#Richilde

[venicepearl]

Richilde of Provence (c. 845 – 2 June 910, Kingdom of Lower Burgundy) was the second wife of the Frankish emperor Charles the Bald. By her marriage, she became queen and later empress. She ruled as regent in 877.

[princesssarisa]

Sometimes I wonder if the Greek versions of Cinderella with the cannibalism are the original versions of the versions with the slaughtered animal helper. For starters, a Serbian version starts with a similar spinning incident that makes her mother turn into a cow. And this is probably just an expression, but one of the saddleslut variants says her sisters "made a cow of" their mother.

I know that because 葉限(Ye Xian) is the oldest known version, the slaughtered animal helper version probably came first, but I'm still a bit suspicious.

Since all these stories existed in oral form before they were written down, the question of which came first is always an open one. It does make sense to imagine that "the mother is killed and eaten" was bowdlerized into "the mother is turned into an animal, then killed and eaten," which in turn was bowdlerized into versions where the doomed animal is just an animal, followed by versions where no one is killed at all, but Cinderella gets her finery from a fairy, or a tree, or other more innocent sources. But is that the case? Or did the slaughtered animal helper come first, and did later storytellers embellish it to have the animal be her mother transformed, with some dropping the animal aspect altogether and just having the mother be cannibalized?

Likewise, I just finished reading a German literary version of Snow White called Richilde that predates the Grimms' tale. In this tale, the Snow White character, Blanca, never goes into hiding in the woods, but has her own aristocratic household where she's attended by dwarf servants, as royalty and courtiers often were. So the question is raised: did this literary tale with dwarf servants lead to later oral versions where she goes to live with dwarfs in the woods, or did the oral versions with dwarfs in the woods come first and are the dwarf servants in Richilde an attempt to reimagine them more realistically?

[palecleverdoll]

Ages of French Queens at First Marriage

I have only included women whose birth dates and dates of marriage are known within at least 1-2 years, therefore, this is not a comprehensive list.

This list is composed of Queens of France until the end of the House of Bourbon; it does not include Bourbon claimants or descendants after 1792.

The average age at first marriage among these women was 20.

Ermentrude of Orléans, first wife of Charles the Bald: age 19 when she married Charles in 842 CE

Richilde of Provence, second wife of Charles the Bald: age 25 when she married Charles in 870 CE

Richardis of Swabia, wife of Charles the Fat: age 22 when she married Charles in 862 CE

Théodrate of Troyes, wife of Odo: age 14 or 15 when she married Odo in 882 or 883 CE

Frederuna, wife of Charles III: age 20 when she married Charles in 907 CE

Beatrice of Vermandois, second wife of Robert I: age 10 when she married Robert in 990 CE

Emma of France, wife of Rudolph: age 27 when she married Rudolph in 921 CE

Gerberga of Saxony, wife of Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine, and later of Louis IV: age 16 when she married Gilbert in 929 CE

Emma of Italy, wife of Lothair: age 17 when she married Lothair in 965 CE

Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou, wife of Stephen, Viscount of Gévaudan, Raymond III, Count of Toulouse, and later Louis V: age 15 when she married Stephen in 955 CE

Bertha of Burgundy, wife of Odo I, Count of Blois, and later Robert II: age 19 when she married Odo in 984 CE

Constance of Arles, third wife of Robert II: age 17 when she married Robert in 1003 CE

Anne of Kiev, wife of Henry I: age 21 when she married Henry in 1051 CE

Bertha of Holland, first wife of Philip I: age 17 when she married Philip in 1072 CE

Bertrade of Montfort, wife of Fulk IV, Count of Anjou, and second wife of Philip I: age 19 when she married Fulk in 1089 CE

Adelaide of Maurienne, second wife of Louis VI: age 23 when she married Louis in 1115 CE

Eleanor of Aquitaine, first wife of Louis VII and later Henry II of England: age 15 when she married Louis in 1137 CE

Adela of Champagne, third wife of Louis VII: age 20 when she married Louis in `1160 CE

Isabella of Hainault, first wife of Philip II: age 10 when she married Philip in 1180 CE

Ingeborg of Denmark, second wife of Philip II: age 19 when she married Philip in 1193 CE

Agnes of Merania, third wife of Philip II: age 21 when she married Philip in 1195 CE

Blanche of Castile, wife of Louis VIII: age 12 when she married Louis in 1200 CE

Margaret of Provence, wife of Louis IX: age 13 when she married Louis in 1234 CE

Isabella of Aragon, first wife of Philip III: age 14 when she married Philip in 1262 CE

Marie of Brabant, second wife of Philip III: age 20 when she married Philip in 1274 CE

Joan I of Navarre, wife of Philip IV: age 11 when she married Philip in 1284 CE

Margaret of Burgundy, wife of Louis X; age 15 when she married Louis in 1305 CE

Clementia of Hungary, second wife of Louis X: age 22 when she married Louis in 1315 CE

Joan II, Countess of Burgundy, wife of Philip V: age 15 when she married Philip in 1307 CE

Blanche of Burgundy, first wife of Charles IV: age 12 when she married Charles in 1308 CE

Marie of Luxembourg, second wife of Charles IV: age 18 when she married Charles in 1322 CE

Joan of Évreux, third wife of Charles IV: age 14 when she married Charles in 1324 CE

Bonne of Luxembourg, first wife of John II: age 17 when she married John in 1332 CE

Joan I, Countess of Auvergne, wife of Philip of Burgundy, and later John II: age 12 when she married Philip in 1338 CE

Joanna of Bourbon, wife of Charles V: age 12 when she married Charles in 1350 CE

Isabeau of Bavaria, wife of Charles VI: age 15 when she married Charles in 1385 CE

Marie of Anjou, wife of Charles VII: age 18 when she married Charles in 1422 CE

Charlotte of Savoy, second wife of Louis XI: age 9 when she married Louis in 1451 CE

Anne of Brittany, wife of Maximilian I, HRE, Charles VIII and later Louis XII: age 13 when she married Maximilian in 1490 CE

Joan of France, first wife of Louis XII: age 12 when she married Louis in 1476 CE

Mary Tudor, third wife of Louis XII: age 18 when she married Louis in 1514 CE

Claude of France, first wife of Francis I: age 15 when she married Francis in 1514 CE

Eleanor of Austria, wife of Manuel I of Portugal and later second wife of Francis I: age 20 when she married Manuel in 1518 CE

Catherine de' Medici, wife of Henry II: age 14 when she married Henry in 1533 CE

Mary, Queen of Scots, wife of Francis II: age 16 when she married Francis in 1558 CE

Elisabeth of Austria, wife of Charles IX: age 16 when she married Charles in 1570 CE

Louise of Lorraine, wife of Henry III: age 22 when she married Henry in 1575 CE

Margaret of Valois, first wife of Henry IV: age 19 when she married Henry in 1572 CE

Marie de' Medici, second wife of Henry IV: age 25 when she married Henry in 1600 CE

Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII: age 14 when she married Louis in 1615 CE

Maria Theresa of Spain, wife of Louis XIV: age 22 when she married Louis in 1660 CE

Marie Leszczyńska, wife of Louis XV: age 22 when she married Louis in 1725 CE

Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI: age 15 when she married Louis in 1770 CE

[nytil-sims-storybook]

Great medieval invasion !

Bidonjour ! 

Depuis quelques temps, j’entreprend de transformer les mondes de mes sims en univers médiéval ! Et je commence par transformer les familles elle-même ;-) 

Après avoir modifié les Gothik en famille de grand duc ( du grand duché de Willow Creek ), les Spencer-Kim-Lewis en influente famille de banquier et commerçant, les Pancake en boulanger et les Meilleurs amis pour la vie en paysan, je m’attaque maintenant aux familles de Oasis spring avec les Plenozas ! Gedfroy, son épouse Richilde et son fils Gracien sont la famille ducale de ce duché, ils aiment montrer leurs richesses et se pavaner ! 

_______________________________________________________

For some time now, I have been transforming the worlds of my sims into medieval universes! And I start by transforming the families themselves ;-)

After transforming the Gothiks into a grand duke family (from the grand duchy of Willow Creek), the Spencer-Kim-Lewis into an influential banker and merchant family, the Pancakes into a baker and the Best Friends for Life into a farmer, I'm now tackling the Oasis spring families with the Plenozas! Gedfroy, his wife Richilde and his son Gracien are the ducal family of this duchy, they like to show their wealth and strut their stuff!

______________________________________________________

[valkyries-things]

RICHILDE // COUNTESS OF HAINAULT

“She was a ruling countess of Hainaut from c. 1050 until 1076, in co-regency with her husband Baldwin VI of Flanders (until 1070) and then her son Baldwin II of Hainaut. She was also countess of Flanders by marriage to Baldwin VI between from 1067 to 1070. She ruled Flanders as regent during the minority of her son Arnulf III in 1070–1071.”

[x0401x]

[city-of-ladies]

Richilde of Hainaut - Fighting countess 

Richilde (c.1018-1074) was countess of Hainaut (a territory straddling the border between present-day France and Belgium) during her first marriage between 1040 and 1051. She later married count Baldwin VI of Flanders and thus became countess of Flanders. She entrusted the children born of her first marriage to the clergy: her daughter became a nun and her son, who was probably physically disabled, became a bishop.

Richilde gave birth to two sons from her second marriage and was determined to protect their inheritance. When Baldwin VI died in 1070, his brother Robert the Frisian, wanting the county for himself, marched on Flanders with his army.

The resourceful Richilde recruited men from Hainault and asked for king Philipp I of France’s help, convincing him to bring her an army of men from northeastern France. 

Richilde was present and captured during the ensuing battle of Cassel in 1071. Though her exact role is unclear, the chroniclers saw her as the leader of the troops and reported her participation matter-of-factly, without finding it appalling. However, it was during the 13th century that a chronicler felt the need to explain her presence on the field by accusing her of sorcery and having tried to throw “magic powder” at the opposing army.

Richilde was unable to secure Flanders and withdrew to Hainaut where she ruled as a regent. She acted as a protector of the church and built a monastery. Her son took power in 1083 and Richilde retired  to a nunnery where she died the following year.

Other countesses of Flanders led troops to defend their lands. Clemence of Burgundy, wife of Robert II (1065-1111) did the same. Having ruled the county and struck coins in her own name while her husband was away on crusade, she wielded considerable power. Her dower included several towns. She remained active after her husband’s death, but her son Baldwin VII named his cousin Charles of Danemark as his heir. After Baldwin’s death, Charles tried to seize a part of Clemence’s dower. She raised an army against him, but was forced to negotiate after Charles captured four of her towns. This marked the end of her rule and she withdrew to her remaining holdings in Southern Flanders for the rest of her life. 

Another notable case was Sybil of Anjou (d.1165), wife of count Thierry (fl.1128-1168). Sybil ruled the lands while her husband was crusading. A pious woman, she was instrumental in strengthening the relationship between the count and the church. While Thierry was away, count Baldwin IV of Hainaut invaded Flanders and started pillaging. Even though she was pregnant, Sybil raised an army and attacked Baldwin with a “virile heart”, burned villages and towns and pillaged the countryside. Baldwin fled and “acquired no honor in this campaign”. Sybil managed to secure a truce. Her son Philip later remembered the time “when my mother Sybil, countess of Flanders, strongly governed the principality of Flanders”. The documents indeed show Sybil as a vigorous and decisive leader. 

Bibliography:

Cassagnes-Brouquet Sophie, Chevaleresses, une chevalerie au féminin

McLaughlin Megan, The woman warrior: Gender, warfare and society in medieval Europe

Nicholas Karen S., “Countesses as rulers in Flanders”

[kronieken]

Het waardig voorspel van 1302 Te Cassel op die roemrijke grond 22 februari 1071. Vlaanderen was in deze 11de eeuw aan Henegouwen gekoppeld.

[nanshe-of-nina]

(Louis the Stammerer and Richilda of Provence, 14th century)

[medievalart]

Today in history: Richilde of Provence, empress and queen of Western Francia dies (845- June 2, 910)

* member of Bosonid family (king Boso’s sister)

* 870: Married Charles the Bald

* 870-877: Queen consort of Western Francia

* 875-877: Empress of the Holy Roman Empire

* 877-879: “Regent” on the behalf of his son Louis the Stammerer (d. 879)

* 879: Tried to put his brother Boso on throne instead of Louis III and Carloman II but failed. Backed also Boso’s plans for independent Kingdom of Provence.

* 884: Attempted a political comeback after Louis and Carloman had died. Retired to Provence where she died a few years later.

( Grandes Chroniques de France , 14th / 15th cenury)

source: Wikimedia Commons

[princess-ibri]

Young Maleficent inspired me so I got a few more of these x) Here's young Evil Queen Grimhilde from Snow White when she's still a princess in her home kingdom.

My backstory for her is she grew up with her twin brother Grimauld (she has a brother in the early comcis), and raised by their mother, the Queen Richilde von Brangomar--who used to be one of those fairytale princesses who would go thru a lot of Suitors all of whom..."disappear"... if they couldn't beat her games of wit and riddles, (which was quite easy to win seeing how she had a magic mirror). Their father managed to win, but soon after Grimhilde and Grimauld were born he disappeared as well...

Queen Richilde isn't magic herself, but she's aided by the mirror and her advisor, Nanny Hex, a witch who's striking countenance makes a definite impression on young Grimhilde....

Grimhilde's other confidant besides her brother growing up is her lady-in-waiting Luna, who later accompanies her when she travels to marry Snow White's father and becomes her spy-master.

Luna is the only person outside the royal family to know that Grimhilde has the ability to use magic, and is allowed to accompany her she trains under Nanny Hex in the Dark Arts

(Nanny Hex also raised the Queen Richilde and is the one who gave her the magic mirror)

Still thinking on a deeper reason Grimhilde is so obsessed with being the Fairest but I'm definitely gonna doodle her more at some point.

Also credit to Arthur Rackham for the bottom picture, couldnt find the artist for the ones above it, its from a Snow White picture book based on the 1912 play by Jessie Braham White which inspired the names for Brangomar and Hex, (the Richilde is from an older literary version of Snow White under that name). The play was a big inspiration for Walt Disney.

Luna is from the Snow White Musical at Radio City Music Hall, which also gives us the name of the Queen's Kingdom, Shi-tan.

(Edit: Check in notes for further Backstory)

[catherinesboleyn]

Every Queen of France Ever

Other posts in this series: Every Queen of England ever, Every English Princess ever

Richilde of Provence - Queen consort of West Francia from 870 to 877 (wife of Charles the Bald)

Adelaide of Paris - Queen consort of West Francia from October 6th 877 to April 10th 879 (wife of Louis the Stammerer)

Richardis of Swabia - Queen consort of West Francis from 884 to 887 (wife of Charles the Fat)

Richardis of Swabia - Queen consort of West Francis from 884 to 887 (wife of Charles the Fat)

Théodrate of Troyes - Queen consort of West Francia from 888 to 898 (wife of Odo of France)

Frederuna - Queen consort of West Francia from 907 to 917 (wife of Charles the Simple)

Eadgifu of Wessex - Queen consort of West Francia from 919 to 922 (wife of Charles the Simple)

Beatrice of Vermandois - Queen consort of West Francia from 922 to 923 (wife of Robert I)

Emma of France - Queen consort of West Francia from 923 to 935 (wife of Rudolph of France)

Gerberga of Saxony - Queen consort of West Francia from 939 to 954 (wife of Louis IV)

Emma of Italy - Queen consort of West Francia from 965 to 986 (wife of Lothair of France)

Adelaide of Aquitaine - Queen consort of the Franks from 987 to 996 (wife of Hugh Capet)

Rozala of Italy - Queen consort of the Franks from 996 to 996 (wife of Robert II)

Bertha of Burgundy - Queen consort of the Franks from 996 to 1000 (wife of Robert II)

Constance of Arles - Queen consort of the Franks from 1001 to 1031 (wife of Robert II)

Matilda of Frisia - Queen consort of the Franks from 1034 to 1044 (wife of Henry I)

Anne of Kiev - Queen consort of the Franks from May 19th 1051 to August 4th 1060 (wife of Henry I)

Bertha of Holland - Queen consort of the Franks from 1072 to 1092 (wife of Philip I)

Bertrade de Montfort - Queen consort of the Franks from May 15th 1092 to July 29th 1108 (wife of Philip I)

Adelaide of Maurienne - Queen consort of the Franks from 1115 to August 1st 1137 (wife of Louis VI)

Eleanor of Aquitaine - Queen consort of the Franks from August 1st 1137 to March 21st 1152 (wife of Louis VII)

Constance of Castile - Queen consort of the Franks from 1154 to October 4th 1160 (wife of Louis VII)

Adela of Champagne - Queen consort of the Franks from November 13th 1160 to September 18th 1180 (wife of Louis VII)

Isabella of Hainault - Queen consort of France from April 28th 1180 to March 15th 1190 (wife of Philip II)

Ingeborg of Denmark - Queen consort of France from August 15th 1193 to November 5th 1193 (wife of Philip II

Agnes of Merania - Queen consort of France from 1196 to 1200 (wife of Philip II)

Ingeborg of Denmark - Queen consort of France from 1200 to July 14th 1223 (wife of Philip II)

Blanche of Castile - Queen consort of France from July 14th 1223 to November 1226 (wife of Louis VIII)

Margaret of Provence - Queen consort of France from May 27th 1234 to August 25th 1270 (wife of Louis IX)

Isabella of Aragon - Queen consort of France from August 25th 1270 to January 28th 1271 (wife of Philip III)

Marie of Brabant - Queen consort of France from August 21st 1274 to October 5th 1285 (wife of Philip III)

Joan I of Navarre - Queen consort of France from October 5th 1285 to April 2nd 1305 (wife of Philip IV)

Margaret of Burgundy - Queen consort of France from 1314 to 1315 (wife of Louis X)

Clementia of Hungary - Queen consort of France from August 19th 1315 to June 5th 1316 (wife of Louis X)

Joan II of Burgundy - Queen consort of France from 1316 to 1322 (wife of Philip V)

Blanche of Burgundy - Queen consort of France from January 3rd 1322 to May 19th 1322 (wife of Charles IV)

Marie of Luxembourg - Queen consort of France from September 21st 1322 to March 26th 1324 (wife of Charles IV)

Joan of Évreux - Queen consort of France from July 5th 1324 to February 1st 1328 (wife of Charles IV)

Joan of Burgundy - Queen consort of France from April 1st 1328 to December 12th 1349 (wife of Philip VI)

Blanche of Navarre - Queen consort of France from January 29th 1350 to August 22nd 1350 (wife of Philip VI)

Joan I of Auvergne - Queen consort of France from 1350 to 1360 (wife of John II)

Joanna of Bourbon - Queen consort of France from April 8th 1364 to February 6th 1378 (wife of Charles V)

Isabeau of Bavaria - Queen consort of France from July 17th 1385 to October 21st 1422 (wife of Charles VI)

Marie of Anjou - Queen consort of France from December 18th 1422 to July 14th 1461 (wife of Charles VII)

Charlotte of Savoy - Queen consort of France from July 22nd 1461 to August 30th 1483 (wife of Louis XI)

Anne of Brittany - Queen consort of France from December 6th 1491 to April 7th 1498 (wife of Charles VIII)

Joan of France - Queen consort of France from April 1498 to December 15th 1498 (wife of Louis XII)

Anne of Brittany - Queen consort of France from January 8th 1499 to January 9th 1515 (wife of Louis XII)

Mary Tudor - Queen consort of France from October 9th 1514 to January 1st 1515 (wife of Louis XII)

Claude of France - Queen consort of France from January 1st 1515 to July 20th 1524 (wife of Francis I)

Eleanor of Austria - Queen consort of France from July 4th 1530 to March 31st 1547 (wife of Francis I)

Catherine de' Medici - Queen consort of France from March 31st 1547 to July 10th 1559 (wife of Henry II)

Mary Stuart - Queen consort of France from July 10th 1559 to December 5th 1560 (wife of Francis II)

Elisabeth of Austria - Queen consort of France from November 26th 1570 um May 30th 1574 (wife of Charles IX)

Louise of Lorraine - Queen consort of France from February 15th 1575 to August 2nd 1589 (wife of Henry III)

Margaret of Valois - Queen consort of France from August 2nd 1589 to 1599 (wife of Henry IV)

Marie de' Medici - Queen consort of France from December 17th 1600 to May 14th 1610 (wife of Henry IV)

Anne of Austria - Queen consort of France from November 24th 1615 to May 14th 1643 (wife of Louis XIII)

Maria Theresa of Spain - Queen consort of France from June 9th 1660 to July 30th 1683 (wife of Louis XIV)

Marie Leszczyńska - Queen consort of France from September 4th 1725 to June 24th 1768 (wife of Louis XV)

Marie Antoinette - Queen consort of France from May 10th 1774 to September 21st 1792 (wife of Louis XVI)

Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily - Queen consort of the French from August 9th 1830 to February 24th 1848 (wife of Louis Philippe I)

[gosagacious]

The First Snow White Retelling

Some thoughts on the 18th-century fairy tale “Richilde”:

Read more

[aeschen]

Richilde

Richilde turns Show White

When the Grimms wrote Schneewittchen (Snow White), they knew an earlier version (called Richilde) written by Karl August Musäus (1735-1787) – see underneath (it’s a long story) – but they omitted one of the main actors, a Jewish doctor, who was inherently pious and didn’t want to commit murder crime.

Karl August Musäus.

By User Manu on de.wikipedia - Originally from de.wikipedia; description page is (was) here17:16, 10. Okt 2004 Manu 200 x 276 (20.767 Byte), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=834914

Fairy Tale Richilde

The story is unbelievably lengthy with lots of side stories. But finally, Richilde becomes stepmother of a beautiful girl named Bianca who lives at one of the former places of Richilde's new husband.

Now, Richilde was extraordinarily vain and for that she used a magical mirror that could prove that she was and still is the most beautiful - as in the later fairy tale the stepmother of Snow White would do.

Spiegel blink, Spiegel blank, Goldner Spiegel an der Wand, Zeig mir an die schönste Dirn in Brabant 

Mirror shiny, Mirror blank, Golden mirror on the wall,  Show me who is the most beautiful maid in Brabant

In the course of the events (we know how long they are), Richilde uses the Jewish doctor Sambul to poison a Pomegranate that should be given to her beautiful stepdaughter Bianca – in exchange for 50 gold pieces –  which made the Jew happily strike his beard and comply with her request (or so it seems, but the Fairy Tale tells us later that he intentionally used only a strong narcotic substance for injection into one side of the pomegranate). And yes, Bianca survived the murder attack.

The poisonous soap is delivered

Furious about the Jew’s assumed incompetence, she demanded from him to make a poisonous soap that was to be delivered by a treacherous woman. But also this attempt failed, because the Jew had only used strong poppy tears.

⁋ This time, the Jew was put in custody (tower), chained and severely punished: his beard was pulled off hair by hair and his ears cut off.

At this point the story tells us:  though the doctor Sambul was in principle a pious Israelite who did not take pleasure in any mischievous work, except when the predilection for the noble metals sometimes stretched his narrow conscience a little bit. 

Then he was ordered to prepare a poisoned letter. In order to save his life, he wanted to comply but Bianca’s protective angel fought with him heavily until he agreed to not to make a poisonous substance, but, as before, only a strong sedative.

⁋ Not making a real poisonous substance meant that he was willing to endanger his live. Then the letter was handed out to Bianca and she ‘died’.

Richilde, the stepmother, believed she was dead (thanks to the Jewish doctor). But Bianca was resurrected by a young pilgrim / knight who wanted to marry her, but before doing so he wanted to take revenge on Bianca’s stepmother. For this, he travelled to Richilde and pretended to be willing to marry her (to which she happily agreed).

Resurrection

Then, Richilde officially reinstated the doctor (without ears) for he may again proof valuable to get rid of her forthcoming new mother-in-law.  

She agreed to travel to her new home and after arriving she started to prepare the wedding, not knowing that she was tricked.  At the wedding day she was confronted with a story about a murderous woman and Richilde (in order to show deep embarrassment and circumvent any doubt that may fall on her)  she sentenced the fictitious mother to having to dance in heated-up iron shoes. Finally, her own murderous deeds were revealed and she was condemned to suffer the same punishment she had suggested.

So, she had to dance in heated-up iron shoes. After that ordeal, Sambul cooked a balm to sooth her pain.

Heating up the iron shoes

Richilde in the Tower

Bianca and her husband enjoyed their paradise-like marriage and rewarded Sambul because he did not kill her though he could have done. And because of this, he was also blessed by the heavenly realm. His off-springs blossomed. One of his descendants (the Jew Samuel Sambul) stood tall as a cedar in the house of Israel and served well the Mauritanian majesty, King of Morocco, and lived – with the exception of some bastinados on the soles of his feet, happily ever after.

… well, indeed a looong and convoluted story (not as nicely polished as the Grimm tales), wherein a Jew plays an important part. He is depicted to be skillful, not adverse to monetary rewards, but still with a conscience that could be awakened ot strengthened (if only by force), and  finally unwilling to commit murder even when his life was in danger.

His descendants blossomed and one of them was well respected by the King of Morocco … but still it seems he needed some good bastinados on the soles of his feet from time to time !!!

Now, The Grimm Brothers knew this story, but when they transformed it into Snow White, they omitted the Jewish doctor. Nice move (or not)?

(Oh, sorry, have I forgotten to mention the dwarves? Oh dear, I’m afraid I left them out intentionally (to make a long story a little shorter).

[x0401x]

[city-of-ladies]

Warrior women timeline

Here is a timeline gathering all the warrior women featured on this blog through articles or links. 

When a woman lived across two centuries, I placed her under the century where most of her military action took place.

8th millenium BCE 

-Ancient remains in Peru reveal young, female big-game hunter

4th millennium BCE

-Hunter-gatherers women in present-day California may have fought in battle

16th century BCE 

-Ahhotep (fl.c.1560–1530 BCE)

15th century BCE 

-Hatshepsut (c.1508 BC-1457 BCE)

13th century BCE

-Fu Hao (c. 1200 BCE) and at least 100 other women

8th century BCE

-Samsi (r.732-728 BCE)

-Yatie (fl.703 BCE)

-Armenian female warrior from the kingdom of Urartu (c.8th century-6th century BCE)

6th century BCE 

-13 years old Scythian girl buried with weapons

-Amazon warrior women

-Tomb containing three generations of warrior women unearthed in Russia

-Sparethra (fl.545 BCE)

-Tomyris (fl. 530 BCE)

5th century BCE

-Telesilla of Argos (fl.494/493 BCE)

-Hydna of Scione (fl. 480 BCE)

-Artemisia I of Halicarnassus (fl. 480 BCE)

-Tirgatao (fl.430-390 BCE)

4th century BCE

-Artemisia II of Halicarnassus ( ? - 351 BCE) 

-Ada of Caria ( 390- 323 BCE)

-Cynane (c. 357- 323 BCE)

-Warrior women of ancient Macedon

-Indian women as palace guards

3rd century BCE

-Berenice II Euergetes (273 -221 BCE)

-Parthian Era women are buried with weapons ( 250 BCE-224 CE) 

-Huang Guigu (fl.246-221 BCE) 

2nd century BCE

-Amage (fl. end of the 2nd Century BCE)

-Cleopatra II (c. 185– 116/115 BCE)

-Cleopatra III (161-101 BCE)

-Cleopatra Thea (c. 164 – 121 BC)

-Cleopatra IV (c.138/134 -112 BCE)

-Shanakdakhete (r. c. 170 BCE)

-The Romans fight against Lusitani and Bracari women (138-137 BCE)

-Cimbrian and Ambrones women fight against the romans at Vercellae and Aquae Sextiae (101 BCE)

1sth century BCE

-Hypsicratea (fl.68-63 BCE)

-Fulvia (c. 83 BCE - 40 BCE)

-Amanirenas (r. c. 0-10 BCE)

1st century CE

-Agrippina the Elder (c. 14 BCE – 33 CE)

-Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị (14-43) and their female generals: Le Chan, Dieu Tien, Bao Chan, Nguyen Thai, Nguyet Do, Phung Thi Chinh

-Munatia Plancina (d.33)

-Boudicca (30-61)

-Triaria (fl.68)

-Verulana Gratilla (fl.69)

-Warrior women of Mongolia, Kazakhstan, northern China and Korea (1st to 5th century CE)

2nd century CE 

-Marcomanni women wearing armor are found dead on the battlefield (166- 180)

3rd century CE

-Lady Triệu (fl.248)

-Zenobia (240-274)

-Sarmatian women served as officers in the Roman army (c.200-300)

4th century CE

-Xun Guan (b. c.303)

-Mavia (r. c. 375-c. 425)

-Kong (late fourth century - 460s)

6th century CE

-Fredegund regina (545-597)

-The “island girl” 

7th century CE

-Nusayba bint Ka’ab/ Umm Umarah, Umm Sulaim, Umm Haram bint Milhan (fl.625)

-Umm Al Dhouda bint Mas’ud (fl.628)

-Apranik and Negan (fl. c.630)

-Kawlah bint Al-Azwar (fl.634-638)

-Umm Hakim (fl.643)

-Āʾishah bint Abī Bakr (c.614-678)

-Zaynab bint Ali (fl.680)

-K’abel  (r. 672-692)

-Lady K'awiil Ajaw (fl.680)

-Ix Wak Chan Ajaw (fl. c.682)

-Kahina (died 703)

8th century CE

-Azadeh (c.750)

9th century CE

-Banu Khorramdin (died c.837)

10th century CE

-Æthelflæd (c. 870 – 918)

-Empress Yingtian (878-953)

-Emma of France (894-934)

-Empress Jing’an (d.935)

-Xiao Hunjan (fl. 994, d.1007)

-Empress Chengtian (953-1009)

-Women of the Kievan Rus’ fight at the battle of the Danube (971)

-Widow of Wulfbald ( fl. c.990)

-Estonian women are buried with weapons 

-Armed women of the Viking world

-Viking warrior woman of Birka 

-Battle scared viking shield-maiden gets facial reconstruction for the first time

11th century CE

-Wife of Deviux (fl.1018)

-Gidinild (early 11th century)

-Akkadevi (fl.1010-1064)

-Richilde of Hainaut (c.1018-1074)

-Beatrice of Lorraine (c.1020-1076)

-Adelaide of Turin (fl. 1036 - d.1091)

-Sichelgaita of Salerno (c.1036-1090)

-Matilda of Tuscany (c.1046-1115)

-Isabel de Conches (fl.1070-1100s)

-Lady Six Monkey (1073-1100)

-Anonymous women of the first crusade (1096-1099)

12th century CE

-Rixendis of Parez

-Sibyl (wife of Robert Bordet) 

-Ida of Cham (c.1055-1101)

-Clemence of Burgundy (c. 1078 – c. 1133)

-Liang Hongyu (d.1135)

-Gwenllian Ferch Gruffydd (1100-1136)

-Sybil of Anjou (c.1112-1165)

-Princess Fannu (died in 1147)

-Anonymous women of the second crusade (1147-1149)

-Dionisia of Grauntcourt (fl. mid-12th century)

-Naiki Devi (fl.1173)

-Ermengarde of Narbonne (ca. 1127/1129 -ca. 1194)

-Tomoe Gozen, Yamabuki & Aoi (12th-13th century)

-Margaret of Beverley (c.1150- c.1215)

-Fujinoye (fl.1189)

-Anonymous women of the third crusade (1189–1192)

13th century CE

-Nicolaa de la Haye (c.1160-1230)

-Hangaku Gozen (c.1172- after 1201) 

-Raziya Sultan (c.1205-1240)

-Yang Miaozhen ( ?- died after 1231)

-The women of Riga fight to defend the city (1210)

-Daughter of commissionner Liu (fl.1220)

-Anonymous women of the fifth crusade (1217-1222)

-Margaret of Provence (1221-1295)

-Malcalda Scaletta (c.1240-1308)

-Khutulun (c.1260- c.1306)

-Dona Alicsèn de Montesquiu (fl.1285)

-Mercadera (fl.1285)

-Walpurgis (late 13th century-early 14th century)

14th century CE

-Crusade project of the Genoese ladies (1301)

-Unnamed Flemish mercenary (d.1335)

-Maria of Pozzuoli (fl.1340)

-Joanna of Flanders (b. c.1295 - after 1373)

-Marzia degli Ubaldini (c.1317-1374)

-Jeanne de Penthièvres (c.1320-1384)

-Julienne du Guesclin (c.1330-1405)

-Eleanor of Arborea (1340-1404)

-Han-E (b.1345)

-Makouraino (fl.1341)

-Anka of Prasetin (fl.1358-1378)

-The women of Palencia defend their city (1388)

-Grave of a warrior woman found in Mongolia 

-Agnes Hotot

-A “predominately female cavalry” force fights in Japan

15th century CE

-Chanan Cori Coca (early 15th century)

-Margherita Attendolo (fl.1415-1416)

-Tang Sai’er (1399- after 1420) 

-Hussite female soldiers (1420-1428)

-Orsina Visconti (fl.1426)

-Claude des Armoises (c.1410- after 1439)

-Antonia Torelli (fl.1448)

-Camilla Rodolfi (fl.1449)

-Bona Lombarda (c.1417-d.1470s)

-Bianca Maria Visconti (1425-1468)

-Johanna of Rožmitál (c.1430-1475) 

-Jeanne Hachette (fl.1472)

-Donella Rossi (fl.1482)

-Elise Eskilsdotter (? - c.1492)

-Caterina Sforza (1463-1509) 

-Mandukhai Khatun (1448-1510)

16th century CE 

-Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)

-Idia (late 15th century-16th century)

-Lady Washi (1498-1557)

-Ōhōri Tsuruhime (1526 – 1543)

-Madeleine de Saint-Nectaire (c.1528/30-1588) 

-Grace O’Malley (c.1530–1603)

-Lady Qi (c.1530-1588)

-Amina (c.1533-1610)

-Rani Abakka Chowta (r.1544-1582)

-Philippine-Christine de Lalaing (1545-1582) 

-Chand Bibi (1550-1599)

-Marie de Brabançon (fl.1569)

-María la Bailadora (fl.1571)

-Women fight to defend La Rochelle (1572-1573)

-Yoshioka Myorin-ni (fl.1586)

-María Pita (1565 – 1643)

-Tachibana Ginchiyo (1569-1602)

-Women possibly fought at the battle of Senbonmatsubara (1580)

17th century CE

-Yuki no Kata (fl.1600)

-Qin Liangyu (1574/5-1648) 

-Njinga of Ndongo and Matamba (1582-1663) 

-Mary Bankes (c.1598–1661)

-Rani Abakka Chowta (fl.1618) (the second of the two queens who bore this name)

-Xanzad (fl. c.1623-1640)

-Ma Fengyi (d.1633)

-Anne Cunningham (d.1647)

-Alberte-Barbe d'Ernécourt, Dame de Saint-Baslemont (1607-1660)

-Liu Shuying ( c.1620- after 1657) 

-Shen Yunying (1624-1660/1661)

-Bi Zhu (fl.1642)

-Alena Arzamasskaia ( ?-1670)

-Weetamoo (c.1635-1676)

-Nāzo Tokhi (1651-1717)

-Christian Davies (1667-1739)

-Anne Chamberlyne (1667-1691) 

-Botagoz-batyr (c.1667-1757)

-Aqualtune (d.1675)

-An English “gentlewoman” fights in a naval battle (1692)

-Dandara (d.1695)

-Julie d’Aubigny (c.1673-1707)

-Women protect the Mughal rulers Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb (1628-1707)

-Women employed as palace guards in Japan (1603-1868)

18th century CE

-Tatiana Markina 

-Maria Ursula d'Abreu e Lencastro (1682-1730)

-Mai Bhago (fl.1704)

-Tomasa Tito Condemayta (1729-1781)

-Velu Nachiyar (1730-1796) and her commander Kuyili

-Women such as Faustina Gaffory, Josephine Jacobi and Rosanna Franschetti-Serpentini fight for Corsica’s independence (1729-1749)

-Gabriela Silang (1731-1763)

-Nanye’hi “Nancy” Ward (1738-1822)

-Rafaela Herrera (1742-1805)

-Anne Bailey (1742-1845)

-Micaela Bastidas (c.1744-1781)

-Bartolina Sisa (c.1750-1781) 

-Gregoria Apaza (1751-1781)

-Deborah Sampson  (1760-1827)

-Sada Kaur (c. 1762 – 1832)

-Reine Audu (?-1793)

-Félicité (1770-1841) & Théophile (1775-1819) Fernig 

-Pélagie Durière (fl.end of the 18th century)

-Catherine Pochetat (1770-1828)

-Katharina Lanz (1771-1854)

-Bibi Sahib Kaur (1771-1801)

-Louise Antonini (1771-1861)

-Marie Angélique Duchemin (1772-1859)

-Rose Alexandrine Barreau (1773-1843)

-Julienne David (c.1779-1843)

-Sanité Belair (1781-1802)

-Ana María de Soto (fl.1793-1798)

-Hawaiian female warriors fight at the battle of Nu’anu Pali (1795)

-Dahomey Amazons (up to the late 19th century)

19th century CE

-Marie-Jeanne Lamartinière (fl.1802)

-Victoria Montou (born 18th century - 1805)

-Aleksandra Tikhomirova (late 18th century-1807)

-Ghaliyya Al-Wahabiyya (d.1818)

-Madame Poncet (1773-1834)

-Manono (c.1780 -1819) 

-Bíawacheeitchish/Woman chief (d.1834)

-Juana Ramírez (1790-1856)

-Maria Quitéria de Jesus (1792-1853)

-Martha Christina Tiahahu (1800-1818) 

-Akkeekaahuush/Comes Toward The Near Bank (ca. 1810-1880) 

-Jind Kaur (1817-1863)

-Rani Avantibai (1821-1858)

-Qiu Ersao (c. 1822-1853)

-Zaynab (? -1850)

-Giuseppa Bolognara Calcagno ( c.1826-c.1884)

-Eliza Allen (c.1826- ?)

-Elizabeth Newcome (fl.1846)

-Maria de Jesus Dosamantes (fl.1846)

-Rani Lakshmibai (1828-1858)

-Frances Clalin Clayton (c. 1830 – after 1863)

-Su Sanniang (c. 1830- c.1854)

-Hong Xuanjiao (c. 1830- c.1854)

-Zhou Xiuying ( ?- 1855)

-Aazhawigiizhigokwe/Hanging Cloud (c.1835-c.1919)

-Biliíche Héeleelash/Among The Willows (1837-1912)

-Jeanne Merkus (1839-1897)

-Marie-Antoinette Lix (1839-1909) 

-Nakazawa Koto (1839-1927)

-Heni Te Kiri Karamu (c. 1840-1933) other women also fought during the  New-Zealand wars (1845-1872)

-Kady Brownell (1842-1915)

-Yamamoto Yaeko (1845-1932) and the women of the Aizu castle.

-Nakano Takeko (1847-1868), her mother Kôko, her sister Masako and the women of the joshigun.

-Jeanne Dieulafoy (1851-1916)

-Stana Kovačević (1850 - ?)

-Buffalo Calf Road Woman (c.1850s-1879) 

-Pretty Nose (b.1851-d.c.1952) 

-Marie Favier (b.1853, fl.1870)

-Moving Robe Woman (1854-1935)

-Minnie Hollow Wood (c.1856-1930′s)

-Ella Hattan (b.1859)

-Fanny Wilson and Nellie Graves (fl.1862-1863)

-Andjelija (Andja) Miljanov (fl.1876)

-Susie Shot-in-the-eye (fl.1876)

-Shinohara Kuniko (fl.1877)

-Agueda Kahabagan (fl.1896-1901)

-Japanese armor designed for a woman

-Women serve as palace guards in Thailand and among the Beir people

20th century CE

-Constance Markievicz (1868-1927)

-Alexandra Kudasheva (c.1873-c.1921)

-Maria Bochkareva (1889-1920)

-Yin Ruizhi (1890-1948)

-Yin Weijun (1894-1919/20?)

-Ekaterina Alekseeva (1895 - ?)

-Shote Galica (1895-1927)

-Émilienne Moreau (1898-1971)

-Nieves Fernandez (b.1906)

-Chan Wong Wah Yue (c.1906-1982)

-Fatima (fl.1914-1918)

-Soldaderas of the Mexican revolution (1910-1924)

-Women of the Italo-Ethiopian war (1935-1936)

-Women of the Spanish civil war (1936-1939)

-Tam Tai-men (fl.1937) at least 3,000 women formed a “women’s regiment” to fight against the Japanese

-Fanny Schoonheyt (1912-1961)

-Bracha Fuld (1916-1946)

-Faye Schulman (b.1919)

-Rita Rosani (1920-1944)

-Lydia Litvyak (1921-1943) 

-Gertrude Boyarski (1922-2012)

-Khiuaz Dospanova (1922-2008)

-Manshuk Mametova (1922-1943)

-Manuela Orquejo (1924-2002)

-Aliya Moldagulova (1925-1944)

-Sara Ginaite (1925-2018)

-Simone Segouin (born in 1925)

-Galina Brok-Beltsova (born c.1925)

-Zina Portnova (1926-1944)

-Sara Yeshua-Fortis (b.1927)

-The women who fought for Hanoi (Vietnam war, 1955-1975)

21th century CE

-Zimbabwe’s female rangers 

-Jegertroppen

-Mena Raghavan