#i am not a specialist i am just an engineer whose hobby is social studies

[book-poppings]

Understanding Race in Brazil

This is not masterpost nor a complete guide, I am just putting together some things I read and watched during quarantine and some conclusions I had. In English for a wider reach.

I am brazilian living in Europe so my own identity crisis made me look for more information and a deeper understanding of what race means for my culture. Please feel free to add if you are brazilian too.

Racism in Brazil is a loaded topic because it has been tied to Classism (class prejudice). The existing diversity was not unintentional, it was a project to whiten the population. Below, A Redenção de Cam by Modesto Brocos, 1895. My favorite painting to start explaining what happened and how it still affects brazilian society.

Racism in Brazil by Dr. Ted Young : lecture, I like the part where he talks about the different terms to define skin color (we have a lot).

Structural Racism : short video, focusing on the situation inside the favelas. Mentions how the government uses the police to keep that structure.

GLOBAL BRAZIL LAB | Race in Brazil & What the Future Holds : lecture, presented by a black researcher. She tackles a wide variety of topics and brings many statistics.

Where are the "Three Races"? Rethinking the Racial Narratives of Brazilian History : lecture, tackles how while miscigenation aka mixing seems racially inclusive, the goal was actually erasure of Indigenous people (and Black people later by the same logic).

Entendendo ORIENTAIS DO BRASIL : long video, in Portuguese with PT subtitles, I am yet to find a video in english that explains it as well as they do about asian immigration and racial identity in Brazil too. Did you know that Brazil has the largest japanese population outside of Japan?

I should have said it before, but in case it is not clear: latine is not a race. Each of the 20 countries of Latin America has its own population, its own culture, its own people and its own history. We may have friendly and commercial relations but we are not the same.

What I concluded so far from lectures and life experience is that race gets confusing when you are middle class and pardo. Race is socially and oficially based on your physical features (phenotype) instead of your family (genotype). In Brazil we have 5 categories for self-declaration: Branca, Preto, Amarela, Pardo, Indígena (in order, white, black, yellow, multiracial, indigenous).

Race is also unoficially based on which class you and your family belong to, when it is not obvious. A deciding factor and an aggravant for racism. Black with straight hair or white with a natural tan? Class will define it.

Class, percentage of the population, monthly family income reais (our currency) per person range.

It is something we got from slavery and how it ended, making rich = white and poor = black an subconscious association that sadly exists. If you can read in portuguese, I highly recommend Geledés to educate yourself more on black brazilians. In English, Social apartheid in Brazil brings some general information if you dont have any.

I could not find a detailed graph but by now you know that Classes A and B are mostly white and white-passing, while C, D and E are mostly multiracial and black. Why do I use white-passing and multiracial as different? because multiracial (here, pardo) implies black is one of the races in the mix, so they usually have ethnically black features that the white-passing brazilians dont.

What does it mean? it means that associating oneself with whichever white features one may possess does grant white privilege. So they are white for our society (while never being as white as someone who is fully ethnically european btw) by comparison. In other words, if you look black you are black and if you look white you are white. Indigenous and yellow have separate issues in brazilian society but in terms of privilege, society treats asian-brazilians better than they treat natives.

Internalized racism is a thing too so there is currently a debate on how many brazilians are black but declare themselves as pardo. Like when a celebrity said he was not black and everyone else said he was. The graph below shows a pardo majority, but since pardo is such an umbrella term, it could be any shade with mixed heritage from any socio-economic background.

So when a brazilian goes abroad we have a hard time understanding how we are latine when we already have our own classifications. The latine stereotype is also... no comments

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Hey, Computer Scientists! Stop Hating on the Humanities

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Hey, Computer Scientists! Stop Hating on the Humanities

AS A COMPUTER science Ph.D. scholar, I am a disciple of huge statistics. I see no ground too sacred for facts: I even have used it to study the whole thing from sex to Shakespeare and earned angry retorts for these attempts to render the ineffable mathematical. At Stanford, I become given, as a teen, guns both elegant and lethal—algorithms that might select out the terrorist maximum worth targeting in a community, come across someone���s dissatisfaction with the authorities from their on line writing.

Computer technology is wondrous. The hassle is that many human beings in Silicon Valley believe that it is all that subjects. You see this whilst recruiters at career fairs make it clear they’re simplest interested in the PC scientists; inside the profits gap between engineering and non-engineering college students; within the quizzical appears humanities college students get when they dare to show their majors. I’ve watched superb computer scientists display such woeful lack of information on the populations they had been reading that I laughed in their faces. I’ve watched army scientists gift their lethal innovations with childlike enthusiasm even as making no mention of whom the weapons are being used on. There are few things scarier than a scientist who can give an academic speak on the way to shoot an individual but can’t cause about whether or not you have to be shooting them at all.

The reality that such a lot of laptop scientists are ignorant or disdainful of non-technical tactics is worrisome because, in my work, I’m continuously confronting questions that can’t be answered with code. When I coded at Coursera, an internet schooling company, I advanced an algorithm that might advocate instructions to human beings in element based totally on their gender. But the enterprise decided now not to use it whilst we discovered it’d push women away from PC science classes.

It seems that this impact—in which algorithms entrench societal disparities—is one which happens in domain names from crook justice to credit scoring. This is a hard dilemma: In crook justice, for example, you’re faced with the fact that an algorithm that fulfills basic statistical desiderata is also loaded more likely to fee black defendants as excessive-hazard even if they’ll now not cross on to commit any other crime.

I don’t have a solution to this problem. I do recognize, but, that I received locate it in my algorithms textbook; I’m far more likely to locate applicable records in Ta-Nehisi Coates’s paintings on systemic discrimination or Michelle Alexander’s on mass incarceration.

My personal coding tasks have presented similarly thorny moral questions. Should I write a computer application to be able to down load the communications of thousands of teenagers tormented by consuming issues published on an anorexia advice website? Write a software to submit anonymous, suicidal messages on masses of college boards to peer which colleges offer the maximum support? My solution to these questions, incidentally, become “no”. But I considered it. And the consideration and peril of computers are that they amplify the effect of your whims: an impulse turns into an application which could harm heaps of human beings.

Perhaps it’s extra efficient to permit laptop scientists to do what we’re high-quality at—writing code—and produce other people regulate our merchandise? This is insufficient. Coders push merchandise out at blinding pace, frequently cloaked in enterprise secrecy; by the point, regulation catches up, thousands and thousands of people could be harmed. Ethics schooling is needed for specialists in different fields in component because it’s important for medical doctors and lawyers in an effort to act ethically even if nobody’s searching over their shoulders. Further, computer scientists want to assist craft rules because they have got the vital technical knowledge; it’s hard to adjust algorithmic bias in phrase embeddings if you have no idea what a word embedding is.

Here are some steps forward. Universities should start with broader schooling for computer science students. I contacted 8 of the pinnacle undergraduate packages in computer science and found that most do now not require students to take a route on ethical and social troubles in computer science (although some offer optional publications). Such publications are difficult to educate nicely. Computer scientists often don’t take them significantly, are uncomfortable with non-quantitative thinking, are overconfident due to the fact they’re mathematically brilliant or are satisfied that utilitarianism is the answer to everything. But universities want to try. Professors want to scare their students, to lead them to the experience they’ve been given the capabilities now not just to get rich but to wreck lives; they need to humble them, to make them understand that however desirable they are probably at math, there’s nevertheless a lot they don’t know.

An extra socially focused curriculum could now not only make coders less probably to cause damage; it’d also make them much more likely to do exactly. Top colleges squander a long way too much in their technical talent on socially useless, high-paying hobbies like algorithmic trading. As Andrew Ng, a Stanford computer scientist, admonished a roomful of Stanford students he changed into looking to recruit to Coursera: “You ought to ask yourself, why did I study PC science? And for plenty of college students, the answer appears to be, so I can design the modern-day social media app…I accept as true with we will construct matters which are more significant than that.”

There are many steps tech businesses ought to take as well. Organizations ought to discover the social and moral problems their products create: Google and Microsoft deserve credit score for researching algorithmic discrimination, for example, and Facebook for investigating echo chambers. Make it less difficult for external researchers to assess the effects of your merchandise: be transparent about how your algorithms work and offer get admission to statistics under suitable records use agreements. (Researchers additionally need to be allowed to audit algorithms without being prosecuted.) Ask social or ethical questions in hiring interviews, now not simply algorithmic ones; if hiring managers asked, college students could discover ways to answer them. (Microsoft’s CEO turned into once requested, in a technical interview, what he could do if he noticed a baby lying in an intersection: the plain answer to select up the baby did no longer arise to him).

Companies need to rent the humans harmed or excluded via their products: whose faces their computer vision systems don’t understand and smiles their emojis don’t seize, whose resumes they rank as less applicable and whose housing options they limit, who are mobbed by way of online trolls they helped prepare and do little to control. Hire non-computer-scientists, and produce them in for lunchtime talks; have them project the worldviews of the personnel.

It’s possible that listening to non-laptop scientists will gradual the Silicon Valley gadget: Diverse worldviews can produce an argument. But slowing down in places where reasonable people can disagree is a great thing. In a technology in which even elections are received and misplaced on digital battlefields, tech agencies need to move much less rapid and damage fewer matters.

Computer Scientist Jobs – Are You Interested in a Career in Computer Science? Computer scientists are answerable for the use of their technical understanding so that it will use generation to resolve a wide sort of complex issues. Computer science studies can stretch from hardware design to fixing complex principle, and it is not unusual for a scientist to paintings on designing robots or locating makes use of for a virtual fact. These professionals will generally work on design teams that could encompass electric engineers.

A quantity of laptop scientists are hired via academic establishments that specialize in theory rather than practical utility, and statistics directors could have the obligation of the usage of a database control software program that allows you to organize facts. Database administrators will often update laptop databases and transfer data from one medium to every other.

Network structures analysts, in addition, they are called network architects and they will configure local region community systems and the Internet for each industrial companies and home clients. Systems can be organized in a variety of ways using hubs and routers, further to wireless adapters and different cables.

Telecommunications professionals will cognizance on voice verbal exchange structures and oversee the installation of running structures and software programs. Webmasters may have the duty of dealing with a web website online, and internet designers are chargeable for developing websites and designing them.

Computer scientists will usually work forty hours every week, and they will work evenings and weekends so that you can resolve the technical problem. The work itself in all fairness low pressure, despite the fact that there may be the danger of growing carpal tunnel syndrome from typing over prolonged periods of time.

Employment will normally require as a minimum a bachelor’s degree so that it will acquire a position as a network or a database administrator, although some positions may also take delivery of a pals degree.

In 2006, laptop scientists and other professionals had almost 550,000 jobs in America, with about a tenth of those individuals being self-hired. The task prospects normal for these individuals may be excellent with the field developing over 37% inside the next 10 years.

In 2006, the middle fiftieth percentile of records scientists engaged in research made among $seventy-two,000 and $118,000, even as network systems directors made among $49,000 and $85,000.