#Types of Air Flow Meters

[buzzlift]

What are industrial air flow meters?

Learn about industrial air flow meters, their types, functions, and applications in various industries. Discover how these devices measure and regulate air flow to ensure efficiency and accuracy in industrial processes.

[nasa]

Roman's primary structure hangs from cables as it moves into the big clean room at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.

What Makes the Clean Room So Clean?

When you picture NASA’s most important creations, you probably think of a satellite, telescope, or maybe a rover. But what about the room they’re made in? Believe it or not, the room itself where these instruments are put together—a clean room—is pretty special. 

A clean room is a space that protects technology from contamination. This is especially important when sending very sensitive items into space that even small particles could interfere with.

There are two main categories of contamination that we have to keep away from our instruments. The first is particulate contamination, like dust. The second is molecular contamination, which is more like oil or grease. Both types affect a telescope’s image quality, as well as the time it takes to capture imagery. Having too many particles on our instruments is like looking through a dirty window. A clean room makes for clean science!

Two technicians clean the floor of Goddard’s big clean room.

Our Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland has the largest clean room of its kind in the world. It’s as tall as an eight-story building and as wide as two basketball courts.

Goddard’s clean room has fewer than 3,000 micron-size particles per cubic meter of air. If you lined up all those tiny particles, they’d be no longer than a sesame seed. If those particles were the size of 16-inch (0.4-meter) inflatable beach balls, we’d find only 3,000 spread throughout the whole body of Mount Everest!

A clean room technician observes a sample under a microscope.

The clean room keeps out particles larger than five microns across, just seven percent of the width of an average human hair. It does this via special filters that remove around 99.97% of particles 0.3 microns and larger from incoming air. Six fans the size of school buses spin to keep air flowing and pressurize the room. Since the pressure inside is higher, the clean air keeps unclean air out when doors open.

A technician analyzes a sample under ultraviolet light.

In addition, anyone who enters must wear a “bunny suit” to keep their body particles away from the machinery. A bunny suit covers most of the person inside. Sometimes scientists have trouble recognizing each other while in the suits, but they do get to know each other’s mannerisms very well.

This illustration depicts the anatomy of a bunny suit, which covers clean room technicians from head to toe to protect sensitive technology.

The bunny suit is only the beginning: before putting it on, team members undergo a preparation routine involving a hairnet and an air shower. Fun fact – you’re not allowed to wear products like perfume, lotion, or deodorant. Even odors can transfer easily!

Six of Goddard’s clean room technicians (left to right: Daniel DaCosta, Jill Bender, Anne Martino, Leon Bailey, Frank D’Annunzio, and Josh Thomas).

It takes a lot of specialists to run Goddard’s clean room. There are 10 people on the Contamination Control Technician Team, 30 people on the Clean Room Engineering Team to cover all Goddard missions, and another 10 people on the Facilities Team to monitor the clean room itself. They check on its temperature, humidity, and particle counts.

A technician rinses critical hardware with isopropyl alcohol and separates the particulate and isopropyl alcohol to leave the particles on a membrane for microscopic analysis.

Besides the standard mopping and vacuuming, the team uses tools such as isopropyl alcohol, acetone, wipes, swabs, white light, and ultraviolet light. Plus, they have a particle monitor that uses a laser to measure air particle count and size.

The team keeping the clean room spotless plays an integral role in the success of NASA’s missions. So, the next time you have to clean your bedroom, consider yourself lucky that the stakes aren’t so high!

Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space!

[thebunnybabyblog]

either Severus or y/n having a bad day so the other smothers then with kisses 😩

I am so so so sorry this is so late. I kind of went a tiny bit manic and my life went a lil nuts 😋✨💕 oopsie am I right fellas lol anyway if there are mistakes plz ignore I re read it like 5 times but I always forget something lol

Summery: you have very bad day and Sev saves ya from lit crying in the rain. What a good man Sev 💕

Paring: reader and Severus Snape

Word count: 2017

Type: fluff

Your keys fumbled to the ground as they slipped from your wet hands and landed on the welcome mat below. The storm that had appeared out of nowhere as you walked home from the station had really been the icing on the terrible cake that was today. Every moment of the day had something about it that added to the meltdown meter overflowing in your head.

The morning was the start of your troubles as you awoke in a wild panic. Sometime during the early morning hours you woke to still see time on the clock and you accidentally turned off the alarm in your dazed state. When you awoke to the sounds of birds chirping and the sun shining you actually felt pretty good but as your eyes looked over to the clock the blood ran from your face.

You ran through the house trying to speed run your morning routine but still managed to make it to work 30 minutes late. Huffing and puffing from the run from the station, you burst through the door crashing into a pile of boxes filled with already organized documents that needed to be sent out. You fell to the ground alongside a frenzy of flying papers. Which resulted in an unpleasant reprimand by your boss loud enough for others to hear.

By the time lunch rolled around, you realized in your panic, you had forgotten to grab your already packed lunch you had put together special the night before. With your last few dollars in your bag you made your way to the corner deli and bought yourself a sandwich.

You chose to eat back to your desk, to make up for the lost time in the morning. Never great at multitasking, you began to take your first bite but distracted by your work your sandwich missed your mouth and made its home on your white blouse below. You just looked down in disbelief. “Why, literally just why.” You thought to yourself. As if you weren’t already embarrassed enough now you had to walk around looking like you were just attacked.

Your day continued to be a shit show as everyone seemed like their lives were also turning to shit because everyone was just so on edge. There were multiple fires to put out and a stick up everyone’s ass. Especially the interns that were tasked with putting back the papers you had graciously destroyed this morning. You could feel their eyes on you most of the day as they were pretty pissed but to be honest you couldn’t blame them. You watched the time slowly tick by as if it was actually purgatory and you’d be stuck in this office for the rest of eternity.

The hum of the lights were making your head ache. The smell of spilled food on the blouse was making you nauseous. The way everyone’s noises were rubbing you the wrong way, every click of a pen, every cough in the distance, every bump to your work space. You were on the verge of a total meltdown. Your leg began to bounce and your fingers tapped hard against your desk. Sweat began to roll down your forehead as it seemed to get hotter and hotter by the second.

You quickly arose from your seat and made your way to the bathroom for a moment of peace. You peaked your head into the restroom and to your amazement you were met with an empty room. Slipping into a stall you sat down, even though you didn’t l have to go, you just needed to step away. The cool air flowed around the room and you took a deep breath to ground yourself.

You reached for your phone and stared down at the screen. Scrolling through your contacts and hovered over Severus' name. Unsure if you should text him, not wanting to bother him with your trivial little problems, you quickly click your phone shut and slip it back into your pocket, or so you thought. You stand again and you must have only half shoved it down because the next thing you know you are fishing your now soaked phone from the toilet below.

You just couldn’t believe your luck today. You were half tempted to believe that someone had put a hex out against you. You just couldn’t catch a break and when the downpour began out of nowhere on your way home you just wanted to lay down in the middle of the street and let Jesus take the wheel of someone's car and take you out of your misery.

The keys falling from your hands was really the last straw though. You were so close to finally escaping the hell that was your day and you just had to endure it that little second longer. One final kick to the ribs. The tears just started flowing and with big loud sobs you were sitting there on your steps in the pouring rain crying as if no one who passed by couldn’t see you.

You were interrupted when the front door opened and you saw Severus’ wide eyed looking down at you in utter confusion. Before he could even ask you what happened you said “I… everything has just gone wrong! I was late! Lunch!” You gesture down to the large stains on your chest as Severus quickly darts his eyes down and back up to you. “My phone?!? This fucking tsunami!! And the keys! The fucking keys!!” You cry out, head now in your hands, still sprawled out on the ground.

Without words Severus swoops you up off the steps and brings you inside and up the stairs to the bathroom. Your muffled cries vibrated into his chest. This wasn’t the first time Severus had seen you have a bit of a meltdown. He wasn’t shy of having his own meltdown here and there but yours were definitely more of emotional meltdowns.

When your relationship first got off the ground and the first time the world got a little overwhelming he wasn’t quite sure what to do but he’s a smart man. He observed your actions and what things could trigger big emotions and he tried his best to counteract those stressors but life wasn’t something you can control.

When he saw you soaking wet crying on the porch he knew it was time for operation atomic damage control. When things were at its peak and there was no simple pat on the back “everything will be ok” pep talk that would fix this. He made his way with you to the bathroom and sat you down on the counter for a moment.

He opened up the curtain and began to fill the bathtub. Not forgetting to add a few pumps of your favorite bubble bath scent. He left the room and came back with a potion of silverish blue liquid. Making his way back to you he places his large palm on one side of your face and peppered your forehead in soft kisses. “I’m sorry your day was sour, my love. I think this should help relieve some stress” He whispers softly down to you.

You still have tears falling but with the kisses you are now quiet in his hands trying to savor his warm touch. You let him place the vial to your lips not even questioning what the liquid even was. “Do you need some alone time? I want to join you but if you need space I understand.” He asks softly in between kisses. Severus is the only person who you want around during these moments of sadness.

He was the strong quiet type through and through. He made you feel safe and loved even if you hadn’t even spoken. Just his presence was enough. You shook your head yes between his palms and he smiled down to you. using his thumbs he gently wiped the remaining tears from your eyes and kissed your head once more before turning his attention back to the bath.

The air was thick with steam and the smell of the bubble bath calms you down. Severus reached down to you and helped relieve you from your soiled wet clothes. Sometimes you needed to be babied a bit and this was one of those moments. He was so gentle as he slipped you off the counter and into the warm soapy water in the awaiting claw foot tub across the room.

Letting out a deep sigh as your cold skin met with the warm water, finally able to begin washing away the worries of the day. Severus moved to retrieve a low stool to sit on and sat it beside you. “Is the water the correct temperature?” He asked down to you. “Mmm yes it’s perfect.” You replied, sinking down further into the bubbles.

He chuckled as he watched you melt away in the soapy water below. His hand slipped over yours as it rested on the side gripping the cool porcelain. His large hand enveloped yours and gently rubbed into your tired skin. The world seemed to begin to melt away and your body became fuzzy and light. “Sev what did you give me?” You asked softly with eyes still closed.

“I knew you never paid attention in class.” He chuckled deeply “it’s The Draught of Peace, you learn it in fifth year but it is a pretty difficult potion to brew.” You could only hum in response as the potion was taking full effect by now. Your once tense limbs were loose and the headache that had formed from your fits of crying had now disappeared.

The added stimulation of the steaming water and soft kisses Severus was planting down on the back of your hand were making your body tingle. It felt so good just to be able to forget about your troubles for a moment. To be completely taken care of by Severus in your moment of need.

You relaxed in the tub for a while letting the warm water turn your body into a prune. After a bit of letting you decompress Severus reached for your bottle of shampoo and gently motioned for you to raise up. The cool gel sent a shiver down your back when he began to massage it into your scalp.

He watched you push your head back into his lathered touch, eyes closed savoring the pampering he wasn’t completely accustomed to showing. He smiled down at you, savoring the view of you pushing yourself to be closer to him.

He would never say this out loud but it was almost as if he could feel the love flowing between the two of you. Right from his fingertips and into you and back around again. He crumpled at the fact that after the mess of a day you had you found solace within him.

You felt comfort and safety in his presence. No matter the horrors of the work day you knew you could come home and fall into his arms and he would help you. Of course you would do the same with him but he wasn’t too accustomed to falling into anyone’s arms willingly (lol), but, you knew if he ever needed it you’d be right there for him.

He washed and conditioned your hair and helped you wash your back when the time came. He was there ready with a soft and warm towel that he had heated up with a flick of his wand. He wrapped you up tightly and made your way into the bedroom to get your coziest pjs, which was just one of his shirts.

While you changed you heard a knock at the door and an exchange between Sev and someone else. By the time you made it down to the living room, in need of a good trash tv show to binge, you noticed piles of Chinese takeaways spread out on the coffee table. “Sev you are one beautiful man you know that right?” You said looking over to him. “Well I do try my best” he said with a laugh

You slithered your way over to him and wrapped your arms around his waist. He instantly met your forehead once more are planted kisses down on it. You smiled feeling his lips against your skin. “Thank you for the kisses.” You cooed up to him. “Always my absolute pleasure, my love.”

[meowhara]

࿐.ೃ࿔*:･ 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑨𝒃𝒚𝒔𝒔 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒆

⊹ ࣪ ﹏𓊝﹏𓂁﹏⊹ ࣪ ˖ miguel o’hara x fem siren!reader

cw : blood and gore (not much but still)

synopsys : miguel's residence was a unique one, though nobody knew the existence of a deadly being inhabiting beneath it

It was always the same question whenever anyone visited his house. They’re always wondering why it was built like that. Some parts of his house where the tiles should be, were replaced by thick glasses. Clear enough to see the deep blue water underneath. His house was practically built over a gigantic man made body of water. It wasn’t an empty body of water either, there was life thriving underneath. The variety of fishes no matter what sizes or kind live there with coral reefs and underwater plants for the aquatic creatures to live in. Making a whole complete living underwater ecosystem.

“I don’t understand.”

“Don’t understand what?” Miguel huffed, his back facing the man that considered him a friend just because they met back in college.

“You. Look at this place.”

“Was that supposed to be an insult?” He popped open a bottle of fine alcohol and poured a glass for himself, then leaned on the kitchen’s counter before taking a sip.

“No… Not really.” The man reverts his gaze to the wide window behind Miguel. The marine life beyond that window was just stunning. For somebody like Miguel, having this kind of lifestyle wouldn’t be anyone’s first guess.

Miguel rolled his eyes from his reply, walking off from the counter with his drink before walking upstairs. “Would you mind leaving? I’m busy.” He scowled.

“Why? Are you hiding something?”

Miguel’s eyes twitched, isn’t he just polite?

He set himself down on a couch in the middle of the room. The living room was a unique one. There’s a spot where the tiles are supposed to be, left absent and empty. Leaving a literal two rectangular pool connected to each other’s ends, with a wide angle where an “L” shaped marine blue sofa that stretches for at least three meters long on both of its sides. A coffee table made out of thin marble with an oval shape in the center which was also in blue, decorated with gold lining.

The pool, oddly, is a wide one. It was made so that a whole human could slip through it, rather than for decorational purposes. Nobody really pointed it out in the past though, it seems to be a normal thing for anyone to have in their home if they had the money for it. Most people would drown from how deep the pool is if they're not careful. The bottom of the pool was out of the question from how deep it was intentionally made.

The ceiling was high above with water flowing down, forming a thin wall made out of water. Flowing down onto the same pool in the middle of the room. Tall windows on one end of the house, showcasing the breathtaking beauty of Nueva York, especially at night.

His eyes focused on the ill-mannered man he barely knows. Watching each one of his moves carefully.

“Don’t you have a Girlfriend?”

“Broke up.” He answered quickly as the man stood before him after he finished strolling around uninvitedly.

“How did you get your hands on these types of creatures anyway? I’ve never even seen some of the fishes you have swimming around underneath these tiles.” He tapped his feet onto the transparent material underneath his feet. The fishes swam away from the loud thumping noises of his feet.

“I have my own way.” He spoke before taking another sip.

“Illegal?”

“No.” After a long pause, he continues, “Would you mind doing me a favor?” Miguel added.

“What favor?”

“Taking a few steps away?”

“What? Why?”

He shrugged, “Personal space.”

“Geez.” Unsuspectingly, he took a few steps back until his feet were almost touching the edge of the floating platform.

A low whistle escapes Miguel’s mouth seconds before a creature with high speed emerges from underneath the water. Slamming the unsuspecting man into the ground, knocking air out of his lungs. He felt its sharp fangs digging into his flesh with the creature’s weight pushing him forcefully onto the ground. A creature with a human-like body and a massive fin instead of legs hisses their sharp fangs at him, their hair long with water dripping down. Its eyes are as dangerous as the dark mysterious sea, ready to devour him at any second. The man’s eyes widened in sheer panic as he tried to push whatever it was away.

A smile plastered across the host’s face. Calmly sipping all the remaining wine into his system with his back relaxing against his seat. The man screamed, fighting for his life. He even begged for Miguel to save him. But he was too busy watching your beautiful form ripping flesh out of your prey’s body with your mouth. Watching his pet feasting on her favorite meal of the day. His screams died down eventually. The scene was a complete mess, chunks of meat everywhere with a mixture of blood and water splattered across the floor.

Miguel set the empty glass in his hand down before standing up and closing the distance between the both of you slowly. When you saw him approaching you and your meal, you hissed at him.

“Easy there, cupcake.” He scoffed, “I’m not going to steal him away.”

He stood there as you possessively dragged the remaining of your meal back into the pool. Drowning it with you. “That brat.” The word came out from his mouth followed by a chuckle and a shake of his head.

“Lyla, clean this shit up for me.” He commanded the programmed woman.

“You're spoiling her Miguel.” She complained, her hollow body flickering in the dim lit room.

“I'm not. My baby got what she deserves.”

This has been going on for a pretty long time. People disappeared after entering his home, especially the uninvited ones. Although, there are some exceptions. There is someone that loves crashing into his place.

“How many times did I tell you to stop coming here?” His arms crossed over his chest as he scolded the only person that would leave his abode unharmed.

“It's not my fault you made this place very interesting.”

“That was not a reason for you to keep coming here every time I went to work.”

“Aww, don't brothers share?” Gabriel teased.

“I hate you.” Miguel pinched the bridge of his nose in exasperation.

“I won't be coming here ever again.”

Miguel raised his eyebrow, unamused by his little brother's promise.

“I won't be coming here ever again, if you let me have a party here.”

“No.” He didn't even think before the answer left his mouth.

“Then I'll pester you until the end of my life.”

“Go on then. I would rather you bother me rather than inviting people here.”

“Come on, my friends would love this place.”

Miguel's eyes were not focused on him after he saw a glimpse of your eyes inside the pool from where he's standing. He saw the hunger in your eyes upon looking at his brother, a tasty meal for your kind. He knew this would happen that's why he never invited anyone over except for your feeding time every once in a while.

But there's no way he would let you feast on his own family, he shook his head with a serious look on his face. He knew that you would listen to him either way, so he sighed as he watched you disappeared before his eyes.

“If you still want to live, leave.” Miguel spoke with a firm tone in his voice.

“But—”

“I said no to your stupid party and that's final. Leave before I told Lyla to never let you in here ever again.”

“You would ban me from coming here just because of this?”

“Gabriel.” He warned, insisted on letting him stay and telling him the reason why was never the best move to pull no matter what the situation is. Miguel watches as he leaves, listening to his brother swearing under his breath before the door shut by itself. The sound of small waves of water followed by ripples of water made Miguel turn his body to look at your head peeking out of the pool with a frown evident on your face. Breaking his heart from how sad you look after not getting what you wanted, he hates disappointing you.

Your eyes were fixed on the door, hoping your walking food would come back. “I know baby, I know. I'm sorry, okay? But you can't eat him.” He lowers himself to touch your face, gently caressing your cheek. You keep your head fixed on the door without hissing at Miguel. Human language is a foreign one to your ears, you can't understand anything, just a few basic words. Miguel was fully aware of this so he repeated himself. The certain word will always taste bitter to his mouth when it comes to pleasing you. “No baby, you can't eat him.”

Your frown worsens from the word ‘no’. You're not sure what it means, all you understand is that every time the word escapes his mouth, he won't let you get what you desire. “I'll make it up to you tomorrow, I promise.”

After that, he fed you even more men to satisfy your hunger. Their bodies sunk into the abyss of water where the monster he fell in love with abode.

[howlingday]

At the request of @noneatnonedotcom,

https://youtu.be/m4Dyu81Xc5k?si=MdzFGYIxw7G5QIYY

"This would be an interesting way for Jaune to realize that the attack is coming at the Vytal festival.

The main issue is Disco Elysium is all about a thousand little things adding up right at the end.

---------------------------------------------------

Melanie: Hello, Mr. Huntsman. (Crosses legs, Leans against the railing) What brings you up here?

Jaune: (Looks to the gray sky)

Qrow: (In Jaune's mind) A warm column of air rises around you, encircling the building you stand on. You feel its twisting shape, bits of paper and birds - "on the thermal". Along with several million litres of water. All rising up to the great Valian sky.

Jaune: (Thinking) Why does it rise?.

Qrow: Because it's warm - from the gathering spring; from the oceanic current flowing into the bay; the people on the streets; the machines that hum into and above the harbor. Heavy dust particles, too.

Jaune: (Shudders)

Qrow: From the vapor, a great cumulus is formed. A cloud castle one thousand meters high. A flock of seagulls scream, hitchhiking on the thermal. They too are part of the procession, the honor watch.

Jaune: For whom?.

Qrow: For her. The guest. Waiting.

Jaune: Is she safe here?.

Qrow: As safe as you keep her.

Jaune: What is she waiting for?.

Qrow: For Gloria. Soon these clouds will fall down as rain. Spring will come. Two more months. Maybe less. It's time.

Jaune: Miss, what are you waiting for?

Melanie: You mean here - in the City of Vale? (Drags on cigarette)

Jaune: (Nods)

Melanie: I'm waiting for the miracle to happen. It'll take one to get me out of the mess I'm in.

Ren: And what would that miracle be?

Melanie: The return, of course~. (Smiles) Now, I know I'm not from "around" here - I would only be hitchhiking. The Return is a big hit in the industrial espionage circles. A lot of desperate, seedy types there. All screwed in this unipolar world.

Jaune: What is "the Return"?

Melanie: You mean you don't know, sir? I thought you were from around here. You look like "Mr. Vale".

Jaune: Humor me.

Melanie: The Return, well... It's part urban myth - part political science. It's a fool's hope, sir, and it's also all I've got. They say there's going to be an "event". That it'll happen somewhere here. (Look around, Looks up) In Vale. In the City of Vale. They say it'll happen soon - and that it'll change everything.

Ren: Huíguī. (Furrows brow, Jots notes)

Jaune: Some political event? How do you know about this?

Melanie: Like I said - there's talk. In the competitive intelligence crowd. A lot of people, like me, who need... a new color on the map. It's all green, you see. And that green doesn't like us.

Jaune: You came all this way for a rumor?

Melanie: No, I came all this way on a false passport and some lien. To hide, mostly. In the most volatile part of the San Animus Strait, where it's easiest to disappear. Where the walls are still porous and you can still slip through. This is just... something to get me through the night, you know. A little "espérance".

Port: (In Jaune's mind) Still, the story influenced her choice of where to run. It must have some hidden layers.

Jaune: How soon will this happen?

Melanie: Soon. But it's been "soon" for almost half a century now, so don't hold your breath. No need to worry, Mr. Hunter, (Looks to Ren) I'm sure the streets will not erupt in seditious violence just yet.

Ren: These streets? (Looks over railing) I'm not so sure, Miss.

Jaune: The "Return" of what, exactly?

Melanie: Of the king? Of the nation? Of commonism? Return of an investment? (Tilts) I don't know, exactly. It's meant to be vague, like promises usually are. But at the same time, I mean - things can't go on like this forever. Something will give. It always does.

Jaune: Is this why you said you would like to surrender in a "free" Vale?

Melanie: Yeah... (Looks up, Looks to Jaune) I guess it is.

Oobleck: (In Jaune's mind) So she thinks - at least partly - that this Return will feature a self-governing City of Vale. She has already placed her bets.

Jaune: Thank you. One last question. Do you REALLY think it will happen?

Melanie: I do. (Lights another cigarette)

Jaune: So do I.

Ren: I agree, Mr. Huntsman. (Looks to sea) Something is coming - trouble. It will be a hard spring. I don't know what exactly, but... (Shakes head)

Melanie: Something is happening in this city. (Nods, Puffs smoke) I can feel it. When I'm out here at night.

Qrow: Her thought trails off. The wind picks up again. Above her, a great cumulus cloud rises - ready to fall down as precipitation. April will come, then May; a month, maybe two months from now... You're shuddering. The feeling dissipates. The thought ends.

Jaune: ...Let's return to this later. (Leaves)

[bamber344]

Rosalyn: Rebirth

prev

masterlist

time to hang out with our girl!!! subject G-0!! the original!! ROSIEEEEEEEEE!!!

enjoy :3

CWs: buried alive, grief, gross men, stabbing, cosmic horror

Rosalyn: Rebirth

It was total chaos.

The whole of downtown Tombguard had transformed into one giant, city block-shaped mass of flesh, gnashing its jaws and swinging its tentacles wildly. The death toll was already in the hundreds. The support heroes were doing their best to get as many civilians out as possible, but the entire Union was only 16 members strong, and the support group made up only a quarter of that. There was just too much ground to cover. Too much monster to kill. It wasn’t just the ground; any building in the radius had been converted, too. The world had never seen an attack like this, and it likely never would again.

Rosalyn stayed determined through it all. Her expertise was area control, so that’s what she focused on, slowly but steadily burning through meter after meter of eldritch flesh, defending herself with her Rapid Oxygen Combustion technique to blast away any tentacles looking to get a cheap shot. Maddie was somewhere else in the carnage, piercing deep into the monster with her icicles, focusing on disabling the building-types. Rosalyn couldn’t wait for this all to be over; to go to her and fall into her arms, which would no doubt end with them passing out together on the sidewalk.

Because, truly, she was exhausted. Every muscle fibre in her body quaked with fatigue. Her hands stung with countless burns. Her eyes streamed tears from the smoke and the stink of burning meat. What she wouldn’t do for just one moment of respite…

Her knee buckled slightly, but she forced it under control, stopping herself from falling. In doing so, she briefly unfocused on keeping the temperature raised and the fire flowing. Apparently, that was all it took. One single second.

And it all went black

—

Rosalyn opened her eyes.

The first thing she did was blink. Nope, still pitch black.

“What the fuck?” she exclaimed, voice rough from disuse. Where was she?

She tried moving her arms, but they quickly knocked against the wooden sides and roof of wherever she was. The space was only just barely big enough to fit her. When she rapped her knuckles against the wood, the resulting sound was dull. No hollowness behind it whatsoever.

Was she in a fucking coffin? That would explain the stink of death all around her. Had she actually been buried alive?

Rosalyn sorted through her memories while trying to think of a way out of this. She remembered the fight with the monster, but… nothing about what happened after. She must’ve passed out from the exhaustion of it all. It felt like she’d been asleep for a very, very long time.

There were also memories that didn’t fit. They felt hazy, like a dream. She remembered pain. Isolation. The feeling of her bones breaking and reforming over and over, of her skin being stripped from her muscles. The crushing loneliness of a cell without a door and the knowledge that no one would ever come to save her. Until someone did.

She remembered the girl that looked just like her, save for the scar across her face. Seeing her through the mirror, and then again when she appeared in Rosalyn’s cell. She remembered being liberated from that horrible place, now bound to her identical counterpart. Seeing through her eyes.

She remembered… a whole lot of sex with Vivienne. Huh. What a weird dream.

Anyway. Getting out of this coffin now.

There probably wasn’t a lot of oxygen left, so she needed to act fast. One good ROC explosion should do it, though. Her clothes would be ruined, but that was hardly important right now.

Rosalyn closed her eyes, focusing her energy on the air around her without letting it loose, building it up inside of her.

And… Pop!

Heat washed over her as all of the oxygen inside the coffin ignited at once, blowing the top right off with a powerful shockwave. Dirt rained down on her and she scrambled out of the way, clambering up the grave wall until she felt damp grass under her fingers. She gripped it, dragging herself out of the hole she just made. Freedom. 

Rosalyn rolled onto her back, looking up at the stars, breathing in the fresh night air. It felt like a lifetime since she last felt like this. So… hopeful. 

What was going on? Who buried her? And where was Maddie?

Rosalyn spent some time just lying there, catching her breath, before finally summing up the courage to look around.

She recognised this place. It was the cemetery in the neighbourhood she grew up in. Her grandparents were buried here.  Weird.

But what was more weird was the fact that the headstone above the grave she just crawled out of was adorned with her own name, complete with the current year as her date of death, and the whole ‘beloved blah blah’ stuff. Whoever pulled this stunt put some real effort into it. It even said she ‘gave her life for the people of Tombguard.’ So, what? She was supposed to have died in the attack?

…Did she die in the attack? She certainly couldn’t remember the end of it. 

Of course she didn’t, because dead people didn’t come back to life, and that was stupid. She just needed to get home. Maddie would be able to explain everything. 

Cold air nipped at the bare skin on her arms, so she focused the heat and created a warm bubble around herself. She looked down, examining her clothing situation. What remained of her dress after the explosion was in tatters, but there was enough left to cover the important bits. It fucking stunk like death, though. And… This was the dress she only ever pulled out for formal occasions. She couldn’t imagine a reason she’d’ve been wearing it when she got nabbed.

…Either whoever kidnapped her literally pulled out every single stop to make her burial realistic, or she actually died and came back somehow. 

Woah, okay, that was way too much of a mindfuck to think about right now. Priorities; get back to her apartment and find Maddie. That was all she needed to focus on.

Oh. She didn’t have her bus card. Or her wallet. Or her phone. In fact, she had no pockets whatsoever.

This was gonna suck.

—

Rosalyn huffed, pulling herself up off the fire escape and onto the roof of the building opposite her apartment. After already walking for an hour through the city to get here, climbing a fucking building was the last thing she wanted to do. But, she didn’t really have much of a choice. She wasn’t getting into the building without her key, and she had no way of calling up to Maddie – if she was even home – so this was her next best option. It wasn’t like she hadn’t done it before. It was just a pain, because people always called the cops on her thinking her ROC explosion was gunfire.

Nothing to it but to do it, then. Rosalyn backed up to the opposite edge of the roof, took a breath, and broke into a sprint, aiming for her apartment balcony. The second she jumped, she focused her heat behind her and ignited the air. The resulting shockwave from the explosion propelled her all the way across the street, and she landed in a practiced roll on her balcony. Alright. Mission accomplished.

“Hello? Anyone home?” she called as she entered the apartment. The lights were off, and there was none of the usual ruckus that would ordinarily accompany Maddie, so she must’ve not been around. That was fine. Rosalyn could use the chance to shower the corpse stink off of her.

A vague sense of unease washed over her. Something was… different. She couldn't place exactly what it was at first. The couch was the same one they bought when they moved into the apartment. The TV was the same, too, as were the framed pictures on the walls. But the old rug they inherited from Rosalyn’s parents had been replaced. There were unfamiliar game consoles in the TV stand. There was a new bookshelf against one wall. And, most oddly, at the end of the bench there seemed to be a shrine to Rosalyn. At least, that was what it looked like; the framed picture of her surrounded by candles. 

…How much time had really passed? Her heart started to race. Come to think of it, Tombguard certainly didn't look like it was still recovering from that attack when she was walking here.

What the fuck was going on?

She needed to get to the Union asap. Whatever was happening, it was clear that Rosalyn had been missing for a while. Everyone needed to know she was okay.

She jogged over to the ensuite bathroom, stripping down on the way. On the last step before the shower, however, something in the mirror caught her eye.

Her hair was full of white streaks, running from her scalp all the way to the ends. She looked like a goddamn zebra. 

“What the fuck!” 

—

Going a little salt-and-pepper was the least of her issues right now, so Rosalyn elected to ignore it as best she could. It honestly didn’t look that bad, all things considered. It was more just the principle of the situation she was upset with. With her shower finished, hair quickly dried with some haphazard heat and then thrown up into a ponytail to hide the subsequent frizz, Rosalyn returned to the bedroom to begin rifling through the drawers, searching for an outfit that didn’t smell like dead body.

Just as she’d begun to suspect from the fact that all of her usual toiletries were gone from the shower, the only clothes she could find were Maddie’s. That wasn’t too big of an issue, as she was used to sharing clothes with her wife, but shoes might be a problem. Would Maddie have thrown out all of her stuff? She couldn’t imagine it, what with how well maintained that shrine in the living room looked.

Rosalyn threw on a band tanktop and some jeans with the cuffs rolled up and moved to check the closet.

Ah. There it all was; all of her old clothes. Tucked away where Maddie wouldn’t have to see them all the time, but where she could still hold onto them. Rosalyn didn’t know how long it had been since she disappeared, but Maddie was clearly struggling with it. Rosalyn’s heart hurt for her. They needed to reunite quickly. She needed to figure out what the fuck was going on, and fix this.

She grabbed her favourite pair of boots and laced them up, bouncing up and down a few times to test how they felt. Just as comfortable as always.

A gnawing sense of sadness ate at Rosalyn’s gut as she left the apartment – the normal way, this time. Just how much time had she lost? Months? Years? All those opportunities for happy memories, just… gone. She and Maddie had been talking about maybe trying for kids soon. Would that still be on the table? What if Maddie had moved on? It seemed unlikely, given the shrine, but she could just still be trying to honour Rosalyn while falling in love with someone else. 

Tears pricked at her eyes as she stepped onto the street. No, don’t think like that. Maddie’s wedding ring was on her bedside table, and there was no dust on it whatsoever. It was a bad sign that she wasn’t wearing it, but that could just be due to grief, like with the clothes, and either way it was clear she touched it a lot. It wasn’t like it was hidden away in a drawer somewhere. That had to mean something. Rosalyn rubbed her own wedding ring with her thumb, trying to summon some hope from it. Everything would be fine. It had to be.

—

“Move! This isn’t funny!”

“Nobody’s joking here except you. Come on, stop playing hard to get, baby.”

Rosalyn frowned. She didn’t like what she was hearing coming from that alley next to the bar. Peaking around the corner, she saw three men crowding around a woman. It didn’t take a genius to figure out what was going on.

“I’m not ‘playing’ at anything. Get out of my way! I wanna go home!”

“Well why not come home with us? After that display inside, you can’t act like you don’t want to.”

“Hey jerk-off, she said no,” Rosalyn said, coming around the corner. “Get outta here and stop embarrassing yourselves.”

The three of them turned, looking down at her. It was times like these Rosalyn wished she was taller. 5’3 was nice when she was hugging Maddie and didn’t need to do anything extra to get a faceful of boob, but it didn’t exactly have much intimidation factor.

“This isn’t any of your business, little missy. Unless you wanna join us?” the one at the front asked, prompting sleazy laughter from his friends.

Rosalyn held out a hand and ignited the air. The three grunts recoiled. “No thanks. I’m not a fan of unwashed asses.”

“Dude, don’t you recognise her?” one of the guys said. “I think she’s one of those freaky clones.”

…Huh?

“Yeah, I heard those things are unhinged,” guy #3 (as he was labelled in her head) replied. He grabbed guy #1’s shoulder. “Come on, this skank isn’t worth it.”

Guy #1 scowled, but she could see the fear in his eyes. “Fine, whatever. Let’s go.”

With that, the three of them turned and sauntered off. Good riddance. But seriously, what was all that stuff about clones? And why did they seem to think she was one? 

“Thank you,” the woman said, approaching. “I’m not sure what I would’ve done if you hadn’t shown up. And, don’t listen to them. You’re not a freak.”

“What did they mean ‘clone?’” Rosalyn asked.

The woman cocked her head. “Are you not… one of the de Vygon clones?”

What did Ashley’s family have to do with this? “Not last I checked.”

“Huh. You look just like her.”

“Like who?”

“Rosalyn Garcia-Holmes. The one the clones were created from.”

A shiver ran down her spine. “That’s… That’s my name. That’s me.” 

A strange look of pity came over the woman’s face. “Oh, sweetie. You can’t be her. She died five years ago, in that big monster attack. Whoever told you that you were her wasn’t telling the truth.”

What?

Five years? Died? That couldn’t be right.

But… she did wake up in a grave. One marked with her own name.

But that still didn’t make sense! If she died, how was she here?! And what the fuck was up with the clone thing? What the hell was going on?!

What if… What if this woman was right? What if she wasn’t actually Rosalyn? What if she was just… some sort of clone implanted with Rosalyn’s memories? Oh… Oh god.

“Woah, hey. Just take a breath,” the woman said, touching Rosalyn’s shoulder. “Are you alright?”

Not for the first time that night, tears pricked at Rosalyn’s eyes. “I… I’m sorry, I think I’m a little lost. Could you… Could you explain some stuff to me?”

The woman gave her a sad smile. “Sure. It’s the least I can do after you helped me out. You wanna grab a burger? We can talk while we eat.”

Food sounded nice. Apparently, she hadn’t eaten in five fucking years. Her stomach felt suitably empty. “S-sure… But, I don’t have any money.”

“That’s alright, I can handle it. The name’s Tammie, by the way.”

“Just… Just call me Rose, for now.”

—

“So, you actually woke up in your own grave? Damn, that must’ve been crazy,” Tammie said, taking a sip of her drink.

“This whole night’s been crazy,” Rosalyn replied. “I still can’t wrap my head around everything. I don’t… I don’t even know if I’m the real Rosalyn. What if I’m just… another one of those clones Andreas de Vygon made, implanted with the original’s memories?”

“Can’t see how it’d be possible, based on what you’ve told me. From what I’ve heard, none of the clones had any memories when they were created, and even if you were one, why would you be in Rosalyn’s grave in the first place? And where’d her body go? You being a clone just doesn’t add up.”

Rosalyn sighed. “You really think me coming back from the dead after five years is more likely?

“Girl, we live in a city where the fucking ground regularly comes to life. A little touch of resurrection doesn’t strike me as all that far-fetched.”

Rosalyn couldn’t help but laugh as she stole another chip from Tammie’s tray. “The Godling is the only thing that can do stuff like that, though. Are you saying It resurrected me?”

Tammie shrugged. “Could be.”

“Geez, I’d hope not. That would mean something was wrong with Its restraints, and that can’t be good for any of us.”

“Well, there were a bunch of sirens and shit blaring around the Heroes’ Union building a few hours ago. Maybe something did happen?”

…Oh god. Something definitely happened.

“That reminds me, I should probably get going. My wife’s been waiting five years to see me again. Don’t want to leave her hanging any longer.” Rosalyn said, standing up.

“Oh! Yeah, no worries. Thanks again for your help!”

“I should be the one thanking you. Get home safe, okay?”

Tammie smiled. “Sure. Give your wife a kiss for me, yeah?”

Rosalyn raised an eyebrow, but she couldn’t help but grin. “I’ll give her a kiss for me, thank you very much.”

Tammie laughed. “Go get ‘er, tiger!”

Rosalyn left the 24-hour diner, and began heading for the Union. It was around midnight now. Wherever Maddie was, she was probably asleep. That was fine; Rosalyn would find her regardless. And the walk gave her time to reflect on everything she’d just learned about the world she was trying to rejoin.

Five years had passed since she supposedly died. That was… so much time. So many lost memories and opportunities. Would she even still know her friends after such a long time away?

She squeezed her fists, pushing down that pervasive ache of grief for the lost time. Stuff like that didn’t matter. If she didn’t know them anymore, she would get to know them, whether they liked it or not.

But, the revelation that she died shined a new light on those weird dreams she had. All of the suffering, and her little adventure with that body double. It must’ve been real. Rosalyn didn’t know much about how souls worked, but she guessed that those dreams were what her soul experienced while her body lied dormant. That girl must’ve been one of those clones Tammie talked about. Apparently, she’d scored herself a relationship with Vivienne. Good for them. It seemed like things were getting better for all of the clones, according to Tammie. It was oddly relieving to hear, despite Rosalyn having only known of their existence for maybe an hour now.

The idea that her body was exploited like that left a slimy feeling in her chest. Someone stole a piece of her and used it to create copies, just so they’d have soldiers to do their dirty work. It was despicable. If she ever got her hands on that Andreas guy, he was gonna get it. 

It was just a good thing the clones were safe now. Rosalyn couldn’t help but feel a sense of companionship to them, even though she’d never met one, aside from in her long dream. Maybe it was just a fact of sharing an appearance. If Rosalyn pushed the reality out of her mind for a moment, she could almost imagine they were long lost sisters of hers. She was an only child, but she’d always wanted a sibling. Maybe this was just the universe granting her wish in the most convoluted, fucked up way possible? She couldn’t help but wonder how her parents had reacted to it all.

Five years ago they lost their only daughter. Then, a few months ago, they gained a bunch more. Now, their original daughter was coming back. How strange this must be for them.

And that was to say nothing of how Maddie was doing. Rosalyn remembered something from her dream; kissing Maddie through that clone’s body. She couldn’t find it in herself to hold it against Maddie. Five years was a long time, and it must’ve been doubly hard to deal with that grief when a literal copy of Rosalyn was hanging around.

It still stung a bit. But, how could it not? From Rosalyn’s perspective, she and Maddie were happily married just yesterday. And now, she was finding out the world had moved on without her. There was no rationalising that to make it hurt any less. She would just have to deal with it.

The Union HQ looked the same as it ever did when she arrived. That was a small comfort. Rosalyn pressed her hand up to the scanner and went inside.

“Mrrow!”

She looked down. There at her feet was a very familiar bald little creature, wrapped in a cute little vest to keep him warm.

“Muffin! You’re still here!”

Muffin chirped happily in response, leaping up into Rosalyn’s arms. She smiled, a comforting warmth filling her for perhaps the first time since she woke up. Despite it all, some things never changed.

“Hey, you little scrunkle.”

He attempted to knead on her breasts, purring like a bike engine. She raised an eyebrow. “Still a pervert, huh?”

Muffin meowed. She put him down. Clearly, he didn’t miss her that much, because he seemed fine with that. Instead, he followed along behind her as she continued deeper into the building, searching for any sign of life.

It was only coming up to Ashley’s office that she heard it. Voices. Familiar ones. Ashley. His mother. And… something that sounded oddly like her own voice, but not quite. Ah, Tammie had said the Union was taking care of the clones now. Perhaps she was about to meet one.

She stepped up to the doorframe. No one noticed her, so she took the opportunity to look at everyone.

Ashley and Siobhan looked mostly the same, as did Vivienne, though she appeared a bit older, and had a real shiner of a black eye going on. The age thing was probably to be expected. She’d been 19 the last time they saw each other. Now she was, what… 24? Maybe even 25? Teenage to mid-twenties was quite a gap. Also, her uncle was here, for some reason.

Then there were the clones. One with wings, holding one that looked oddly young close to her side. And, of course, the one with the scar; the one Rosalyn had been stuck to for all those months while she was dead. That one was cuddling up to Vivienne. It was so strange, observing them. Like looking in a mirror to some alternate dimension, where her life had turned out very very differently.

And finally, there was Maddie. She’d… changed. A lot. Her hair was short now, cropped into a shaggy mullet. Her nose had a bump in it, like it had been broken. She was skinnier, almost gaunt around the cheeks. Her eyes were sunken in, underlined with heavy bags. A tooth was missing from between her parted lips. But, most of all, she looked…

Sad. Gone was the sparkle of hope she used to hold, from finally building a happy life with Rosalyn after her rough childhood. In its place was pure resignation. Like she knew deep in her soul she would never truly be happy again. It broke Rosalyn’s heart to see her like that.

She had to fix it.

Rosalyn knocked on the doorframe, clearing her throat as they all turned to look at her.

“Uh, hi guys. Been a while, huh?”

—

Rosalyn sat on the floor, holding Maddie in her lap and rubbing her back. She was like a dog that was pretending not to notice it’d grown too big to be a lapdog anymore, but Rosalyn didn’t mind. She was just happy Maddie was here. The poor thing had been practically catatonic since the tears stopped. She could probably use the comfort.

“So…” she said. “Does anyone have any idea how I’m here? I, uh… I’m aware that I came back from the dead. I just don’t know how it happened.”

For some reason, everyone looked at the clone next to Vivienne. Her eyes went wide. “I don’t know! Don’t look at me!”

“Jordyn, what exactly did you wish for?” Ashley asked. Rosalyn filed her name away.

Jordyn looked down. “I… I don’t really remember. I just know I wanted to fix everything.”

“Maybe ‘everything’ included the fact that Maddie gets kinda depressed whenever we’re around?” the one with wings suggested.

“I’ve noticed most of the pain from my old injuries went away after the wish, so it definitely wasn’t just about the consequences of Andreas’ incursion,” Vivienne’s uncle said. Rosalyn couldn’t quite remember his name.

“Sorry, uh… What wish?” she asked. Jordyn seemed to wilt in response.

“To make a really long story short, Andreas de Vygon forced Jordyn to free the Godling,” Vivienne said. Rosalyn prayed she had misheard. “He thought he could get her to make his wish for him, but clearly, that didn’t work.”

Rosalyn stared at her. “You’re… you’re kidding, right?”

Maddie shook her head against Rosalyn’s shoulder. So it was true. The Godling was free.

“What… What do we do now?”

“Tonight? We recuperate,” Ashley said. “Prepare and plan as best we can. Enjoy what could very well be our last few hours on earth. Tomorrow, we’ll figure out as it comes.”

“I can… take you guys home, if you want,” Vivienne offered.

Maddie finally pulled away, shuffling out of Rosalyn’s lap. “That, um… That’d be appreciated, Viv,” she said with a rough voice.

Rosalyn couldn’t argue with that. It’d been five long years since the two of them got to spend a night together. She wasn’t going to wait even a minute longer.

—

Sebastian Beaumond stared up at the ceiling of his cell as his moronic cellmate yapped on about something unimportant. The hair at the back of his neck stood on end. Tonight was the night; he could feel it. No more blue balling bullshit. Little Andy’s plan would finally be complete, and the day Sebastian had waited his whole life for would arrive.

He felt the moment it happened. The instant the sword was pulled free, he gasped; lightning shooting through his body. So this was his master’s true power. It was delicious. 

“Hey, are you good?” His cellmate asked from the bunk below. Oh, yes. He was good. He was brilliant. 

Sebastian reached under his mattress and pulled out his toothbrush shiv. His master was approaching. It wouldn’t be long now. A sacrifice was in order.

He hopped off of his bunk and turned around. Greg stared at him, eyes wide.

“No, hold on, wait-!”

His words cut off abruptly as the sharp end of the shiv pierced the hollow of his throat. Sebastian grinned, watching him gurgle on his own blood. Greg’s hands weakly scrabbled at him, but it was useless. There was no saving him.

Sebastian shuddered, a shiver passing down his spine, as he watched the light disappear from Greg’s eyes. His soul departed from his physical form, returning to the great Nothing from whence it came. What a beautiful pleasure he’d just been granted. Sebastian envied him.

There would be no such salvation for a soulless being like himself. His body existed only as a vessel, through which his master would enact Its vengeance. As it had been since the day he was pulled out of his mother, as silent as the dead.

His master had arrived. He could feel Its presence all around him, like a comforting hug. If he turned around, he would gaze upon Its true, unadulterated form. The urge was strong, but he resisted, as doing so would destroy his mind; his neurons unable to comprehend the information they were processing. He would need his mind in the days ahead, to best serve as his master’s host.

It was a sad fact of the matter that his master’s imprisonment had left It weak and malnourished of energy, so much so that without a vessel to hold It together, what little of It remained could cease to exist entirely. It knew this, of course, which was why It reached out and gave this soulless husk life 41 years ago. To act as the perfect host, eagerly orchestrating his master’s return from behind the scenes. And, of course, a vessel without a human ego was no vessel at all.

What was the fun in destroying the world if you had no capability to enjoy yourself? No, his mind was a crucial piece of his master’s puzzle.

It is time, Child. Submit your body to me.

Sebastian grinned, his whole body shaking with excitement.

“Yes, my lord.”

Freezing cold, burning hot hands, with too many and too few fingers gripped his face, forcing his mouth open and scalding everywhere they touched. He closed his eyes, and felt his master’s presence contort itself, forcing Its way inside of him through his throat. His jaw dislocated, and his windpipe split, but it didn't matter. Minor injuries would mean nothing when his body was home to a God.

The Godling entered Sebastian’s body, filling the empty space left behind by his missing soul. They were Complete.

Taglist: @steelandblood @sapphicwhump @urnumber1star @alsolucakairomi @thataquaticwhumper

@iamheretohurt @anoyedartist @dontyoubleedoutonme @seastarblue @lettherebepain

@bacillusinfection @sorcererfen @art3m1zz

Gonna take a lil break here! been working solely on this for a couple months now, and i wanna devote some time to my other projects for a bit. Also re-editing what i'm calling the first book of this (up to the end of the union arc) for a print version for one of my mates. If there's demand for that i might print more :)

when next chapter comes, be ready for some more smut! mads and rosie have a lot of catching up to do ;)

thanks for reading! leave a comment if you enjoyed :)

[elbiotipo]

I have a worldbuilding question about maps,

when you are making an underground map (of a scale like continents worth) what are some ways to make it less homogenous (aside from aquifers and water and such, I am planning on having those, but I dont know what to add besides that)

Sorry for answering this so late, I am planning on doing a better post about this, but I hope this will be helpful!

Lately I've been also wondering about "underworlds" and such underground cavern systems, how would they work? Are underworlds like in Journey to the Centre of the Earth possible? First, I think it's a good idea to understand how they work in real life.

Big cavern systems in real life are basically created in two ways: "solutional" caves, that is, caves created by rock dissolved by water, often limestone or other carbonaceous 'soluble' rock (which, interestingly enough, often come from sediment made from the shells and calcium skeletons of ancient marine life), and "primary" caves, often called "lava tubes"; these are formed when lava flows through "harder" rock, leaving empty "tube" structures on it. Mars has many of these and they are being considered for habitation in future missions. There are other kinds of caves made by sea erosion or glaciers, but when one thinks big cave systems, these are the ones.

The shape of a cave usually depends then on the "hardness" of the rock, that is, how much of it is dissolved by water. The classic shape is a branched one, like rivers or tree branches, but depending on the type of rock, you can get some that are more like sponges or shattered in structure. However, cave systems depend very much on the rock available, big cave systems are found where big limestone and such rock are found (China and parts of the US and Europe have the biggest, while they aren't really found in South America for example).

There does seem to be, according to Wikipedia, a limit of 3000 meters of depth to caves before the pressure of the rocks above makes their formation impossible. Also, again, karst deposits are found usually in the upper layers. I do wonder, for example, in a fantasy world with different rocks and minerals, if you could have some kinds of rocks that could dissolve more in water, while still being hard enough to sustain the pressure from the rocks above.

One question I had is that if you could have "vault-like" caves, with underground lakes or oceans, like in classic fantasy. The largest such chamber found is the Miao room in the Gebihe cave system in China, which is a respectable 852m in lenght and 191 in width. And I'm very sure there are many more not found. However, these are very far from the huge underground vaults of fantasy, like the sea from Journey to the Centre of the Earth:

For the reasons stated above, I think these structures, if possible at all with the mechanics of the rocks, would be very vulnerable to erosion and collapse, not to mention earthquakes and tectonics. Realistically, you couldn't have a sea with ancient plesiosaurs and such surviving millions of years.

In fantasy, of course, you can think of believable worldbuilding around this. You could very well have gods or other beings to create these caves, and it has a very poetic ring to it, the "pillars of the world". You could have volcanic intrusions or dikes that are then dissolved by natural or magical means, resulting in these vault-like structures. So if you want to think about geography, instead of continents or big rooms, I would rather imagine archipelagos of caves, connected by tunnels, sometimes in different layers.

Another thing to consider is temperature. Caves are thought of cool places, in fact, they're just very insulated and dark, so their temperature is stable. However, the deeper you go, the more temperature increases. Temperature increases roughly 25-30°C for every kilometer, more if the area is geologically active. Deep mines, for example, need air-conditioning and even then they are hot, humid, horrible places to work. I think the habitable underground zone would be no more than one or two km deep.

Now, the most interesting part is of course, what does life look in caves. There's plenty of life adapted to caves, but what really strikes me is that the supply of nutrients and energy comes from the outside ecosystem rather than the cave itself. There's plenty of guano in bat-filled caves for example, but the bats of course hunt on the night outside. Caves aren't very productive environments on themselves, they don't have many options for producers, that is, the first link in the food chain that. Of course they're dark, and while there's some very extreme algae and bacteria that can photosynthesize and very interesting chemosynthetic ecosystems, like those found in oceanic undersea vents. Perhaps the most extreme case is that of Movile Cave in Romania. It's a fully contained ecosystem based in chemosynthetic bacteria, whose biofilm supports fungi and others, and they support a complete system of endemic invertebrates from crustaceans to mollusks. I really cannot do the uniqueness of this justice, so I'll just link to the Wikipedia article.

(it's likely that there are many caves like this not yet discovered!)

However, these ecosystems are very, very fragile, and very, very slow paced. Again, there's lot of organisms that adapt to caves, but the tendency is almost universally, besides losing pigmentation and vision, to slow down activity and metabolism as much as possible. The most emblematic example to me is the olm/ulm, a cave salamander that reaches a respectable half a meter, the apex predator so to say, can spend months or even years without moving, only for feeding and mating. Same for example with the growth and reproduction of many other animals in caves, or for that matter, fungi or microbes. Everything is done to reduce metabolism to a minimum.

For a fantasy setting, assuming creatures who live and build cultures in this underworld, this has implications. Sentient creatures need a lot of energy, a lot of calories. What do they eat, what does their lifestyle looks like? I've seen some worldbuilding (like in Age of Wonders IV) assuming fungus forests, but what makes those fungus grow into forests instead of just biofilm? Unless there's some magical means introducing light and nutrients into the environment, some kind of crystal or bioluminiscent fungus or a base producer like some really good biofilm, one has to wonder what the base of the food chain looks like.

Instead of seeing this as a limitation, I think this is a great chance for writers to do something original and explore this! Just think about how different a cave ecosystem could be. And what's more interesting to me is to imagine the flow of nutrients and energy with the outside world... bats, fishes, salamanders, cave dwelling animals, and of course, peoples...

I'm already writing way too much here, but I would like to finish with an awesome video video which expands on what I've said and also has a very interesting conclusion, that salamanders are uniquely predisposed to take the top spot in the food chain of cave ecosystems!

Also, this IS NOT a demand at all, but if anyone reading loved this post and would like to see more, you can always check out my #biotipo worldbuilding tag, and give a tip to my ko-fi! I really like doing these kind of posts even if I take a while to get to them, and I hope you find them interesting!

[blitzbahrain]

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· Protect systems from faults or overloads.

· Ensure seamless grid integration and disconnection when needed.

Unlike traditional power plants, solar and wind systems generate intermittent power, requiring switchgear that can handle dynamic loads and frequent switching.

Challenges in Renewable Energy Applications

Here are some of the unique challenges renewable energy systems face — and how they impact switchgear selection:

1. Variable Output

Solar and wind energy production fluctuates based on weather and time of day. This demands switchgear that can:

· Handle frequent load changes.

· Operate reliably under fluctuating voltages and currents.

2. Decentralized Generation

Unlike centralized grids, solar and wind systems are often spread out across multiple locations.

· Modular, compact switchgear is preferred for such installations.

· Smart monitoring becomes critical to manage performance remotely.

3. Harsh Environments

Wind turbines operate at high altitudes, and solar farms are often exposed to heat, dust, or salt.

· Switchgear needs to be rugged, weather-resistant, and have high IP ratings.

· Outdoor switchgear enclosures and temperature management are essential.

Key Features of Switchgear for Solar & Wind

When designing or upgrading renewable energy systems, look for switchgear that offers:

1. Remote Monitoring and Control

Smart switchgear integrated with IoT technology allows operators to track real-time data, detect faults early, and optimize system performance.

2. High Interruption Capacity

Wind and solar systems may experience voltage spikes. Modern switchgear provides high breaking capacities to safely interrupt fault currents.

3. Modular Design

Allows for easy upgrades and maintenance — crucial for scaling renewable installations.

4. Eco-Friendly Design

Look for SF₆-free switchgear that uses clean air or other sustainable alternatives to reduce environmental impact.

5. Hybrid Capabilities

Switchgear that can connect both AC and DC sources is increasingly valuable in mixed-source grids.

LV, MV, and HV Switchgear for Renewables

· Low Voltage (LV) Switchgear: Used in residential or small-scale solar systems. Compact, safe, and cost-effective.

· Medium Voltage (MV) Switchgear: Ideal for commercial and industrial solar/wind applications.

· High Voltage (HV) Switchgear: Essential for utility-scale wind farms or solar plants feeding into the national grid.

Each type requires specific protection, metering, and automation components tailored to its load and system requirements.

Final Thoughts

Switchgear is the backbone of any successful solar or wind energy system. As these technologies become more mainstream, the demand for resilient, intelligent, and environmentally friendly switchgear solutions will continue to rise.

Whether you’re an energy consultant, project developer, or facility manager, choosing the right switchgear today will set the stage for long-term efficiency, safety, and scalability.

[quirkwizard]

Glad to see ya back at it again with your work! I adore your stuff like lots💕! Totally random question: I have an OC that is based off a conspiracy theory called “Oxygen is a hallucinogenic.” Is there a possible way of making that into a quirk? I can totally understand if it’s too much. I’m just genuinely curious.

While I'm not sure about a full blown illusion power, as you can't exactly balance something like that around something ubiquitous as air, I think you could do a more toned down hallucinogenic power based around breathing in air.

I see it working as an Emitter type Quirk that allows the user to alter the air around them up to five meters. When this air is breathed in and processed, the user can inflict minor psychosomatic effects, effectively causing their target's body to believe something is happening to it. This can have any number of effects, such as making targets feel like they got pinched by something, having them start seeing spots, or making their ears start to ring. The user can target the five senses and may target each one once for each target. As this is coming from the air itself, it can be difficult to identify the source and cause of the issue. The user can target specific effects and areas and can be selective with the targets. Once the Quirk is undone, the targets will return to normal. This gives the user a good tool in subterfuge, able to subtlety inhibit and distract their foes. If nothing else, it can be hilarious to confuse people with it. Though the actual effects of the Quirk are weak and can't deal real harm to the body, working more to distract and hinder people. People can counter this ability by simply not breathing, leaving the area, disrupting the flow of air, or knocking the user out. A possible name for the Quirk could be "Airborne".

[japanesedoramaandanimelover91]

The making of japanese TV-Commercial "Koikeya" with japanese singer, actor and TV-Presenter Aiba Masaki. Aiba has a new commercial and he sings in this commercial. Aiba Masaki sings original song in new commercial "Singing is great after all!" Aiba Masaki of the five-member group Arashi will appear in the new "Farm Party" TV commercial for Koikeya's "KOIKEYA FARM" potato chips "KOIKEYA FARM Golden Flesh Scallop, Kombu and Tenkai Roasted Salt" and "KOIKEYA FARM Platinum Dandy King of Aonori Suji Aonori", which airing on the 9th. The new commercial, which has a theme of "happiness," is set in a beautiful natural setting at a "farm party." Under a clear, blue sky, Aiba, who plays the main character, spends a happy time with his friends and their families eating potato chips made from special potatoes. Through this story, the commercial will impressively promote the release of the two "Ultimate Potato Chips" and their high-quality deliciousness. Aiba also sings the original song that plays along with the commercial footage. After finishing the song, Aiba commented, "Singing is great after all!" His bright and lively voice, combined with the nostalgic melody, brings out the worldview of the commercial, where time flows slowly and comfortably. This time, the shooting location was at a cool altitude of 1,800 meters, and as soon as Aiba arrived on the scene, he commented, "It's dry and feels good." He seemed very satisfied with the excellent conditions. After receiving the director's explanation that "This is a scene where you eat delicious food with your friends in a happy environment, I hope you can continue the shoot with a happy feeling all day long," Aiba quickly got ready in front of the camera. At the beginning, in the scene where he waves to his close friends, he calls out with a big smile, "Oh, here he comes. Heyyy!" The director praised his performance, saying, "It was very good." "The sunlight made Aiba's face sparkle with highlights, and we were able to capture the best picture!" he said, getting off to a good start. In a scene where he is sitting at a table with his friends, Aiba says, "Let's eat this today!" and takes out two types of "ultimate potato chips." The kids immediately come over and get excited, saying, "This one's the best," and "I want to eat it quickly." The children had grown attached to Aiba, who had been chatting with them in a friendly manner even before the shoot, and filming proceeded very smoothly. In the scene where everyone was toasting and chatting, Aiba caught sight of a man who exuded a particularly serious aura among the extras playing his friends. "Dandy!" he called out mischievously, raising his glass with a smile, and the rest of the group erupted in cheerful laughter.

[yon-shi]

I finally drew my Tokyo Debunker OC!

TKDB is kinda dating game and all stuff, but we already saw some girls in Darkwick. Why don't we have any cute and hot ghoul-girls?!!

Even tho I have headcanon, that they have their own academy (for witches) and study separate, I wanted to draw someone so badly, haha. Her lore is kinda long, so it's under cut.

And since this is a gacha game, I designed arts in the form of cards.

So, R card and creature for Warding card:

SR card and ward card:

SSR cards:

Profile:

Name: Yukimura Saki - it means "purple snow" or particularly Purple Gromwell - also known as Gromwell (Towa) and Shiro (Taiga and later Romeo)

House: Mortkranken

Year: First year

Birthday: 4 June

Blood Type: 0

Star Sign: Gemini

Likes: Sweets

Special Artifact: Metal fan

"Need some help? I think I can work for free... this time"

Due to specific circumstances, Saki was transferred to Darkwick. Hardworking and calm on appearance, she normally doesn't show her true character. "Time is money" isn't just a regular aphorism for her.

Saki appeared in Darkwick after one month of school year beginning. Because of that, she didn't have a distribution ceremony and was sent to Mortkranken just because it has only two ghoulies, unlike other houses.

Her demons contract doesn't end due to its specific, but Saki can be free from the demon if she will earn in the next 5 years a VERY LARGE amount of money. So most of the time, she works with Sinostra because it has casino -> the biggest money flow.

Metal fan is her artifact because her stigma related to air - with a fan, she can make a very strong wind (without - just suffocate people in 5 meter radius, including herself; she almost never uses this ability)

Saki had done some questionable stuff in the past because she needs money, but she can't do it in Darkwick anymore.

Because of work, study, and health checks (she does it in the morning hours when she has windows in schedule when Yuri and Jiro can't have time for it), she rarely has free time, but she likes to go to Jabberwock and Rui Bar for rest. Her hobby is making sweets (because it's cheaper than just buying them) and making an unhealthy amount of gifts for people around.

Saki has connections with almost all students in Darkwick but talks the most with Sinostra students (because of work), Mortkranken ghouls, and Sho (they often exchange recipes). Likes cute and jentle people, that mean no harm, so she used to be more open with MC, that with the others.

[buzzlift]

Factors to Consider When Choosing an Air Flow Meter

Discover key factors to consider when choosing an air flow meter. Learn about accuracy, range, application type, maintenance, and more to make an informed decision for your air flow measurement needs.

[nocanonhere]

Happy Wyll's Week! Day 3/7

'Magnetize (SFW BUT it gets quite suggestive): The dance scene....Do I even need to say it? From Wyll's perspective. Wyll has moves to show Aiya, and she has some to show him too. (centered around my Tav, Aiya. Elf-Dragon Sorceress)

In nature, Wyll knows that you can always find a beat; some sort of pulse to build around. Whether it be the birds, the frogs, or the sway of the wind through the trees.

But in these Shadowcursed Lands, Wyll fails to find the flow. Everything feels collapsed and silent. There is an absence of life to thump his feat to; no croaks to create a meter. The only advantage to the silence is the loudness of his own mind.

It makes it easier for him to recall a previous line-dance pattern for him to execute. The camp is asleep; he finds himself on another watch. And somehow, despite the demise around him, the inspiration to dance has flooded his limbs.

And gods is he rusty.

He knows he’s been at this for a bit, taking breaks here and there to scan the edge lines of the camp for any unwelcome surprises. But the practice dusts his ankles off and loosens his mind. He’s finding that headspace where the steps become a non-thought. Muscle memory lifts his arms and causes him to hum.

He does hear steps, but he heard them after he heard someone’s tent open. There is no threat, except the inevitable digs at his dancing in the dark.

He completes his line, then turns around to see which of his mates is going to start ribbing him. But then he sees her, and feels a prickle of embarrassment on the back of his neck.

“Uh,” he breathes out, placing his hands on his hips to appear natural. “Good Evening.”

Aiya’s warm smile is a ray of light compared to their surroundings. “Don’t mind me. You can keep going. I just needed some air.”

She waves him off, trying to make herself small. But Wyll sees an opportunity. One to, at best, have her join him. And at the least, make her laugh.

“On the contrary. It seems the dance partner I needed for the second half has just arrived.”

Her laughter flows over the campsite. He loves to hear it, and he doesn’t hear it often.

“Is that so?” she asks, stepping toward him a bit. “I’m not sure I’m accustomed to Baldurian dance.”

He meets her halfway. “I’d be happy to show you a few steps. Maybe you can show me what type of dance you are accustomed to.”

And he had not meant that in any way even close to salacious, yet somehow his voice lowered enough that it came across that way. She lifts an eyebrow, but before he can back-peddle and correct his tone, she agrees.

“Deal.”

He smiles, arms falling to his sides before bowing at the waist and slowly reaching out a hand in her direction.

“May I?”

She steps closer, and places her palm in his. “You may.”

He lifts himself, and tightens his grip on her palm before using his free hand to settle on the middle of her back.

He checks her expression to make sure this is okay; that he’s not infringing on something here. But all he sees is her golden eyes rapt with attention.

He is surprised how quickly her feet find the pattern. Maybe he shouldn’t be, but he’s never seen her dance before. Or heard her sing. He has no clue how far music reaches into her soul.

But the quickness with which she meets him, doesn’t question his turns and dips, and effortlessly lifts back up for a spin…Wyll is sure she is imbued with the most ancient language.

He finally brings her close to him; the only thing separating their fronts from touching being their clasped palms. He’s not sure when he switched from simple, partnered line-dancing to a more intimate touch, but he delights in catching her off guard for a moment as he begins to lower his stance.

She follows him, because of course she does, because she’s perfect-a quick study. And it’s quiet for a moment before he speaks.

“You’re very good,” he compliments, raising them both back up from the ground.

She shakes her head in mirth. “Thank you. You’re a good instructor. Now, my turn?”

It’s a question he’d never say no to, he thinks. She could ask him for a dance anytime.

“Please,” he answers, letting go of her hand that he’d forgotten he was holding. He puts himself in a normal standing position, waiting for her to guide him.

“Hope you can keep up,” she teases, stepping away from him a bit. “This one is for…well. You’ll see.”

What happens next is something Wyll swears he will remember for the rest of his life, however long or short that may be.

Aiya steps close to him then, extremely close. Then closer still. Her chest is barely touching his, but it is enough to make him inhale sharply.

She is looking up at him, checking that this is okay. He nods, and she smirks before moving back a step.

And hells, she starts circling him. She is trailing a finger tip across his collar bone as she goes, and when she’s behind him, it smoothes over the base of his neck, wrapping around until she’s back in front of him.

“Give me your hands,” she commands. And he follows. She accepts her palms into his, and his lips purse for a moment when she intertwines their fingers.

The next few steps are, in fact, familiar. Maybe like the story he told her, art just finds its way everywhere; through every crevice, in every culture.

It gets very unfamiliar soon after. She slides a sandaled foot between his, prompting him to stay still. She lifts his arm over her head, twirls herself, then-

“Oh,” he pushes out unintentionally. Because her back is pressed to his front, his chin near the high slopes of her ears.

“Okay?” she asks, staring straight ahead.

“Yes,” he answers, too much breath to it.

“Good. Give me your hands.”

He hadn’t noticed that her little stunt had caused his hands to hover around her mid-air. Unsure what to do. He hasn’t…this isn’t-

She guides him, gently placing one hand on her hip by-the-fucking-hells, and the other on her waist.

Then, it seems the rest of the line is to just sway.

He feels like such a dolt right now, barely keeping himself from trembling behind his woman.

“Alright?” She checks again.

“Yes,” he answers, eyes also staring ahead over the top of her silver braid. “You? Are you…okay?”

He feels her laugh more than hears it. “Yes.”

“So,” he begins, because he can’t let it be too quiet here. He just can’t. She’ll notice the pace of his breaths, the shake in his hands, and the pounding of his heart if he doesn’t distract her right now. “This dance, who is this dance for?”

Plan failed. Because there was a crack in his voice, highly noticeable and enough to make his face even warmer than it already is.

She takes a deep breath and exhales slowly. “Take a wild guess.”

And he can’t do this. She is a woman of action, yes he has noticed. But that this is the way she chooses to let him know she is interested is unfair. It’s unfair because it will make him pass out. Unfair because he’s unsure how deep her interest runs; if it’s the same as his. If she’ll dance with him like this again.

He thinks if she turned around right now and told him ‘Wyll Ravengard, I care for you, deeply,’ with tears in her eyes, he would be less shocked than what she is choosing to do right now.

This isn’t a Baldurian dance. And this isn’t a fancy soirée. His father isn’t in the corner, trying not to smile at him spinning the other young noble ladies around. There is no quartet. No polished marble floors reflecting suits and dresses.

This is two adults, touching each other, breathing each other in. There is no music except the beat of their hearts; no crowd to awe and coo. No envious whispers.

This is a beautiful, unreal person pressed against him. Against this body, in particular. One no one has touched, because who would want to? He does not look the same; he doesn’t even feel the same in his skin. And sure, she was so kind as to call him handsome the night of the Tiefling party, but he assumed she was just trying to be nice.

She cant possibly-

“For partners,” he answers. No question in his tone, but enough breath there to betray that he’s still nervous.

“Yes,” she responds quietly. “Just like yours was.”

He swallows. “I thought you said you weren’t accustomed to Baldurian dances.”

She moves her head against his chest, like she’s settling there. “And yet, locking eyes with me while you lower me to the ground; there’s but one way to interpret that.”

He closes his eyes and sighs. Caught.

“Exactly,” she finishes, knowing his sigh was one of defeat.

She unlaces herself from him then, turning around and meeting his eyes.

He’s only read about things like this. Sure, he has pressed his lips to another’s. He has slow danced. He has done more. But he doesn’t think he’s ever had anyone look at him quite like this. Perhaps he had been too young to see it then; perhaps it hadn’t existed.

But from what he’s read, and from what he’s seen, there’s something in particular he’s supposed to do now; as she looks at him like that. And there’s not a single crack in her expression that insinuates otherwise.

Her lips look soft, and he confirms it by closing his eyes and pressing his to hers. It’s one, long press, not any deeper. And no other movement except for when they disconnect and he moves back.

The urge to move in again, to kiss her again, is right there. Just like she is. Just like her mouth is. And as he looks her in the eyes again, he knows he’s not the only one feeling this pull.

Her expression deepens then; darkens. And despite him being the novice in this whole scenario, he also knows what she’s looking at him like that for. There’s something in particular he could do now, a few things he could do, actually.

He feels like he’s pulled something taught and snapped it as he pulls away from her. He takes a step back for good measure. He does not forget his manners, and he raises her hand to his mouth. He kisses it gently, not looking her in the eye.

“Thank you,” he says, voice thick. “For dancing with me.”

He’s looking at their feet, feeling all out of sorts.

“Anytime,” she answers.

He channels enough brain power to say something poetic about resting their heads to bring the ‘morrow. She hums in agreement, and he backs away a few more steps, finally letting go of her hand.

But he dares to glance up to look at her once more. Her expression has lightened a bit, but he can still see the yearning there. He understands, because he doesn’t want to leave either.

But it was for the best. She’s given him a lot to think about. He knew he had feelings for her. He hasn’t exactly been hiding that. Others have teased him for it. But he had no clue of knowing if she reciprocated those until tonight.

If he was a different man, despite all the men he’s been thus far, he would have stayed. Danced with her more. Kissed her deeper. Let his hands roam. Abandoned his watch and followed her back to her tent. And let her show him more dances; more of her music. And he’d be a perfect student.

But he’s still a man who puts duty over self, and tradition over impulse, most of the time. Despite the ticking time bomb of both his mind and soul. It felt wrong to separate from her, but that’s because she’s the right person. And now that he knows that, he desperately wants to court her properly. As much as he can, as much as time will allow. He’s swapped and abandoned so much of his honor already. But he can honor this. He can dedicate himself to building something with her with the same passion as he dedicates to cleaning the Sword Coast, protecting Baldur’s Gate, and freeing himself of this tadpole.

Because he believes the things most worth it are worth fighting for.

[hirocimacruiser]

Tommykaira R-z brochure translation.

The wonders of Tommykaira Magic that you can experience while driving. R

Total balance with a high degree of perfection commensurate with 530ps.

The displacement has been increased to 2700cc, achieving a maximum output of 530 horsepower and a maximum torque of 54.52kgm. To achieve this, various types of tuning have been applied. For example, the crankshaft, which is the most important element for bringing out the best performance of the engine, is an original crankshaft manufactured by Fandon in the UK. Highly rigid full counter type provides excellent balance performance. Furthermore, the R-z uses an H-section connecting rod and forged aluminum piston, making it both highly rigid and lightweight. What's more, it achieves well-balanced tuning. In addition, the R-z uses metal head gaskets, high-lift camshafts, valve springs, and racing plugs to bring out the best in the pistons, connecting rods, and crankshafts that are the main moving parts. Composite Radiator Improves cooling effect by using NI water pump.

I got it.

Changes to the intake and exhaust system have resulted in a significant increase in efficiency through the use of a stainless steel exhaust system with suction from the front pipe and a racing type intercooler. By increasing the size of the fuel system parts and strengthening the drive system, you can enjoy ample torque even when driving at low rpm around town. What's more, the sense of power, extension, and revving at high rpm will captivate anyone sitting in the driver's seat.

suspension tuning is

"High ride comfort and handling"

Balance in Dimensions.” During normal driving

Passenger-friendly ride

While realizing the taste, wine day

It is sharp and has excellent turning performance when turning.

Tomita has achieved this goal and has received rave reviews from many quarters.

It's a magic called Kaira Magic.

The front brake has been strengthened to control the 530 horsepower. Uses AP 6-pot calipers, AP brake rotors, and PFC brake pads. This is a highly reliable braking system that responds precisely to the driver's wishes.

[mechanism]

engine body

・Cylinder head/port polishing

・Cylinder block/boring, internal polishing

・Original crankshaft made in UK Fandon

・Special H section connecting rod

・Special forged piston

・Titanium coated piston ring

・Metal head gasket

・High lift camshaft

・Reinforced valve spring, valve guide

・Racing plug

computer unit

・R-z dedicated computer unit

cooling system

・Large capacity water-cooled oil cooler

Water pump for high speed N1

Intake and exhaust system

・All exhaust system

・Large capacity intercooler

・Special turbine

fuel system

Large capacity air flow meter

large capacity injector

・Large capacity fuel pump

drive system

・Twin plate clutch

Reinforcement parts

・Strut tower bar (with master cylinder stopper)

・Reinforced engine mount

・Enhanced mission mount

[Suspension]

Brake system

・AP 6-pot caliper & rotor (F)

・PFC brake pad

suspension

・Bilstein original shock absorber

・Original spring (F)

Original double spring (R)

tires/wheels

・Forged magnesium cut wheel “PRO R” 9.5×19+22

・DUNLOP FORMULA FM901 275/30ZR19

Reinforcement parts

・Stainless mesh brake hose

・Front tension rod (pillow ball)

* [Exterior] and [Interior] are the same specifications as R-s.

Tommykaira R-Z SPECIFICATION

PRICE ¥10,500,000-

PERFORMANCE

Max Output 530ps/7300rpm

Max Torque 54.52kgm/6000rpm

ENGINE

RB26DETT STRAIGHT-6 DOHC Turbo with multi-cup Intercooler

Piston Displacement: 2700cc

Bore x Stroke: 87.0mm x 75.7mm

BODY

Length: 4620mm

Width: 1785mm

Height: 1335mm

Wheelbase: 2665mm

Tread: Front 1496mm

Rear 1496mm

LAYOUT

4 Wheels Drive

Transmission: 6MT

Brakes:(F) 6 Piston Opposed Type Caliper + Ventilated Disc

Brakes:(R) 2 Piston Opposed Type Caliper + Ventilated Disc

Wheels: 9.5JJX 19 (Front&Rear)

Tire: 275/30ZR19 (Front&Rear)

Suspension : Original Shock absorber + Original Coil Spring

Steering: Rack & Pinion < SUPER HICAS >

*Price is vehicle price delivered at Kyoto store, registration fees and consumption tax not included US specifications, data, etc. are subject to change without notice. *Detailed options, equipment, body color, etc. are based on genuine Nissan. Catalog photos may look different from the actual products as they are printed materials. For inquiries and requests..

TOMITA

dream factory

http://www.tommykaira.com

[mexsel]

Understanding Solar Panel Inverters: Types and Functions

The solar power industry has grown tremendously over the past few decades and is expected to continue growing at over 6% CAGR by 2032. This growth has significantly impacted the solar panel inverter market, which is projected to grow at a 7.7% CAGR over the same period. As a result, solar power stocks have seen a substantial increase. In this article, we'll explore the types and functions of solar panel inverters, a crucial component of any solar power system.

What is a Solar Panel Inverter?

Solar panels consist of silicon photovoltaic (PV) cells that convert sunlight into electrical energy. However, the electricity produced by solar panels is in the form of direct current (DC), which is not suitable for home appliances. Home appliances require alternating current (AC), where the flow of electricity reverses periodically. This is where solar panel inverters come in—they convert DC electricity into AC electricity.

To clarify, DC electricity flows in a single direction, making it efficient for transferring power over short distances without significant losses. However, for practical home use, AC electricity is necessary due to its ability to travel over longer distances with less energy loss. The solar panel inverter acts as an intermediary, converting DC from the solar panels to AC for use in the home or office. Additionally, in an on-grid solar system, the inverter connects the solar panels to the local electricity grid, allowing for net metering and storing excess energy in batteries.

Why is an Inverter Necessary in Solar Power Systems? Solar panel inverters perform several essential functions that make them crucial for any solar power setup:

Converting DC to AC: The primary function of a solar inverter is to convert the DC electricity produced by solar panels into AC electricity, making it usable for home appliances.

Monitoring Solar Panel Performance: Most solar inverters come with built-in monitoring capabilities, allowing you to track the amount of electricity being converted and identify any issues with the solar panels. This feature helps ensure optimal performance and identify potential problems early.

Connecting to the Grid: Inverters connect your solar system to the local utility grid, enabling you to sell excess electricity back to the grid for a credit or financial return. This connection also allows you to draw electricity from the grid when your solar panels aren't producing enough power, ensuring a reliable power supply.

Optimizing Solar Panel Efficiency: Some inverters, such as power optimizers, help maximize the efficiency of each solar panel. Factors like shading, orientation, and debris can cause individual panels to produce different amounts of electricity. Power optimizers adjust the output of each panel to ensure a consistent flow of electricity from the entire array.

Protecting Your Electrical System: Solar inverters also play a protective role by preventing electrical overloads and short circuits. They have built-in safety features that shut down the system in case of overvoltage or other electrical issues, protecting your home and solar investment.

Types of Solar Panel Inverters

There are three main types of solar panel inverters commonly used in residential systems:

String Inverters: This is the most traditional type of solar inverter, similar to a centralized air conditioning system. All solar panels are connected in series to a single inverter. String inverters are most effective in situations where all panels receive equal sunlight without shading. However, if one panel is shaded or malfunctioning, it can reduce the output of the entire system.

Microinverters: Microinverters are installed on each individual solar panel, allowing for more precise energy conversion and monitoring. This setup is ideal for installations where panels face different directions or are prone to shading.

Power Optimizers: Power optimizers combine the benefits of string inverters and microinverters. Each panel is equipped with an optimizer, which adjusts the output to match other panels before sending the DC electricity to a centralized inverter for conversion to AC.

Conclusion Solar panel inverters are essential for converting the DC electricity generated by solar panels into AC electricity suitable for household use. They also play a vital role in monitoring system performance, optimizing efficiency, connecting to the grid, and protecting your electrical system. Choosing the right type of inverter—string inverter, microinverter, or power optimizer—depends on your specific needs, including your budget, site conditions, and energy goals.

[uniquedosing]

Advanced Metering Pumps for Custom Dosing Applications

Improve your dosing with reliable, advanced Metering Pumps. Designed for custom applications, offering accuracy with trust.

To precision in fluid dosing, there’s no room for compromise. That’s where the Metering Pump becomes a game changer. Engineered for accuracy, consistency, and control, uniquedosingsystem pumps are indispensable in industries where exact dosing can make or break a process.

Whether you're in pharmaceuticals, water treatment, or chemical processing, finding a pump to your unique needs is essential.

Understanding the Role of Pumps

pumps are designed to deliver fluids at precise flow rates. You can fine tune these pumps to deliver an exact amount of liquid over a set period critical for applications where accuracy means everything.

Key components include a motor, pump head, diaphragm or piston, valves, and electronic controllers for smart monitoring and flow control.

Advantages of Using these Pumps

Extreme Accuracy: Ideal for delivering minute quantities of fluids with minimal variation.

Repeatable Results: Every cycle is consistent, helping reduce errors in critical applications.

Efficient Operations: Many models offer energy-efficient technologies and low maintenance needs.

Industries That Rely on these Pumps

Chemical Processing

From pH control to chemical blending,pumps help manage reactions safely and efficiently.

Pharmaceuticals

They ensure the correct dosage of ingredients during production where even the smallest error could impact drug efficacy.

Water and Wastewater Treatment

Used for dosing disinfectants, coagulants, and acid pumps help municipalities maintain safe water supplies.

Food & Beverage

In this space, hygiene and consistency are paramount. pumps assist in flavorings, colorants, and additives.

Types of these Pumps

Diaphragm Pumps

Perfect for corrosive fluids. These use a flexible diaphragm instead of pistons to avoid contamination and wear.

Piston Pumps

Ideal for high-pressure applications, but not recommended for abrasive or corrosive chemicals.

Peristaltic Pumps

Use a rotor to compress a tube and push the fluid. Great for sterile and shear-sensitive dosing.

Features to Look for in a Quality Pump

Adjustable Flow Rate

Durable, Corrosion-Resistant Materials

Simple Maintenance and Low Downtime

Digital Display or PLC Integration

How Advanced Pumps Boost Custom Applications

With advanced PLC-controlled dosing, users can automate flow regulation, detect blockages, and adjust outputs on the fly.

Customization allows users to:

Handle multiple chemicals or ingredients.

Adjust flow to match external system feedback.

Operate under varied environmental or pressure conditions.

The Future of these Pumps

The future is digital. With the emergence of IoT integration, smart metering systems can:

Be monitored remotely.

Adjust dosage based on real-time data.

Predict maintenance needs through AI.

Additionally, energy-efficient models help companies meet sustainability goals.

Choosing the Right Manufacturer

Beyond the technical details, reflect on:

Industry experience

Technical support

Warranty and service availability

Installation and Maintenance Tips

Pre-calibrate before installation.

Use pulse dampeners to prevent surging.

Clean pump heads regularly if handling sticky or crystallizing fluids.

Replace diaphragm/piston seals as per schedule.

Common Challenges and Solutions

Viscous Fluids

Choose high-torque, low-speed pumps with larger internal clearances.

Corrosive Fluids

Use Teflon-coated or stainless steel wetted parts.

Air Entrapment

Install degassing valves or use anti-cavitation controls.

Environmental Impact and Sustainability

Modern industries are not just looking for performance, they're demanding sustainability. Advanced Metering Pumps contribute significantly to eco-friendly operations.

Reduced Chemical Waste

Thanks to precise dosing, there's no overuse or spillage of chemicals, reducing harmful environmental discharge.

Energy Efficiency

New-generation pumps operate with minimal energy draw, often integrated with smart sensors to turn off when not needed.

Support for Green Certifications

Using efficient metering systems contributes to environmental certifications like LEED, ISO 14001, or GRI Standards.By investing in such pumps, companies not only enhance operational accuracy but also take a major step toward corporate environmental responsibility.

An advanced metering pump system ensures precise, reliable dosing crucial for safe water treatment, pharmaceutical quality, and operational efficiency. For businesses aiming to reduce error and boost performance, it's a smart and essential investment.

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