#Pareto analysis

[imrovementcompany]

Analyze Phase of DMAIC in Lean Six Sigma

Introduction In continuous improvement, the Lean Six Sigma methodology is a proven approach for reducing waste, increasing efficiency, and driving business success. At the heart of Lean Six Sigma lies the DMAIC framework, a structured process for solving complex problems. DMAIC stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control. In this blog post, we will focus on the Analyze phase, where…

[writ-large]

an inconvenient curmudgeon

WHEN YOU’RE SICK OF JORDAN PETERSON BUT HE KEEPS TALKING IN YOUR HEAD

-- Yes, IQ is a bell curve; almost half of everybody really are more or less headblind. (IQ Distribution Studies)

-- Yes, men run in packs, yes, they stupidly follow heedless braggarts. (Male Hierarchies)

-- Yes, 20% succeed while 80% mill around in mediocrity. (The Pareto Principle)

-- Yes, Disagreeability is a genetically-linked trait that won’t just go away. This is an euphemism for pig-headedness, arrogance, blind aggression and vindictiveness. (Five-Factor Analysis)

WE’RE AT THE TOP OF THE FOOD CHAIN BECAUSE WE’RE THE TOP PREDATOR. WE WISE UP OURSELVES OR WE BLUNDER ON IN DENIAL.

[sgrji]

What are 7 QC Tools? 7 QC Tools: The Foundation of Quality Management

In the realm of quality management, the 7 Quality Control (QC) tools, also known as the 7 Basic Tools of Quality, serve as the bedrock for analyzing and improving processes. These powerful tools, developed by Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa, are indispensable for identifying issues, making informed decisions, and enhancing overall quality. This article delves into the details of the 7 QC tools, their…

[cicaklah]

get ready for my thoughts on yaoi UBI

So I’ve kvetched about UBI in the tags for long enough someone finally asked me what I was going on about so here we go! 

I will start with some caveats: 

I am British, and so I can only speak about the British specifics.

I have for the past twelve years worked as a professional health economist, and health economics is based on social welfare theory (specifically growing out of Arrow’s work in the 1960s and Sen’s work in the 80s/90s). I literally could talk forever about this, but I won’t. If you want to know more, read the pretty good wikipedia article on welfare economics.

But fundamental to welfare economics is two things: if we make a great big change, do the benefits outweigh the costs? And does the change make a fundamental change for good? (aka cost-benefit analysis and pareto efficiency).

The other thing you need to know about me is that I don’t like activists very much, because they never have to show their working, and my entire professional life is showing my working, and critiquing other people’s working. We all have ideas mate, show me the plan! I love a plan! and this isn't coming from anything but personal experience; I have been to talks by UBI activists before, including ones by economists, but I have never had the case made to me that UBI would be either cost-beneficial OR approach pareto efficient. In fact, it usually reminds me of arguments that are based on some other imaginary world, and then I get so annoyed I want to scream. 

In the early 2010s when I was first starting working as an economist, I was asked to build a model to see whether switching a disability benefit from government administered to individual administration would be cost-effective. Essentially, if you were newly in a wheelchair and you needed a ramp building up to your house, would it be better for the government to organise a contractor, or for you to be given a cash transfer and organise it yourself? The answer was that it wasn’t, but anyone who has ever had to hire a builder could have told you that, and the government didn’t have to pay my firm £30,000 to make that decision. But that is what UBI essentially is; a cash transfer where you get cash and the government gets to enjoy less responsibility.

There are 37.5 million people of working age in England. (Nearly) every single working person gets what's called a tax free allowance, where the government doesn’t claim income tax on the first £12,570. (Once you make over £120k, your allowance starts to decrease, and you lose it entirely at I think £150k)

Let’s assume that instead of just not claiming tax on this amount, the government switched to making that £12,570 your UBI. That is £471,375,000,000 just for England - just under half a trillion pounds. In cash, or nearest as in our modern economy. And not one off - Every year. 

Okay, let's say that the country does have a spare half a trillion a year (in cash) lying around. What is the benefit to switching from tax free allowance to UBI? Well, let's assume that no one stops working, so there would be the tax receipts from the 20% income tax on the £12,570, and that’s just a shade under £100 million. Not bad.

But if you’ve seen a UBI post, you will know that people like the idea because they will be able to work less. Which probably means that UBI will need to be paid for in some other way. Perhaps by cutting existing benefits. The universal credit cost is around £100 billion. So we’re still £300 billion short, and honestly, you wouldn’t cut all of universal credit anyway, probably only the unemployment benefits, but I’m not digging into the maths on that tonight. 

But, look, I am sympathetic. I am a welfarist. I genuinely believe that the economy is not just money, that welfare is happiness, it is utility, it is all the stuff that makes life worth living, and it is the responsibility of the government to maximise the welfare/happiness/utility/quality of life of the country through efficient use of taxation and other sources of money. So people give the government money and it spends it on goods and services and then people get utility, and then they spend their own money to get more utility, and ultimately we can gain intangible things that are incredibly valuable. 

But the problem is that cash is cash, cold and hard and very real. I don’t know how unlimited spare time translates into half a trillion real pound coins. I wouldn’t know how to build a model that complex and uncertain, especially as this all assumes that you can live on 12k a year, and that whatever replaces progressive taxation is equally progressive. I haven’t even touched on how having a convoluted welfare state insures it somewhat against being entirely destroyed after a change in political opinions, aka what I call the daily mail test. You think the narrative about people on welfare is bad now? But also, how would you deal with people who didn’t manage their UBI money well? What happens if there is a personal crisis?

The more I look at it, the more the existing system is actually remarkably good value for money. Individualism is expensive. Collective decision making and spending is just cheaper. 

Ultimately I don’t see the additional benefit of UBI, requiring a pie in the sky change, when it is far, far, far more cost effective to strengthen the existing regime across the board; taxation law, social safety net, childcare, working laws, education and health - all systems that are already in place, and have a thousand times higher likelihood to be pareto optimal and cost effective than trying to find half a trillion pounds of cash round the back of the sofa, while torching 150 years of progress so middle class people can write their book without having to have a job. If I was conspiracy minded I would say that UBI feels like a psy-op, trying to shut down old fashioned progress in favour of ripping it all out and starting again.

Ultimately, that is my real annoyance. It is far, far, far cheaper for the government to provide you with your new ramp for your house, and that is done through politics, but not fun moonshot politics, the hard shit that isn’t sexy.

[carbonalchemy]

Economy 101 from a sustainable business grad

Classical economics (think Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill) focused on broader philosophical considerations and was much more concerned with human behavior, ethics and societal well-being. The tools used were more qualitative, based on reasoning, empirical observation and historical case studies. The main language was logic and prose. These lads were philosophers first.

Neoclassical economics, which began emerging in the late 19th century and became dominant in the 20th century, emphasized mathematical models and marginal analysis. This new approach shifted the focus toward optimization, efficiency and equilibrium in market systems. Key figures (lads like Alfred Marshall, Vilfredo Pareto and later, Milton Friedman) put more weight on mathematical models and assumptions about rational behavior (it can be questioned how rational these things are really as many are shit like "answer to everything is consumption", basically), which reduced the focus on broader ethical considerations. Philosophers were replaced by mathematicians.

The rise of neoclassical economics coincided with the mid-20th-century growth in industrial activity, particularly after WW2.

Post-WW2 marks the beginning rapid increase in CO2 emissions. There was a significant rise in industrial activity, especially in the USA, Europe and Japan, which were recovering from the war and wanted to improve their economy. Proof below.

[engineeringwork]

Maximizing Efficiency with Pareto Analysis

Source: https://rambox.app/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/The-power-of-Pareto-analysis.png

In the fast-paced world of business and problem-solving, prioritizing actions can make the difference between success and failure. Enter Pareto Analysis, a powerful tool rooted in the 80/20 rule, which helps identify the most significant factors affecting outcomes. This principle, named after the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, asserts that 80% of effects often come from 20% of causes. Here’s why and how Pareto Analysis can transform your approach to tackling challenges.

The Power of the 80/20 Rule

The 80/20 rule is both simple and profound. It suggests that a small number of causes (20%) are responsible for the majority of effects (80%). In business, this might mean that 80% of your revenue comes from 20% of your customers, or 80% of your problems stem from 20% of the underlying causes. Recognizing this disproportionate distribution allows you to focus your efforts on the areas that will yield the most significant improvements.

Implementing Pareto Analysis

Identify Key Issues: Begin by listing all the problems or causes related to the situation at hand. This could be defects in a product, customer complaints, or sources of inefficiency.

Quantify the Impact: Measure the frequency or severity of each issue. This data-driven approach ensures your analysis is based on facts, not assumptions.

Rank and Prioritize: Arrange the issues from most significant to least significant. This ranking helps in visualizing which problems are the most critical.

Create a Pareto Chart: Construct a bar graph with causes on the x-axis and their impact on the y-axis. Add a cumulative percentage line to see how quickly the issues add up to 80% of the problem.

Benefits of Pareto Analysis

Focus on What Matters: By zeroing in on the most impactful issues, you can allocate resources more effectively and achieve quicker results.

Data-Driven Decisions: Pareto Analysis removes guesswork, allowing decisions to be based on solid data.

Improved Efficiency: Addressing the key causes first leads to significant improvements with less effort.

Real-World Example

Consider a software company facing numerous customer complaints. A Pareto Analysis might reveal that 80% of complaints come from 20% of the software bugs. By prioritizing fixes for these critical bugs, the company can significantly enhance user satisfaction and reduce the volume of complaints.

Conclusion

Pareto Analysis is a game-changer for anyone looking to optimize processes and solve problems efficiently. By focusing on the vital few causes that have the greatest impact, you can make meaningful progress without being overwhelmed by the many lesser issues. Embrace the 80/20 rule and watch your efficiency and effectiveness soar.

Maximize your impact with Pareto Analysis, and turn your biggest challenges into your most significant victories.

📊✨ #ParetoAnalysis #8020Rule #Efficiency #ProblemSolving #DataDriven #BusinessStrategy #Optimize

[and-then-there-were-n0ne]

Power laws, whereby a small number of people tend to be responsible for a huge proportion of any phenomenon, can be found in all human activity, whether it be income, book sales by authors, or number of sexual partners; the most well-known, the Pareto principle, or the 80/20 rule, originally comes from Italian land ownership.

Lawbreaking, too, observes a power law, so that a huge proportion of crime is committed by a very small number of offenders who have an outsized impact on society.

Inquisitive Bird wrote that power laws are ‘observed for arrests, convictions and even self-reported delinquent behavior’. He cited British data which shows that ‘70% of custodial sentences are imposed on those with at least seven previous convictions or cautions, and 50% are imposed on those with at least 15 previous convictions or cautions (Cuthbertson, 2017).

‘But perhaps the most illustrative study is by Falk et al. (2014), who used Swedish nationwide data of all 2.4 million individuals born in 1958–1980 and looked at the distribution of violent crime convictions. In short, they found that 1% of people were accountable for 63% of all violent crime convictions, and 0.12% of people accounted for 20% of violent crime convictions.’

Therefore in Sweden, some ‘70–80% of violent crimes are recidivism after an earlier conviction for a violent crime’, and ‘approximately half of violent crime convictions were committed by people who already had 3 or more violent crime convictions. In other words, if after being convicted of 3 violent crimes people were prevented from further offending, half of violent crime convictions would have been avoided.’

The author notes that, although ‘America has a reputation of a very harsh penal system that is very quick to lock anyone up’, this is not true. In fact one study found that ‘72.8% of federal offenders sentenced had been convicted of a prior offense. The average number of previous convictions was 6.1 among offenders with criminal history.’

Contrary to what received opinion in Britain believes, America is not a particularly punitive country; in fact criminals are often allowed to repeatedly offend until the inevitable tragedy happens.

The post cites analysis by the National Institute for Criminal Justice Reform which finds that ‘Overall, most victims and suspects with prior criminal offenses had been arrested about 11 times for about 13 different offenses by the time of the homicide. This count only refers to adult arrests and juvenile arrests were not included.’

In Washington DC, about 60–70% of all gun violence is carried out by just 500 individuals, and the same Pareto principle applies to shoplifting, the bane of big liberal cities like San Francisco or Vancouver, where 40 offenders were arrested 6,000 times in a year.

According to the New York Times, ‘Nearly a third of all shoplifting arrests in New York City last year involved just 327 people, the police said. Collectively, they were arrested and rearrested more than 6,000 times.’ That third is therefore committed by less than 0.004% of New York’s population.

The same is true of Britain. According to the Daily Telegraph, ‘Prolific thieves are being caught and convicted of stealing up to 50 times before they are jailed by the courts.

‘Violent offenders are escaping jail until they have been convicted of up to 25 common assaults, while some are accruing as many as seven or eight repeat convictions for carrying a knife before they are given a prison sentence. Other criminals are collecting more than 20 drug convictions before being jailed.’

The paper reported that one-tenth of offenders in England and Wales commit half of all crimes, and that ‘10,400 “super-prolific” offenders who had been convicted of more than 50 previous offences each were spared jail over the past three years’. Between 2019 and 2021, 100,000 offenders with more than 16 previous convictions avoided prison.

They also found that for theft, prolific offenders had to rack up 49 previous convictions or cautions before they were jailed, ‘For robbery – theft with force or the threat of violence – it was nine previous such offences’, and for common assault 25 such attacks.

In 2020, one burglar was only jailed after 20 convictions; one knife offender was caught seven times with weapons before going down, and another eight times. ‘Even for sexual assault, the worst offender had been convicted of five previous attacks before being jailed in 2020, and three in 2021.’ How can someone commit five sexual assaults and still not be jailed?

Yet people convicted of multiple crimes will almost certainly have committed many, many more. One study ‘followed 411 South London men from age 8–9 in the early 1960s through their lives’ and found they admitted to ‘committing many hundreds of times more crimes than they were ever caught for.’ On top of this, most burglars also routinely shoplift, and the fact that people who self-report greater numbers of crimes tend to get caught and convicted later in life ‘implies that self reports have some level of validity’.

Unsurprisingly, British criminals released after short sentences of less than 12 months are more likely than not to reoffend within a year, while only 5% of those who endure stretches of 10 years or more do so.

All of this has huge implications for crime policy and suggests that merely relying on higher clear-up rates, and the stronger possibility of detection, are not enough in themselves. [...]

What matters is that persistent wrongdoers are kept away from society.

A friend based in Singapore has on occasion sent pictures of his bike, in a rack on a main road where he leaves it overnight, unlocked. The fact that he does so, and expects to see it in the morning, is almost mind-blowing to me. [...]

But such levels of civilisation are simply impossible when a small minority of criminals are allowed to mingle freely in society. Urban honesty boxes are impossible not because British society is inherently wicked but because a relatively tiny number of people would clear them out. Imprisoning several thousand more persistent wrongdoers, for long stretches, would bring Britain’s crime rates down to similar levels enjoyed in Singapore, where shops can stay open into the small hours without security, and women can walk home late at night listening to music on their earphones.

Until policymakers accept that prolific criminals have to be incapacitated, the rest of us are condemned to a quality of life well below what we should expect.

[chicago-geniza]

Well Agnes there is a very very long answer that involves a lot of discourse analysis & historicism but the tl;dr is Mosca, Pareto, Michels, & the Italian school of elitism --> laundered into American English sociopolitical vernacular in the 50s and 60s, I'd cite C. Wright Mills' The Power Elite (1956) and G. William Domhoff's Who Rules America (1967) off the dome if we're talking trade paperbacks with popular readership, also part of why Elite Capture made me insane and I couldn't get past the intro, it didn't adequately account for the intellectual origins of ~elite theory or interrogate how "elites" often doubles as a dogwhistle

Per your question re: terminology on a purely semantic level I'd say it's because "ruler" implies sovereignty and "elite" implies a kind of soft power, plus applies to non-gov't subjects (plus the shadowy vizier vibe goes hand in hand with aforementioned dogwhistles and the conspiratorial logics they signal)

Why am I talking to Agnes's mastodon posts at 10.30 pm. Analytic philosophers please learn one (1) thing about sociology and the history of Discourses I guess lol

[4cplconsultancy2005]

7 QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS FOR PROCESS IMPROVEMENT

“As much as 95 per cent of all quality-related problems in the factory can be solved with seven fundamental quantitative tools.”

-Kaoru Ishikawa, The inventor of Fishbone Diagram

In today’s customer-centric market, quality is an integral factor in the growth and sustainability of any business. Businesses go the extra mile to provide the best and excellent customer experience to ensure customer satisfaction. Hence, efficient quality management which has the highest impact on customer experience is one of the most essential features for any business.

Introduced by Kaoru Ishikawa, the seven basic tools of quality also known as 7QC tools are very effective in quality management and quality assurance process. So, businesses who want to ensure competitive and excellent quality of their products and services can utilize the proven 7QC tools for structuring a strategic plan for quality improvement.

LIST OF 7 QC TOOLS

Cause and Effect Diagram

Cause and Effect Diagram also known as Fishbone Diagram helps in identifying the potential causes of an effect or a problem. In addition to sorting ideas in respective categories, it also helps in understanding the areas of opportunity through effective brainstorming. Fishbone training empowers you to identify the potential cause in the problem.

Control Chart

Control charts are used to study how the processes have changed over a period of time. Further, by comparing current data to historical control limits, one could lead to the conclusion about whether the process variation is consistent as in under control or unpredictable as in out of the control due to being affected by special causes of variation.

Pareto Chart

Pareto Chart is based on the 80/20 rule where it shows the significant factors that have the highest impact on the identified problem.

Check Sheet

Check sheet is a structured process which helps to collect and analyzing data. It is an effective tool that can be for a variety of purposes.

Histogram

Histogram is commonly used a graph that shows the data and its frequency of distribution to help users identify each different value in a set of data occurs.

Scatter Diagram

Scatter diagram shows the relationship between two important factors i.e. pairs of numerical data, one variable on each axis to demonstrate the relationship.

Stratification

Stratification also known as a flow chart or run chart is a technique that separates the data gathered from a variety of sources so that patterns can be seen i.e., the path an entity has taken through a defined process.

Utilizing the 7 QC tools in six sigma or quality management process helps in taking a systematic approach to identify and understand the risk, assess the risk, control fluctuation of product quality and accordingly provide solutions to avoid future defects.

WHEN SHOULD YOU USE 7 QC TOOLS?

7 QC tools can be carried out during the quality management, quality improvement process, six sigma implementation processes or even the regular PDCA cycle for the quality purpose for enhanced quality management.

In the first phase of measuring and identifying, Fishbone Diagram also known as cause and effect diagram, Pareto Chart and Control Chart can be utilized. In the next phases of assessment and analysis, Scatter Diagram, Histogram and Checklist can be carried out. The Control Chart can be utilized consistent quality improvement.

BENEFITS OF 7 QC TOOLS

The 7 QC tools are structured and fundamental instruments that help businesses improve their management and production process for achieving enhanced product quality.

From assessing and examining the production process, identification of key challenges and problems to controlling the fluctuation present in the product quality and providing solutions for prevention of defects in future, the easy to understand and implement, 7 QC tools are very effective. Some of the major business benefits of 7 QC tools are listed below.

Provides a more structured path for problem-solving and quality improvement

Easy to understand as well as implement yet extremely effective

A scientific and logical approach for problem-solving

Follows the 80/20 rule i.e. gain 80% result with 20% efforts

Improve the quality of product and services

Helps in identifying and analyzing problems during the process

Fishbone training aides in root cause analysis and problem-solving

Encourages team spirit and fosters a healthy culture

Identifies roots cause and solve it permanently

Enhance customer experience and customer satisfaction

Based on the data-driven process and customer-centric approach, 7 QC tools implementation is one of the most effective processes that too in the shortest amount of time.

4C team of certified professionals has provided 80+ implementation of 7 QC Tools and 120+ 7 QC Tools Training. By solving 200+ quality problems, 4C has empowered clients to reduce the 80% cost of poor quality.  To accelerate your quality management process and reduce your cost of poor quality, contact our experts now.

[malodabivictor]

Istilah dan metode dalam Statistika:

1. Data

2. Variabel

3. Rata-rata (Mean)

4. Median

5. Modus

6. Standar Deviasi

7. Distribusi Normal

8. Regresi

9. Korelasi

10. Uji Hipotesis

11. Interval Kepercayaan

12. Chi-Square

13. ANOVA

14. Regresi Linier

15. Metode Maximum Likelihood (ML)

16. Bootstrap

17. Pengambilan Sampel Acak Sederhana

18. Distribusi Poisson

19. Teorema Pusat Batas

20. Pengujian Non-parametrik

21. Analisis Regresi Logistik

22. Statistik Deskriptif

23. Grafik

24. Pengambilan Sampel Berstrata

25. Pengambilan Sampel Klaster

26. Statistik Bayes

27. Statistik Inferensial

28. Statistik Parametrik

29. Statistik Non-Parametrik

30. Pengujian A/B (A/B Testing)

31. Pengujian Satu Arah dan Dua Arah

32. Validitas dan Reliabilitas

33. Peramalan (Forecasting)

34. Analisis Faktor

35. Regresi Logistik Ganda

36. Model Linier General (GLM)

37. Korelasi Kanonikal

38. Uji T

39. Uji Z

40. Uji Wilcoxon

41. Uji Mann-Whitney

42. Uji Kruskal-Wallis

43. Uji Friedman

44. Uji Chi-Square Pearson

45. Uji McNemar

46. Uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov

47. Uji Levene

48. Uji Shapiro-Wilk

49. Uji Durbin-Watson

50. Metode Kuadrat Terkecil (Least Squares Method)

51. Uji F

52. Uji t Berpasangan

53. Uji t Independen

54. Uji Chi-Square Kemerdekaan

55. Analisis Komponen Utama (PCA)

56. Analisis Diskriminan

57. Pengujian Homogenitas Varians

58. Pengujian Normalitas

59. Peta Kendali (Control Chart)

60. Grafik Pareto

61. Sampling Proporsional Terhadap Ukuran (PPS)

62. Pengambilan Sampel Multistage

63. Pengambilan Sampel Sistematis

64. Pengambilan Sampel Stratified Cluster

65. Statistik Spasial

66. Uji K-Sample Anderson-Darling

67. Statistik Bayes Empiris

68. Regresi Nonlinier

69. Regresi Logistik Ordinal

70. Estimasi Kernel

71. Pengujian Kuadrat Terkecil Penilaian Residu (LASSO)

72. Analisis Survival (Survival Analysis)

73. Regresi Cox Proportional Hazards

74. Analisis Multivariat

75. Pengujian Homogenitas

76. Pengujian Heteroskedastisitas

77. Interval Kepercayaan Bootstrap

78. Pengujian Bootstrap

79. Model ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average)

80. Skala Likert

81. Metode Jackknife

82. Statistik Epidemiologi

83. Statistik Genetik

84. Statistik Olahraga

85. Statistik Sosial

86. Statistik Bisnis

87. Statistik Pendidikan

88. Statistik Medis

89. Statistik Lingkungan

90. Statistik Keuangan

91. Statistik Geospasial

92. Statistik Psikologi

93. Statistik Teknik Industri

94. Statistik Pertanian

95. Statistik Perdagangan dan Ekonomi

96. Statistik Hukum

97. Statistik Politik

98. Statistik Media dan Komunikasi

99. Statistik Teknik Sipil

100. Statistik Sumber Daya Manusia

101. Regresi Logistik Binomialis

102. Uji McNemar-Bowker

103. Uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov Lilliefors

104. Uji Jarque-Bera

105. Uji Mann-Kendall

106. Uji Siegel-Tukey

107. Uji Kruskal-Wallis Tingkat Lanjut

108. Statistik Proses

109. Statistik Keandalan (Reliability)

110. Pengujian Bootstrap Berkasus Ganda

111. Pengujian Bootstrap Berkasus Baku

112. Statistik Kualitas

113. Statistik Komputasi

114. Pengujian Bootstrap Kategorikal

115. Statistik Industri

116. Metode Penghalusan (Smoothing Methods)

117. Uji White

118. Uji Breusch-Pagan

119. Uji Jarque-Bera Asimetri dan Kurtosis

120. Statistik Eksperimental

121. Statistik Multivariat Tidak Parametrik

122. Statistik Stokastik

123. Statistik Peramalan Bisnis

124. Statistik Parametrik Bayes

125. Statistik Suku Bunga

126. Statistik Tenaga Kerja

127. Analisis Jalur (Path Analysis)

128. Statistik Fuzzy

129. Statistik Ekonometrika

130. Statistik Inflasi

131. Statistik Kependudukan

132. Statistik Teknik Pertambangan

133. Statistik Kualitatif

134. Statistik Kuantitatif

135. Analisis Ragam Keterkaitan (Canonical Correlation Analysis)

136. Uji Kuadrat Terkecil Parsial (Partial Least Squares Regression)

137. Uji Haar

138. Uji Jarque-Bera Multivariat

139. Pengujian Bootstrap Berkasus Acak

140. Pengujian Bootstrap Berkasus Tak Baku

[theeubricsblog]

15 Smart Decision Making Tips for Managers in 2025

1. Frame the Problem Clearly

Define the issue comprehensively before initiating the decision-making process. Ensure all stakeholders agree on what needs resolution.

2. Use Evidence-Based Approaches

Rely on data rather than intuition alone when evaluating options. Incorporate performance metrics, market trends, and historical data into your analysis.

3. Reframe Challenges

Step back to view problems from multiple perspectives, ensuring no aspect is overlooked during evaluation.

4. Involve Stakeholders

Engage relevant team members early in the process to gather diverse insights and secure buy-in for implementation.

5. Leverage Decision Frameworks

Adopt tools like Pareto Analysis (80/20 rule), Decision Matrices, or SWOT analysis to prioritize options systematically. Read more here: https://www.eubrics.com/blog/decision-making-for-managers

[zeynepom3r]

🚀 Master Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, and Decision-Making Techniques! 🚀

Ready to enhance your decision-making abilities and solve problems like a pro? This 5-day course will equip you with the essential tools and strategies to tackle any challenge with confidence, whether in your career or daily life.

Why Attend? ✅ Learn critical thinking techniques to improve decision-making ✅ Master creative problem-solving methods to tackle complex challenges ✅ Apply powerful tools like root cause analysis and Pareto analysis ✅ Gain confidence in making the right decisions at the right time ✅ Learn to think outside the box with lateral thinking and the Six Thinking Hats technique

Course Highlights:

• Building and expanding decision-making and problem-solving skills • Rational and creative problem-solving techniques • Root cause analysis, Pareto analysis, and more! • Effective decision-making methods using decision matrices and analysis worksheets • Creative problem-solving using lateral thinking and brainstorming

🔗 Join the course now: Critical Thinking, Problem Solving and Decision Making Techniques

#CriticalThinking #ProblemSolving #DecisionMaking #CreativeThinking #CareerGrowth #Leadership #PersonalDevelopment #ProfessionalSkills #BusinessSuccess

[pallaviicert]

What is Six Sigma: Everything You Need to Know About It

Introduction to Six Sigma

Six Sigma is a methodology that helps businesses improve their processes by eliminating defects and reducing variability. It focuses on enhancing quality, increasing efficiency, and ensuring customer satisfaction. Originally developed by Motorola in the 1980s, Six Sigma has since been adopted across various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, finance, and IT.

Understanding Six Sigma

Six Sigma follows a data-driven approach that relies on statistical analysis to identify and eliminate the causes of errors or inefficiencies in processes. The goal is to achieve near-perfection, with a defect rate of 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO).

The Meaning of "Six Sigma"

The term "Six Sigma" comes from the statistical concept of standard deviation (denoted by the Greek letter sigma, σ). In a normally distributed process, achieving Six Sigma means that the probability of a defect is extremely low, ensuring consistent and high-quality outputs.

Key Principles of Six Sigma

Six Sigma is based on the following key principles:

Focus on the Customer: The primary goal is to meet customer requirements and improve satisfaction.

Use Data and Analysis: Decisions should be based on data rather than assumptions or guesswork.

Process Improvement: Identify and eliminate defects and inefficiencies in business processes.

Involvement of Leadership and Employees: Success requires commitment from top management and active participation from employees at all levels.

Sustainable Improvement: Implement changes that provide long-term benefits rather than temporary fixes.

The DMAIC Methodology

The core methodology of Six Sigma is DMAIC, which stands for:

Define: Identify the problem, set objectives, and understand customer expectations.

Measure: Collect relevant data to establish a baseline and measure current performance.

Analyze: Identify root causes of defects or inefficiencies using statistical tools.

Improve: Develop and implement solutions to address the identified issues.

Control: Monitor and maintain improvements to ensure long-term success.

The DMADV Methodology (For New Processes)

While DMAIC is used to improve existing processes, DMADV (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify) is applied to develop new processes that meet Six Sigma standards.

Define: Determine customer needs and project goals.

Measure: Identify critical parameters that affect quality.

Analyze: Explore various design alternatives.

Design: Develop a high-quality process or product.

Verify: Test and validate the final design before full-scale implementation.

Six Sigma Belts and Roles

Six Sigma uses a hierarchical system of roles, similar to martial arts belts, to define expertise levels:

White Belt: Basic understanding of Six Sigma principles.

Yellow Belt: Supports projects by assisting in data collection and process mapping.

Green Belt: Leads smaller projects and assists Black Belts in complex initiatives.

Black Belt: Expert in Six Sigma tools, leading process improvements and mentoring Green Belts.

Master Black Belt: Oversees multiple projects and provides training at the organizational level.

Champion: Senior executives who drive Six Sigma initiatives and align them with business goals.

Tools and Techniques Used in Six Sigma

Several tools and techniques help implement Six Sigma effectively:

Pareto Chart: Identifies the most significant factors contributing to a problem.

Fishbone Diagram (Ishikawa): Helps identify root causes of defects.

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA): Predicts potential failures in a process and mitigates risks.

Control Charts: Monitors process performance over time.

Regression Analysis: Examines relationships between variables to find improvement opportunities.

5 Whys Analysis: Determines the root cause of a problem by repeatedly asking "why?"

Benefits of Implementing Six Sigma

1. Improved Quality and Efficiency

By reducing defects and process variations, Six Sigma enhances product and service quality while improving operational efficiency.

2. Cost Reduction

Fewer defects lead to lower production costs, waste reduction, and fewer customer complaints, resulting in significant cost savings.

3. Increased Customer Satisfaction

Delivering consistent, high-quality products and services increases customer trust and loyalty.

4. Better Decision-Making

Six Sigma relies on data-driven decisions, reducing guesswork and increasing the chances of success.

5. Employee Engagement

When employees are involved in Six Sigma projects, they become more engaged and motivated to contribute to process improvements.

Real-World Applications of Six Sigma

Manufacturing

Companies like General Electric and Toyota have used Six Sigma to improve production processes, reduce waste, and enhance product quality.

Healthcare

Hospitals use Six Sigma to reduce medical errors, streamline patient care, and improve operational efficiency.

Finance

Banks and financial institutions implement Six Sigma to minimize errors in transactions, enhance customer service, and reduce operational risks.

IT and Software Development

Software companies use Six Sigma to improve coding quality, reduce bugs, and enhance software performance.

Challenges in Implementing Six Sigma

Despite its benefits, Six Sigma implementation comes with challenges:

Resistance to Change: Employees may resist adopting new methodologies.

High Initial Investment: Training and implementation costs can be significant.

Data-Driven Approach: Some organizations struggle with collecting and analyzing sufficient data.

Requires Long-Term Commitment: Results may take time, requiring continuous effort and management support.

Conclusion

Six Sigma is a powerful methodology that helps businesses achieve operational excellence by reducing defects, improving quality, and increasing efficiency. Whether you are in manufacturing, healthcare, finance, or IT, implementing Six Sigma can lead to measurable improvements and long-term success. By focusing on data-driven decision-making, continuous process improvement, and customer satisfaction, organizations can gain a competitive edge in today’s dynamic business landscape.

Website: https://www.icertglobal.com/

[realyoungdarius]

question set 5 pols 648

Question Set #5

Start Assignment

Due Wednesday by 6:30pm

Points 50

Submitting a file upload

File Types doc, docx, and pdf

Available after Feb 26 at 6:30pm

As stated in the syllabus, I will either ask a few questions that either I develop or come from the textbook. The file should be submitted before the start of class to Blackboard in the provided folder. The write-up should be single spaced, 12 point times new roman font, and you should cite with page numbers any references to the readings. There is no expected length, just take the amount of space you feel you need to answer the question in full.

For March 12 please answer the following questions:

1) Define the term "price gouging" in a few sentences. 10 Points

When demand rises enough to overcharge customers. It is when businesses and governments take advantage of a sudden high demand. It is usually in an emergency situation.

Examples: scalping tickets for sporting events, and emergency systems, including: gas, food, emergency management that helps with power outages, environmental damage, etc.

2) Develop the start of an analysis of price gouging tactics and what a state can do about businesses that utilize this practice. The status quo would be to do nothing (I.E. we are assuming we live in a state with no price gouging laws). What are 3 other alternatives that could be done to limit/eliminate price gouging (briefly explain each alternative)? Research examples currently in place as part of your response.  40 Points

Status Quo: Disaster Capitalism - Google defines this as: the practice of taking financial advantage of natural or man-made disasters and unstable social, political, or economic situations" opportunities to profit from the pandemic can create a condition some call disaster capitalism"

Alternatives: set price floors, set price ceilings,

command economics - A command economy is one in which a centralized government controls the means of production and determines output levels. Command economies stand in contrast to free-market economies, in which the law of supply and demand determines output and prices.

a market economy system - a market economy is an economic system in which the production of goods and services is deteremined by supply and demand. In a market economy, interactions between consumers and businesses determine what is available and at what price,

mixed economy system - combines aspects of both capitalism and socialism (a mixed economic system accepts private property and permits economic freedom in the use of capital, but also allows for governments to interfere in economic activities in order to achieve social aims.

a mixed economy - an economic system combining private and public enterprise

a market economy - an economic system in which production and prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses

socialism - a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

communism - a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs,

economic planning - contrasts with the laissez-faire approach that, in its purest form, eschews any attempt to guide the economy, relying instead on market forces to determine the speed, direction, and nature of economic evolution.

laissez-faire - a doctrine opposing governmental interferences for the maintenance of peace and property rights

Bring your response to class in whatever format you can as it will relate to the exercise we will do at the outset of class.

Also, every week please note any questions/comments you have about the readings on the discussion board and we will discuss them there and/or in class.

pareto efficiency and pareto improvement

music concert price gouging

medical situation

when does demand rise enough to cause the prices to go above an equilibrium price?

[techpsa]

A Complete Guide to Root Cause Analysis for Project Success

Every project faces obstacles missed deadlines, budget overruns, quality issues, and misaligned expectations. While it’s easy to apply quick fixes, these problems often resurface if the underlying cause remains unaddressed. This is where Root Cause Analysis (RCA) comes in.

RCA is a structured method for identifying the core reasons behind project challenges and implementing long-term solutions. This guide will take you through the importance of RCA, step-by-step execution, and key tools to ensure project success.

Why Root Cause Analysis is Crucial for Project Success

Project managers often deal with recurring issues. Instead of solving surface-level symptoms, RCA helps teams:

Prevent repeated failures by eliminating the root cause.

Optimize project efficiency by addressing process inefficiencies.

Minimize risks and improve decision-making.

Reduce costs by avoiding unnecessary rework.

Enhance team collaboration by aligning stakeholders.

By incorporating RCA into your project management approach, you don’t just fix problems—you prevent them from happening again.

Step-by-Step Guide to Root Cause Analysis

Step 1: Define the Problem Clearly

Start by outlining the issue in specific terms. A well-defined problem statement should answer:

Step 2: Collect and Analyze Data

Gather relevant data to understand the problem’s context. Sources may include:

Project reports, logs, and meeting notes

Performance metrics (timelines, budgets, defect rates, etc.)

Feedback from team members and stakeholders

Look for trends, inconsistencies, and recurring patterns that can indicate systemic issues.

Step 3: Identify the Root Cause Using RCA Tools

Several techniques can help uncover the true cause of project problems:

1. The 5 Whys Technique

This method involves repeatedly asking "Why?" until the fundamental cause is revealed.

Example:

Why was the sprint deadline missed? → Testing took longer than expected.

Why did testing take longer? → Too many defects were found.

Why were there too many defects? → Requirements were unclear.

Why were requirements unclear? → Stakeholders had conflicting expectations.

Why did stakeholders have conflicting expectations? → No standardized documentation process.

Root Cause: Lack of a standardized documentation process.

2. Fishbone Diagram

This visual tool categorizes possible causes under key areas like:

People (team skills, communication issues)

Process (workflow inefficiencies, unclear responsibilities)

Technology (software limitations, outdated tools)

External Factors (vendor delays, regulatory challenges)

3. Pareto Analysis (80/20 Rule)

This approach helps prioritize the 20% of causes responsible for 80% of project issues, allowing teams to focus on the most impactful areas.

Step 4: Implement Corrective Actions

Once the root cause is identified, develop targeted and sustainable solutions.

🔹 Example Fixes for Documentation Issues:

Create standardized requirement documentation templates.

Hold alignment meetings with stakeholders before the project starts.

Implement a review system to validate requirements before development.

Step 5: Monitor and Prevent Future Issues

Preventing recurrence is just as important as solving the problem. Ensure continuous improvement by:

Establishing clear project workflows and responsibilities.

Conducting regular project health checks.

Using project management software for tracking and visibility.

Final Thoughts

Root Cause Analysis is more than just a problem-solving technique—it’s a proactive strategy for project success. By focusing on the true cause of issues rather than their symptoms, project managers can ensure greater efficiency, reduced risks, and long-term improvement.

[compliancehelpconsulting]

How Can ISO 9001 Certification Consultants Help Reduce Resource Waste?

What is resource waste? In the simplest terms, it is the unnecessary use of resources. This leads to a higher amount of depletion. This term applies to a variety of settings, including business operations, manufacturing, agriculture, and everyday activities. Resources can include materials, time, energy, money, or human effort. Budget constraints and lack of quality controls are two pivotal issues associated with resource waste. If quality is not met, a company is unable to maintain sustainability. Customer satisfaction is directly linked to quality management. To ensure you maintain brand awareness and a competitive advantage, an ISO certification for quality assurance is essential. ISO 9001 certification consultants are experienced professionals who can help with the improvement processed needed within your current quality management system. You can rectify any quality management-related issues while at the same time achieve 100% regulatory compliance.

Since these consultants are committed to enhancing the quality of your services/products, they will focus strongly on reducing resource wastage. These professionals believe in increasing resource efficiency by prioritizing their values. In this way, the lifecycle of all resources is analyzed. Through this process, they will help your management team and stakeholders mobilize resources in a much more effective way.

How do ISO 9001 certification consultants reduce resource wastage?

Process Optimization - Consultants help organizations map their workflows to identify inefficiencies, redundancies, or bottlenecks. They develop and implement standardized operating procedures (SOPs) that minimize errors and reduce resource waste. By incorporating lean methodologies, they eliminate non-value-adding activities, reduce waste of time and materials.

Waste Management

Defect Reduction: By focusing on quality at every production stage, consultants help reduce defects and rework, directly cutting material wastage.

Efficient Resource Allocation: They identify underutilized or overused resources and recommend balancing measures.

3. Improved Monitoring and Measurement

Data-Driven Decisions: Consultants implement robust monitoring systems to measure key performance indicators (KPIs), helping businesses track and reduce waste.

Root Cause Analysis: They use tools like fishbone diagrams and Pareto analysis to address recurring issues that lead to waste.

4. Employee Training and Awareness

Skill Development: Training employees in quality management systems (QMS) ensures they understand how to use resources effectively.

Awareness Programs: Creating awareness about the cost and impact of waste fosters a culture of responsibility.

5. Supplier and Material Management

Supplier Evaluation: Consultants help select suppliers with consistent quality standards, reducing issues caused by subpar raw materials.

Inventory Management: They recommend just-in-time practices to avoid overstocking, spoilage, or obsolescence of materials.

Continuous Improvement Culture

Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA): Consultants introduce the PDCA cycle for ongoing improvements to reduce waste.

Feedback Loops: Regular reviews and feedback mechanisms ensure that waste reduction initiatives are sustained.

When you hire an experienced ISO 9001 certification consultants for the first time, contact several reputable agencies. Dig into their background information and verify their certification in quality management and audit. To minimize waste, you need professionals who have a minimum of ten years of expertise in a relevant industry. Have a face-to-face appointment prior to selecting a team or an expert.

Also Read: Learn from Experts About the Five Requirements of The ISO 17025?