj3Q

— وزارة التجارة والصناعة (@MOCIQatar) May 18, 2020

10:20 GMT – Al-Aqsa Mosque to reopen after Eid holiday

Jerusalem’s Al-Aqsa Mosque will reopen to worshippers after the Eid holiday, a statement from its governing body said, two months after closing due to the coronavirus.

“The council decided to lift the suspension on worshippers entering the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque after the Eid al-Fitr holiday,” a statement from the Waqf organisation said, referring to the holiday expected to begin this weekend.

The statement added that the exact terms of the reopening of Islam’s third holiest site would be announced later.

More:

09:10 GMT – Russian PM back to work after coronavirus battle

Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin is returning to his duties after fighting off the coronavirus, the Kremlin said. 

President Vladimir Putin signed a decree ordering Mishustin to assume his regular duties, which were carried out by a deputy since April 30, while the prime minister was receiving medical treatment.

Mishustin told Putin last month that he was temporarily stepping down while he recovered from coronavirus [Dmitry Astakhov/Sputnik/Reuters]

09:00 GMT – Spain lifts direct ban on flights from Italy

Spain has lifted a ban on all direct flights and ships from Italy since March 11 during its coronavirus lockdown, according to the government gazette.

Travellers from Italy will have to comply, however, with a two-week quarantine like other foreign visitors, while a state of emergency is in place.

08:45 GMT – Latest coronavirus figures:

Russia: 299,941 cases (9,263), 2,837 deaths (115)

Indonesia: 18,496 (486), 1,221 deaths (30)

Oman: 5,671 cases (292), 26 deaths (0)

08:00 GMT – China says US trying to smear Beijing over WHO

China said the US was trying to shift the blame for Washington’s own mishandling of the COVID-19 crisis, responding to Trump’s letter threatening to permanently freeze funding to the WHO.

Trump threatened on Monday to reconsider Washington’s membership of the UN agency if the organisation did not commit to improvements within 30 days, and said the body had shown an “alarming lack of independence” from China.

Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian told reporters the US was trying to smear China and had miscalculated by trying to use China to avoid its own responsibility.

Zhao also said China would would agree to an eventual review of the global response to the pandemic, but not an immediate probe as Australia and others have proposed.

Trump says he’s taking hydroxychloroquine

07:30 GMT – South Sudan’s Riek Machar tests positive for coronavirus

Riek Machar, South Sudan rebel leader and former vice president, has tested positive for COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.

South Sudan has so far recorded 339 coronavirus cases and six deaths [File: Samir Bol/Reuters]

Machar’s wife, Minister of Defence Angelina Teny, and “a number of his office staff and bodyguards” have also been infected, his office said. 

Read more here. 

07:15 GMT – Qatar confirms virus in jail but denies widespread outbreak

Qatar has confirmed 12 coronavirus cases in its central prison, but denied reports of a widespread outbreak, saying all infected patients had been “transferred immediately” to a specialised hospital, isolating them from others.

The government issued the statement following a Human Rights Watch (HRW) report, which warned about the spread of the disease inside the jail complex potentially becoming “a public health disaster.”

Read the full story. 

07:10 GMT – Tennis players join relief efforts in Pakistan

Some of the world’s leading tennis stars, including men’s number one Novak Djokovic, have rallied behind relief efforts led by Pakistan’s top tennis player to help feed people affected by the coronavirus pandemic.

The initiative was launched last week by doubles specialist Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi, who has been raising funds and delivering door-to-door ration packs to poor families suffering due to the country’s partial lockdown.

Djokovic donated a shirt he wore at the 2011 Australian Open final, which he won [Saba Aziz/Al Jazeera]

Read more here.

07:00 GMT – Countries report new total figures:

Germany: 175,210 cases (513), 8,007 deaths (72)

India: 101,139 cases (4,970), 3,163 deaths (134)

Czech Republic: 8,586 cases (111), 297 deaths (0)

06:30 GMT – UK jobless claims jump to 2.1 million in April

A measure of the number of people claiming unemployment benefits in Britain soared in April, the first full month of the government’s coronavirus lockdown, government data showed.

The claimant count rose by 856,500 to 2.097 million, the Office for National Statistics said.

The ONS also said Britain’s unemployment rate fell to 3.9 percent in the January-March period, covering only one week of the lockdown, from 4.0 percent in the three months to February.

Read more here. 

A worker disinfects door release buttons at Waterloo Station in London, England [Dan Kitwood/Getty Images]

06:15 GMT – Singapore sorry for sending positive test results in error

Singapore has apologised to 357 COVID-19 patients who received an erroneous text message saying they had again tested positive for the novel coronavirus.

“The messages had been sent due to an IT system testing glitch as we sought to improve the efficiency of our system,” the health ministry said in a statement. 

It apologised “for any inconvenience and anxiety caused” and said recipients had been alerted to the error within hours.

Hello, this is Saba Aziz in Doha, taking over from my colleague Kate Mayberry.

05:25 GMT – 

I will be handing over the blog to my colleagues in Doha shortly. A quick recap on this morning’s developments: US President Donald Trump has threatened to permanently freeze US funding for the WHO and withdraw from the organisation if it does not reform within 30 days; the US has set aside $11bn to ramp up coronavirus testing; and it looks as if Hong Kong will extend social distancing measures that outlaw gatherings of large groups.

05:05 GMT – Chinese city tightens lockdown after spike in cases

Authorities in the Chinese city of Shulan are tightening lockdown measures after a spike in coronavirus cases.

Since noon on Monday, people living in compounds with confirmed or suspected cases have been barred from leaving while visitors have been banned. All food will be delivered.

The northeastern city of Shulan has confirmed 19 locally-transmitted cases of the virus since May 7, according to state media. It was classified as a “high risk” area on May 10.

The local government in #Shulan, Jilin province, announced plans to step up its lockdown measures by tightening movement control in all residential areas as the number of new cases in a #Covid_19 cluster that was first detected there continues to rise. https://t.co/dYRXZmpn3Q pic.twitter.com/129QJoZ7Ld

— China Daily (@ChinaDaily) May 19, 2020

04:45 GMT – ‘A joke’: Chinese embassy dismisses Australia claim of probe vindication

The Chinese Embassy in Canberra has dismissed Australian claims that a World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution calling for an inquiry into the coronavirus was a vindication of the country’s campaign for a global review. 

“The draft resolution on COVID-19 to be adopted by the World Health Assembly is totally different from Australia’s proposal of an independent international review,” the embassy said in a statement that was emailed to journalists in Australia.

“To claim the WHA’s resolution a vindication of Australia’s call is nothing but a joke.”

More on the assembly’s promised review here.

04:25 GMT – Hong Kong signals social distancing measures will be extended

Hong Kong’s chief executive Carrie Lam has indicated social distancing measures that prohibit gatherings of more than eight people will be extended, which could make the territory’s annual commemoration of the 1989 Tiananmen massacre impossible.

“There’s no political consideration at all on certain anniversaries or political gatherings and so on,” Lam said. “Our only consideration is public safety and public health concerns.”

With coronavirus receding, anti-government protests that rocked the territory last year have resumed.

Anti-government protests – met with riot police – have begun to resume in Hong Kong as the coronavirus threat has receded [Anthony Kwan/Getty Images]

03:30 GMT – Trump threatens to halt funding permanently if WHO does not reform

US President Donald Trump has threatened to permanently halt funding for the WHO and withdraw the United States from the United Nations health agency if it does not make “substantive improvements” in the next 30 days.

Earlier on Monday he attacked the WHO as a “puppet of China”. The president froze US funding for the WHO in April.

This is the letter sent to Dr. Tedros of the World Health Organization. It is self-explanatory! pic.twitter.com/pF2kzPUpDv

— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) May 19, 2020

02:30 GMT – Children in New South Wales to return to school next week

Children in the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) will return to school full-time from next week, the state’s Premier Gladys Berejiklian told reporters in Sydney.

Berjiklian said the state government had used the time that children were at home to prepare schools as a coronavirus-safe environment but warned that temporary closures would probably be necessary to contain sporadic outbreaks of the virus.

The decision caught the state’s teachers’ union by surprise. It “caused a lot of concern, frustration and anger among teachers and principals,” Teachers Federation President Angelo Gavrielatos told Australian network ABC television. About 800,000 children attend school in NSW, Australia’s most heavily-populated state. 

From May 25, here’s the plan for a full-time return to schools for NSW students. Find out more: https://t.co/k8nhFDLocW pic.twitter.com/PwUaopranu

— NSW DoE (@NSWEducation) May 18, 2020

02:00 GMT – Medical evacuations of Indigenous people in Amazon with COVID-19 

The coronavirus is spreading so fast among Indigenous people in the most remote parts of Brazil’s Amazon rainforest that doctors are having to evacuate the most seriously-ill patients by plane.

“It’s the last opportunity to save their lives,” Edson Santos Rodrigues, a paediatric doctor working on medevac plans in Amazonas told Reuters News Agency. “Sometimes we don’t get there in time because we cannot land at night on remote airfields that have no lights.”

Brazil’s Indigenous health service, Sesai, reported on Monday that at least 23 Indigenous people had died from COVID-19. The country’s main tribal umbrella group APIB, which counts cases among Indigenous people who have moved to the cities, reported 103 confirmed deaths on Monday – up from 18 on April 3. 

00:30 GMT – US promises $11bn for expanded coronavirus testing

The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has set aside $11bn in new funding to support coronavirus testing.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) will provide $10.25bn to states, territories and local jurisdictions, the CDC said in a statement. The Indian Health Service will provide $750m to the IHS, tribal and urban Indian health programmes, it added.

HHS Secretary Alex Azar said the “historic investment” would enable the US to track and control the spread of the virus as the country reopens.

“For the sake of all Americans health and wellbeing, we must help Americans get safely back to work and school, and that requires continued expansion of testing, surveillance and contact tracing,” he said.

More:

23:30 GMT (Monday) – Trump turns on WHO over handling of pandemic

President Trump has again attacked the WHO calling the UN agency a “puppet of China” that has “done a very sad job” in handling the coronavirus.

“The United States pays them $450m a year, China pays them $38m a year, And they’re a puppet of China. They’re China-centric to put it nicer, but they’re a puppet of China,” Trump told reporters in Washington, DC.

Trump has already suspended US funding of the WHO. 

Trump’s comments came after the US administration continued to put pressure on the WHO over its handling of the pandemic at a key meeting of the agency’s decision-making body, the WHA.

23:00 GMT (Monday) – UNESCO says 90 percent of world’s museums closed

Studies from the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Council of Museums have confirmed that more than 85,000 museums across the world – about 90 percent of all institutions – have shut because of the coronavirus.

Almost 13 percent may never reopen, UNESCO added.

UNESCO said protection of staff, digitisation and inventory, as well as online content development were priorities for museums but noted that there were large disparities in digital access between different regions.

Museums may be temporarily closed, but they remain a source of knowledge and discovery for many – now through virtual tours in particular.

This International Museum Day, let’s celebrate the inspirational power of museums & thank museum workers for their valuable contribution. pic.twitter.com/vbtxeGlos4

— António Guterres (@antonioguterres) May 18, 2020

—-

Hello and welcome to Al Jazeera’s continuing coverage of the coronavirus pandemic. I’m Kate Mayberry in Kuala Lumpur.

Read all the updates from yesterday (May 18) here.

Russia:  299,941 cases (9,263), 2,837 deaths (115)

Oman:  5,671 cases (292), 26 deaths (0)

  Source link

قالب وردپرس

from World Wide News https://ift.tt/2zWWLF5

[livestockguardiangod]

Are there any LGD breeds that were created in North America, South America or Australia?

sorry for the wait, but great question!

South America

the only breed that looks pretty certain to have been a lgd from south america is the Mucuchí, or Venezuelan Sheepdog (pictured below), a 16th century breed that has roots with spanish mastiffs, great pyrenees, and some other breeds. 

other than that, there are some ambiguous “sheep dogs” that dont have much information about their specific jobs, but would probably have been used simultaneously as herders and guardians, like the beaucerons of france.

from Chile, we have the Magellan sheep dog, or Ovejero magallánico. this dog was described as mainly a herder, but could probably protect stock from smaller predators:

from Peru, there’s the Chiribaya Dog or perro Chiribaya, which no longer exists today (although there is some argument saying that many of Peru’s street dogs are “Chiribaya mutts” and have sort of outcrossed themselves). but these little guys are quite old, and have been dated back c. 900 to 1350 CE, apparently! heres some bad taxidermy of what they would look like:

these little guys were definitely herders, but were quite small so im not sure how they’d be as guardians, perhaps, again, just to smaller predators they could be helpful.

Brazil has the Brazilian Dogo/Dogue Brasileiro, which was a little molosser breed that, while mostly acted as a family and property guard, apparently also did some livestock work as well.

South America seems to mostly have had created fighting dogs and property guards, as well as the entire branch of the hairless companion breeds, but not much in the group of livestock guardians! the one lgd they did have in venezuela was a mix of a variety of other already established LGDs and mastiffs as well, so i would imagine the people who did use LGDs would have been using european breeds that got brought over during colonization. 

North America

 the Old Time Farm Shepherds were descendants of working line scotch collies and were common among American farms, first officially recognized as a breed in the 90s. they were multipurpose, as many shepherd dogs are, and were used for a large variety of farm work including guarding livestock

America also has a variety of shepherd crosses that are quite new, most of which not recognized as breeds at the moment by kennel clubs, but all have european german shepherd foundations and some probably are also used for livestock guarding as well: shiloh shepherd, king shepherd, white shepherd, etc

Canada has no herding type dogs that i can find, and instead indigenous populations produced a large variety of sled dogs (canadian eskimo, labrador husky, seppala siberian sled dog, etc) as well as a handful of water-rescue dogs (landseer, newfoundland, st john’s water dog), and the occasional gundog (nova scotia duck tolling retriever). 

the reason that there arent a lot of shepherds originating from north america is cause sheep dont come from there! most stock animals that shepherd dogs work are european and asiatic, with some being south american (llamas), so there wasnt actually a need for shepherding dogs on the continent until those animals started being imported, and the north american countries are very very VERY young compared to most of the rest of the world, so this is all pretty new around here. the one breed that was produced in N.America was a descendant from scotland’s Scotch Collie. instead of relying on livestock for sources of food, north american indigenous populations had multipurpose spitz dogs that were used for sledding and hunting seals (occasionally even polar bears).

interestingly, however, there was a dog breed that was actually treated like sheep, known as the Salish Wool Dog, and was raised for their soft white coats and would have their fur sheared to make blankets and such:

Australia

unlike north america, australia actually has several shepherd dogs, such as the koolie, australian cattle dog, australian kelpie, halls heeler, stumpy tail cattle dog, etc. now, all these dogs seem to be listed as something very distinctive compared to herding dogs you usually see: cattle drivers. most also work sheep, but i suspect that traditionally australian herding dogs were mostly in charge of working cattle, and the thing about cattle is that they are huge and can be quite dangerous, especially to the rather small australian predators. so australia doesnt seem to have any lgds for the same reason that north america doesnt, there just wasnt really a need for it (especially since there aren’t any large predators, dont need a livestock guardian to protect cows from kangaroos or lizards).

TL;DR the reason that almost all of the LGD breeds are from europe and across asia is because the rest of the world didn’t need them until they started to import livestock that actually would need protecting in the first place, and by that time its a little late to develop your own breed from scratch, easier to just import some dogs that know what theyre doing!