#Othniel Charles Marsh

[mineralsrocksandfossiltalks]

THE ONE AND ONLY OTHNIEL CHARLES MARSH

For Throwback Thursday we will be discussing one of the most important people in paleontology: Professor Othniel Marsh. He was born in Lockport, New York to a modest family but he was lucky enough to be the nephew of George Peabody.

Peabody paid for his formal education at Yale College where he received a bachelor's degree in...art?

He did receive a Berkeley Scholarship so he went on to study geology, mineralogy, and chemistry.

Fun fact, in 1866 he was appointed the professor of vertebrate paleontology at Yale University making him the very first professor of paleontology in the U.S.

The Peabody Museum of Natural History was founded and he was made one of the first curators.

Marsh went on to write 400 scientific papers, naming about 500 new species of fossil animals including many of our Morrison favorites:

Stegosaurus

Brontosaurus

Apatosaurus

Allosaurus

Atlantosaurus

Camptosaurus

Ceratosaurus

Diplodocus

Dryosaurus

and Nanosaurus.

He also named several of their families: Allosauridae, Camptosauridae, Diplodocidae, and Stegosauridae as well as four famous suborders: Ceratopsia, Ceratosauria, Ornithopoda, Stegosauria and Theropoda.

He also had several named in his honor but only Marshosaurus has stood the test of time.

[lindahall]

Othniel C. Marsh – Scientist of the Day

Othniel Charles Marsh, an American paleontologist, was born Oct. 29, 1831, near Lockport, N.Y.

read more...

[akariuta311101]

N-Nodosaurus

Taxonomic Group: Nodosaurus is a genus within the family Nodosauridae, part of the suborder Ankylosauria. These dinosaurs are known for their armored bodies and belong to the group commonly referred to as nodosaurids.

Size and Weight: Nodosaurus was a medium-sized dinosaur, estimated to be about 5 to 6 meters (16 to 20 feet) in length and weighing approximately 1 metric ton (2,200 pounds).

Time Period: Nodosaurus lived during the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 112 to 97 million years ago.

Location: Fossils of Nodosaurus have been discovered in North America, specifically in regions such as Kansas and Wyoming, USA.

Diet: As a herbivore, Nodosaurus primarily fed on low-lying vegetation. Its teeth and jaw structure suggest it was well-adapted to consuming a variety of plants, including ferns and cycads.

Distinctive Features: Nodosaurus is characterized by its heavily armored body, with bony plates and spikes providing protection against predators. It lacked the tail club seen in some other ankylosaurs.

Head Structure: The skull of Nodosaurus was relatively small compared to its body, with a beak-like structure at the front for cropping plants. Its teeth were simple and leaf-shaped, suitable for processing plant material.

Movement and Behavior: Nodosaurus was a quadrupedal dinosaur, moving on all four legs. Its robust limbs and low-slung body indicate it was a slow-moving creature, relying on its armor for defense rather than speed.

Initial Discovery: The genus Nodosaurus was described by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889, based on fossils discovered in the Dakota Sandstone Formation. It was one of the first ankylosaurs to be named.

Skin and Fossil Finds: While skin impressions of Nodosaurus are rare, skeletal remains, including armor plates, vertebrae, and limb bones, have been found. These fossils provide valuable insights into its anatomy and defensive adaptations.

Social Behavior: There is limited direct evidence of the social behavior of Nodosaurus. However, like other nodosaurids, it is believed to have been a solitary or small-group animal, relying on its armor for protection rather than social structures for defense.

[judgeitbyitscover]

Bone Wars (1998) & Two Tiny Claws (1999) by Brett Davis

Cover illustrations by Bob Eggleton

Bone Wars (1998)

Montana, 1876. Othniel Charles Marsh, one of the two top paleontologists in the world, in the state's Judith River fossil beds, doing what he does best: digging up the bones of dinosaurs. Montana is a big state, but Marsh can't rest easy. Edward Drinker Cope, his biggest rival, and the other top paleontologist in the world, is also in the area, and there simply aren't enough bones for both of them, leading them to play dirty tricks. And time itself is against them: the fierce snows of winter are on the way and, rumor has it, so is Sitting Bull, fresh from his triumph at little Big Horn.

Another complication: two foreign scientists are also competing for the bones. One says he's from Sweden, the other says he's from Iceland. One of them enlists Cope to help him, while the other befriends Marsh.Marsh and Cope don't want the fossils to leave the country, so they decide to bury the hatchet and work together to outwit the visitors. This turns out to be harder than they thought. The foreign scientists possess amazing technology, but that's because they are much more foreign than they claimed. They don't just want to take the bones out of the country -- they're fighting over who will get to take them clean off the planet....

Two Tiny Claws (1999)

Montana, 1907. Barnum Brown of the American Museum of Natural History aims to dig up fossils of Tyrannosaurus Rex, the most fearsome carnivore ever to walk the Earth. He dismisses rumors of earlier paleontologists encountering both resurrected dinosaurs and aliens from space. He's more worried by reports that notorious bank robber Luther Gumpson is in the neighborhood. But then Brown discovers that the aliens are real, they're back, and they're mad. And he'll see more than the bones of T-Rex, when he encounters the awesome ground-pounding predator in the flesh....

[griffinkid]

I got my first Charlie bear today! He's a tyrannosaurus but I think he's more like an allosaurus XD I need name suggestions 😊 your super good at naming plushies💙

He's lovely! I'm glad you were able to get him, I know you've been after a Charlie Bears bear for ages, and I love this one myself ❤️

After a bit of digging (hah!) on Wikipedia, I have these dinosaur name suggestions:

Othniel, Charles or Marsh (for Othniel Charles Marsh, who first discovered the allosaurus in 1877)

Ferdinand or Hayden (for Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, who first described the allosaurus fossil in 1869)

Peter (student Peter T. Dotson first discovered a tyrannosaurus tooth in 1874)

Henry (for Henry Fairfield Osborn who coined the name T. Rex in 1905)

Scotty (name for the largest T. Rex skeleton ever discovered)

[mousseeme]

🦕

Sauropoda :

Ze oldest known unequivocal sauropod dinosaurs are known from the Early Jurassic.[5] Isanosaurus and Antetonitrus were originally described as Triassic sauropods,[6][7] but their age, and in the case of Antetonitrus also its sauropod status, were subsequently questioned.[8][5][9] Sauropod-like sauropodomorph tracks from the Fleming Fjord Formation (Greenland) might, however, indicate the occurrence of the group in the Late Triassic.[5] By the Late Jurassic (150 million years ago), sauropods had become widespread (especially the diplodocids and brachiosaurids). By the Late Cretaceous, one group of sauropods, the titanosaurs, had replaced all others and had a near-global distribution. However, as with all other non-avian dinosaurs alive at the time, the titanosaurs died out in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Fossilised remains of sauropods have been found on every continent, including Antarctica.[10][11][12][13]

The name Sauropoda was coined by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1878, and is derived from Ancient Greek, meaning "lizard foot".[14] Sauropods are one of the most recognizable groups of dinosaurs, and have become a fixture in popular culture due to their impressive size.

Complete sauropod fossil finds are extremely rare. Many species, especially the largest, are known only from isolated and disarticulated bones. Many near-complete specimens lack heads, tail tips and limbs!?

[newlabdakos]

Elasmosaurus platyurus

(temporal range: 80.5 mio. years ago)

[text from the Wikipedia article, see also link above]

Elasmosaurus (/ɪˌlæzməˈsɔːrəs, -moʊ-/;[1]) is a genus of plesiosaur that lived in North America during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period, about 80.5 million years ago. The first specimen was discovered in 1867 near Fort Wallace, Kansas, US, and was sent to the American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope, who named it E. platyurus in 1868. The generic name means "thin-plate reptile", and the specific name means "flat-tailed". Cope originally reconstructed the skeleton of Elasmosaurus with the skull at the end of the tail, an error which was made light of by the paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh, and became part of their "Bone Wars" rivalry. Only one incomplete Elasmosaurus skeleton is definitely known, consisting of a fragmentary skull, the spine, and the pectoral and pelvic girdles, and a single species is recognized today; other species are now considered invalid or have been moved to other genera.

Measuring 10.3 meters (34 ft) in length, Elasmosaurus would have had a streamlined body with paddle-like limbs, a short tail, a small head, and an extremely long neck. The neck alone was around 7.1 meters (23 ft) long. Along with its relative Albertonectes, it was one of the longest-necked animals to have lived, with the second largest number of neck vertebrae known, 72, 4 less than Albertonectes. The skull would have been slender and triangular, with large, fang-like teeth at the front, and smaller teeth towards the back. It had six teeth in each premaxilla of the upper jaw, and may have had 14 teeth in the maxilla and 19 in the dentary of the lower jaw. Most of the neck vertebrae were compressed sideways, and bore a longitudinal crest or keel along the sides.

The family Elasmosauridae was based on the genus Elasmosaurus, the first recognized member of this group of long-necked plesiosaurs. Elasmosaurids were well adapted for aquatic life, and used their flippers for swimming. Contrary to earlier depictions, their necks were not very flexible, and could not be held high above the water surface. It is unknown what their long necks were used for, but they may have had a function in feeding. Elasmosaurids probably ate small fish and marine invertebrates, seizing them with their long teeth, and may have used gastroliths (stomach stones) to help digest their food. Elasmosaurus is known from the Pierre Shale formation, which represents marine deposits from the Western Interior Seaway.

[pleistocene-pride]

Nyctosaurus is a genus of nyctosaurid pterosaur which lived throughout what is now the Midwestern United States and possibly Brazil during the Santonian to Campanian of the Late cretaceous some 87 and 82 million years ago. The first known remains of nyctosaurus consisting of a fragmented skeleton was recovered from the Smoky Hill River site in Kansas and were described in 1876 by Othniel Charles Marsh. Marsh referred the specimen to a species of his new genus Pteranodon, as Pteranodon gracilis. Later that year, Marsh reclassified the species in its own genus, which he named Nyctosaurus, meaning "night lizard" or "bat lizard", in reference to the wing structure somewhat paralleling those of bats. In 1881, Marsh incorrectly assumed the name was preoccupied and changed it into Nyctodactylus, which thus is now a junior synonym. In 1901 H. T. Martin recorverd a remarkably complete specimen which was described by Samuel Wendell Williston who assigned it as nyctosaurus giving a much better picture and understanding of the animal. Since then several additional specimens have been recovered with there being at least 2 species: N. gracilis & N. nanus. Reaching around 1 to 2ft (30 to 60cms) in length, 4-6lbs (1.8 to 2.7kgs) in weight, with a 6.6 to 9.5ft (2 to 2.9m) long wingspan, nyctosaurus sported many similarities to its much larger contemporary pteranodon such as a comparatively small body, long wings, large heads, and elaborate head crests. In nyctosaurus the crest is composed of two long, grooved spars, each as long or longer than the body, with one pointed upward and the other backward, arising from a common base projecting up and back from the back of the skull. Fairly unique amongst pterosaurs nyctosaurs lost most of the wing fingers except the "flight" digit. As a result, nyctosaurus likely had a hard time walking let alone climbing and likely spent almost all of its time on the wing.

Art used can be found at the following links

[catboymoments]

I have some information Juno and Hyancinth might like.

Have you heard of

The Bonr Wars?

If not, then let me enlighten you.

The Bone Wars was a "conflict" between rival paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh that lasted between 1877 and 1892 where both parties tried to out-paleontologist each other by any means necessary, which often lead to theft, bribery, destruction of fossils, espionage, sabotage, and much, much more.

Fortunately, The Bone Wars did have a happy ending, just not for Cope and Marsh, with neither party being crowned the winner, intead they both ran out of money, were socially outcast, and shunned by the scientific community; The one's who had the happy ending were the members of the scientific and paleontologic communities, as the rivals' frivoulous spending, ungodly amount of digging, and countless nights writing resulted in 136 new species of dinosaurs being discovered.

In fact, some of the most well known dinosaurs were discovered during The Bone Wars. Dinosaurs like Triceratops, Allosaurus, and Stegosaurus just to name a few.

Here's the wikipedia article on The Bone Wars:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Wars

THATS SO FUCKING WILD

[extinctworld-ua]

Nanosaurus

Nanosaurus — рід динозаврів з клади Neornithischia, що жив приблизно 155-148 мільйонів років тому, в пізньому юрському періоді. Його скам’янілості відомі з формації Моррісона на південному заході США. Типовий і єдиний вид, Nanosaurus agilis, був описаний і названий Отніелем Чарльзом Маршем (Othniel Charles Marsh) у 1877 році.

Повний текст на сайті "Вимерлий світ":

https://extinctworld.in.ua/nanosaurus/

[balanceoflightanddark]

Agathaumas, the Lost Ceratopsian

I've talked about The Lost World (1925) a few times on this blog, partly due to it being the very first feature length film depicting dinosaurs, and partly due to how effective it is as a snapshot of dinosaurs during the early 1900s.

Anyone who has seen the film will note that there are actually two species of ceratopsians portrayed. The first is the more famous Triceratops, as seen in the photo above on the left.

The one on the right resembles a Triceratops, but looks a little...different. The nasal horn is a lot longer, the frill exhibiting more spikes, and it's hide more heavily armoured.

As you might've guessed, this isn't Triceratops. In fact...it's a dinosaur that may not have even existed.

Meet Agathaumas sylvestris ("marvelous forest-dweller"), one of the oldest described ceratopsians ever recorded. In fact, it was "discovered" before ceratopsians were even properly described.

The original partial remains (AMNH 4000) were discovered in 1873 by Fielding Bradford Meek and Henry Martyn Bannister near Black Butte and Bitter Creek in Wyoming. They were eventually sent to the famous paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope who initially described it as a hadrosaur due to how fragmentary the fossils were. It wasn't until his rival Othniel Marsh described Triceratops did Cope recognize it as a ceratopsian in 1889.

And here's where things get...interesting.

As anybody interested in paleontological topics should know, Cope and Marsh were locked in a fierce rivalry called the Bone Wars, where the two competed to find the most specimens and describe the most species. In a series of publications ("The horned dinosauria of the Laramie" from the American Naturalist) Cope initially didn't recognize the name "ceratopsid" as a proper family name (believing that the namesake Ceratops wasn't related), and even argued for his own classification: Agathaumids. Furthermore, he grouped 4 other of his discoveries together in this family: Monoclonius, Dysganus, Manospondylus, and Claorhynchus.

Despite his efforts, Cope's gambit ultimately failed when in 1907, Agathaumas's validity was challenged by John Bell Hatcher. Due to the fragmentary nature of the fossils, it was later reclassified as a pseudonym for Monoclonius. This isn't anything unique for species described in the Bone Wars due to the rush to name new animals. And to rub salt in the wound, all of the members of the Agathaumids were considered to be nomen dubium (doubtful name) while Marsh's name Ceratopsids was chosen as the classification for the group (The Ceratopsia).

Armor for Agathaumas – Incertae Sedis (wordpress.com)

So where does that leave Agathaumas and the original remains? Nowadays, while the remains are still considered a holotype, it's widely considered to be a centrosaur. The painting by Charles R. Knight as seen from above came from the species Agathaumas sphenocerus, later reclassified as a species of Monoclonius, which is now believed to have been described from specimens of Styracosaurus and Centrosaurus. The reconstruction would later be used for the animal's depiction in the 1925 The Lost World. The genus as a whole is now typically regarded as synonym for Marsh's dinosaur, Triceratops (in a bit of irony).

So while now considered nomen dubium, Agathaumas is still rather interesting due to how a once notable dinosaur fell victim to science marching on, and how it got caught in the center of a notorious rivalry.

A big thanks to the I Know Dino podcast for covering this. Feel free to check them out cause they have a lot of good material for dinosaur enthusiasts. Also feel free to check out any of the articles cited in the post if you want some additional reading, and this great video by E.D.G.E from YouTube.

Agathaumas | The Horned Dragon That Never Was - YouTube

[mineralsrocksandfossiltalks]

Throwback Thursday: The Curious Case of Brontosaurus

Everyone has heard of Brontosaurus. It's one of the top five dinosaurs kids learn. However, do you know about the rocky past of this fan favorite? Brontosaurus was discovered in 1879 by Othniel Charles Marsh (or at the very least, his crew) during the height of the infamous Bone Wars. It was collected from Como Bluff, Wyoming and it was a nearly complete skeleton. All it was missing was its head (a typical, sauropod problem).

At this time, the Morrison Formation was at the center of the Bone Wars conflict so Marsh was feeling rushed and pressured to publish on this new find before his rival, Edward Drinker Cope, had the opportunity to publish something new first. Even though he hoped to recover a skull, Marsh opted to publish without.

Now, the Yale Peabody Museum couldn't display a headless skeleton so they decided to sculpt one. As I mentioned before, sauropod skulls are not easy to come by. The damn things are so small compared to the rest of the body and so fragile that the pop off and disarticulate. The only skulls that had been found with any substance was Camarasaurus and a few Brachiosaurus fragments. I mean, look at the size difference between Camarasaurus and Diplodocus skulls:

(The Diplodocus skull is significantly smaller. You can see it below and to the right of the Camarasaurus in the top photo).

So, all they had to really go off of was Camarasaurus and Brachiosaurus so they made a composite of the two that ended up looking like this:

Horrifying, isn't it? I mean, those two sauropods aren't even closely related to Brontosaurus.

In 1903, Elmer Riggs argued that Brontosaurus was not different enough from Apatosaurus to warrant a different genus. A different species, sure, but not genus. Since Apatosaurus was named first, it had priority therefore Brontosaurus excelsus became Apatosaurus excelsus. However, the general public missed the memo so Brontosaurus stayed in common literature.

In 2015, an extensive study was done on the diplodocid branch (check out my Monday Musings post on sauropod phylogeny if unfamiliar with sauropod families) and they concluded that Brontosaurus was legit. Usually, names don't get revived to keep things from getting confusing but Brontosaurus survived nearly 100 years of existential crises so its popularity in the general populace allowed for a revival.

And that is the short history of how Brontosaurus existed then didn't exist and then existed again. Tune in tomorrow to learn about Brachiosaurus altithorax.

[dinos-and-stuff]

Random Palaeontology Facts #3

One of the most infamous events in the history of fossil hunting is the Bone Wars, a 20 year long rivalry between two reputable palaeontologists that left both men destitute, yet resulted in an unprecedented amount of new species being discovered.

Before the Bone Wars, Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope were close friends, to the extent where they were naming species after each other. However, over time the two grew apart due to their intense differences, yet they remained friends.

In 1868, Cope described yet another new species, Elasmosaurus Platyurus, in a scientific paper.

There was just one problem.

Soon after the publishing of this paper, Marsh arrived to inspect the specimen and concluded that he had put the head on the wrong end.

The two debated this for some time, until Joseph Mellick Leidy (Cope’s former mentor) was summoned to settle the dispute, who ultimately sided with Marsh.

Cope was horrified at his mistake, immediately recalling all copies of the paper and distributing a revised version instead.

In June of 1872, Cope started collecting fossils in Wyoming and Kansas, an area Marsh considered his territory leading to deterioration of their relationship. Relations became outright hostile after it was discovered that two of Marsh’s men were being bribed by Cope.

The following years were full of theft, further bribery, attempts to ruin each other’s reputations and the destruction of fossils and dig sites, in some cases even using dynamite.

By the time of Cope’s passing in 1897, both of the men were completely broke. He had been forced to sell his fossil collection and rent out his house in order to survive, while Marsh had to take out a mortgage and ask Yale for a salary.

Even in death, Cope antagonised Marsh, donating his skull to science in order to find out who had the larger brain (at the time, brain size was thought to correlate with intelligence). Marsh never accepted the challenge.

The Bone Wars harmed the public perception of American palaeontology for decades, and some destroyed fossils could very well have been the only ones of their kind.

It wasn’t all bad though, as the quarrel between the two men defined the new field of science and discovered some of the first complete skeletons ever. Between the two of them, they found 136 new species of dinosaurs (56 by Cope, 80 by Marsh) including some of the most famous such as Allosaurus, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, Diplodocus and Coelophysis, the only dinosaur that’s been to space.

[akariuta311101]

D-Diplodocus

1. Classification: Diplodocus belongs to the sauropod group of dinosaurs, which are characterized by their long necks, long tails, and massive bodies. 2. Size: Diplodocus was one of the longest dinosaurs, with estimates suggesting it could reach lengths of up to 80-90 feet (24-27 meters). Despite its length, it was relatively lightweight for its size, weighing between 10 to 20 tons.

3. Period: Diplodocus lived during the Late Jurassic period, approximately 155 to 145 million years ago.

4. Habitat: Fossil evidence suggests that Diplodocus inhabited what is now North America, particularly in the area that is now the western United States, including Colorado, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming.

5. Diet: As a herbivore, Diplodocus primarily fed on plants. Its long neck allowed it to reach high vegetation, as well as low-lying plants.

6. Anatomy: Diplodocus had a long, whip-like tail, which it might have used for defense or communication. Its neck was also extremely long, consisting of at least 15 vertebrae.

7. Skull and Teeth: The skull of Diplodocus was small compared to its body, with peg-like teeth that were likely used to strip leaves from branches.

8. Movement: It is believed that Diplodocus moved on all fours, but there is some evidence suggesting it could rear up on its hind legs to reach higher vegetation.

9. Discovery: The first Diplodocus fossils were discovered in 1877 by Samuel Wendell Williston in Colorado. The genus name, Diplodocus, was given by paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1878, meaning “double beam” in reference to its double-beamed chevron bones located on the underside of its tail.

10. Cultural Impact: Diplodocus has become one of the most well-known dinosaurs, often featured in museums, literature, and media. One of the most famous specimens, nicknamed “Dippy,” has been a central exhibit in the Natural History Museum in London.

[airtravelupdates]

American Museum of Natural History: Unveiling Nature's Wonders

Welcome to the American Museum of Natural History, a treasure trove of knowledge, discovery, and wonder nestled in the heart of New York City. In this comprehensive guide, we'll take you on a virtual tour of this iconic institution, exploring its rich history, captivating exhibits, and immersive experiences that make it a must-visit destination for visitors of all ages.

A Legacy of Exploration

Founding Fathers of Science

Established in 1869, the American Museum of Natural History has a storied legacy rooted in the pursuit of scientific inquiry and exploration. Visionaries like President Theodore Roosevelt and paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh played pivotal roles in its creation, laying the foundation for a world-class institution dedicated to unraveling the mysteries of the natural world.

Architectural Marvels

Designed by architect J. Cleaveland Cady in the grandiose style of Beaux-Arts architecture, the museum's main building is a sight to behold. Its majestic facades, adorned with intricate carvings and towering columns, exude a sense of grandeur and reverence befitting the wonders that lie within.

Explore the Exhibits

Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life

Step into the prehistoric past as you wander through the museum's famed dinosaur halls. Encounter towering skeletons of Tyrannosaurus rex, Triceratops, and other ancient creatures that once roamed the earth, bringing to life the awe-inspiring world of paleontology and discovery.

Earth and Planetary Sciences

Embark on a journey through space and time as you delve into the museum's exhibits on geology, meteorites, and planetary science. Marvel at dazzling gemstones and minerals, learn about the forces that shape our planet, and explore the mysteries of the cosmos in the Hayden Planetarium.

Biodiversity and Conservation

Discover the staggering diversity of life on earth and the ongoing efforts to conserve and protect it for future generations. From the depths of the ocean to the dense rainforests of the Amazon, the museum's exhibits on biodiversity and conservation showcase the beauty and fragility of our natural world.

Immersive Experiences

Hayden Planetarium

Experience the wonders of the universe like never before in the museum's cutting-edge Hayden Planetarium. Sit back and relax as you're transported on a virtual journey through space, from the birth of stars and galaxies to the edges of the known universe.

Butterfly Conservatory

Escape into a world of color and beauty in the museum's Butterfly Conservatory, where thousands of butterflies flit and flutter amidst lush tropical foliage. Wander through this enchanting oasis and immerse yourself in the sights and sounds of nature's most graceful creatures.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the American Museum of Natural History stands as a testament to the boundless curiosity and wonder of the human spirit. Whether you're a seasoned scientist, a curious visitor, or a wide-eyed child, there's something for everyone to discover and explore within its hallowed halls. So come and embark on a journey of discovery and enlightenment at this iconic institution, where the wonders of the natural world await at every turn.