#Taíno civilization

[artcentron]

Taíno Civilization Is A Hidden Gem in Pre-Columbian History

Embark on a journey to unravel the secrets of the Taíno Civilization, a concealed marvel in Caribbean history, and delve into their artistry, legacy, and cultural influence.

Taíno Civilization and Cultural Artifacts: Taíno Celt, Depicting ‘Bird-Man’ Motif, AD 1300 – AD 1400 Serpentine-23.6 x 17.2 x 4.5 cm. Image: Barakat Gallery Embark on a journey to unravel the secrets of the Taíno civilization and art at Barakat Gallery. Experience the concealed marvels in Caribbean history and delve into their artistry, legacy, and cultural influence. BY ALEX TOWNASTALLI,…

[whencyclopedia]

The Iberian Conquest of the Americas

European explorers began to probe the Western Hemisphere in the early 1500s, and they found to their utter amazement not only a huge landmass but also a world filled with several diverse and populous indigenous cultures. Among their most important conquests were those of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean (1492-1502); Hernán Cortés in Aztec Mexico (1519-1521), Francisco Pizzaro and Diego de Almagro in Inca Peru (1528-1532), and Juan de Grijalva (1518) and Hernán Cortés (1519; 1524-1525) in Mayan Yucatán and Guatemala.

Indigenous Peoples of the Americas

The Aztec civilization was located in the Gulf Coast Plains of central America and the high reaches of the Sierras. Their empire was a confederation of three huge city-states established in 1427: Tenochtitlan, the capital located on an island near the western shore of Lake Texcoco in central Mexico, Texcoco in the central Mexican plateau, and Tlacopan in the Valley of Mexico on the western shore of Lake Texcoco.

The Incas were found in the Andes and coastal regions of South America. Their empire arose in the early 13th century and was the largest kingdom in pre-Columbian America, with its capital at Cuzco, in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization controlled a large portion of western South America through conquest and the collection of tributes from client states.

The Maya civilization had once ranged across southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. When the Spanish arrived, the Maya civilization was well past its golden age (250-900 CE) but still had a significant presence in the Yucatan Peninsula and the highlands of Guatemala.

The Taínos and Caribs were widely distributed across the Greater and Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. These societies did not have a centralized government but were ruled by a myriad of regional hereditary chiefs and noble classes. At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, there were five chiefdoms of the Taíno civilization in Hispaniola, each led by a principal cacique (chief) to whom tribute was paid.

The Tupi-Guarani inhabited the Amazon rainforest and most of Brazil's coast. Like the Taíno, the Tupi-Guarani had no central government but were divided into thousands of tribes, each numbering from 300 to 2,000 people. In 1500, the Tupi numbered about 1 million people, nearly equal to the population of Portugal.

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[delta62]

Story ideas

So I've been thinking about this for a long time, and for whatever reason, now seems like a good time to finally start writing a story of mine in a public setting.

Lassies, Laddies, and Lassens, I give to you the Saga of Amon Seign and the Zakrat! This story takes place both in our current day world and on the world of Zevel, a place that is quite similar to our own, yet is filled with magic and magical creatures. However, this ain't your normal high-fantasy and sci-fi setting, no no no... Instead, Amon Seign has something of a unique connection with our world, being that it possesses the ability to create gateways from its world to our world, and has been doing so for the last 5,000 years. In that time, Amon Seign has always maintained a strict policy of keeping their presence unknown to the population of Earth, blending in and infiltrating nearly every civilization on the planet to have a nearly constant stream of information on human activity in the world. Yet, Amon Seign is a country that is full of emotion and full of dreamers of a better world, as such, they are swayed heavily by the suffering of other people and the desire to preserve cultures and peoples that may be lost in our world. It is with that in mind that Amon Seign established the Enclave System, wherein people from our world on the verge of extinction, genocide, massacre, etc., would be saved from their fate to live out their lives and prosper in Zevel. It is through this system that people like Jews, Taínos, Wu Hus, Congolese, Armenians, Ezidis, and many dozens of other people have been able to escape what was a terrible fate and grew their culture completely safe from the persecutions that they subjected to. In the current day, these people, who were on the brink of destruction, now number in the hundreds of millions combined.

All of these people live under the protection of the Faisaldom of Amon Seign. Taken from the Arabic word for a "Decisive Ruler", a Faisal is what would have happened if the Enlightened Absolute Monarch idea came to people 5,000 years early. The Faisal of Amon Seign is the absolute ruler of the country with their authority being second to none. However, the Faisal is supposed to take care of their citizens in a manner that makes them connected with their people and allows for a far more just society than one might imagine. It also helps that within Seignian Law, there is no charge for rebellion, meaning that similar to the German legal system, should the Faisal oppress their people, the people have the legal right to rebel and depose the Faisal. It is fortunate, then, that throughout Seignian history, the Faisal has only been deposed a handful of times, only to be replaced by a different family member of the same family. That family is that of Blackhearts, and despite their name, they have, generally, been quite kind people and rulers, with the latest Faisal, Sebastian, being an avowed pacifist and following through on his principles and dismantling most of the Seignian Military except for some ceremonial units and a part of the Aerial Forces, which his children and grandchildren are intimately involved in developing.

Amon Seign is by and large the supreme power in the world of Zevel, having conquered the majority of the planet through both arms and diplomacy, and most places not controlled by them are instead under their suzerainty. Interestingly enough, these vassal states are made up of particular groups from Earth which Amon Seign has used as a sort of pre-conditioned soldiery for the areas that were conquered. For example, in the northern part of the continent, the Seignian forces used Gothic, Visigothic, and Nordic refugees that were already accustomed to winter war to quickly conquer the northern lands. On the home continent of Amon Seign, the Faisaldom is surrounded on on sides by large vassal states that are made up of various groups from Earth. In the north, Gothic, Visigothic, and Nordic peoples rule over the Kingdom of Reitgotland. To the east, Ezidi and Kurdish people rule the Kurdish Republic. To the southwest, Ikko Ikki adherents rule over a revived Ikko Ikki Monastic order, while to the southeast, survivors of the Miao Rebellions rule over the United Jiuli. To the upper southwest, Native American nations of both the plains and the coast rule over the United Nations Confederacy (much to the confusion of the Earth United Nations), and in the lower northwest, the Herero and Namaqua peoples rule over the United Kingdom of the Herero and Namaqua (Again, much to the confusion of the United Kingdom of Earth). Each of these nations swore fealty to Amon Seign to preserve and protect the Faisaldom and to stay in a pact of mutual defense and economic goodwill.

However, within Zevel, there are two nations that are part of what could be called the "free nations", of Zevel, which never swore that fealty. The first and original of these nations is the Republic of the Arashii-Kai, a pirate republic spanning a large island chain in the northern part of the world and several smaller island chains throughout the rest of the world. Thanks to Amon Seign's lackluster navy, the Arashii-Kai have been able to maintain their independence from Amon Seign, in spite of numerous attempts to stem it. The other nation to be considered a "free nation" is the United Workers' Communes of Southern Amon Seign. As could be guessed by their name, they are a sizable nation, comprising one-eighth of Amon Seign's original borders in the southeast of the country. What could also be guessed by their name is the fact that they are no friends of capitalists, but instead are made up of various socialist and anarchist citizens who were shunned by capitalists, fascists, and state socialists alike. The Communards were given their lands in an extraordinary peace agreement with Faisal Sebastian who stayed true to his pacifistic principles and prevented a general leftist uprising while also creating a socialist state in the middle of his country.

Amon Seign has been at peace for many years, and has not seen a major war since the great Final Conquest of the Ravensbruch Alliance in the southern part of the country nearly 300 years ago. Yet, the winds of war are howling loud for this seemingly peaceful nation. The Zakrat, who have been the constant ally of the Seignians since their inception, have sparked a civil war within their ranks, turning the once peaceful lands of Amon Seign into a battlefield for their ideologies. Worse yet is that there seems to be yet another force operating in the shadows as well, that is neither Seignian or Zakrat that seeks both of their destructions. Whatever is the case, Amon Seign, The Great City, will stand tall in the face of this danger. It will not falter in its ideals, nor will she fail her people. She will persevere through this conflict and come out stronger than ever before. For Amon Seign! For the Light! For the People!

[serataino]

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[ker4unos]

INDIGENOUS MESOAMERICA & CARRIBEAN RESOURCES

The Anthropological Masterlist is HERE.

The Caribbean is an American region that consists of the islands within the Caribbean Sea. It is sometimes grouped with Central America in terms of cultural and political similarities.

ARAWAK ─ “The Arawak people are an Indigenous Caribbean and South American people. They are native to the Caribbean.” ─ Arawak Cannibalism

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ─ “The Dominican people are a Central American people that share the Dominican culture. They are native to the Dominican Republic.” ─ Dominican Information ─ Dominican Culture ─ Dominican Culture and History

SANTERÍA ─ “Santería is an African diasporic religion. It originates in Cuba during the late 19th century C.E.” ─ Santería Information ─ Santería Information ─ Santería Music

TAÍNO ─ “The Taíno people are an Indigenous Caribbean people. They are native to multiple Caribbean islands, such as Cuba and the Dominican Republic.” ─ Taíno Culture (in Spanish) ─ Taíno Symbols ─ Survival of the Taíno People

VODOU ─ “Haitian Vodou is an African diasporic religion. It originates from Haiti in the 16th century C.E.” ─ Lwa in Vodou

Mesoamerica is a historical American region that consists of Mexico and most of Central America.

AZTEC ─ “The Aztec civilization was a Mesoamerican culture that lived from the 13th century C.E. to 1521 C.E. They lived in central Mexico.” ─ Aztec Information ─ Aztec Culture and History ─ Rig Veda Americanus

BRIBRI ─ “The Bribri people are an Indigenous Mesoamerican people. They are native to eastern Costa Rica and northern Panama.” ─ Bribri Information ─ Bribri Culture ─ Bribri Language (in Spanish)

MAYA ─ “The Maya people are an Indigenous Mesoamerican people. They are native to many countries in Mesoamerica.” ─ Modern Maya Culture ─ Maya Pantheon ─ Maya History

MEXICO ─ “The Mexican people are a Mesoamerican people that share the Mexican culture. They are native to Mexico.” ─ Mexican Culture and History ─ Mexican History ─ Mexican Spanish

MIXTEC ─ “The Mixtec, or Mixteco, people are an Indigenous Mesoamerican people. They are native to La Montaña region and Costa Chica region of Mexico.” ─ Mixtec Information (in Spanish) ─ Mixtec Languages

NGÄBE ─ “The Ngäbe people are an Indigenous Mesoamerican people. They are native to Costa Rica and western Panama.” ─ Ngäbe Information ─ Ngäbe Current Issues

TOTONAC ─ “The Totonac are an Indigenous Mesoamerican people. They are native to central Mexico.” ─ Totonac Information ─ Totonac Culture

[tlatollotl]

For his next feat, Laurent Binet should write a children’s book in Python code, or recreate the Bible as a cellphone contract, or translate Socratic dialogues into two dogs sniffing each other at the off-leash park. His debut, “HHhH,” was a meta-historiographical telling of the 1942 assassination of the alpha Nazi Reinhard Heydrich; its successor, “The Seventh Function of Language,” was a detective story about the sudden death of Roland Barthes that treated 1970s French literary theorists like louche rock gods and badass gangsters. His latest, which attests to his status as one of the most intellectually game writers of our time, is a totalized counterfiction of post-1492 world history.

“Civilizations” opens as a heroic Norse legend about the exploits of Freydis Eriksdottir. In Binet’s telling, she leaves behind her father, Erik the Red, to lead a 10th-century crew of loyal Greenlanders to Lambayeque, in northern Peru, where they settle peaceably with the locals. Moving ahead 500 years, Binet works up entries from Christopher Columbus’s God-besotted and misery-filled diary after he and his men cross the Atlantic and begin exploring the Caribbean, only to be fatally outmaneuvered by Taíno royals and warriors.

Then come the life and exploits of the early-16th-century Incan emperor Atahualpa. According to the established historical account, he was executed in Cajamarca, present-day Peru, by the Spanish not long after defeating his own brother, Huáscar, in a continent-spanning civil war. In Binet’s version, young Atahualpa faces only his brother in this conflict and manages to escape Huáscar’s forces by boat. His companions: a pet puma, a small group of fellow Quitonians and the multilingual Cuban princess Higuénamota, his most beloved and politically astute wife. Inspired by distant memories of the otherwise forgotten Columbus, they sail east, eventually arriving in a strange new place: “All of them — men, women, horses, llamas — had survived the great sea. They had reached the land of the rising Sun,” otherwise known as Portugal.

Counterhistorical fiction can provide dopamine-like delights when a writer successfully reverse-engineers the established hierarchies and terms of conventional history, geography and intercultural encounter. The highborn newcomers from the west, a land known as the Four Quarters, first meet in the east lowly “men in brown and white robes, the tops of their heads shaved,” who “knelt on the floor with their hands joined and their eyes closed, muttering inaudible sounds.” A very different kind of believer himself, Atahualpa calls for a ritual burning of meat to honor his sun god. The dirty, sickly, starving locals, who, like the monks, worship a “nailed god,” are drawn by the smell, and to the pitying disgust of the Quitonians, devour the sacred offerings and anything else they can find. Sensing weakness and opportunity all around him, Atahualpa begins making moves.

The Incan’s success owes a great deal to Europe’s fundamental divisiveness, Atahualpa’s own temperamental pragmatism and a reconciliation with his brother, who agrees to support Atahualpa’s campaign to rule the new “Fifth Quarter” to their mutual wealth and protection. After a quick and merciless massacre in Toledo, with tolerance shown for minorities otherwise facing the terms of Inquisition-era Catholicism, Atahualpa takes over Portugal, moves on to Spain and then begins dealing as an equal or better with Italy, France, England and Germany, all variously caught up in the fractures of the Reformation and anxieties about encroaching Islam.

Deploying the dutifully admiring voice and stilted, decorous style of an unnamed historical chronicler, Binet recounts court intrigues, diplomatic negotiations, religio-political conflicts, military expeditions, major battles, alliances made and broken through money and marriage and regencies, and also the expenses and problems of governing ever more land and people. All the while, Atahualpa’s looking out for better deals, possible betrayals and new challengers. Countless ordinary people die along the way.

If Binet played around with literary forms, genres and voices in his earlier fiction, here he and his translator, Sam Taylor, adopt them more straightforwardly, to balance out his imaginative incursion against history itself, even if this means the book can often be boring. This is a defiant, purposeful, unapologetic kind of boring. The very nature of a comprehensive chronicle of large-scale geographic, political, financial, religious and lineal conniving and convolution is necessarily complicated and dry, whether as history or counterhistory.

Fortunately, Binet’s historical feints afford imaginative frissons and relief from paragraph after paragraph of dutiful play-by-play about an empire in the making. Thomas More and Erasmus of Rotterdam exchange spirited letters about the possible harmony between Atahualpa’s sun deity religion and Christianity, while fretting about Henry VIII’s temptation to leave the church for a faith that doesn’t worry much about divorce and remarriage. Needing money from the German über-banker Jakob Fugger, Atahualpa agrees to get rid of Martin Luther for him, which in turn leads to theatrical public disputations and to someone nailing the “Ninety-Five Theses of the Sun” to the wooden doors of a German Incan temple. Machiavelli’s writings prove crucial to Atahualpa’s strategies and success; Copernicus’s heliocentric treatise is very well received by a sun-worshiping royal patron; Titian makes a series of paintings of the emperor at important moments; Michelangelo carves a statue of Atahualpa’s beloved Higuénamota “that can be found today in the great temple in Seville.”

Eventually, Binet torques his own fabulist arrangement: Mexican colonizers arrive in northern Europe. They are already overwhelming Huáscar back in the Four Quarters and are keen to take over the Fifth, too. A whole new set of geopolitical reimaginings and gyrations begins, which, amid much else, eventually sends a downtrodden Cervantes to this novel’s Old World to become an indentured writer. Binet ends by slyly inviting us to imagine Don Quixote, tilting at Aztec pyramids. Bravo and all, but after 300 pages, the counterhistorical starts to lose its charge, more predictable than provocative.

Binet proves, however, more than only a Borgesian magician. As much is evident, for instance, in the letters Atahualpa exchanges with Higuénamota while the Mexicans are advancing across France and the emperor is losing battles and allies fast. They write with the high tone and reserved style befitting both their stations and Binet’s unstinting devotion to form and genre, but greater feeling nevertheless emerges. It’s the feeling two people have when they have gone through much together, only to discover that they are suddenly, decisively living through history — on the losing side.

[kemetic-dreams]

                        First Africans in Puerto Rico

Slave transport in Africa, depicted in a 19th-century engraving

When Ponce de León and the Spaniards arrived on the island of Borikén (Puerto Rico), they were greeted by the Cacique Agüeybaná, the supreme leader of the peaceful Taíno tribes on the island. Agüeybaná helped to maintain the peace between the Taíno and the Spaniards. According to historian Ricardo Alegria, in 1509 Juan Garrido was the first free African man to set foot on the island; he was a conquistador who was part of Juan Ponce de León's entourage. Garrido was born on the West African coast, the son of an African king. In 1508, he joined Juan Ponce de León to explore Puerto Rico and prospect for gold. In 1511, he fought under Ponce de León to repress the Carib and the Taíno, who had joined forces in Puerto Rico in a great revolt against the Spaniards.Garrido next joined Hernán Cortés in the Spanish conquest of Mexico. Another free black man who accompanied de León was Pedro Mejías. Mejías married a Taíno woman chief (a cacica), by the name of Yuisa. Yuisa was baptized as Catholic so that she could marry Mejías. She was given the Christian name of Luisa (the town Loíza, Puerto Rico was named for her.)

The peace between the Spanish and the Taíno was short-lived. The Spanish took advantage of the Taínos' good faith and enslaved them, forcing them to work in the gold mines and in the construction of forts. Many Taíno died, particularly due to epidemics of smallpox, to which they had no immunity. Other Taínos committed suicide or left the island after the failed Taíno revolt of 1511.

Friar Bartolomé de las Casas, who had accompanied Ponce de León, was outraged at the Spanish treatment of the Taíno. In 1512 he protested at the council of Burgos at the Spanish Court. He fought for the freedom of the natives and was able to secure their rights. The Spanish colonists, fearing the loss of their labor force, also protested before the courts. They complained that they needed manpower to work in the mines, build forts, and supply labor for the thriving sugar cane plantations. As an alternative, Las Casas suggested the importation and use of African slaves. In 1517, the Spanish Crown permitted its subjects to import twelve slaves each, thereby beginning the slave trade in their colonies.

According to historian Luis M. Diaz, the largest contingent of African slaves came from the areas of the present-day Gold Coast, Nigeria, and Dahomey, and the region known as the area of Guineas, together known as the Slave Coast. The vast majority were Yorubas and Igbos, ethnic groups from Nigeria, and Bantus from the Guineas. The number of slaves in Puerto Rico rose from 1,500 in 1530 to 15,000 by 1555. The slaves were stamped with a hot iron on the forehead, a branding which meant that they were brought to the country legally and prevented their kidnapping.

African slaves were sent to work in the gold mines to replace the Taíno, or to work in the fields in the island's ginger and sugar industries. They were allowed to live with their families in a bohio (hut) on the master's land, and were given a patch of land where they could plant and grow vegetables and fruits. Africans had little or no opportunity for advancement and faced discrimination from the Spaniards. Slaves were educated by their masters and soon learned to speak the master's language, educating their own children in the new language. They enriched the "Puerto Rican Spanish" language by adding words of their own. The Spaniards considered the Africans superior to the Taíno, since the latter were unwilling to assimilate. The slaves, in contrast, had little choice but to adapt to their lives. Many converted (at least nominally) to Christianity; they were baptized by the Catholic Church and were given the surnames of their masters. Many slaves were subject to harsh treatment; and women were subject to sexual abuse because of the power relationships. The majority of the Conquistadors and farmers who settled the island had arrived without women; many of them intermarried with the Africans or Taínos. Their mixed-race descendants formed the first generations of the early Puerto Rican population.

In 1527, the first major slave rebellion occurred in Puerto Rico, as dozen of slaves fought against the colonists in a brief revolt.The few slaves who escaped retreated to the mountains, where they resided as maroons with surviving Taínos. During the following centuries, by 1873 slaves had carried out more than twenty revolts. Some were of great political importance, such as the Ponce and Vega Baja conspiracies.

By 1570, the colonists found that the gold mines were depleted. After gold mining ended on the island, the Spanish Crown bypassed Puerto Rico by moving the western shipping routes to the north. The island became primarily a garrison for those ships that would pass on their way to or from richer colonies. The cultivation of crops such as tobacco, cotton, cocoa, and ginger became the cornerstone of the economy. With the scale of Puerto Rico's economy reduced, colonial families tended to farm these crops themselves, and the demand for slaves was reduced. 

With rising demand for sugar on the international market, major planters increased their cultivation and processing of sugar cane, which was labor-intensive. Sugar plantations supplanted mining as Puerto Rico's main industry and kept demand high for African slavery. Spain promoted sugar cane development by granting loans and tax exemptions to the owners of the plantations. They were also given permits to participate in the African slave trade.[10]

To attract more workers, in 1664 Spain offered freedom and land to African-descended people from non-Spanish colonies, such as Jamaica and Saint-Domingue (later Haiti). Most of the free people of color who were able to immigrate were of mixed-race, with African and European ancestry (typically either British or French paternal ancestry, depending on the colony.) The immigrants provided a population base to support the Puerto Rican garrison and its forts. Freedmen who settled the western and southern parts of the island soon adopted the ways and customs of the Spaniards. Some joined the local militia, which fought against the British in the many British attempts to invade the island. The escaped slaves and the freedmen who emigrated from the West Indies used their former master's surnames, which were typically either English or French. In the 21st century, some ethnic African Puerto Ricans still carry non-Spanish surnames, proof of their descent from these immigrants.

After 1784, Spain suspended the use of hot branding the slave's forehead for identification. In addition, it provided ways by which slaves could obtain freedom: A slave could be freed by his master in a church or outside it, before a judge, by testament or letter. A slave could be freed against his master's will by denouncing a forced rape, by denouncing a counterfeiter, by discovering disloyalty against the king, and by denouncing murder against his master. Any slave who received part of his master's estate in his master's will was automatically freed (these bequests were sometimes made to the master's mixed-race slave children, as well as to other slaves for service.) If a slave was made a guardian to his master's children, he was freed. If slave parents in Hispanic America had ten children, the whole family was freed.

                          Royal Decree of Graces of 1789

The Royal Decree of Graces of 1789 which set the rules pertaining to the Slaves in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean

In 1789, the Spanish Crown issued the "Royal Decree of Graces of 1789", which set new rules related to the slave trade and added restrictions to the granting of freedman status. The decree granted its subjects the right to purchase slaves and to participate in the flourishing slave trade in the Caribbean. Later that year a new slave code, also known as El Código Negro (The Black Code), was introduced.

Under "El Código Negro," a slave could buy his freedom, in the event that his master was willing to sell, by paying the price sought. Slaves were allowed to earn money during their spare time by working as shoemakers, cleaning clothes, or selling the produce they grew on their own plots of land. Slaves were able to pay for their freedom by installments. They pay in installments for the freedom of their newborn child, not yet baptized, at a cost of half the going price for a baptized child. Many of these freedmen started settlements in the areas which became known as Cangrejos (Santurce), Carolina, Canóvanas, Loíza, and Luquillo. Some became slave owners themselves.

The native-born Puerto Ricans (criollos) who wanted to serve in the regular Spanish army petitioned the Spanish Crown for that right. In 1741, the Spanish government established the Regimiento Fijo de Puerto Rico. Many of the former slaves, now freedmen, joined either the Fijo or the local civil militia. Puerto Ricans of African ancestry played an instrumental role in the defeat of Sir Ralph Abercromby in the British invasion of Puerto Rico in 1797.

Despite these paths to freedom, from 1790 onwards, the number of slaves more than doubled in Puerto Rico as a result of the dramatic expansion of the sugar industry in the island. Every aspect of sugar cultivation, harvesting and processing was arduous and harsh. Many slaves died on the sugar plantations

[boingoburger]

Latino AOT Headcannon

Hey y’all so I don’t see a lot of latino ocs in the AOT community due to the lack of POC in aot in general lol. I know it takes place in a more Eurocentric environment so I decided to make a headcannon to help y’all with latino ocs! 

If you want to use this headcannon for your ocs like me with my self insert you totally can!!! Just please refer to this post whenever asked haha.

Sadly yes Colonization is the only way I can explain how we got over but dw I made y’all escape the white colonists :) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Latinos or any form of native from the Americas were barely known of due to being a failed colonization/slave trade process. 

There is little to no info or records on them due to their books being burned. The only info on them are physical descriptions and traits they had written down in a sailors diary. 

While on the way back to Europe the natives were forced to learn Spanish or not speak at all. Their language was too complicated for the colonizers to understand. If you didn’t comply you were thrown overboard. They had to understand Spanish so they could be ordered around. The intention on bringing them back was for slavery. 

(historically this did happen with the Taínos and other Natives from Northern America so don’t try and fact check me I know my ethnicity’s history lol) 

These Latinos had escaped their colonizers before the walls were built and had their own secluded civilization before the Titans became an issue. Their villages can be found far outside of Wall Maria. They live in open groves within forests. These groves can be empty spaces of land surrounded by tall trees protecting them from any outside danger. Titans never disturbed them due to the deep wooden thicken encased around them. 

The only people who knew or saw they existed were travelers or lost soldiers. There have been myths of the natives outside the walls but people often confused them for some primitive Eldian except with darker skin. 

Their dialect was a mix of  Inca, Mayan Aztec and Spanish. Since some of the colonizers had impregnated a few of the natives there had been mixed babies who had been born in the village with lighter skin. These children were considered Mexican rooting from the word mezclar meaning mixed. 

(If you want just replace Mexican with whatever ethnicity you are from latin america to fit your own personal preferences)

A few soldiers/travelers who weren’t threatened either stayed behind or came back often to give them items in return for medicine. Some of these men/women stayed behind if they ended up falling in love. The children birthed by these couples were given the choice to explore outside/go inside the walls or stay in the village. A few joined the corps after hearing stories about titans. Natives rarely found titans but sometimes found the half eaten skeletons of dead soldiers. If any ventured outside the forest and encountered a titan, they would come in groups and had one trick up their sleeve to help them kill them off.

A few villages had found old priest skeletons who had titan serum on them and books/notes on how to extract it. The latinos could translate it due to having spanish in their dialect. This helped them translate the notes because of the latin roots certain words shared with spanish. These villages found out how to extract this formula and distributed it among the newborns of their population. The formula was very diluted in fear of accidentally having them shift from the oral consumption. 

These gave the children/ future population more animalistic and superhuman traits if in the zone. While hunting or in danger their senses/strength would be heightened resulting in successful catch. The only physical changes that happened were that their veins were more prominent and tiny grooves formed on their cheeks under their eyes.

Natives in the Walls were usually never seen or rarely known of. If seen locals would have just confused them with farmers who happened to work in the sun often making their skin more bronze than others.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Ok y’all I do actually have a screencap from aot that I took a while ago that proves people COULD had traveled to the americas

Yes I do know that cactus also grow in Sri Lanka and parts of Africa but that just opens up more possibilities of POC ocs in Attack on Titan!! If you’re just going to say racist shit about this please leave we don’t want you here lol Enjoy!!!

[firecat17]

Bro Columbus literally murdered raped and pillaged entire civilizations. The taíno people he enslaved to work on sugar plantations and worked to death to the point of killing upwards of 52 million ppl, which was ~90% of their population. He encouraged the conquistadors to cut out dead indigenous women's genitalia to wear as a necklace as some kind of "trophy." Google is free, go do your goddamn research and stop defending that piece of shit

I wasn’t defending him, in fact, I do the exact opposite. Please don’t use such language. 

[elbiotipo]

América Invicta

The Capaq Inka still rules the Four Regions. The great temples still cast their shadow over Lake Texoco. About three centuries ago, conquerors from overseas tried, and failed, to impose their rule over these lands.

It is the year 1800 -or so- on the Christian calendar. Much has happened since then.

Tawantinsuyu, the great empire of the Andes, lays claim to the whole of Septentrional America. Its wealth and power unmatched, millions of people of all creeds and nations live on its golden cities. The great city of Qusqu, the Navel Of The World, is the center of culture and trade for the entire continent, its surrounding terraces grow food from all over the empire. Warriors clad in golden armor bearing muskets ride Megatheriums to the farthest reaches of the empire to enforce the will of the Capaq Inka.

Yet the many peoples of the Americas do not bow easily. For the trading cities of the living jungle of the Paranaguazú, the Muisca kingdoms from the highlands of the north, the Carib towns on the warm shores of the Atlantic Ocean, the thousand tribes of the dry forests of Chaqu, the horse riders of windy Patagonia, the Gauchos of the Pampas, the rebellious former colonies of Buen Ayre, Nueva Granada and Recife, the monasteries of the Jesuits, the free Quilombos of former slaves, the mysterious kingdoms of Xingú and the defiant Tamoio Confederation, the rule of the Inka is more of a formality than anything concrete. Roads and tambos made by the great Inkanate connect millions and are full of merchants, explorers, soldiers, wizards, priests and adventurers at the service of many powers (or none), trying to make their fortune in this land.

They are not the only ones on this continent. Up North, the Obsidian Alliance, the successors of the fallen Triple Alliance of the Mexica, try to keep together the disparate city-states of Mesoamerica. The Mayan principalities expand into the volcanic rainforests of the south. The paradisiacal Caribbean Sea is a place of intrigue for Taíno war canoes, European galleons, and African caravels who compete for the rich trade routes. ‘Pirates’ free slaves and raid plantations on the coasts, and their sons and daughters make new lives in freedom. Refugees from the European Wars of Religion inmigrate to the New World to find a place to begin anew. Gauchos and Llaneros herd the giant herds of cattle in the plains, and face off against bizarre spirits and creatures. Grand Treasure Ships from the East (or is it West?) come to the seaports to trade with the rich empires. Jesuit priests roam the imperial roads, preaching the word of Christ and teaching the sciences. Muslim traders call to prayer from miranets rising above the tropical shores. Up the Missisippi grow the cities of the Mound Builders and beyond the heartland of the Obsidian Alliance the dry deserts bloom with powerful civilizations. Uncanny wandering sorcerers travel through the land, full of wisdom and powers so strong that many serve the empires of the continent; others are comfortable tending to the needs of the common people or enhancing their knowledge.

And much remains unknown. Herds of giant animals, supposedly long-extinct, roam the plains of the continent and sleep under its hidden swamps; armored mammals, giant reptiles, elephants completely unlike those in Africa or Asia, majestic feathered serpents… The forests are alive with a thousand spirits, who resist the attempts of greedy men to tame them. The winds seem to talk with their own voice, and old men and women claim to speak for the land itself. Giant sea ‘monsters’ roam the cold seas of the South. Christians testify of great miracles, and many saints, recognized or not, are venerated all over the land. Many tribes, maybe even entire civilizations, are still unknown, hidden by mountains, jungle, or uncanny fog. Explorers hear legends about animal-people and powerful sorcerers, and there is reason to believe them. Sunk treasure galleons are sought by pirates and adventurers. Mysterious books and relics are lost in libraries and palaces.

And in the great cities of the continent, from Qusqu to Tenochtitlán, Maracaibo to Palmares, Quito to Rio de Janeiro, Recife to Buen Ayre, smoky chimneys and glass buildings rise over the old temples and cabildos, powered by strange machines operating by a stranger combination of magic and science, heralding the start of a new era.

It is, indeed, a New World.

...

The mighty Paraná River slowly made way besides the little port town of Corrientes. Winter was ending; the muddy, narriw streets were decorated by a thousand flowers falling from the lapacho trees, every little breeze tinted by pink, yellow and white.

The first sunday of spring slowly winded down.

In the cabildo, the governor of the Argentine Confederation and the curaca of the Four Regions loudly debated about tribute and power and who had most of it, like they always did. The bells of the churches announced the evening service. Fishermen brought the fruits of a long afternoon in the waters shadowed by the riparian forests. The patrol cutters of the Confederation sailed into the port. The stalls on the central plaza were closing down, farmhands heading with their cattle back home to the fields.

In a tiny pulpería above the river cliffs -not very tall, but still giving a nice view of the sleeping sun above the forests on the other side of the river- the Witch and the Gaucho fought back the early heat of spring with a cold beer.

"...So, " the Witch continued explaining, excitedly, "the book says there's this point, somewhere. The beginning of it all. Or maybe the end. Most probably both, or perhaps all what it's in between."

"Uh huh. I see." Answered the Gaucho. Despite his tone of voice, he was geniunely interested. If a little confused.

"And we could see through it. It, somehow, reflects all the universe. Maybe more." Just to even think about other universes, dreamed the Witch! "But it's very confusing to look at it. It's too much for us to percieve. Because I mean, surely you can hear and smell and feel too. But you can't process it. It's like, like..."

"Like looking through a glass marble near your eye, with all those strange scratches and... things. Only it's the entire universe." Affirmed the Gaucho, drinking another sip from the beer.

He wasn't sure if the alcohol made him a better philosopher or it just made him remember his childhood days playing with marbles.

"YES! That's right! You get me! I KNEW buying you a beer was worth it."

"It was worth for me, at least..." He smiled. She smiled back.

"Now, when you see through a marble," she continued "you see all that weird stuff because your eyes only can see through a single... size so to speak."

A horn blared.

Parrots flew away from the palm trees. The very wind seemed to stop still.

The Witch, though, continued.

"...but imagine if we could see with different eyes. If we could..."

"Che... What the hell is that noise?"

They looked at the great Paraná, which was suddenly covered by foamy waves.

It was a boat.

It wasn't, though, one of the Guaraní fishing canoes that always sailed up and down the Paraná. Neither it was one of the proud sailboats of the Confederation, or the golden arks of the Capaq Inka.

It was a huge metal monolith, like some kind of iron bathtub uncannily floating in the water. Two chimneys vomited black smoke into the golden skies, and chains of... magical? light illuminated the ship. Shipmen dressed in white marched through the deck as the vessel made way through the river, with no sails, with no oars, with no magic, apparently propelled by hubris itself.

And while neither the Witch or the Gaucho were very familiar with ships, they could certainly see that those big metal boxes with cannons pointing from them were inmensely powerful weapons.

In the back, in golden, exquisitely craved letters, the name of the vessel read:

'HMS Dreadnought'

[eliyaysahlly]

Entrada #1: Comparación de la Jerarquía de Raza y La Cultura en los E.E. U.U. y Latinoamérica

Eli-

Yo quería escoger la tema del poder y la jerarquía de Sudamérica por muchos razones. Primero, en el noveno grado, aprendí sobre las personas Aztecas y Incas. Era muy obvio que hubo un gran división entre las personas indígenas y los conquistadores hispánicos. A pesar de que los grupos indígenos hizan avances tecnológicos, los conquistadores a los grupos le trataron como animales. Además, yo he viajado a Perú y ví como es la sociedad hoy. Mientras muchas personas con antepasados nativos viven y trabajan con las personas de patrimonio europeo en Sudamérica, muchas personas no tienen todos los derechos y oportunidades de todas las otras. La razón que yo quiero aprender más en el sujeto es que quiero comparar el colonización, los cambios sociales, y como vida es hoy por minoridades y las personas nativas específicamente. Pienso que el estudio de esas tópicas puede crear conciencia sobre las problemas que existe ahora en Sudamerica y tambien en Los E.E. U.U.

Hay muchos conneciones relacionado con raza y cultura entre los E.E. U.U. y Latinoamérica. Uno es la idea de bella en las dos culturas. Estoy interesado a aprender sobre la idea de la bella en Latinoamérica porque en los E.E. U.U. eso concepto ha cambiado mucho. En algos tiempos, una tez rubia estaba ‘favorable’ entre la mayoridad de la gente, pero a veces una tez más negro o moreno estaba más ‘popular’ y ha resultado en la popularidad de bronceado y otros metodos para parecer como esto. Hoy, la bella es representado por muchos razas y culturas, y no es solo negra o blanca. Un otro problema similar es el efecto de raza en las oportunidades economicas. En los E.E. U.U. es consabido que en los años después de la escavitud y el movimiento de derechos civiles, no ha existado las oportunidades economicas iguales. Desde estos tiempos, muchas personas afroamericanas no tienen las mismas oportunidades economicas como las personas caucásicas y a menudo tienen muchas desventajas. Pero, lo que muchas personas americanas no sabe es que muchas cosas similares ocurren en Latinoamérica. En muchos paises, a menudo las personas indigenas tienen las desventajas, y tiene trabajos que no pagan mucho o a veces viven en pobreza. Finalmente, un aspecto de raza y cultura en las Americas que no es negativo totalmente es los matrimonios y populaciones con gente de más de dos razas. Los lugares que tienen estos tambíen tiene la influencia de muchas culturas y se siente los efectos en su comda, música, media, arte, y mucho más. Unos ejemplos son los “Creoles” de descendencia africana y caucásica en Nueva Orleans y la Santería de descendencia similar en Latinoamérica. Es evidente que cuando un lugar tiene la influencia de múltiples culturas, la populación tiene unas experiencias más interesantes y únicas. En este blog, yo quiero aprender más de todas esas temas, y como relatan entre los Estados Unidos y Latinoamerica, y todos los similaridades y diferencias entre las dos.

Sully:

El tema del blog es la jerarquía de las civilizaciones. Específicamente, los civilizaciones de Latinoamérica en el pasado y ahora. Los estados unidos en el pasado y ahora. Con antelación, sé mucho sobre los aztecos y la jerarquía de los. También, como el jerarquia cambia cuando los europeas van a Latinoamerica. También, sé mucho sobre la jerarquía en el pasado y ahora  de los estados unidos. Porque aprendí mucho en la clase de historia. Mi inspiración es porque, va a perú y ecuador y me gusta la cultura mucho. También en la clase historia me gusta la tópica. quiero conectar el pasado de Latinoamérica con el presente deLlatinoamérica. además , como la jerarquía cambia. También quiero conectar el pasado y presente de los estados unidos. Finalmente conectar los dos y también conecta con las vivas de las personas en la clase y Eli y yo. Haceré este está hablando sobre cuestiones modernas que se relacionan con nosotros.

También hablaremos sobre del sistema de casta y cómo la relaciona al racismo y el maltrato a las minorías en los estados unidos. En México, es muy evidente que existía un sistema de castas. Sabemos esto por el arte, que exploramos. También demostraremos cómo eso afectó a las personas en el sistema de castas. Podemos hablar sobre qué tipo de personas hay en el sistema de castas y dónde. y también puede hablar sobre qué tipo de personas están en la jerarquía en los Estados Unidos. Por ejemplo, en México y Estados Unidos, la raza más poblada y rica estaba usualmente en la cima de la jerarquía. Debido a esto, la raza pobre o menos poblada estaría en la parte inferior. Esto incluye a muchos inmigrantes que tuvieron que comenzar sin nada cuando dejaron su país por cualquier razón. Las personas en el fondo de la jerarquía cientos de años atrás serían esclavizadas por la fuerza. En el sistema de castas hay un lugar para la religión. La segregación de las personas se extiende más allá de la riqueza y la raza e incluye las religiones menos populares que no eran aceptadas, y las más populares religiones que eran aceptadas.

Sin embargo, tanto en los Estados Unidos como en América Latina, había muchas religiones y culturas preexistentes, como los nativos americanos en los Estados Unidos, que fueron dominadas por sociedades más desarrolladas y poderosas. Una vez que estas sociedades tomaron el control, la sociedad original menos poderosa formó la base de la jerarquía. La religión que era mas popular de las sociedades europeas era Cristiandad.

Además, en lo que respecta a la base del sistema de castas o la jerarquía en los Estados Unidos, los esclavos de África constituían una gran parte de esta sección. La esclavitud creó el comienzo de la guerra racial y la esclavitud de razas específicas en lugar de la esclavitud debido a la riqueza y la religión. Algunos de estos esclavos provenían de los Estados Unidos y de los territorios cercanos. Los taínos fueron esclavizados en los Estados Unidos e inmediatamente puestos en el fondo del sistema de castas. Al mismo tiempo, fueron maltratados socialmente debido a su color de piel y la diferencia en las creencias religiosas.

[ownerzero]

The Artistic World of the Taíno People

Zemí Cohoba Stand (974–1020 CE), wood and shell (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Bequest of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1979) The Taino civilization was decimated by Christopher Columbus and other European explorers during first contact, but the legacy of these people, who inhabited what is today called the […]

The post The Artistic World of the Taíno People appeared first on AWorkstation.com.

source https://aworkstation.com/the-artistic-world-of-the-taino-people/

[universal-translation-services]

How To Get A Dominican Republic Birth Certificate Translation

Everybody has those days where things are going great, but then one coworker or friend does something, and your mood changes for the worse. But that’s okay because you always have the next day. It is worse when it happens to countries where their progress is interrupted by occupation. Then they have to spend years to get back to their glory days. Many countries around the world were occupied and colonized by different forces throughout history. None of those occupied states ever benefitted from their occupiers. It was always the other way around in which the colonizers ended up benefitting from the resources of the colonized land. They used the natives as slaves in some cases.

Dominican Republic:

Today, this Caribbean country has the largest economy in the region. Its history, however, has been pretty rocky. Taíno people inhabited the land long before the arrival of the Europeans. They were on their way to becoming an organized civilization, but soon outsiders came knocking at their door. It was Christopher Columbus who arrived at the Dominican Republic and decided to claim the island. Later, the country had to spend more than three hundred years under Spanish rule. But even after getting independence from Spain, their struggles did not end. It wasn’t until 1966 when the last civil war ended that things began to change for the country. Representative democracy has brought political stability to the land. The GDP growth rate has been consistent in the last few decades. Construction, tourism, mining, and manufacturing must be credited for the recent economic growth of the country. The world’s second-largest gold mine is in the Dominican Republic. Due to its ideal weather and year-round golf courses, the Dominican Republic is the most visited place in the Caribbean. It has not only beautiful mountains and lakes but also plenty of World Heritage Sites. Sports are very popular in native culture.

Languages of Dominican Republic:

After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule, it was impossible for the vernacular to stay irrelevant to the locals. It was picked by the natives and changed a bit to suit their daily speech. Today, it is known as Dominican Spanish and shares features with the version of Spanish that is spoken in other Caribbean countries. It still has a lot of similarities with the European version of the vernacular, but it is closer to the Spanish that is spoken in the region. Words from various African and indigenous languages have become a part of Dominican Spanish’s vocabulary. Other vernaculars are also spoken in the country. Out of them, Haitian Creole is the most famous. The reason behind that is that both Haiti and the Dominican Republic have shared islands. Schools teach English and French, but the quality of education is not high. Other languages like Italian and Mandarin are taught in private institutions.

How to Get a Dominican Republic Birth Certificate Translation?

Since every country has its own format for official documents, your papers will not be accepted in a foreign land. To make them valuable in another country, you will have to get them translated. For instance, if you are a citizen of the Dominican Republic, your birth certificate will be in Spanish. It will have its own unique format that will be different from the birth certificates of other countries. If you wish to apply for immigration to the US, you will have to prepare all of your important papers. But you will also need a certified translation of your birth certificate from Spanish to English. However, if you have never gotten a document translated before, you wouldn’t know about the procedure to get one.Here is how you can get a certified translation of your Dominican Republic birth certificate:   Find a Service Provider: The end result will depend greatly on your effort to find a reliable agency. A good company that has qualified professionals on its team is capable of offering you the right kind of translation. But you will have to make some efforts to find such a company. You can check the reviews online and ask your friends for a suggestion to find the best agency. Get a Quote: If you find a good agency, they will have a free quote option on their website. You can enter all the important details related to your document and enter the get a quote button. This will give you the amount you will have to pay if you get the translation. Place Order: If you are satisfied with the price, you can order the service on the same page. If you have already given all the information about the document, the company will start working on the translation straightaway. Otherwise, they will reach out to you to ask more questions. Once they have everything they need, they will start translating your birth certificate. Getting a certified translation has gotten a lot easier in the digital world. A lot of great companies offer online support so their clients can get translations regardless of where they are in the world. All you have to do is go through the various options available on the internet to find the right company. After that, you can get help with your birth certificate. Whether you need the translation for immigration or university admission, the right expert can help you. You will get a certified translation of your birth certificate that you can submit to the immigration office and wait for them to get back to you with the approval of your application. Read the full article

[dominicanmusic]

176 años del nacimiento de la República Dominicana.... Habitado por taínos desde el siglo VII, el territorio del país fue descubierto por Cristóbal Colón en 1492 convirtiéndose en el lugar del primer asentamiento europeo permanente en América, nombrado como Santo Domingo, actual capital del país y primera capital de España en el Nuevo Mundo. Después de tres siglos de dominación Española, el país alcanzó la primera independencia en 1821 pero fue tomado rápidamente por Haití en 1822. Tras la victoria obtenida en la Guerra de la Independencia Dominicana en 1844, los dominicanos experimentamos varias luchas, en su mayoría internas, y también un breve regreso de la dominación española (1861-1865). La ocupación estadounidense de 1916 a 1924 y, posteriormente, los seis años en paz y prosperidad de Horacio Vásquez (1924-1930), seguidos por la dictadura de Rafael Trujillo (1930-1961). Un periodo de inestabilidad post-dictadura (1962-1964), seguido por una guerra civil en 1965, que terminó con una intervención militar liderada por Estados Unidos, que fue derrotada por el Bravo pueblo dominicano. @testigouno https://www.instagram.com/p/B9F0BGFlW4l/?igshid=bksnhyr1khz6

[eyesonworldcultures]

Country Names That Mean Something Interesting

The modern state system as we know it grew out of the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, replacing empires with country names. In many cases, before and after the treaty, explorers named new lands and countries for their inhabitants, their geographic features, or for those who discovered the land. For example, Afghanistan means "land of the Afghans," Iceland is named for its glacial features, and Bolivia is named after Simon Bolivar, the man who discovered the area. Among the world's almost 200 countries, some country names don't follow this pattern, and some others have obscure meanings in this pattern. The following six country names have interesting meanings.

Jamaica

Long before the British colonized Jamaica, it was home to the Taínos, indigenous Arawak people who lived on many Caribbean islands. When Christopher Columbus made his second voyage in 1494, he made his way to the island, then called by its Taíno name, Xaymaca, "the land of wood and water."

  Mexico

Many narratives exist about the origin of Mexico's name; one commonly told story includes the combination of two words. You probably know that before the Spanish conquest and colonization of the land now called Mexico, the Aztec natives had a sophisticated civilization for centuries. The Aztecs believed in many gods, including Mexitli, the god of war. His name came from two words: metzli and xictli, moon and naval. Together with the suffix -co, which means "the place where," Mexico means "in the naval of the moon."

Japan

You may have heard Japan referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun," but you likely don't know the interesting story behind the reference. The Chinese had several derogatory words to refer to the people who lived in the islands that make up today's Japan. In the seventh century, a Japanese envoy changed the name to Nippon, a Chinese word which translates to the "origin of the sun," because he didn't like the name used by the Chinese. The sun is central to Japanese mythology and Shinto religious traditions, so the new name highlighted that importance. Explanations from how the name Nippon turned into Japan are varied, but all have to do with the European trade routes in the 1400s and 1500s. Some claim Marco Polo's reference to the island of Chipangu during his travels to China led to the gradual Europeanization of the word; others claim Malaysian pronunciation of Nippon was "Jih-pun," or something similar, and it spread throughout the trade routes of Asia.

  Barbados

The island's name comes from the bearded fig tree. When the Portuguese sighted Barbados in 1536 on their way to Brazil, they referred to the island as Los Barbados, Portuguese for "the bearded ones," about the bearded fig trees growing throughout the island.

Italy

If you aren't Italian, it's likely you don't know the meaning of Italy's name. Originally it was called Vitalia, rooted in Latin for the "Land of Cattle." After the Greeks took over the area, they changed the name to Italoi, the Greek word for Vitulus (calf). Eventually, the Romans extended the name to cover the entire peninsula.

Argentina

Often described as more European than South American, Buenos Aires, Argentina's capital city has been given the moniker "Paris of South America."

In the 1500s, Italian explorer Sebastian Cabot worked for Spain's Council of the Indies. Cabot landed in Brazil and left his position to explore the Rio de la Plata, after hearing about the vast wealth of the Incans. After finding silver during his expedition, he referred to the area as the "Land beside the Silvery River," Tierra Argentina, later shortened to Argentina.

[iamopal]

#Repost @thundervoice_eagle • • • • • Decided to release this one for Valentine’s Day! Please read: In 1492 the Taíno People greeted the first foreigners to their land. They brought gifts and gave freely. The foreigners were surprised how loving they were to one another. So taken by what they saw that it was noted as the first entry in the journals. “they willingly traded everything they owned and did not bear arms and did not know them. They were much like Indians on the mainland, who were remarkable (European observers were to say again and again) for their hospitality, their belief in sharing.” These traits did not stand out in the Europe of the Renaissance, dominated as it was by the religion of popes, the government of kings, the frenzy for money that marked Western civilization. -Christopher Columbus This was made to remind us of where we came from. To remind us who we are. When natives say “decolonize” we are not saying that other cultures are bad. It’s said to remember our roots our heritage and our love! Today I also send my prayers to Oakflats to my Apache brothers and sisters! Prints Now available. Link in bio a portion will go to the efforts to preserve Oak flats #supportnatives #oakflats (at Aurora, Colorado) https://www.instagram.com/p/BtrLqFnlxnR/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=16cytvxkn79lj