#Uzbekistan children death

[newscast1]

Uzbekistan claims 18 children died after drinking Made in India syrup

Uzbekistan claims 18 children died after drinking Made in India syrup

18 out of 21 children with acute respiratory disease have died as a result of taking Doc-1 Max syrup, health ministry of Uzbekistan said. New Delhi,UPDATED: Dec 28, 2022 18:36 IST Dok-1 Max is manufactured by the Uttar Pradesh-based Marion Biotech. (Image: Marion Biotech) By India Today Web Desk: Months after the Gambian children’s death row, the health ministry of Uzbekistan has claimed that…

[asrarblog]

Ethylene Glycol in Cough Syrups Tragedy – Asrar Qureshi’s Blog Post #900

[ohsalome]

I often hear comments about Crimea and the other territories occupied by Russia being the “price of peace” in Ukraine. I, like many Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians, know that rewarding aggression and brutal occupation does not bring peace.

Crimea is not Russian to be “given back” to Russia. It never was. It never will be.

It is the homeland that has been repeatedly, brutally taken from us; it is the homeland we will not stop fighting for.

My grandmother, Shevkiye, was just 11 years old when on May 18, 1944, Soviet soldiers barged into her home at five o’clock in the morning. World War II was still raging and the Soviet regime had just accused the Crimean Tatars of collaborating with the enemy, the German Nazis – a baseless allegation that led to the unimaginable horror of genocide by deportation.

My great-grandfather was at the front, fighting those same Nazis whom he was accused of collaborating with. So the Soviet soldiers found at home just his wife and four children – the youngest one only a few months old. The soldiers gave them 15 minutes to gather their belongings and did not stop hitting my great-grandmother with their guns as she struggled to pack.

They marched them out of the house and – along with other families from their home village of Ayserez – hoarded loaded them onto a train meant for transporting cattle. The wagons were packed with people and there were no toilets on them; people struggled to breathe. No food or water was provided on the long journey, during which my grandmother’s family remained unaware of their destination.

Exhausted and starved, they focused solely on survival as hunger and disease killed many along the way. One of the most traumatising memories of the journey for my grandmother was witnessing a pregnant woman give birth on the train and then pass away shortly after. A Soviet soldier threw her body out of the wagon while the train kept moving.

After 20 days on the train, they finally arrived at Golodnaya Steppe station in the Mirzachul region of Uzbekistan, where they were unceremoniously unloaded onto a scorching hot platform. With no money or support, they struggled to survive in this unknown land.

They settled in a dilapidated barrack with no roof, windows, or doors. Their food consisted of grass, nettle, potato peels, and rotten potatoes; their drinking water came from irrigation ditches and often caused dysentery. There was no medical assistance available; the Soviet authorities clearly wanted as many Crimean Tatars to die as possible.

The forced deportation of the Crimean Tatars to Central Asia resulted in the death of 46 percent of the population, leaving a gaping wound in the hearts of those who survived. It was the culmination of a century and a half of deliberate and systematic destruction of the Crimean Tatar people, heritage and culture after the subjugation of the Crimean state by Russian imperial forces in the late 18th century. It is on this obliteration of the Crimean Tatars that the bloody myth of Crimea as a “Russian territory” was built.

[itstokkii]

I've been considering making this post for a while but hesitated since I don't wanna beat a dead horse.

I'd like you to look at this post looking back at the Andijan massacre. What started as people protesting issues like distribution of gas, electricity, and other human needs and rights ended in a bloodbath. A cousin of mine told me schools taught it as "the national guard protecting civilians from Islamist terrorists."

I'd also like you to look at this paper by the Human Rights Watch on the torture and persecution of Uzbek Muslims like me during Islam Karimov's 20 years of dictatorial rule. Even Uzbek Muslims outside of Uzbekistan weren't safe. Multiple family friends of mine were randomly tackled to the ground and arrested by Korean Police on accounts of "domestic terrorism" in Uzbekistan, and some were only released about 5 years ago.

You weren't allowed to wear hijabs(even in Islamic universities), openly pray, read the Quran, or do anything religious. Someone would always be there watching to report you.

I wasn't allowed to go outside by myself around my neighborhood due to Uzbek government agents kidnapping the children of Uzbek diaspora abroad. I wasn't allowed to wear a hijab until after we went to Uzbekistan 2 years after Karimov's regime ended, and we made sure it was safe there and back. I wasn't even allowed to visit the country to see my relatives for almost a decade because of the crackdown on Uzbek Muslims.

When Uzbekistan was colonized by Russia as the Uzbek SSR and even before then as Turkestan, Russia made sure to stamp out religion entirely. They killed off scholars and poets like Cholpon, who wrote about Uzbek self-determination and praised religious texts. Uzbekistan's first leadership since its independence carried on with this policy, with Russian colonial values ingrained into them.

As for Korea, our partition was opposed by the whole peninsula. When Jejuans protested the US-UN backed elections, it ended in 10% of Jeju's population being killed by joint US-Korean forces. Though the South Korean Government apologized for the first time recently, the US stays silent. What a surprise. The bodies of these Jejuans were buried in mass pits and had the Jeju Airport built on top of it.

The US still fails to apologize for the No Gun Ri Massacre, in which the US Army murdered about 300 Korean villagers despite knowing they were civilians and therefore not targets. The US also indiscriminately bombed North Korea with more bombs than they had in the Pacific Theater in World War 2, martyring almost 2 million Koreans.

After the Korean War followed almost 30 years of dictatorship by Syngman Rhee, then a military junta, then Park Chung Hee and Chun Doo Hwan. During this time, university students protesting the dictatorial rule established by the US were arrested as "anti communists," and be tortured repeatedly, sometimes even until death.

Though the Seodaemun Prison is known for being Japan's colonial prison where they arrested independence activists, the Korean dictatorships used it to arrest people in favor of democracy.

The Namyeong-Dong Anti-Communist Investigation Office was a similar prison, in which one of the floors had extremely thin, narrow windows to avoid prisoners from escaping. Park Jong Cheol, a Seoul National University student who was protesting against Korea's military dictatorship at the time, was incarcerated here and routinely tortured. He eventually died due to water torture.

The Gwangju Massacre was a protest held by many activists against Chun Doo Hwan's dictatorial rule, which came about as he staged a coup and successfully overthrew the previous government. As they called for democracy, Chun Doo Hwan brought the national army, who fired upon, killed, and raped the protesters. Chun Doo Hwan was never held responsible for his crimes before he died, and his grandson recently apologized to the victims and their loved ones. It was found that the US approved Chun Doo Hwan's plans to use armed forces on the protesters in Gwangju.

Though the Gwangju Massacre is taught about in Korea, much of the US involvement and responsibility of the horrors of the dictatorship is left out.

The US does not allow Korea to produce its own nuclear arsenal, allowing Korea to rely entirely on the US for nuclear support. Additionally, the existing presence of the USFK in Korea and their joint training sessions with the ROK army further provokes North Korea and therefore gives the US a "justification" to maintain its military presence in Korea.

Growing up I was taught where to look for nearby nuclear shelters. We visited the War Memorial of Korea multiple times, and air raid sirens are rare but are happening more often recently.

This, along with the added danger of living as Uzbek diaspora outside of Uzbekistan as Muslims.

So when I say "please respectfully depict Russia and the US when it comes to the Cold War in a way that does not center them entirely" and "please keep the gravity of their actions in mind as you write them; Hetalia does not exist in an apolitical vacuum,"

and I am met with "mature adults" telling me that "they're just characters," or

"i'm the one ruining the fandom," or

"block and move on," or

"i love russia and america cold war!!!" or

"you're crazy" or

"moralf*g" or

"someone's sensitive"

and especially from russian artists who call me an "American SJW." russians calling me an uzbek overly sensitive for asking that they portray their country a little more respectfully to the victims of their colonialism. yeah that's completely normal

you are normalizing centering discussions about the Cold War to the imperial core, and then having nothing of substance to say about and being absolutely insensitive towards someone who's life has been and still are dictated by these imperial forces, and even harrassing them.

where's the "block and move on" mentality you prided yourselves for?

this fandom hasn't changed since the 2010s. it's just more quiet in the way it marginalizes victims of colonialism.

oh, and that person who told me to "block and move on, sister!!!" when it comes to me explaining myself as an uzbek-korean muslim?

you're not one to talk. 네가 뭘아는데 ㅅㅂ새끼야

[geijutsukaa]

I. Sürgünlik

Aim to make us feeble, if our name is scorned, if our fame is shamed, What defines us as people? - Rıza Fazıl

I wince when people speak about their fathers; not out of hatred, but rather an unknowing sense of envy—his adolescence was far from the all-American tri-varsity lifestyle many experienced. When asked about him, I often find myself diluting his character into a falsehood that can be easily understood; in other words, I lie. I lie the same way he lies about his name when ordering takeout, to spare employees from the burden of mispronunciation. I lie about his background because his ambiguity requires a history lesson I simply do not care to restate. I have heard the question “What is your dad again?” on countless occasions, and although I understand what the question entails, I mask my annoyance with oblivion to avoid repeating myself—in truth, my father’s complexity stems from before he was even born. 

The bane of his existence is hereditary; his frustration is an heirloom granted to him by his blood. In the mid-1940s, my Grandfather fell victim to the Crimean Tatar Genocide. He was ten years old when the first mass deportation of his entire ethnic group occurred. Over the course of his childhood, all aspects of his being had been stripped from him by Soviet occupation—my Grandfather, who previously lost his own father to the ongoing war, had to witness his two younger brothers starve to death on frigid trains with no destination. The bloodshed of the Crimean people was considered to be a cleansing; from the start, my Grandfather has been in a position of inferiority no matter the location of his refuge. His history was one which I never fully understood in my early childhood, yet one my dad taught me nonetheless. Perhaps he was using his father's traumas to justify his personality while I was still too young to understand. All I knew was that my Deda’s deportation was the cause of my Dad’s eternal sense of displacement. My Father holds his breath when he speaks of the genocide. My Grandfather is pained at the memory of his childhood, but recognizes the importance of his history regardless; the value of education surrounding his people surpasses the pain of explanation. I was passed down both the knowledge of my bloodline and the feeling of alienation that runs through it. 

It was nearly Summertime when Soviet policemen invaded my Grandfather’s village. His first direct encounter was with two armed men at his door, demanding the presence of his family. They forcibly took them from their home, with the rest of the Crimean population following shortly after. Within the span of 3 days, the NKVD (Interior Ministry of the Soviet Union) deported Crimean Tatars of all ages through cattle trains; however, the deportation mostly impacted women, children, and the elderly, because men of age had previously been sent into battle. Their destination? Over 3,000 kilometers away in Uzbekistan, another region that had fallen under Russian Occupation. As each day passed aboard bolted-up cargo, he fell into an unfathomable state of malnourishment and dehydration. His two younger brothers, one of which was a newborn, were both physically incapable of withstanding such conditions for weeks at a time. From the beginning, they had no chance of survival. My grandfather’s entire life trajectory had been altered the moment those two men appeared affront his home; his childhood in Crimea came to a hasty conclusion as his adulthood began in Tashkent at the age of 10. I often find that he precariously lives out their childhood and his own through his mannerisms. He sings and claps when he sees my dog, calls me his baby despite my 16 years of age, and makes sure I always leave his home with a full stomach; because under his wrinkled skin and calloused fingers stands a confused child who does not yet understand the consequence of existing as the other. 

[apenitentialprayer]

Stone Age Childhoods

Probably the most numerous social category in any Neanderthal group was children. Born stronger than us, intense activity further toughened their little bodies. Even before the age of 10, in Uzbekistan the Teshik-Tash child's legs must have walked huge amounts, while Le Moustier 1's teenage arms were almost as muscly as an adult's. Youngsters' teeth also show them practicing or joining in with adult tasks: at Sima de los Huesos, older children and teenagers had already begun to wear off their enamel. But even the littlest ones here and elsewhere have some distinctive clamping wear, suggesting that hide working was one thing they started to help with early on. Overall, children's tooth micro-wear increases with age, but it's more complex than just greater amounts of mouth use. Micro-scratches in the young boy from El Sidrón were not only fewer but also diagonal, rather than vertical. This means he'd learned to eat like a grown-up using a lithic, but wasn't really doing a lot of other tasks with his mouth. There's a hint of the social settings where he and other children may have been learning and copying, since their overall tooth damage pattern on average resembles women's more than men's. Neanderthal children certainly learned by doing, and from birth had front row seats for most of the tasks they needed to master as adults, whether slicing fat off muscle, eating around a hearth or walking the land. There was probably some teaching for particularly complicated things, but Western standards of appropriate child safety and supervision aren't shared by all societies. In many hunter-gatherer cultures youngsters will play with sharp tools, sometimes wielding them even before they can walk, and independently forage together. But busy childhoods brought with them a high cost, which some of the youngest paid. [...] Perhaps it's not surprising that some older Neanderthals weathered wretched health. But more unexpected are quite severe injuries in some juveniles. Le Moustier 1 is a case in point: he sustained a nasty broken jaw that healed badly, and probably caused asymmetric wear on his teeth from prolonged difficulty eating. As well as potentially affecting verbal communication, this tells us it happened sometime well before his death, [which happened] between 11 and 15 years old. And even younger children were battered about. Less than a kilometre from Forbes' Quarry in Gibraltar is the Devil's Tower fissure site, explored in 1925 by a young Dorothy Garrod. What she found [...] was the remains of a child of no more than 5 years old with a broken jaw. Even more shocking, it had happened at least a couple years before, and he had also sustained later, potentially fatal skull fractures. Would such a young child have been involved in risky activities like hunting, or are we looking at accidents while unsupervised? [...] Youth for early H. sapiens people wasn't any less tough than for Neanderthals either. Another spectacular burial at Sunghir is of two children buried head-to-head. Both had more than one phase of tooth growth interruptions, and one's thigh bones were extremely short and bowed, probably from a genetic condition. The other's facial bones were also abnormal, and probably made eating difficult: they had no tooth wear, suggesting that special soft foods were provided. We can even find a match for the battered little Devil's Tower boy in the early H. sapiens skeleton of a 4- to 5-year old at Lagar Velho, Portugal. As a toddler he'd suffered a severe facial blow and healed a serious arm injury. Not long before death his teeth record several growth interruptions within a few months of each other, suggesting serious illness.

- Dr. Rebecca Wragg Sykes (Kindred: Neanderthal Life, Love, Death, and Art, pages 73-74, 79, 81-82)

[warcrimesimulator]

International investigators probing the fatal poisoning of 300 young children with deadly cough syrup fear the lethal ingredient may still be circulating in global supply chains.

There is frustration that authorities in India, where two separate batches of the syrups came from, are putting the country’s commercial interests above patient safety by withholding vital information.

It is understood that the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) Substandard and Falsified Medical Products team has yet to receive any data or documents collected by Indian officials investigating the production of cough syrup at Marion Biotech – one of two Indian pharmaceuticals embroiled in the scandal.

This is despite products made by the company being linked to the deaths of 20 children in Uzbekistan and the WHO appealing to the Indian authorities for information.

“We would have expected and hoped for a much quicker response from the Indian authorities,” said a source close to the WHO investigation.

Getting information about the manufacturing companies involved is vital so it can be understood whether or not there are tainted or mislabeled raw ingredients circulating in international supply chains, which could be used by other manufacturers unwittingly.

“This is the nightmare scenario,” said the source. “If we don’t get to the bottom of this, it could pop up again later.”

[eruverse]

Headcanon on how some nations came to be

You know how it’s with me, aka the usual:

-Russia (along with Ukraine and Belarus) were born from mommy Rus’ limbs as she started to split apart. In many ways like Athena born from Zeus I guess. Also I say mommy Rus but I have in mind an androgynous large muscular 230 cm warrior dude.

-Mongolia was once a wolf. I love animal origins yes. He was reborn so many times as other wolves and dogs and gradually became closer and closer to humans aka getting domesticated. Right before he became a nation he was a guardian dog of a proto-Mongol family, and upon his death his human owner wished for him to be reborn as human. Except he actually became an immortal nation and from then on he stayed with the Borjigins or Borjigid ancestors as a warrior.

-Kazakhstan was found in a Golden Eagle’s nest by Janibek and Kerey aka the founders of Kazakh Khanate. There was a bit of drama there as the two brothers (or cousins) wanted to kidnap a female chick to raise as a hunting bird (it has to be female because she is larger and stronger than male birds. Upon adulthood, she will be released back into the wild) but found a male baby instead, and at first they thought of him as bird food. They quickly realized that baby Kaz was in fact the eagle’s offspring, and that them finding him was a sign of something big to come. During this time, Janibek and Kerey were still part of Uzbeks but had started to oppose their Uzbek overlords.

Ancestry wise tho, Kazakhstan is pure Golden Horde. Part of his country especially in the southern part was Chagatai Khanate, but his Khans traced their lineage to Jochid Khans only (precisely Ordaid Khans). In my OC lore I divide Golden Horde into two aka Batu’s Ulus (White Horde) and Orda’s Ulus (Blue Horde), both represented by different guys, but it’s White Horde who’s generally regarded as the whole Golden Horde. This has historical bearings because the Khan of White Horde was also the Khan of the whole Golden Horde. But of course, when you see Blue Horde around he is technically Golden Horde too sorry if it’s complicated lmao.

Anyway Kazakhstan is like a child between White and Blue Horde, born from their ashes and bones.

-Uzbekistan is an mpreg child of Golden Horde and Timurid Empire LOL but basically he is a mix of them ok. His lands he got from Timurid but his Khans from Golden Horde… you get the idea. Timurid doted on him so much and was secretly proud that he beat him (who was already weakened anyway). These days Uzbekistan usually says he only has one dad aka Timurid Empire, and he reveres Tamerlane so much.

-Turkey is one of the many children of Göktürk, aka the ultimate daddy of Inner Asia yes. He never really saw him irl tho because his people, the Oghuz Turks, took him (and some siblings) away to Central Asia where he became an Oghuz state and ultimately Seljuk Empire. Age wise maybe a bit younger than Mongolia idk, I personally don’t get how in some fanarts kid Mongolia and Turkey met because afaik they didn’t actually meet until adulthood, but yeah.

Anyway, I haven’t really settled on Mongolia’s age myself, but I think at some point he saw Göktürk around. Basically the second Turkic Khaganate was also founded by Ashina clan so it might be Göktürk reborn and not exactly a different person, so…

[njismun2024]

Crisis Update #47: Uzbek Cotton Crisis

8 April 2025,

After Uzbekistan has made some budget cuts for the cotton sector, the adverse effects are now showing. Many months before this crisis, the cotton farmers of Uzbekistan has voiced their concerns regarding budget cuts causing lack of pay and bad working conditions, yet the government has not acted.

Due to the government's ignorance to the public's concerns, working conditions in these cotton farms are worse than ever. Many people are forced to work in these places for hours on end while being exposed to pesticides and minerals. This causes many people, even children to die left and right, causing a death rate in cotton farmers of about 5.6/1000 people

China is outraged about this. China believes that all uzbekistan needs is funding, yet they have neglected China's offer. China can provide anything Uzbekistan needs and keeps the farmers happy while also supporting the other sectors. China wants to be the main investor in uzbekistan over other countries.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.10 (after 1950)

1951 – Korean War: Armistice negotiations begin at Kaesong. 1962 – Telstar, the world's first communications satellite, is launched into orbit. 1966 – The Chicago Freedom Movement, co-founded by Martin Luther King Jr., holds a rally at Soldier Field in Chicago at which as many as 60,000 people attend. 1973 – The Bahamas gain full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations. 1974 – An EgyptAir Tupolev Tu-154 stalls and crashes at Cairo International Airport, killing all six people on board. 1976 – Four mercenaries (one American and three British) are executed in Angola following the Luanda Trial. 1978 – President Moktar Ould Daddah of Mauritania is ousted in a bloodless coup d'état. 1985 – The Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior is bombed and sunk in Auckland harbour by French DGSE agents, killing Fernando Pereira. 1985 – An Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-154 stalls and crashes near Uchkuduk, Uzbekistan (then part of the Soviet Union), killing all 200 people on board in the USSR's worst-ever airline disaster. 1991 – The South African cricket team is readmitted into the International Cricket Council following the end of Apartheid. 1991 – Boris Yeltsin takes office as the first elected President of Russia. 1991 – A Beechcraft Model 99 crashes near Birmingham Municipal Airport (now Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport) in Birmingham, Alabama, killing 13 of the 15 people on board. 1992 – In Miami, former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations. 1997 – In London, scientists report the findings of the DNA analysis of a Neanderthal skeleton which supports the "out of Africa theory" of human evolution, placing an "African Eve" at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. 1997 – Miguel Ángel Blanco, a member of Partido Popular (Spain), is kidnapped (and later murdered) in the Basque city of Ermua by ETA members, sparking widespread protests. 1998 – Catholic Church sexual abuse cases: The Diocese of Dallas agrees to pay $23.4 million to nine former altar boys who claimed they were sexually abused by Rudolph Kos, a former priest. 1999 – In women's association football, the United States defeated China in a penalty shoot-out at the Rose Bowl near Los Angeles to win the final match of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup. The final was watched by 90,185 spectators, which set a new world record for attendance at a women's sporting event. 2000 – EADS, the world's second-largest aerospace group is formed by the merger of Aérospatiale-Matra, DASA, and CASA. 2000 – Bashar al-Assad succeeds his father Hafez al-Assad as President of Syria. 2002 – At a Sotheby's auction, Peter Paul Rubens's painting The Massacre of the Innocents is sold for £49.5 million (US$76.2 million) to Lord Thomson. 2006 – A Pakistan International Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship crashes near Multan International Airport, killing all 45 people on board. 2007 – Erden Eruç begins the first solo human-powered circumnavigation of the world. 2008 – Former Macedonian Interior Minister Ljube Boškoski is acquitted of all war-crimes charges by a United Nations Tribunal. 2011 – Russian cruise ship Bulgaria sinks in the Volga River near Syukeyevo, Tatarstan, causing 122 deaths. 2011 – Amid widespread backlash to revelations of phone hacking, British weekly tabloid News of the World publishes its final issue and shuts down after nearly 168 years in print. 2012 – The Episcopal Church USA allows same-sex marriage. 2016 – Portugal defeats France in the UEFA Euro 2016 Final to win their first European title. 2017 – Iraqi Civil War: Mosul is declared fully liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant by the government of Iraq. 2018 – A group of Thai school children and their teacher get stuck in a cave for a few days; they are all rescued but one rescuer doesn't make it. This is known as the Tham Luang cave rescue. 2019 – The last Volkswagen Beetle rolls off the line in Puebla, Mexico. The last of 5,961 "Special Edition" cars will be exhibited in a museum.

[guadalupehesus]

"While there's life, there's hope." - Marcus Tullius Cicero.

Dear Harry,

I am writing to you with a warning. As I know, you often have or had inappropriate states due to mental or alcoholic intoxication. God forbid you to use drugs. Why did I bring up this personal problem of yours? I'm not judging you. A person of the 21st century is very vulnerable mentally to temptations. This is our life. Nowadays, even those who pray are afraid of disgracing themselves, if they have any intelligence, of course. Yesterday you were on a horse with a shield, today you are a laughingstock. And what will happen tomorrow is chaotic and unpredictable even for me. For example, Vladimir Putin unexpectedly gave us a kitten. You can say that the President of the Russian Federation gave me and my sister the whole world of tenderness and warmth that exudes from this furry baby. He did it secretly. However, I suspect it could have been a love spell, but I am deeply grateful to him for the only worthwhile act of a man on his part. The only thing that darkens my mood is that the Kyrgyz government used to cast a spell on me to take away the greatness of Russia and the Romanov Family for years. And now, this is being done by the respected Russian president at the behest of a migrant from sunny Uzbekistan - Alina Maratovna Kabaeva.

Don't make these mistakes, Harry. It often happens that a strong politician was ruined not by his professional qualities, but by his woman. You were a strong warrior in past lives. But Meghan Markle has always been a satanic temptation for you, Harry!

Harry, you got involved with a first-class, cunning escort-girl from the circle of the damned Epstein himself, according to the Western media. These are dangerous people who, through sex, subsequently dirty blackmail, achieve great material things. I wouldn't be surprised if they blackmailed some sheikhs, which often influences their big politics. For example, Arabs could at least verbally express their disagreement with the aggression towards the children of Palestine. I wish no harm to either Jews or Arabs. I just have a feeling that people like Epstein behave like spiders. And you, Harry, are naive by nature from your past lives. +You grew up in a palace where everyone respected you. You didn’t know what some people outside of your well-fed, successful circle of friends and sincere fan-girls who idolized you were capable of. And I was often humiliated by vile people and that’s why I tried to warn you from the very beginning.

Harry, if you are originally Elton John or Freddie Mercury, then everything is fine. But it’s another matter if, taking advantage of your intoxication, your wife pushes a homosexual adventure* up your ass for the purpose of blackmail in the near future. First of all, give up drugs and make an appointment with a psychologist. But remember that this psychologist can also work for the protector of your wife. Get a grip, Harry. For the sake of your children. What will they remember about their childhood? The first 6 years are the most important period in the formation of the human psyche. Then - adolescence.

I think, you must accept your mother's passing. This is your Achilles heel. Let Mom go, Harry. Her life was not so bad after all. Your mother lived a vibrant and noble life that one could only dream of. She left an unforgettable mark on the hearts of both whites and blacks. This (!) is important. Think about women in brothels in India, for example. They don’t even dare to dream about the Princess’s life. As for Diana's suspicious death, I will reveal to you the secret of the Higher Powers.

This is the meaning of your mother's suffering: Diana had to see the dark side of the black aristocracy. If she had been happy with Charles III and had not been helped to leave this world, then the hearts of her two sons would not have been pure and, perhaps, they would have been on the side of Satan. Think of it as saving the souls of Lady Di's sons. Apocalyptic times lie ahead of us. But there are few strong people with kind souls on Earth. We, the Light forces, need warriors.

However, I ask you not to immediately write a book 😉 about the fact that I am talking about the Apocalypse. People won't understand. They never understood...

Yours sincerely,

Asel

* I do not hate gays, but I would be dissapointed, if you did it with a man . Sorry, but this is not appropriate for men.

[endrusmithreal]

Diethylene Glycol Price Trends: An Overview of the Industry Landscape

Diethylene Glycol (C4H10O3) is an inorganic chemical that exhibits characteristic properties of both alcohol and ether groups. It is a stable oily liquid with no color or odor. The compound is slightly viscous and non-corrosive in nature. Diethylene Glycol is a non-volatile, hygroscopic liquid that is soluble in both organic compounds and water.

The boiling point for the chemical measures around 245° C. Hydrolysis of ethylene oxide produces Diethylene Glycol (DEG), the compound comprised of two ethylene glycol molecules linked by the ether bond in between them.

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Additionally, DEG produces saturated and unsaturated polyester resins, plasticizers, and polyurethanes. It is included in various personal care products, such as lotions, creams, deodorants, etc. In medical sectors, a diluted solution of Diethylene Glycol is used as a cryoprotectant to prevent ice formation.

Key Players:

CNPC

Reliance Group

SABIC

BASF

Royal Dutch Shell PLC

News & Recent Development

Date: March 10, 2023- India's drug manufacturers banned the supply of propylene glycol sourced from a firm in Delhi that supplied the chemical to Marion Biotech, which produced cough syrup that contained an unacceptable amount of Diethylene Glycol and ethylene glycol, which turned out to be the cause for the death of 18 children at Uzbekistan.

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[aoawarfare]

The Creation of the Central Asian Soviet Republics

During the last few episodes, we’ve discussed the Russian Revolution, the fall of the emirs, the Basmachi insurgency, the destruction of the Kokand Autonomy and the neutering of the Musburo. Unsurprisingly, all of this upheaval was horrible for everyone in the region and made governing almost impossible. Frunze, who was responsible for a lot of the upheaval, left in the fall of 1920, and did not see the outcomes of his explosive decisions.

Instead, it was up to the Communist officials and the Indigenous actors to create a new Central Asia. Unfortunately, they could not agree on the methods they should use, the ideological foundations of their new creation, or even what that new creation would look like. They didn’t trust each other; the Bolsheviks believed the indigenous actors weren’t proper Communists and the indigenous actors were annoyed that the Bolsheviks thought they knew best and purposely ignored all of their proposed solutions.

Things were worse for the people of the region. The Jadids were never popular even before the wars and this distrust grew as they sided with the Bolsheviks and tried to create a new world for the region. And so, as a farmer or merchant or just regular person in Central Asia, you had three choices: side with the Basmachi and risk death or losing everything to their raiding bands, side with the Jadids and Bolsheviks and support something that seems incompatible with one’s culture and religion, or try to survive on your own and at the mercy of all different factions and sides.

The core struggle can be best described by this quote from Lenin.

[Image Description: A colored gif of three men sitting together in a bowling alley. Two men are facing the camera and the third man is between the two men with his back to the camera. The man on the left has long hair and a long, scraggy beard. He is wearing a green shirt with a beeper hanging from the color. The man on the right is a bigger white man with short hair and beard and mustache. He is wearing light brown sunglasses and a short sleeve purple stripped shirt. The man in the middle has shoulder length hair and is wearing a green t-shirt. The bowling alley is pink and has blue star decorations on the walls.]

In 1921, he wrote:

“It is devilishly important to conquer the trust of the natives; to conquer it three or four times to show that we are not imperialists, that we will not tolerate deviations in that direction” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, 165

Not sure if Lenin even noticed the stark contradiction between “conquering” someone’s trust and somehow proving you’re not an imperialist or conqueror. Maybe he meant well, but we’re already off to a rocky start.

Communist Paranoia

A big source of tension between the Bolsheviks and the indigenous actors of Central Asia was the difference in ideology and goals.

We’ve talked a lot about the Jadid’s ideology and their goals. The Jadids in Bukhara and Turkestan wanted to create a modern state built around the principles of nationalism. They wanted to create a state that enjoyed full sovereignty and membership amongst the world of nation-states. They wanted to develop their own economy but maintaining control over their own resources and they wanted to education their citizens to combat “ignorance” and “fanaticism.” They wanted to preserve Islam, but also modernize it by bringing Muslim institutions under control of the government.

The Communists, however, wanted to create a perfect Communist society which required loyal and ideologically pure cadre. The only way they could do this in Central Asia was to recruit the population into the party. They knew their best demographic were the youth, the women, and the landless and poor peasants. The children they recruited into their youth group known as Komsomol and the brought the women’s organization, Zhenotdel to Central Asia. They also created the Plowman union for the poor. They would use this union to implement the land and water reform of the 1927, but were disbanded after serving their purpose.

Political Cadre of Turkestan Front. Frunze is seated in second row, two from the left

[Image Description: A black and white photo of a large crowd of men and women sitting together outside. Behind them is a clear sky, a stone building, and trees. The people are wearing a combination of white shirts and dresses and grey shirts and dresses]

Yet, the Communists couldn’t see through their own racism and chauvinism when it came to accepting local actors to the Communist Party. The Communist Party was the key feature of public life. It was the center of all political activity and thus membership was highly coveted. However it required an impossible ideological purity requirement which made many Communists paranoid. Their inability to a pure Communist a hundred percent of the time, or even to define what that meant, made them reliant on frequent purges to ensure the party remained pure.

[Image Description: A colored gif of a bald, naked white man wearing nothing but white underwear, lying on the floor, and looking up at the camera, saying "I just want to be pure."]

One Communist official complained that he was dissatisfied after talking to a Turkmen member of the Merv Communist party in 1923. He wrote:

“We started asking [him] why he had entered the party, to which he answered that he himself did not know, and to the question whether he knew if a Communist is a good person or bad, he said that he knew nothing. And to the question of how he got into the party, he answered simply that a little while back a comrade came here who said, “You are a poor man, you need help, and you should join the party; for this will get you clothing and matches and kerosene.” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 170

While the rank and file were often uneducated, the local leaders tended to be part of the modernizing elite who wanted to use Soviet institutions to bring about reforms, they often came from prosperous urban families, graduates of Russian-native schools, and had been active in Muslim politics in 1917. Some had been recruited by Risqulov before he was ousted, had caught the eye of various Russian Communist officials, or even fought against the Basmachi and earned the Soviet’s trust that way. By these leaders were hard to find and so from 1920-1927, the Soviets were forced to rely on “impure” and “nationalistic” local leaders while building a cadre of “pure” communists they would be able to rely on in the future.

Turar Risqulov

[Image Description: A black and white pciture of a man standing at an angle. He is looking at the camera. He has bushy black hair and a short mustache. He is wearing round, wire frame glasses. His hands are in his dark grey suit pants. he is wearing a white button down shirt, a grey tie, and a dark grey vest and suit jacket. A flag is pinned to his suit lapel.]

What made things worse was that the Soviets didn’t even treat the Central Asian as equals within the Communist framework. When the Bukharan Communist Party tried to join the Comintern, they were accepted as a “sympathetic organization” and then merged with the Russian Communist Party.

This desire for loyal cadre and the educational efforts pursued by the communists and local reformers, contributed to the creation of a group of men who called themselves “Young Communists.” They challenged the supremacy of the KPT, accusing them of compromise, patriarchy and careerism. The Young Communists claimed they were the most “Marxistically educated” of the Muslim Communists and demanded the “total emancipation of the party from the past [which] had not yet been accomplished and that KPT be cleansed of all members who were “factional-careerist” and “patriarchal-conservative.” In 1924, they launched a campaign to ban the heavy cloth and horsehair veil customarily worn by women. They were equally frustrated by the Russian Communists, claiming:

“Historically speaking, the last conquerors of Turkestan were the Slavs, and Turkestan was liberated from their oppression only after the great social revolution. But this liberation is only formal. Because the proletariat is from the ruling nation, the disease of colonialism has damaged its brain. This fact has had a great impact on the revolution in Turkestan” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 175

The Soviets were wary of the Young Communists, but would recruit them into the governments of the different Central Asian States after they were created in 1924.

Crafting a Governing Body

In order to make the region more manageable, the Soviets broke the region into several different Soviet republics. The Bukharan Soviet People’s Republic managed the territory that once belonged to the Bukhara Emirate. Similarly, the Kazakh Steppe became the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Khivan Emirate became the Khorezm Soviet People’s Republic and Turkestan became the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. These republics were governed by chairmen.

Map of Central Asian Republics in 1922

[Image Description: A colored and simplified map of the different Soviet Republics. Russia itself and the surround countries are pale peach. The Kirgizistan A.S.S.R. is a flesh color. The Aral and Caspian Sea and Lake Balkhash are bright blue The Bukharan P.S.R. is red. The Khorezm P.S.R. is light green. The Turkestan A. S. S. R. is a dark peach.]

For the rest of this episode, we’re going to discuss the many difficulties and opportunities facing the Bolsheviks and the local, indigenous actors in the Bukhara Soviet People’s Republic and the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The reason we’re discussing those two republics specifically is because their development is unique while also being representative of the many issues faced by the local actors and Bolsheviks of the region.

Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR)

While the indigenous actors were grabbing real power in Bukhara, the indigenous actors of Turkestan were recovering from the ouster of Risqulov and the dismantling of the Musburo. Instead, the Soviets purged the Turkestani Communist Party, transformed the Turkkomissiia into the Central Asian Bureau with an expanded authority over the Bukharan, Turkestan, and Khorezm republics. They also created the Central Asian Economic Council whose responsibility was to merge the economies of the three republics, leaving them open to control from the Central Committee in Russia.

The biggest challenge facing the Turkestani Republic was the tension between the Bolsheviks and the indigenous actors. Like their Bukharan counterparts, the indigenous leaders of the Turkestani Republic learned to speak the Communist language, but their goals were very different. However, they didn’t have the limited freedom that the leaders of Bukhara had, and this created deep tensions not only between the Communist leaders and indigenous leaders, but also between the Russian settlers and the Communists and the local people of Turkestan with the Jadids.

Bukharan Soviet People’s Republic (BNSR)

The Bukharan Soviet People’s Republic was a Muslim republic filled with Jadids who used it to champion their reforms with reluctant support from their Bolshevik counterparts -- and, sometimes, even without it. Unlike their Tashkent counterparts who never had a chance to gain equal power with their Russian counterparts, the Bukharans had placed themselves in the perfect position to be slotted into power by the Bolsheviks. This meant they actually had more power than indigenous actors in their neighboring republics. Even though this only lasted until 1923, the BNSR attempted a lot during its short lifetime.

When the Bolsheviks took over Bukhara, they created the Revolutionary Committee (Revkom) that included Russians, Young Bukharans, Communists from Bukhara and Tashkent. The committee assigned Mirzo Abduqodir Muhiddinov as head of state and Fayzulla Xo’jayev as the Chairman of the council. These ministers would send reports and negotiate with their Communist counterparts using Communist language and ideas, but internally they focused on their nationalistic, Islamic, and reformist ways.

While the Bolsheviks forced the Young Bukharans to merge with the Bukharan Communist Party and the Young Khivans to do likewise, this did little to actually bridge the gaps between the two approaches to governance. Instead, it gave the former Young Bukharans/Khivans/Jadids a chance to learn the Bolshevik language so they could placate their Communist counterparts while still pursuing their own goals.

One of the first things Revkom did was to create a regularized and centralized form of government. They divided the territory into provinces, then districts, and then towns and appointed a soviet apparatus at each level. They also created several ministries led by several “people’s ministers” (Abdurauf Fitrat would be a minister for several of these ministries). Revkom and later its successor, the Central Executive Committee, would regulate the workings of the Qazi courts, placed the maktabs and madrasas under the oversight of the Minister of Education, and placed mosques and their waqf property under the control of the Waqf Administration.

They also created a Ministry of Foreign Affairs and established consular representatives in neighboring countries. The representatives to Kabul and Moscow were ambassadors while the representatives to Petrograd, Tashkent, Baku, and Tbilisi were consuls. They also hoped they would enter the Comintern as an independent party instead of a satellite of the Russian Communist Party.

Creating different administrative centers and functions was one thing, but exercising that power was a different task. First, the Young Bukharans had to settle scores with several enemies while also denying them the ability to challenge their right to power. They forced those who sided against them in 1917 to clean toilets and sweep the streets for several days before having them executed. They took property from the ulama who resisted their efforts at modernization and restored property to supporters in exile. Those they didn’t kill or exile, they assimilated into their new government.

As we mentioned before, the Bukharan government took over the collection of waqf revenues and put it towards cultural and educational purposes. This gave them the ability to control the hiring and firing of instructors and the reformation of the curricula. However, they ran into a problem with trying to implement control over the property, because the bureaucracy of distributing the lands was handled by middlemen. Many who fled the violence of the civil war, so there were many pieces of property that slip through their fingers. In 1923, when the Soviets were reinforcing control over the region, the Waqf administration came under the most suspicion. The Soviets actually raided the Waqf offices and took all of their papers to review as they laid strict guidelines on how the collected funds could be used.

Internal Divisions

If trying to create a government in a region that had endured a civil war, the ouster of an emir, a famine, and an ongoing battle against an insurgency wasn’t enough, the Young Bukharans had to contend with internal divisions. There was the well-known divide between the ideologically corrupt Young Bukharans and the Bukharan Communists, but there was also a bitter rivalry between Fayzulla Xo’jayev, the chairman of the Bukharan Soviet People’s Republic, and a fellow minister, Abduqodir Muhiddinov. Their rivalry had more to do with personal grudges and a long history of economic competition between their families.

In April 1921, the Cheka found out that Muhiddinov’s brother Isomiddin held a secret meeting to plot against Xo’jaev and his supporters including assassinations and the planting of incriminating evidence. In August 1921, a pamphlet with the name of “Committee for Truth and Justice” proclaiming that the Bukharan Republic was being governed by “a company of thieves and traitors” who were addicted to prostitutes and alcohol. This culminated into a putsch attempted by people loyal to Muhiddinov that briefly placed members of Xo’jayev’s administration under arrest. Xo’jayev had to flee to Kagan and the Soviets sent in armored cars to crush the rebellion and the rebels fled to Samarkand.

Fayzulla Xo'jayev

[Image Description: A black and white photo of a man with thick black hair. He is wearing a black collared, button down shirt, a black tie, and a black suit coat]

People loyal to Xo’jayev wanted to oust Muhiddinov from the presidency of the Revkom, but the Soviets convinced them not to. The Soviets found Fayzulla more favorable because of his local support, his businesslike attitude, and he was a Russophile, while Muhiddinov was considered to be politically weak, more difficult to deal with, a nationalist, pan-Islamist, and Russophobe. It seems they kept him around so they could take advantage of the rivalry between Muhiddinov and Xo’jayev.

While Xo’jayev was reliant on the Soviets for power, he consistently tried to maximize his independence and the independence of his government. He argued in 1921 that

“while it is impossible, of course, to deny that the work of our organization has many defects, we should not be judged too harshly for them. Soviet Russia, having far greater forces at its command, is also not in a position to organize everything all at once…We know very well that any obstinacy on our part or coercive measures on yours [to force the pace of change in Bukhara] will be fraught with pernicious consequences.”

He threatened the revolution in the East and argued that the reason for the weakness of his government was because the people didn’t have their own sovereignty. He argues that

“In order to strengthen a sense among the masses of the independence and the complete liberation of Bukhara it is necessary for the Russian Government to broadly demonstrate its attitude in Bukhara, proclaiming publicly Bukhara’s complete independence and the inviolability of its sovereign rights.” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 141

After Enver Pasha died and the Basmachi were broken, the Soviets turned their attention and ire on the Central Asian Republics. They were interested in bringing the republics to heel and integrating with the Soviet Union. They saw Bukhara’s need for independence as evidence of remaining bourgeois nationalism sentiments.

In 1923, the Soviets felt powerful enough in Central Asia, to purge the Bukharan government of several administrators such as Abdurauf Fitrat, Atovulla Xo’jayev, Sattor-xo’ja, Muinjon Aminov. Other Central Asians picked up the need to attack these leaders and expanded their attacks to include Fayzulla Xo’jayev “for having assimilated itself to nationalism” (Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 156). The Soviets weren’t ready to get rid of Xo’jayev, but the purge threw ice water on the Bukharan desire for independence and taught them their place.

Economics

All of this social and political change was occurring during economic devastation. The war ruined cotton cultivation and destroyed the irrigation networks, and whole districts were now ghost towns. It didn’t help that Russia was also in the midst of its own economic devastation and famine and needed Central Asia’s resources to survive. This created a tension between the Communist’s ideals of redistribution and liberation and their need to exploit and extract as many resources as possible. Turkestan also had to deal with the tension between the settlers and the indigenous people. Again, Communist ideals of decolonization and anti-imperialism took a backseat to Russia’s need for resources and enforcing a communist mindset on the region.

BNSR Economic Interests

Economically, the Bukharan Soviet People’s Republic focused on the importance of collecting taxes properly and effectively. They argued that:

“The incorrect policies of the emir had left our state among the most backward in the world in terms of science and technology, industry, agriculture, or commerce. As a result, today two percent of our people can read and write, and the remaining 98 percent cannot, and as a result are completely ignorant of the world. Because our commerce was based on old principles, there is no real commerce in our state. Instead, our merchants have become middlemen between Russian merchants and our peasants, i.e., our commerce sells the wealth of the peasant to other countries…[and] all the profits from the commerce go to other countries…It is well known that a state that is unable to find the proper path of commerce cannot have industry either.” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 130

The Young Bukharans were not interested in class warfare or redistributing wealth from the rich. The most they did was expropriate the property of the emir and those who went into exile with him and grab control over the waqf property, but that was all.

In 1923, the Sredazburo tried to harmonize the economies and currencies of the three republics, Xo’jaev resisted it. He believed that the unification of the economies of the three republics would rob the republics of their own sovereignty. He wrote

“We are against one principle ­­­— that of the unification of the Central Asian republics. If you take that off the table we will go along with your proposition” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 142

He fought hard for Bukhara to retain its own currency and complained when Soviet officials who managed Bukhara’s border with Afghanistan arrested one of Bukhara’s customs officials. None of his efforts achieve much, but that didn’t stop him from trying.

Cotton Is King

One of the Soviets’ goals was to reinvigorate the cotton industry. As of 1920, the cotton industry had collapsed on itself because of war, famine, ruined irrigation, the disappearance of buyers, and the Tashkent Soviet’s decision to nationalize cotton. The Soviets used a labor tax to repair the irrigation system, replaced requisitioning with a cash tax, and implemented Lenin’s New Economic Plan in Central Asia. In 1921, the Soviets created the Main Cotton Committee which was charged with buying up the entire cotton harvest in the Ussr, supply it to textile mills (which were mostly in Russia), organize credits for growers, and maintain the irrigation system. It also got involved in the grain industry, since grain is how they paid the farmers to grow cotton. The Main Cotton Committee’s myopic focus on cotton angered many of the local leaders and even caused tension with the Central Asian Bureau who were trying to implement a policy of Korenizatsiia — providing that Soviet rule was different from Tzarist rule by bringing the people into the system. However, this was an expensive policy as it required educating the local population not only in Communist thought, but teaching them the basic skills they would need to work in different administrative capacities as well as teaching Non-Central Asian communists the local languages in order to communicate with their Central Asian counterparts. Additionally, there was already a skilled Russian minority living in Central Asia who felt they should be given these opportunities instead of the locals. In 1927, a group of unemployed Russians shouted at the Korenizatsiia commission:

“Russians fought and won freedom for you devils, and now you say Uzbeks are the masters in Uzbekistan. There will come a time when we will show you. We’ll beat the hell out of all of you.” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 187

In 1925, the Central Asian Bureau was forced to create an economic plan that accounted for shipping grain into Central Asia so the people of Central Asia could focus on producing cotton. Additionally, the Main Cotton Committee indexed the price of cotton to the price of grain so that one pood of cotton bought 2.5 poods of grain, but Risqulov argued that it barely covered the costs of production. Instead, the Soviets should pay Central Asia world prices for its cotton.

Local leaders, like Fayzulla Xo’jayev, wanted to bring industry to the region. In 1925, he announced that

“our current policy…is we will establish new factories only in places that produce raw material for the industry i.e. we want to avoid the economic awkwardness of sending cotton thousands of miles away at great expense to have it processed in Moscow, and then to have the finished product brought back here” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 160

This went against Soviet interests who wanted each region to have their specialties that could by brought together by the center and so Central Asia remained an agricultural focused economy, one the Soviets could exploit as they wished.

In the end, economic considerations and the ability to “trust” fellow Europeans versus Central Asians would always come first, exasperating existing tensions between the non-Central Asian Communists and the Local leaders. This led to great disenchantment with many Central Asian communists and local leaders.

Resistance

Secret Society Milliy Ittihod

Between the destruction of the city of Bukhara and Xo’jayev’s failed attempts to win some autonomy from the Soviets, several Young Bukharans began to search for another way to govern beyond the Soviet’s control. This discontentment with the overall situation turned into an explosive situation when Bashkir nationalist, Zeki Togan Velidi arrived in Bukhara and created his own secret society.

Bashkir Nationalist: Zeki Togan Velidi

[Image Description: A black and white photo of a man with a short hair cut and mustache. He is wearing round wire frame glasses and a grey military frock.]

Zeki spent most of his young academic life in Kazan and Ufa and during the revolution he became the president of the former Bashkir Republic. He sided first with the Whites and then switched sides but grew fed up with the Bolsheviks because of their controlling nature. He even sent a letter to Stalin and Lenin complaining about their “colonial” policy to the East and demanded that they stop persecuting national intellectuals, consider locals as candidates for Soviet positions, and allow greater local involvement in the organization of Soviet power and party in the Bukharan republic. Stalin and Lenin ignore the letter and Velidi broke from the Bolsheviks.

He traveled to Bukhara and, in April 1921, he and several members of the Bukharan government created the Union of National Popular Muslim Organizations of Central Asia also known as Milliy Ittihod. This secret society's goal was to secure the “independence” of Turkestan (which consisted of Turkestan, Bukhara, Khiva, the Kazakh Republic, and areas of Bashkir) and place its destiny in the hand of “Turkestanis” with freedom of religion and the separation of state and religion. They wanted Turkestan to have its own economy and army and direct access to European education without going through Russia.

There seems to have been another version of the goal crafted by the members who still believed in Communism, but still wanted greater autonomy. Their demands were similar, but the main difference was that they wanted full autonomy of the Eastern soviet republics united as a federation while remaining within the Communist framework. They wanted broad national rights, the withdrawal of all Russian troops except for the borders of the federation, their own national army, and a new government led by Milliy Ittihod.

This differences between goals illustrate that some people wanted to maximize their independence from Soviet control while others wanted to create a pan-Central Asian platform.

Milliy Ittihod was led by a Central Committee and held period congresses to tackle big questions. The Soviets feared this secret society and would later used its existence to send many Central Asians to their death during Stalin’s purge.

In terms of what Milliy Ittihod actually achieved, it doesn't seem to be much. However, the Cheka were able to intercept several letters to other governments asking for money and support against the Russians. But since the secret society wasn’t able to infiltrate the army and their reach into government was stifled, their usefulness was limited. They existed more as a nightmare in the imaginations of the Cheka then any real threat.

Usmon-xo’ja

Fayzulla's cousin, Usmon-xo’ja took a completely different approach.

He was elected head of the Central Executive Committee of the republic in September 1921, but he defected three months later and joined an assault on the Soviet garrison at Dushanbe. During the assault, several high-level Soviet commanders were taken hostage. He called for a general war against Russia and recruited people for his army. The Soviets broke the siege, but Usmon-xo’ja escaped, fought with Enver Pasha, and after Enver died, he fled to Afghanistan before permanently immigrating to Turkey and becoming center of the Central Asian émigré community.

Economic Resistance

When physical resistance was impossible or undesirable, people resisted through the marketplaces. Many Bukharan and Turkestan markets refused Russian currency and preferred trading with Afghanistan and India. The Soviets tried to disrupt these markets because they wanted access to Central Asian goods without having to pay world market prices or compete with other buyers.

The Soviet proposed Central Asia send grain and cotton to Russia either in payment for all the money the USSR was already funneling into Central Asia or through a barter system. This was potentially life or death for Russia, because in 1921, they were in the death grip of famine, and they desperately needed the food from Central Asia. Nevermind that Central Asia was also in the middle of a famine and the Soviets didn't seem to care.

For some fucking reason, the Soviets thought the republics would gladly subordinate its economic policies to the interest of the Soviet federation. Instead, Bukhara refused to put all of its supplies up for barter with the Soviets. A Soviet official wrote:

“During my stay in Bukhara I found a completely unexpected situation. I had expected that they will speak to me in a Communist manner, from the commonality of the interests of the two republics, but that there is not much in common is clear from the fact that the Bukharan republic has “declared private property sacred’" - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 152

Another Soviet official complained

“As before, [Bukharan leaders] continue to sabotage us with bread and to beg for money. The more one finds out about the political lines of the various ‘Communist’ groups here, the worse it gets. They try to outdo each other in their Russophobia. They make a very good use of their own position and godlessly swindle us both politically and economically.” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 152

By 1923, the Basmachi were neutralized as a threat, the Soviets had been in Central Asian long enough to get a better sense of its needs and how to speak to its people, and they were seeing the sprouts of a loyal Communist cadre. They were feeling powerful enough to teach the region, especially troublesome Bukhara, it's place.

In 1923, the Soviets forced Fayzulla to purge his own government of four ministers, including the tireless Abdurauf Fitrat. Once they were ousted, other Central Asians realized the best way to earn Soviet favors and prove they could be trusted running their own government was to attack these "disgraced" ministers and soon expanded their attacks to include Fayzulla Xo’jayev for being a nationalist. The Soviets weren’t ready to get rid of Xo’jayev or the other "nationalist" chairmen of the republics, but the purge threw ice water on the Bukharan desire for independence and taught the rest of the region the limits of their power as Communist republics.

References

Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR by Adeeb Khalid

[itstokkii]

Turkuzbek Drabble–Takes place in modern day

In which Uzbekistan spends time with her boyfriend Turkey hiking and comes out with a slightly changed perspective

‎‧₊˚✧[🇹🇷🇺🇿]✧˚₊‧

"Are you really sure taking her out for a nature walk is a good idea?"

"Yeah, why not? Think of it...two people alone with nature...appreciating the beauty of the landscape...it's therapeutic! She's probably into that stuff, right? It might change her perspective on the great outdoors!"

"Hmm...I'll see how it goes. Thanks, Soojin."

"No problem, oppa~" She giggled and ended the call.

‎‧₊˚✧[🇹🇷🇺🇿]✧˚₊‧

"Sadik...ha....ah....why are we climbing up such steep trails...at 5 in the evening...? You know how much I hate hiking...!"

"I do." He nonchalantly agreed.

"Then...hah...why even spend time uselessly exerting our bodies like this? We could be at home right now!"

"At home doing what? Exerting our bodies in other ways~?"

"SADIK!" She gripped his waist and shook him. "We're in public, think of the children!"

He looked around. They were the only two scaling the mountain trails, no families to hear their conversation in sight.

"Fine, so there may not be any children. But you can't just say things like that in public! Weirdo..." Nargiza pouted and leaned on a nearby tree, fiddling with her braid. When it seemed that all was calm, she turned her head to the side–

Only to be face to face with a spiderweb.

"AAAH!" Nargiza ripped herself away from the tree and hugged Sadik.

"It's just a spider, Nargiz! Honestly, what's it going to do, eat you alive?"

"It's a spider! Its mere presence shakes the hearts of many!"

He chuckled and ruffled her hair. "It's okay, you're with your big strong boyfriend! If anything happens I'll set this whole place on fire."

"I'd appreciate if I wasn't the sole reason for committing arson, but thank you." She gently dabbed at her eyes to get rid of any tears.

‎‧₊˚✧[🇹🇷🇺🇿]✧˚₊‧

"How much longer?"

"Hmm..." Sadik paused to look at the map. "Only about a 20 minute walk! We're getting closer!"

Nargiza groaned. "Sadik...I do find it a little upsetting you haven't told me what our goal in this is. Where are we going?"

"Somewhere I know you'll love. Think of this as a test of trust in our relationship."

"Now that sounds worse..!"

He ducked past a tree branch. "Why are you so afraid of hiking, anyway? I get staying at home and relaxing, but I've never seen someone so repulsed by the idea of going out into the great outdoors. Besides, weren't you the more nomadic one out of the two of us?"

Nargiza stopped in her tracks and thought about it. "Well, I do enjoy going horse riding with my brothers...but that's in a controlled environment that I trust. The wilderness isn't something I'm familiar with, something I know. We could go anywhere and I would be comforted knowing how controlled and predictable the environment is. But here? Anything could happen here," she shuddered. "Besides, dying is fine, but my clothes...they only live once. Why risk it and cause the death of my beautiful clothing in the process?"

Sadik thought about it. Of course she'd be finicky about her clothes. What else would she brag about to her close friends and family? But a small part of him believed he should have been more careful. She had a habit of sticking to what she knew. She preferred stability, no matter the conditions, over change. He remembered her talking about it before as well.

"What's the point of demanding change? Who knows how it could turn out? Many have took to the streets demanding change, and when they weren't massacred to death, something else would happen that would cause the people to live in squalor. Sometimes I admire those brave people, but I'm far too apathetic and afraid to do anything."

He had hoped this would help her come out of her shell more, but what if it was doing the opposite? What if it was reinforcing her beliefs about the unknown?

He shook those thoughts away and focused on the present, hoping the surprise waiting for her at the end of the trail would help her see what she had been avoiding.

Sadik looked up at the sky. The midday light began to glow a slight orange now. If they got there just in time...

Nargiza's voice snapped him out of her thoughts. "Oh, my..." He was too busy thinking to realize they had gotten to the end of the trail, a meadow of lush green grass decorated by wildflowers and dandelions. Across the meadow was a small creek, light reflecting on the water from the sun.

They walked closer to the river and then stopped to sit down. The sun was now setting, the sky painted in beautiful swirls of pink and orange, clouds pulled like cotton.

Nargiza turned to him and broke the silence. "So...this is what you wanted me to see?"

"Yeah. You tell me, was it worth it?"

"Definitely. It's absolutely beautiful... Perhaps I've judged hiking and nature a bit too harshly. Maybe we can do more of this." She looked down and sighed. "But...all that walking made me extremely hot. It's still what, thirty degrees?"

So. She was still complaining, huh.

Sadik smirked. "Don't worry babe, I know how to cool down..."

"How–SADIK!" Sadik picked her up in a fireman carry and set her down in the creek, ignoring the pain on his shoulder and back as her legs kicked in protest.

Nargiza stood up, completely drenched. Sadik tried to look at her face to see if he upset her.

She looked up at him and smiled creepily. "Darling....come here."

A wave of fear crawled through his back, and he started to run.

She got up from the creek and immediately chased him around the meadow.

"I-I'm sorry!" He yelled back, desperately trying to save himself from her wrath. She may not be a fast runner, but nobody can guess what her next move would be when she got angry.

"No you're not! Hah...You're just sorry you got caught!"

She was gaining on him, and Sadik quietly muttered the Ayat-ul Kursi under his breath.

"H-hey, you don't have to keep chasing me! You'll get tuckered out!"

"You think I care about that now?!"

Nargiza, after chasing him for a while with no results, slowed before stopping and sitting down.

Sadik desperately hoped this wasn't a trick as he crept closer, to which he now saw that she was shivering like a wet kitten.

"It's...it's cold..."

So cute...

He took off his jacket and carefully wrapped it around his shoulders, then hugged her for good measure. She pulled her hairtie off and undid her braid to let her hair dry quicker.

"Hey...I'm sorry about dropping you into the creek..." He whispered.

"You're an asshole. But...you're so handsome..." A shivering hand angled up to pinch his cheek. "I hate you."

He chuckled, and the kissed her forehead. "That's okay, because I still love you~"

‎‧₊˚✧[🇹🇷🇺🇿]✧˚₊‧

"So, how'd your outdoor date with Sadik go?"

"Ah...Well, it was certainly eventful. I think the outdoors grew on me a little more, actually." Nargiza blushed and played with her hair.

Soojin knew Nargiza hated hiking. But she was a master planner. Knowing Nargiza, she'd scream at the sight of a beetle on a tree, and cling to Sadik, just as the trope goes! And at the end of all the torment and complaining laid a beautiful meadow with flowers and a pink, warm sunset. That's when they would both realize how amazing the whole experience was, and fall in love all over again and—

"So you're telling me you were behind this the whole time!"

"I SAID THAT ALL OUT LOUD?!"

[whattheabcxyz]

2023-05-26

Singapore

New housing plots in Woodlands & Toa Payoh, as well as commercial plot in Punggol, released for sale

More COVID-19 deaths in April, but infection rate appears to be falling - so much for those bloody vaccines being able to prevent deaths!

IRAS warns of new tax-related scam

New active aging hub opens in Bishan - run by St Luke’s

Factory output shrinks 6.9% in April, worse than expected

Ticket applications for 3 NDP shows to open at noon on 29 May

Influx of laid-off tech talent here supposedly helping to ease labour crunch

Food

Singapore: 3 Central Mall eateries suspended for 2 weeks - Don’t eat out! Cook your own food!

Politics

Militia leader gets 18 years in prison for US Capitol attack

Kazakhstan & Uzbekistan apparently keen to pursue projects & explore business opportunities with Singapore

Literature

^ The 100 greatest children's books of all time

Shopping

Singapore: Locally-felled trees turned into furniture - I feel sad for the forests that have been destroyed & animals that have lost their home in the name of “development”