#Plaque in diseased carotid artery

[lotus-120]

[literaryvein-reblogs]

Some Cardiology Vocabulary

for your next poem/story

Ablation – Elimination or removal.

Annulus – The ring around a heart valve where the valve leaflet merges with the heart muscle.

Arrhythmia – (or dysrhythmia) An abnormal heartbeat.

Autologous – Relating to self. For example, autologous stem cells are those taken from the patient’s own body.

Bruit – A sound made in the blood vessels resulting from turbulence, perhaps because of a buildup of plaque or damage to the vessels.

Cardiac – Pertaining to the heart.

Cardiomegaly – An enlarged heart. It is usually a sign of an underlying problem, such as high blood pressure, heart valve problems, or cardiomyopathy.

Carotid artery – A major artery (right and left) in the neck supplying blood to the brain.

Claudication – A tiredness or pain in the arms and legs caused by an inadequate supply of oxygen to the muscles, usually due to narrowed arteries or peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

Commissurotomy -A procedure used to widen the opening of a heart valve that has been narrowed by scar tissue.

Digitalis – A medicine made from the leaves of the foxglove plant. Digitalis is used to treat congestive heart failure (CHF) and heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias).

Endocardium – The smooth membrane covering the inside of the heart. The innermost lining of the heart.

Infarct – The area of heart tissue permanently damaged by an inadequate supply of oxygen.

Jugular veins – The veins that carry blood back from the head to the heart.

Maze surgery – A type of heart surgery that is used to treat chronic atrial fibrillation by creating a surgical “maze” of new electrical pathways to let electrical impulses travel easily through the heart. Also called the Maze procedure.

Myocardium – The muscular wall of the heart. It contracts to pump blood out of the heart and then relaxes as the heart refills with returning blood.

Palpitation – An uncomfortable feeling within the chest caused by an irregular heartbeat.

Pericardium – The outer fibrous sac that surrounds the heart.

Regurgitation – Backward flow of blood through a defective heart valve.

Septal defect – A hole in the wall of the heart separating the atria or in the wall of the heart separating the ventricles.

Sources: 1 2 3 4 ⚜ More: Word Lists

[insightfulblogz]

Drug Eluting Stent Market Size, Growth Rate, Industry Opportunities, and Forecast by 2032

A drug-eluting stent (DES) is a type of medical device used in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). It is a small, expandable mesh-like tube made from metal or polymer, coated with medication that is slowly released to prevent the re-narrowing of arteries after a procedure known as angioplasty. In angioplasty, a catheter with a balloon is inserted into a blocked artery, and the balloon is inflated to open up the artery. However, in many cases, the artery can become narrowed again due to scar tissue formation. Drug-eluting stents address this problem by delivering medication directly to the artery walls, inhibiting the growth of smooth muscle cells that could otherwise cause restenosis, or re-closure of the artery.

The introduction of drug-eluting stents revolutionized the treatment of CAD, providing patients with longer-lasting results compared to bare-metal stents, which often required additional treatments or procedures due to restenosis. Since their approval in the early 2000s, DESs have become a cornerstone in interventional cardiology, offering a safer, more effective solution for patients with blockages in their coronary arteries. The ability of drug-eluting stents to prevent re-narrowing of the artery has made them one of the most important innovations in modern cardiovascular medicine, leading to better outcomes and reduced need for repeat interventions.

The Drug Eluting Stent Market size was estimated at USD 7.80 Billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 14.98 Billion by 2031 at a CAGR of 8.5% during the forecast period of 2024-2031.

Future Growth of Drug Eluting Stents

Continued technological advancements to improve the biocompatibility, durability, and functionality of DES.

Development of stents with more efficient drug delivery mechanisms to minimize complications and enhance treatment efficacy.

Increasing adoption in the treatment of complex coronary artery disease, including cases with smaller arteries and diffuse blockages.

Expansion of DES applications to other vascular areas beyond coronary arteries, such as peripheral arteries and carotid arteries.

Greater focus on personalized treatment approaches, where drug-eluting stents are tailored based on patient characteristics and disease severity.

Rising awareness of cardiovascular diseases and improvements in healthcare access, driving the demand for advanced stenting solutions.

Enhanced clinical outcomes through new coatings, improved drug formulations, and a deeper understanding of the biological processes that affect restenosis.

Emerging Trends in Drug Eluting Stents

One of the key emerging trends in drug-eluting stents is the development of bioresorbable or biodegradable stents. These stents are designed to gradually dissolve within the body over time, leaving behind no permanent foreign material. This innovation is particularly exciting for patients who require stenting but would prefer to avoid the long-term presence of a metallic device in their body. Bioresorbable stents are expected to reduce the risk of complications like late stent thrombosis (blood clot formation) and restenosis, further improving patient outcomes. Additionally, the trend towards incorporating new anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative drugs into stent coatings is gaining momentum. These drugs are designed to better control the healing process of the artery after stenting, reducing the risk of scar tissue formation and re-narrowing. Another trend is the development of more precise and customizable stent deployment systems, ensuring better outcomes in complex or high-risk patients.

Applications of Drug Eluting Stents

Drug-eluting stents are primarily used in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD), a condition in which plaque buildup narrows the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart and potentially leading to chest pain, heart attacks, or even heart failure. By placing a drug-eluting stent in the affected artery, interventional cardiologists can restore blood flow while preventing restenosis. These stents are widely used in patients who have undergone percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), such as balloon angioplasty. Beyond coronary applications, drug-eluting stents are also being increasingly explored for use in peripheral vascular diseases, where blockages in arteries outside the heart, such as in the legs or carotid arteries, can lead to severe complications. Ongoing clinical trials and research into expanding the use of DES in non-coronary arteries are showing promising results.

Key Points

Drug-eluting stents are used to treat coronary artery disease by preventing the re-narrowing of arteries after angioplasty.

The stents are coated with medication that is slowly released to prevent scar tissue growth, reducing the likelihood of restenosis.

DES technology has evolved over time, with newer versions offering enhanced drug delivery mechanisms and improved safety profiles.

Emerging trends include bioresorbable stents, new drug formulations, and more customized stent designs for complex vascular cases.

DES are primarily used in coronary artery disease but are being increasingly applied in peripheral vascular conditions.

The growth of the global cardiovascular disease burden, combined with technological advancements, is driving the demand for drug-eluting stents.

Conclusion

Drug-eluting stents have transformed the management of coronary artery disease, offering patients a more effective and durable solution to prevent artery re-narrowing after angioplasty. With continued innovation, including the development of bioresorbable stents and more targeted drug coatings, the field of interventional cardiology is poised for further advancements. As cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death worldwide, the demand for drug-eluting stents is expected to grow, improving patient outcomes and reducing the need for repeat procedures. The future of drug-eluting stents looks promising, with ongoing research driving the development of more personalized, efficient, and safer stenting options.

Read More Details: https://www.snsinsider.com/reports/drug-eluting-stent-market-3323 

Contact Us:

Akash Anand — Head of Business Development & Strategy

Email: info@snsinsider.com

Phone: +1–415–230–0044 (US) | +91–7798602273 (IND) 

[heartspecial]

Vascular Surgeries: The Key to Healthier Arteries and Improved Blood Flow

Vascular surgeries are critical procedures that address conditions affecting the blood vessels, including arteries and veins. These surgeries help improve blood flow and prevent serious complications such as strokes, aneurysms, and peripheral artery disease (PAD). If you are dealing with vascular issues, finding the right specialist is crucial. With vascular surgeries in Indore, you can restore proper blood circulation and protect your overall cardiovascular health under the care of skilled experts, including the best cardiac surgeon in Indore.

1. Understanding Vascular Diseases

What Are Vascular Diseases?Vascular diseases refer to conditions that affect the circulatory system, including arteries, veins, and lymph vessels. Common issues include blocked or narrowed arteries, weakened blood vessels, and varicose veins.

Symptoms to Watch ForIndividuals with vascular diseases may experience pain, swelling, numbness, or tingling in the limbs. If left untreated, these conditions can lead to severe complications like heart attacks, strokes, or even limb loss.

2. Why Vascular Surgeries Are Essential

Restoring Blood FlowVascular surgeries in Indore are designed to improve blood flow to vital organs and extremities. Procedures such as angioplasty, bypass surgery, and endarterectomy clear blockages and widen arteries to ensure proper circulation.

Preventing Life-Threatening ComplicationsVascular surgeries can prevent serious health risks such as aneurysms and strokes. By addressing arterial blockages or weaknesses early on, surgeons can help patients avoid emergencies and lead healthier lives.

3. Common Types of Vascular Surgeries

Angioplasty and StentingIn this minimally invasive procedure, a small balloon is used to widen blocked arteries. A stent (small metal mesh tube) is then inserted to keep the artery open and maintain proper blood flow.

Bypass SurgeryFor severe blockages, bypass surgery creates a new route for blood flow by using a graft. This graft is often taken from another part of the body, bypassing the clogged artery.

Carotid EndarterectomyThis surgery removes plaque buildup from the carotid arteries in the neck, significantly reducing the risk of stroke.

4. Why Choose the Best Cardiac Surgeon in Indore?

Expertise and Advanced CareThe best cardiac surgeon in Indore will offer extensive experience in treating complex vascular conditions. With the latest techniques and a personalized approach, they ensure each patient receives the most effective treatment.

Minimally Invasive OptionsIn addition to traditional open surgeries, many surgeons specialize in minimally invasive techniques. These methods involve smaller incisions, less pain, and quicker recovery, allowing patients to return to their normal lives sooner.

5. Vascular Surgeries in Indore: What to Expect

Comprehensive DiagnosisBefore recommending surgery, specialists will conduct a thorough diagnosis to understand the extent of the vascular condition. This can include tests like ultrasounds, CT scans, or MRIs.

Personalized Treatment PlansEvery patient’s condition is unique. The best cardiac surgeon in Indore will create a tailored treatment plan that addresses individual needs, ensuring the best outcomes for long-term health.

6. Post-Surgery Recovery and Care

Recovery TimeDepending on the type of vascular surgery, recovery time can vary. Minimally invasive procedures generally allow for faster recovery, while more extensive surgeries may require longer healing periods.

Lifestyle ChangesPost-surgery, patients are often advised to adopt healthier lifestyle habits, such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and quitting smoking to maintain optimal vascular health.

Vascular diseases can have serious consequences if left untreated, but with advanced vascular surgeries in Indore, patients can improve blood flow, reduce risks, and enhance their quality of life. Trusting the best cardiac surgeon in Indore ensures that you receive expert care and access to cutting-edge treatments. Don't wait until symptoms worsen—seek medical attention and take control of your vascular health today!

[vascularlab]

@vascular_lab ما هو تضيق الشريان السباتي؟⁣ ⁣ يشير تضيق الشريان السباتي إلى تضيق أحد الشرايين السباتية أو كليهما. يحدث هذا التضيق بمرور الوقت ، بسبب تراكم الترسبات داخل الشريان ، وهي عملية تُعرف باسم تصلب الشرايين.⁣ ⁣ مرض الشريان السباتي هو حالة طبية خطيرة للغاية لأنه يمكن أن يمر دون أن يلاحظها أحد ولأن الانسداد في الشريان السباتي لا يزداد إلا بمرور الوقت ويمكن أن يسبب سكتة دماغية إذا تُرك دون علاج.⁣ ⁣ What is Carotid Stenosis?⁣ Carotid stenosis refers to the narrowing of one or both of the carotid arteries. This narrowing occurs over time, due to plaque buildup on the inside of the artery, a process known as atherosclerosis.⁣ ⁣ Carotid artery disease is a very serious medical condition because it can go unnoticed and because blockage in the carotid artery only increases with time and can cause a stroke if left untreated.⁣ .⁣ .⁣ ‎#مختبر_اوعية_دموية #جلطات #جلطه #دوالي #شريان #وريد #شرايين #اوعيه_دمويه #اورده_دمويه #أورده_عنكبوتيه #قسطرة #قسطرة_الاوعية_الدموية #التهاب_اوردة⁣ ‎#الأورطي #جراحه #جراحه_اوعيه_دمويه⁣ #dvt #varicose #varicosities #spider_veins #varicoseveins #varicoseveintreatment #carotidartery #ultrasound #tcpo2 #abi #aorta #vascularsurgery #vascularity #vascular

[leedsomics]

N-Terminal proteomics reveals distinct protein degradation patterns in different types of human atherosclerotic plaques

BACKGROUND: Destabilization and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques is a major cause of acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular events, including heart attack, ischemic stroke and peripheral arterial disease. Plaque destabilization is associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) modification and remodelling involving protease activity. Enzymatic cleavage generates protein fragments with new 'ends' (N-termini). We hypothesized that plaques susceptible to rupture would contain elevated levels of fragmented proteins with new N-termini. Identification of active proteases and their target proteins might allow categorization of plaque stability. METHODS: Plaques from 21 patients who underwent carotid surgery due to symptomatic carotid artery stenosis were examined in an observational/cross-sectional study. The plaques were solubilized, digested, enriched for N-terminal fragments and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The above methodology detected 35349 peptides, with 19543 being N-terminal species; 6561 were subsequently identified and quantified. Multidimensional scaling analysis and hierarchical clustering indicate the presence of three distinct clusters, which correlate with gross macroscopic plaque morphology (soft, mixed, and hard), ultrasound classification (echolucent/echogenic) and presence of hemorrhage/ulceration. Major differences were identified in the complement of peptide fragments, consistent with alternative turnover and degradation pathways dependent on plaque type. Identified peptides include signal and pro-peptides from ECM synthesis/turnover, and many from protein fragmentation. Sequence analysis indicates the targeted proteins (including ECM species) and the proteases (including meprins, cathepsins, matrix metalloproteinases, elastase, kallikreins) involved in fragment generation. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a large dataset of peptide fragments and proteases involved in plaque stability, mechanistic insights into remodelling, and possible biomarkers for improved atherosclerosis risk profiling. http://dlvr.it/T759wh

[discoverybody]

How to Prevent or Alleviate Blockage of Arteries in the Neck?

The carotid arteries are critical for transporting oxygenated blood to the brain, making arterial obstructions preventable. Carotid artery disease can cause strokes and transient ischemic attacks, jeopardizing brain safety. This article describes how to prevent and treat these obstructions. High blood pressure can strain the heart and cause organ damage or a stroke, therefore it's crucial to monitor it on a regular basis. Monitoring blood pressure levels assists in guiding therapy and lifestyle changes.

Checking cholesterol levels is especially important since high cholesterol can promote plaque accumulation in the arteries. It is advisable to take monounsaturated fats like olive oil while limiting trans fats and saturated fats. Diabetes patients must manage their blood sugar because high amounts of glucose can damage blood vessels and raise the risk of heart disease. Annual carotid Doppler ultrasound exams are non-invasive and used to measure blood flow and carotid artery wall thickness.

Taking these precautions can strengthen the carotid arteries and lower the likelihood of arterial blockages, benefiting overall health and avoiding major consequences.

The carotid arteries are vital because they deliver oxygenated blood to the brain. This emphasizes the importance of preventing artery blockages. Plaque development can put key arteries at risk by narrowing once-wide passageways. This is where carotid artery disease lurks, casting doubt on the safety of our brain's safe regions and frequently resulting in strokes and TIAs.

[drforambhuta]

The Role of Comprehensive Health Assessments in Preventing Strokes:

Regular health checkups play a pivotal role in recognizing potential risk factors and early indicators of illnesses, including strokes. Thorough examinations of overall health offer a chance to evaluate vascular condition, monitor metabolic indicators, and detect underlying issues that could predispose individuals to strokes. Let's delve into the significance of integrating comprehensive health assessments into strategies for preventing strokes:

1. Assessment of Cardiovascular Risks: Comprehensive health assessments typically involve checking blood pressure, lipid levels, and blood sugar levels. Elevated blood pressure, abnormal lipid levels, and diabetes are well-known risk factors for strokes. Consistent monitoring of these parameters allows for early identification of irregularities and facilitates prompt intervention to mitigate cardiovascular risks.

2. Identification of Modifiable Risks: Lifestyle choices such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet, and lack of physical activity significantly contribute to stroke risk. Health assessments offer an opportunity to evaluate lifestyle patterns and provide guidance and support for modifying behaviors. By addressing modifiable risk factors, individuals can reduce their likelihood of experiencing strokes and enhance their overall vascular health.

3. Screening for Atrial Fibrillation: Atrial fibrillation (AF), a common heart rhythm disorder, greatly increases the risk of embolic strokes. However, many individuals with AF may not experience symptoms or may have sporadic symptoms. Comprehensive health assessments may involve electrocardiography (ECG) or ambulatory monitoring to screen for AF, allowing for early detection and initiation of appropriate anticoagulant therapy to lower stroke risk.

4. Evaluation of Carotid Artery Health: Carotid artery disease, characterized by plaque buildup in the carotid arteries, raises the risk of ischemic strokes. Health assessments may incorporate carotid ultrasound or other imaging techniques to assess the extent of carotid narrowing and identify individuals who could benefit from interventions such as carotid endarterectomy or stenting to prevent strokes.

5. Monitoring Medication Adherence: Individuals with established stroke risk factors like hypertension or atrial fibrillation may need long-term medication to manage their conditions and reduce stroke risk. Health assessments offer an opportunity to evaluate medication adherence, identify potential obstacles to treatment, and optimize medication regimens to achieve therapeutic objectives.

6. Education and Empowerment: Health assessments serve as a platform for educating and empowering patients, enabling them to play an active role in their health and well-being. By imparting knowledge about stroke risk factors, symptoms, and preventive measures, healthcare providers can empower individuals to make informed choices and embrace healthier lifestyles.

You can opt to undergo a regular full body health checkup at Jaslok Hospital Mumbai, which is one of India's best hospitals to assess your general health condition and prevent the development of stroke.

[jacymark4321]

Comprehensive Angioplasty Solutions: Coronary, Carotid, and Peripheral Interventions in Panipat

Coronary Angioplasty in Panipat: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), commonly referred to as coronary angioplasty, is a minimally invasive treatment used to treat coronary artery disease (CAD). When plaque accumulates in the arteries supplying blood to the heart, the condition known as coronary artery disease (CAD) results. Modern equipment and a group of highly qualified interventional cardiologists execute coronary angioplasty in Panipat. These experts open clogged arteries and frequently implant stents to preserve arterial patency in order to restore blood flow to the heart using catheter-based procedures and guided imaging.

Peripheral Angioplasty in Panipat: Blockages in the arteries outside the heart, usually in the arms, legs, kidneys, or belly, are treated using peripheral angioplasty. These obstructions, which are frequently linked to peripheral artery disease (PAD), can result in symptoms like cramping in the legs, pain, and decreased mobility. Peripheral angioplasty is provided by vascular specialists in Panipat as a minimally invasive treatment option to reopen restricted arteries using cutting-edge technology. These specialists enhance the quality of life for patients with PAD by reducing symptoms and improving blood flow through catheter-based therapies and the implantation of specialized devices like balloons and stents.

Carotid Angioplasty in Panipat: A minimally invasive treatment option for carotid artery disease, a major stroke risk factor, is carotid angioplasty in Panipat. Skilled medical specialists in Panipat carry out this surgery to widen restricted carotid arteries and restore appropriate blood flow to the brain by using state-of-the-art techniques and equipment. By reducing plaque formation and enhancing circulation, the technique lowers the risk of stroke by inserting a stent via a catheter into the artery that is damaged. Precise diagnosis, customized treatment regimens, and committed post-procedure care ensure the best possible outcomes and lower the risk of stroke recurrence for patients.

[insightfulblogz]

Angioplasty Balloon Market Size, Growth Rate, Industry Opportunities, and Forecast by 2032

Angioplasty balloons are critical medical devices used in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) to treat narrowed or blocked arteries in patients with cardiovascular disease. These devices are inserted into the blood vessels and inflated at the site of the blockage, helping to compress plaque and restore blood flow. Angioplasty balloons are instrumental in managing conditions such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD), offering minimally invasive solutions for patients who may otherwise require more complex surgeries like coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The use of angioplasty balloons has significantly improved the prognosis for patients with cardiovascular diseases, making them a cornerstone of modern cardiovascular care.

The Angioplasty Balloon Market size was estimated at USD 3.05 billion in 2023 and will hit USD 4.18 billion by 2031 growing at a CAGR of 4.01% by 2024-2031.

Future Scope

The future of angioplasty balloons is centered around the development of drug-coated balloons (DCBs) and bioresorbable balloons, which offer enhanced clinical outcomes by reducing restenosis (re-narrowing of arteries) and minimizing long-term complications. With increasing research focused on biodegradable materials and drug delivery systems, next-generation angioplasty balloons will aim to reduce the need for follow-up procedures, enhance healing, and lower the risk of inflammation. Additionally, advancements in imaging technologies will enable more precise placement and monitoring of balloon inflation, contributing to safer and more effective interventions.

Trends

Several trends are shaping the angioplasty balloon market. One of the most prominent trends is the increasing adoption of drug-coated balloons (DCBs), which release medication at the site of the blockage to prevent restenosis. The shift towards minimally invasive procedures is also fueling demand for angioplasty balloons, as patients and healthcare providers seek less invasive alternatives to traditional open-heart surgeries. Moreover, there is a growing focus on the development of bioresorbable balloons that dissolve within the body after completing their function, reducing the risk of long-term complications. Technological innovations in catheter design and material science are further enhancing the safety and effectiveness of these devices.

Applications

Angioplasty balloons are primarily used in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD). These devices are also applied in the management of carotid artery disease, which can lead to stroke if left untreated. In addition to cardiovascular interventions, angioplasty balloons have applications in other fields, such as treating gastrointestinal blockages and ureteral obstructions in urology. They are commonly used in combination with stents to support the artery walls and maintain blood flow after the angioplasty procedure.

Get Sample Copy of the Report: https://www.snsinsider.com/sample-request/3084 

Key Points

Angioplasty balloons are essential for treating cardiovascular conditions like CAD and PAD.

Future advancements include drug-coated balloons (DCBs) and bioresorbable materials.

Trends include the rise of minimally invasive procedures and biodegradable balloon technology.

Angioplasty balloons are used in both coronary and peripheral interventions.

Innovations in catheter design are improving safety and procedural outcomes.

Conclusion

Angioplasty balloons continue to be a vital tool in the management of cardiovascular disease, offering patients effective, minimally invasive treatments that can significantly improve their quality of life. As technology advances, the future of angioplasty balloons looks promising, with drug-coated and bioresorbable options poised to revolutionize the field. By reducing the risk of restenosis and enhancing healing, these innovations will play a critical role in advancing cardiovascular care and expanding the scope of minimally invasive interventions.

[vascularlab]

ما هو تضيق الشريان السباتي؟⁣ ⁣ يشير تضيق الشريان السباتي إلى تضيق أحد الشرايين السباتية أو كليهما. يحدث هذا التضيق بمرور الوقت ، بسبب تراكم الترسبات داخل الشريان ، وهي عملية تُعرف باسم تصلب الشرايين.⁣ ⁣ مرض الشريان السباتي هو حالة طبية خطيرة للغاية لأنه يمكن أن يمر دون أن يلاحظها أحد ولأن الانسداد في الشريان السباتي لا يزداد إلا بمرور الوقت ويمكن أن يسبب سكتة دماغية إذا تُرك دون علاج.⁣ ⁣ What is Carotid Stenosis?⁣ Carotid stenosis refers to the narrowing of one or both of the carotid arteries. This narrowing occurs over time, due to plaque buildup on the inside of the artery, a process known as atherosclerosis.⁣ ⁣ Carotid artery disease is a very serious medical condition because it can go unnoticed and because blockage in the carotid artery only increases with time and can cause a stroke if left untreated.⁣ .⁣ .⁣ ‎#مختبر_اوعية_دموية #جلطات #جلطه #دوالي #شريان #وريد #شرايين #اوعيه_دمويه #اورده_دمويه #أورده_عنكبوتيه #قسطرة #قسطرة_الاوعية_الدموية #التهاب_اوردة⁣ ‎#الأورطي #جراحه #جراحه_اوعيه_دمويه⁣ #dvt #varicose #varicosities #spider_veins #varicoseveins #varicoseveintreatment #carotidartery #ultrasound #tcpo2 #abi #aorta #vascularsurgery #vascularity #vascular

[medifact]

Normal healthy arteries are flexible and have smooth inner walls, but as you age, a sticky substance called plaque, can collect inside these arteries. Plaque is made up of cholesterol, calcium, and fibrous tissue. As more plaque builds up, your arteries narrow and stiffen. This process is called atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries.