#Veii

[whencyclopedfr]

Vulci

Vulci (Velch) était une cité étrusque située à 12 km de la côte occidentale de l'Italie centrale, sur les rives du fleuve Fiora. Port de commerce florissant entre le VIe et le IVe siècle avant notre ère, elle était un membre important de la Ligue étrusque. Le site archéologique a livré de nombreuses œuvres en bronze et une grande quantité de poteries de qualité, qui ont rempli les musées du monde entier, mais sa contribution la plus impressionnante à notre connaissance des Étrusques est constituée par les nombreuses tombes du site, notamment la tombe François du IVe siècle avant notre ère, avec ses éclatantes peintures murales.

Lire la suite...

[swallowtail-ageha]

Big fan of the idea that byrgenwerth committed regular archeological malpractice. I am thinking shit a la inviting a rhabdomancer to find lost graves like they did with Veii type of archeological malpractice

[hobbitofgallifrey-art]

Study of the Apollo of Veii, 510-500 bce. Archaic style is so fun. There is metallic paint on there but it doesn't show up properly here.

[catilinas]

florus 1.6.11 trans. e.s. forster

[anamdreams69]

Seu bobão 🫵

Qual sua inspiração pros seus desenhos? (Acho teu estilo bem fofo namoral)

oieee, pra ser honesto, normalmente eu so fico passando pelo pinterest, vendo várias artes de outros artistas e minha cabecinha absorve partes do estilos que eu gosto da artes deles, ent normalmente n acabo sabendo o nome. Maas com certeza Onebadnoodle, um artista que eu gosto muito e q specialmente inspiro o jeito como desenho mãos, sempre bem quadradas

tmb.. EU N, TU 🫵(•̀_•́)!!1!!

[dykesynthezoid]

Hyperfixations never get any less crazy when it’s about your own original characters or ideas btw. Recently became obsessed w this idea about an Ancient Etruscan vampire previously enslaved in early republic Rome secretly working w the allies to rescue and secure priceless Italian art during the German invasion of Italy in 1943 and maybe he has a toxic relationship w a young Italian American soldier whose life he inadvertently saves after the latter is trying to escape from a POW camp before the Germans reach it. Something something the themes of masculinity under fascism and empire, nationalism, the idolization of violence and heroic death, queer desire seen as weakness, the nature of confinement vs freedom and what are freedom and agency actually. I’ve been listening to Nature Boy by Nat King Cole 50 times a day. I’m dying scoob

[gbhbl]

EP Review: For Death is Fate by Voltumna (Self Released)

Italian blackened death metal trio Voltumna will release their brand new EP “For Death Is Fate” on January 19th 2024. Voltumna were born in 2009 by the hands of the only original member Haruspex (guitars, vocals), now flanked by Augur Veii (drums) and the main composer Phersu (vocals, bass, programming, production). With a debut EP and 4 full lengths under their belts already, the last release…

[bronzeageecho]

apollo | c. 510-500 BCE | etruscan, temple of menerva at veii (modern-day portonaccio, italy)

"Barefoot, the god advances [toward Hercules] with left arm menacingly outstretched and the other lowered, perhaps because he held a bow."

in the museo nazionale etrusco collection

[chaoticnutcase]

Etruscan head of a youth from Veii 430-420 BCE. National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia.

[whencyclopedfr]

Tarquinia

Tarquinia (nom étrusque: Tarch'na ou Tarch, nom romain: Tarquinii) est une ville située sur la côte occidentale de l'Italie centrale, qui fut une importante colonie étrusque puis romaine. Elle est aujourd'hui célèbre car elle abrite environ 200 tombes étrusques riches en objets et décorées de magnifiques peintures murales représentant des scènes animées de la mythologie et de la vie quotidienne des Étrusques. Les tombes sont classées au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO.

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[calliope-and-her-words]

Fun fact: Rome wasn't just called Rome!

Like other ancient cities, Rome had three names: a public one (Rome), a sacral one (Flora/Florens) and a secret one. What was Rome's third name? Well... no one knows. It remained a secret. Though it is said that the tribune of the plebs Quintus Valerius Soranus once revealed it in his literary work "Epoptides", and was punished with death for that.

But why was it such a big deal? The secret name of a city was the name of its patron deity, or their epithet, and it was believed that if the city's enemies found out about it, they could bring the deity on their side. According to Titus Livius, this is what happened when the Romans conquered Veii in 396 B.C.: with the ritual of evocatio the general Lucius Furius Camillus invited Juno to abandon Veii for Rome, where she would have had a bigger and better temple. Without her protection, Veii was conquered.

Some have speculated about Rome's secret name. My personal favourite is Giovanni Pascoli's theory: the secret name would be "Roma" read backwards: Amor, referring to Venus, goddess of love.

[faith-of-the-wheel]

Śuri, Part 1: The Black, Forgotten King of the Manes

Śuri(Etruscan: 𐌉𐌛𐌖𐌑, lit. 'black'), latinized as Soranus, was an ancient Etruscan god of fire, infernal, volcanic, and solar. He was variously depicted, mainly as a crowned young man wielding a spear or bow and arrows. An enthroned black-bearded man with a wolf-skin cap or wolf-like appearance. Even a winged humanoid monster, usually wielding a sledgehammer or mallet, or a sword.

Śuri had several forms, often treated as separate deities so let's run them down:

Usil, the Solar aspect

Due to trade contact between the Etruscans and the Greeks, Etruscan culture and religion became heavily hellenized. He was often associated closely with Apollon. The romans would worship him under the name Apollo Soranus in his solar aspect.

His solar aspect was commonly called Usil (but also Rath or Vetis sometimes). He was commonly depicted as a young man, wearing a crown or laurels and/or a halo. The statue Apollo of Veii is one depicting Śuri in yellow-golden robes, and the syncretism between him and Apollon. By the 4th century BCE, he was commonly depicted wielding Apollon's bow, and was called Apulu. He was known as god of the Sun and light, thunder and lightning, healing and plague, as well as the protector of divination.

It should also be noted that there have been occasional depictions of Usil/Apulu as female, though he is traditionally depicted as male. This doesn't surprise me greatly as the fact that the Etruscans give all their deities gender-neutral names, despite having gendered forms in their language, tells me they didn't think gender/sex applied to them as much as it did us.

However, it should also be noted that Usil(Etruscan: 𐌋𐌉𐌔𐌖, also spelt 𐌋𐌉𐌑𐌖, Uśil), comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *seh₂ul₂ (lit. 'sun'). Etruscan is a non-IE language but their religion appears to have picked up many aspects of western IE mythology. It is possible Śuri(who does not initially appear IE in origin) always had a solar aspect matching the descriptions we find below and simply picked up the name later. Or, his solar aspect could have gained from his absorbing the local IE sun god. As the sun is often depicted as female in IE religion, with the male sun of Greece and Roman(and their female moon deities as well) being an inversion likely caused by eastern influence, this may account for the occasional female representation of Usil. There is alternate theory about his indo-european connections to be proposed in part 2.

Manth/Calu/Aita, Lord of the Dead

The second form, his infernal form, is Manth (also called Calu, meaning darkness). He is a trickster who brings of misfortune, because he would attract the attention of his victims through trickery, thus stealing their souls. He is often depicted on coffins as a black-bearded animalistic man or satyr, with pale skin (symbolizing the decay of death), pointed ears, and enormous, avian wings, wearing a tunic and sometimes a crown or a cap, and often wielding a sledgehammer or a sword.

Sidenote: Manth (𐌈𐌍𐌀𐌌) and Mania (𐌀𐌉𐌍𐌀𐌌), his counterpart: The epithets of this divine couple indicate that they were connected to the Manes, chthonic spirits or spirits of the dead in Roman belief and referred to as man(im) by the Etruscans. Their names are also linked to Mana Genita and Manius, as well as the Greek Mania/Maniae), goddess of insanity. Both the Greek and Latin Mania derive from PIE *men-, "to think." Cognates include Ancient Greek μένος, ménos, 'mind, thought', and Avestan 𐬎𐬫𐬥𐬌𐬀𐬨, mainyu, 'spirit'. Cfr. Latin: Summanus (supposedly a contraction from Summus Manium, lit. 'the highest of the Manes'), Roman nocturnal thunder god of unclear Etruscan origins, who we will get to later.

This animalistic god of the dead, also called Calu (lit. 'dark' or 'darkness' or 'underworld'), is equally identified by his wolf attributes, such as a wolf-like appearance or a wolf-skin cap; and although the grecism Aita (lit. 'Hades', or 'underworld' by this point in time) is very rarely depicted, he may appear enthroned and sometimes wears a wolf-skin cap, a borrowing from earlier Calu.

The theonym Aita is a relatively late addition to the Etruscan religion, appearing in iconography and in Etruscan text beginning in the 4th century BC, and is heavily influenced by his Greek counterpart, Hades. Pictured on only a few Etruscan tomb paintings, such as in the Golini Tomb and the tomb of Orcus II. He is shown with his consort Persipnei or Phersipnai, the Etruscan equivalent to the Greek Persephone, also a very late addition. Other examples of Aita in art depict his abduction of Persipnei. Aside from tomb paintings, he has been depicted on a handful of pottery pieces, mostly from the late third and second century.

Vejovis, the Anti-Jupiter

In addition to their consistent attributes over light and dark, Śuri and all his epithets (e.g. his infernal theonyms of Aita and Calu, or solar theonyms Usil and Apulu) were consistently associated with kingship, fire, lightnings, health and plague, wolves and goats; attributes also shared with his previously mentioned theonyms Manth and Vetis (also spelt Veivis; variously Latinized as Vēdius, Vēdiovis, Vēiovis, Vēive), as well as their, in all likelihood, Roman spin-off Summanus.

Romans believed that Vejovis was one of the first gods to be born. Portrayed as a young man, holding a bunch of arrows, pilum or lightning bolts in his hand, and accompanied by a goat. He was associated with volcanic eruptions and healing, and was occasionally identified as a young version of Jupiter, Apollo, or Asclepius.

Aulus Gellius, in the Noctes Atticae, speculated that Vejovis was an ill-omened counterpart of Jupiter (compare Summanus), observing that the particle ve- that prefixes the name of the god also appears in Latin words such as vesanus, 'insane', and thus interpreting the name Vejovis as the anti-Jove.

Vejovis had three festivals in the Roman Calendar: on 1 January, 7 March, and 21 May. He was mostly worshiped in Rome and Bovillae, in Latium. On the Capitoline Hill and Tiber Island, temples were erected to him. There was a temple between the two peaks of the Capitoline Hill, where his statue carried a bundle of arrows and stood next to a statue of a she-goat. In spring, multiple goats were sacrificed to him to avert plagues. Gellius informs us that Vejovis received the sacrifice of a female goat, sacrificed "ritu humano"; this obscure phrase could either mean "after the manner of a human sacrifice" or "in the manner of a burial". It would seem these offerings were less about the animal sacrificed and more about the soul sacrificed, which makes sense in keeping with role as a ruler of the dead.

Summanus, Lord of Nocturnal Thunder

Summanus (Latin: Summānus, supposedly from Summus Manium, 'the greatest of the Manes', or sub-, 'under' + manus, 'hand') was the god of nocturnal thunder in ancient Roman religion, as counterposed to Jupiter, the god of diurnal thunder/sky.

Pliny thought that he was Etruscan in origin, and one of their nine gods who can wield thunder. Varro, however, lists Summanus among gods he considers of Sabine origin, to whom king Titus Tatius dedicated altars (arae) in consequence of a votum. Paulus Diaconus writes of him as a god of lightning.

The temple of Summanus was dedicated during the Pyrrhic War c. 278 BCE on June 20. It was located to the west of the Circus Maximus, likely on the slope of the Aventine. The temple was dedicated because the statue of the god on the roof of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus had been struck by lightning. Cicero recounts that the clay statue of the god on the roof of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus was struck by a lightning bolt: its head was gone. The haruspices announced that it had been hurled into the Tiber, where it was found on the very spot they had indicated. The temple of Summanus itself was struck by lightning in 197 BCE. This incident is hypothesized to have coincided by the loss of his worship, possibly indicating it was seen as an omen that his power was waning.

Every June 20, the day before the summer solstice, round cakes called Summanalia, made of flour, milk, and honey and shaped as wheels, were offered to him as a token of propitiation (the wheel might be a solar symbol). Summanus also received a sacrifice of two black oxen or wethers(dark animals were typically offered to chthonic deities). Saint Augustine records that in earlier times Summanus had been more exalted than Jupiter, but with the construction of a temple that was more magnificent than that of Summanus, Jupiter became more highly exalted and worshiped over time.

Śuri may have a connection to, or been influenced by, the cult of PIE H₁n̥gʷnis, an Indo-European deity of fire reconstructed from Enji and Agni. And that of Rudlos, given the significant overlap between Summanus and Worunos, and that of Apulu/Soranus and Apollon. Read more about that here. Both of which we will cover in future parts of this series.

[michael-svetbird]

ETRUSCAN ANTEFIXES | Villa Giulia Museum: Modern reconstruction of Etruscan temple roofs in life size with reproduced antefixes.

👉 Pics 1 and 4 - Temple of Apollo [ETRU reconstruction] originally built around 510 BC in Etruscan city of Veii [Portonaccio archaeological site], north of Rome. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portonaccio

👉 Pic 2 - Temple of Alatri, "a model with the real dimensions of an Etruscan-Italic temple.. constructed between 1889 and 1890, on the basis of ruins found in Alatri in the immediately preceding years. The building repeats the decorative designs of the architectural terracottas of the original temple that dates between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. This reconstruction is one of the oldest experiments of open-air musealization of an archaeological complex." [txt ©ETRU] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alatri

👉 Pic 3 - Reconstruction of a temple roof with original antefixes. From Falerii Novi [probably from the Sanctuary of Mercury], 6 BC https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falerii

Featured in 'Etruscan Antefixes: Aesthetically Distinguished, Mysteriously Charged' article ANTIQVVS Magazine | Autumn 2024 Issue https://www.antiqvvs-magazine.com

Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia, Rome | ETRU

Web : https://www.museoetru.it/en

FB : @ VillaGiuliaRm

IG : @ museoetruscovillagiulia

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YT : @ museoetruTV

ETRU | Michael Svetbird @michael-svetbird phs ©MSP ©Antiqvvs Magazine | 28|09|24 The photographed objects are collection items of ETRU [Non-commercial fair use | No AI | Author rights apply | Sorry for the watermarks]

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[whencyclopedia]

Lars Porsenna

Lars Porsenna was the semi-legendary Etruscan king of Chiusi who famously attacked and probably occupied Rome c. 508 BCE when the city had just exiled its last king and was moving towards becoming a republic. His extravagant tomb is described by Pliny but has never been found.

Details of the early life of Lars Porsenna (also spelt Larth Porsina), his accession, and even the dates of his reign are all lacking. This is perhaps not surprising for a figure who is more legend than fact. He sprang into history only via the records of Greek and Roman historians writing centuries after his lifetime and who were only concerned with his infamous siege of Rome. More is known of his kingdom Chiusi, Etruscan name Clevsin and Clusium to the Romans, which was a powerful city in central Italy and a prominent member of the Etruscan League. The growth and prosperity of Chiusi in precisely the period of Porsenna's reign is attested by archaeological evidence.

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (the 'Proud') was a member of the Etruscan Tarquinii clan from Tarquinia. He was Rome's seventh, and in the event, last king. Following his tyrannical reign and the rape of the Roman noblewoman Lucretia by Tarquinius' son Sextus and her subsequent suicide, the aristocrats of Rome, led by Lucius Iunius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, persuaded the assembly to exile their king in 510 BCE. Brutus and Collatinus declared themselves Rome's first consuls, and the Roman Republic was born. However, Tarquinius was actually away laying siege to Ardea at the time of his exile vote and so was still both willing and able to make a serious attempt to retake his throne. Tarquinius first joined forces with the Etruscan cities of Cerveteri, Tarquinia, and Veii. A combined force attacked Rome but was defeated at the battle of Silva Arsia. Undeterred Tarquinius then convinced Lars Porsenna, to lay siege to Rome c. 508 BCE.

Continue reading...

[racefortheironthrone]

Did ancient peoples (such as the Romans, Greeks) believe their Gods were the gods of all men (ala Christianity/Islam) or just specifically THEIR gods? Might a Roman except that Zeus is real but far away and foreign?

Yes and no.

On the one hand, the ancient Mediterranean world could get very local - this is the god of this river, this is the goddess of this forest, this is the patron diety of this polis and there's the temple where they live. One interesting example of this attitude was the Roman tradition of evocatio deorum, a prayer that the Romans would make to the god(s) of a foreign city that they were besieging. In this prayer, they would promise to build a bigger temple in Rome than the one in the diety's home city if they would abandon the defenders for Team Rome:

"Thee too, Queen Juno, who now dwellest in Veii, I beseech, that thou wouldst follow us, after our victory, to the City which is ours and which will soon be thine, where a temple worthy of thy majesty will receive thee."

Likewise, the Romans could get really into gods who they saw as cool and exotic -Isis was a big hit, so was Cebele, so was Mithras, and so forth. As the quote above indicates, to a significant extent, the Roman attitude was that the inclusion of foreign gods made Rome spiritually stronger.

On the other hand, classical paganism had a strong tendency to syncretism. And while this could lead to a more tolerant attitude to foreign gods ("hey, they're just like us!"), it could also lead to an oddly colonialist attitude in which people would translate foreign gods that had the same or similar jobs to their own, erasing some real differences between them:

hence the Romans borrowed the Greek Pantheon but insisted that Ares is actually Mars, Zeus is actually Jupiter, Hera is actually Juno.

the Romans wouldn't stop saying that the Germans worshipped Jupiter (Odin) and Mars (Thor) and Venus (Freya).

the Greeks got into it too, with Herodotus constantly calling Thoth Hermes, and so forth.

On yet a third hand, the Romans could get extremely insistent that everyone in the Empire partake in religious rituals of the Imperial cult, which they saw as spiritually necessary for the prosperity and security of the Roman Empire - which frequently led to violent conflict with monotheistic cultures. Whether in the case of the Jewish-Roman Wars or the persecution of early Christians or the Manicheans in the eastern Empire, the Roman army could go from zero to cultural genocide very fast indeed.

[aeriigfs]

oiiiiiiii q sdds vei cm vc ta

oiiii vei eu to bem, o curso técnico ta acabando comigokkk😓 e vc veii ta bem?

kkkkk comecei a assistir yellowjackets esses dias e levei mó spoiler com um repost seu 💔