#Moghulistan

[avetruth]

Joo Yup Lee. The socio political phenomenon of Qazaqlïq (2013)

Joo Yup Lee. The socio political phenomenon of Qazaqlïq (2013) https://www.avetruthbooks.com/2023/08/joo-yup-lee-the-socio-political-phenomenon-of-qazaqliq-2013.html?feed_id=17079

[eruverse]

This is a summary of an article written by Peter B. Golden in 2000 (plus my own notes) on Mongol conquest of Turkic peoples. The Turkic people have migrated and settled in many places throughout Asia away from their historical homeland around Altai mountains and Western Mongolia even before the rise of Mongols, but the Mongol conquest produced the last in a series of realignment of Turks into a shape that we know of today. Definitely, as we’ve known, this construction wasn’t only about further migration of Turks (whether they fled the Mongols or relocated under Mongol command) but also about a lot of intermixing between the two that produced Turko-Mongols which these days are typically known as just Turkics.

Alternatively, this list is called 'Mongolia's Turkic harem' lol. He really travelled all the way from his homeland to the far west to capture all the Turkics and add them into his fold. I don't know if he managed to get absolutely ALL of them, like, did he?? But even if he didn't, the list still stretches long so he really did an astounding job.

The explanations in this list might not be fully correct but I tried my best!!

So, starting from the first Turkic people to submit or come into contact, they were:

The Keraites, in 1203. It’s unclear whether they were actually Mongolic or Turkic, or maybe a mix as they had formed a lot of coalitions with the Mongols even before the rise of Mongol Empire. Toghrul Khan of the Keraites was a bloodbrother or anda to Yesugei, Chinggis Khan’s father. Sometimes they would be in conflicts with Chinggis Khan’s party, but in general the Keraites were allies.

The Önggüd, in 1204. They were descended from the Sarts who in turn were descended from the remnant tribes of Western Turkic Khaganate. Many of them were Nestorian Christians and later they would become Mongolized.

The Naiman, in 1204. Again it’s unclear whether they were Mongolic or Turkic, with some saying they could be Mongolized Turks or even Turkic speaking. The Naiman Khanate tho was located around Western Mongolia so I think they were significantly Turkic leaning. This group would prove quite a pain to the Mongols as one of its member, Küchlüg, ran to Qara-Khitai realm in order to flee them and married a royal princess. He would then usurp the Khitan throne and was later defeated by Mongol general Jebe. The Naiman would later be absorbed into Mongol and other newer Turkic groups like Kazakh.

The Yenisei Kyrgyz, in 1207-8, along with other forest and forest-steppe peoples such as the Altay Turks. The Yenisei Kyrgyz dwelled along the Yenisei river in Siberia, with the core of their homeland in the mountainous area of what is now Tuva. The Yenisei Kyrgyz would be subjected to displacements that ultimately brought some of them into the confines of Moghulistan where the final ethnogenesis of modern Kyrgyz of Kyrgyzstan took place, involving other Turkics and Mongols. Today the Kyrgyz speak a Qipchaq branch of Turkic language. Must be noted that there are other groups that descended from Yenisei Kyrgyz such as Khakas people in Khakassia and Altai people in Altai Republic (both in Russia).

The Qocho Uyghurs as initiated by Barcuq who submitted in 1209 and was accepted as “the fifth son of Chinggis Khan”, with a Chinggisid bride being married to him sealing the ties. Qocho Uyghur was a state founded by Uyghur refugees who fled the destruction of Uyghur Khaganate after being driven out by the Yenisei Kyrgyz. The Uyghurs were favored a lot and due to their capabilities rose to prominence under Mongol Empire and served in far-flung territories under Mongol dominion like Yuan and Ilkhanate. In time, the Qocho territory would pass into the house of Chagatai.

Qarluq Turks, in 1211, who were one of the primary constituent elements of Qarakhanid state in Central Asia. Some of the prominent figures in this group were even given Chinggisid brides which showed that Chinggis Khan was adamant in binding the important Turkics to him. The Yuan-Shi, or Yuan era historical work, records Kublai explaining to a Korean ruler and his son that the Uyghurs and Qarluqs held the first rank among the subject kings because they had submitted first. Anyway, the Qarluqs, who were once also part of Göktürk Khaganate, had links to the Uzbeks and modern Uyghurs with the two speaking Qarluq branch of Turkic languages.

Qipchaqs/Polovtsy, and the Qangly who are purpoted to be related to the Qipchaqs, were particularly problematic toward the Mongols. The Qangly had contacts with the Keraites and Naimans who were foes with Chinggis Khan and that's probably why they were targeted. The Qipchaqs also granted refuge to Merkid princes in 1217-19 or earlier (we all know the Merkids were as good as archenemies with Chinggis Khan) and it was said that this event brought about the first military encounter between the Mongols and Qipchaqs. The Qipchaqs also allied with the Rus against the Mongols in the famous Battle of Kalka River in 1223 which ultimately brought the Mongols into the heart of Russian realm and the territory of Cuman-Qipchaq confederation after their defeat. Afterward, the Qipchaqs would be entered into Jochid ranks in Golden Horde or elsewhere the Mongols wanted them, with the others butchered or fleeing as far as possible either as slave soldiers, local aristocracy (in Rumania and Moldavia) or even as important component of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The Qipchaqs finally perished as a group by 1241-2 but would survive as components of the Baskirs, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Altai, Nogays, and Crimean Tatars.

Khwarazmia which comprised large parts of today's Iran, Central Asia, and Afghanistan. It was a Persianate state of Turkic mamluk origin, with mamluk being a term that denoted non-Arab slave soldiers and freed slaves who were assigned military and administrative duties. Mamluk states were born from slaves who climbed ranks, which meant they weren't originally of nobility. Anyway, Mongol enmity with the Khwarazmians that peaked in 1219 with an invasion started when the latter killed a Mongol-sponsored caravan of Mongol-sponsored Central Asian Muslim merchants who also happened to be intel. Anyway, killing or mistreating Mongol ambassadors or envoys is basically a no-no and this gives the Mongols a permission, as per nomadic rules, to ravage the culprits along with their collective group.

Volga Bulgars, who were finally defeated in 1236. They were a Muslim group who spoke an Oghuric branch of Turkic language. In time, Volga Bulgaria would be included into Kazan Khanate, being one of the successor states of Golden Horde.

Seljuks of Anatolia/Rum who were defeated at Köse Dağ in 1243 and became tribute paying vassals to the Mongols. In time, they would pass into the Ilkhanid dominion and kept at chokehold until its eventual disintegration. Rum itself had started to weaken even before the Mongols took it in, and along with its and Ilkhanate's dissolution numerous Anatolian beyliks (statelets) would take shape with Ottoman Empire ultimately rising from one of them.

[daily-quiz-join]

History of the rulers of Mughal Empire

Babur:

Babur was born on February 14, 1483, in Andijan, Fergana Valley, in what is now Uzbekistan. He was the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza, the ruler of Fergana, and his wife Qutlugh Nigar Khanum, the daughter of Yunus Khan, the ruler of Moghulistan (a descendant of Genghis Khan). Babur's family was of Mongol origin, but they had been living in Central Asia for centuries and had adopted Turkic and Persian culture. They were also Muslims. Babur's father, Umar Sheikh Mirza, was a descendant of Timur, the great conqueror of the 14th century. Timur was a Turko-Mongol warlord who conquered much of Central Asia and the Middle East. He was also a patron of the arts and sciences, and his court was a center of learning and culture. Babur's mother, Qutlugh Nigar Khanum, was a descendant of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan was a brilliant military strategist and tactician, and he is considered to be one of the greatest conquerors in history. Babur's family was a powerful and influential one in Central Asia. However, they were also constantly fighting with other families for control of the region. This led to a lot of instability and violence, and Babur's childhood was marked by war and conflict. Despite the challenges he faced, Babur was a gifted and intelligent child. He was also a skilled military commander and administrator. He learned to ride and shoot at a young age, and he was also trained in the art of war. In 1501, Babur succeeded his father as the ruler of Fergana. However, he was soon challenged by his uncle, Mirza Ahmad, who seized the throne. Babur was forced to flee Fergana and wander through Central Asia for the next few years. In 1526, Babur invaded India and defeated the Delhi Sultanate at the First Battle of Panipat. This victory marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire, which would eventually rule over much of the Indian subcontinent for over 300 years. Babur was a great military commander and administrator, but he was also a gifted poet and writer. He wrote an autobiography, the Baburnama, which is considered to be one of the most important works of literature in the Persian language. Babur died on December 26, 1530, in Agra, India. He was succeeded by his son, Humayun. Babur's family background played a significant role in his life and career. His lineage from Timur and Genghis Khan gave him a strong military background and a sense of entitlement to rule. His upbringing in Central Asia also exposed him to a diverse range of cultures and traditions, which helped him to become a more tolerant and understanding ruler. Babur's family background was both a blessing and a curse. It gave him the resources and power to achieve great things, but it also made him a target for enemies and rivals. However, Babur was a skilled and resourceful leader, and he was able to overcome the challenges he faced to found the Mughal Empire.

Humayun:

Humayun was the second Mughal emperor who ruled India. He was born on March 6, 1508, in Kabul, Afghanistan. He was the eldest son of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, and his wife, Maham Begum. Humayun's family was of Mongol origin, but they had been living in Central Asia for centuries and had adopted Turkic and Persian culture. They were also Muslims. Humayun's father, Babur, was a skilled military commander and administrator. He founded the Mughal Empire in 1526 after defeating the Delhi Sultanate at the First Battle of Panipat. However, Babur died in 1530, when Humayun was only 22 years old. Humayun was a weak and indecisive ruler. He was also not a skilled military commander, and he was soon overthrown by Sher Shah Suri, a Afghan warlord. Humayun was forced to flee India and wander through Central Asia for the next 15 years. In 1555, Humayun regained the throne of India with the help of the Safavid Empire. However, he died two years later, and his son, Akbar, succeeded him. Humayun's family background played a significant role in his life and career. His lineage from Timur and Genghis Khan gave him a strong military background and a sense of entitlement to rule. However, his lack of military skills and his indecisiveness made him a weak and ineffective ruler. Humayun's family background was also a source of conflict and instability. His mother, Maham Begum, was a powerful and ambitious woman who often interfered in his affairs. She also arranged for her own son, Kamran, to be declared heir to the throne, which led to a long and bloody civil war. Despite the challenges he faced, Humayun was a cultured and learned man. He was also a patron of the arts and sciences, and he encouraged the development of Persian and Turkish literature in India. Humayun's reign was a turbulent one, but he laid the foundation for the Mughal Empire to become one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in the world. - Babur: Humayun's father, the founder of the Mughal Empire. - Maham Begum: Humayun's mother, a powerful and ambitious woman who often interfered in his affairs. - Kamran: Humayun's half-brother, who challenged him for the throne. - Bairam Khan: Humayun's advisor and military commander, who helped him to regain the throne of India. - Akbar: Humayun's son, the third Mughal emperor and the greatest of the Mughal rulers. Humayun's family background was both a blessing and a curse. It gave him the resources and power to achieve great things, but it also made him a target for enemies and rivals. However, Humayun was a skilled and resourceful leader, and he was able to overcome the challenges he faced to lay the foundation for the Mughal Empire to become one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in the world.

Akbar:

Akbar (1542-1605) was the third Mughal emperor of India. He is considered to be one of the greatest rulers in Indian history, and his reign is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of the Mughal Empire. Akbar was born in Umarkot, Sindh, in 1542. He was the son of Humayun, the second Mughal emperor, and Hamida Banu Begum. Akbar's father was a skilled military commander and administrator, but he was also a weak and indecisive ruler. He was overthrown by Sher Shah Suri, a Afghan warlord, and forced to flee India. Akbar spent his childhood in exile in Persia. In 1555, Humayun regained the throne of India with the help of the Safavid Empire. However, he died two years later, and Akbar succeeded him at the age of thirteen. Akbar was a brilliant and charismatic ruler. He was also a skilled military commander and administrator. He expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent, and he also promoted religious tolerance and cultural synthesis. Akbar's reign was marked by a number of significant achievements. He defeated the Rajputs, a powerful Hindu clan, and brought them under Mughal rule. He also conquered Gujarat, Malwa, and Bengal. Akbar's military successes made the Mughal Empire the most powerful in India. Akbar was also a great administrator. He established a centralized bureaucracy and a system of justice that was fair and impartial. He also promoted trade and commerce, and he built a number of roads and canals. Akbar's administrative reforms helped to make the Mughal Empire a prosperous and stable state. Akbar was a tolerant ruler. He abolished the jizya, a tax that was imposed on non-Muslims, and he allowed Hindus and Muslims to practice their own religions freely. He also married a Rajput princess, Jodha Bai, which helped to promote religious harmony in the empire. Akbar was a patron of the arts and sciences. He founded a number of schools and libraries, and he encouraged artists and scholars from all over the world to come to his court. Akbar's patronage of the arts and sciences helped to make the Mughal Empire a center of learning and culture. Akbar died in 1605 at the age of 63. He was succeeded by his son, Jahangir. Akbar is considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors, and his reign is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of the Mughal Empire. Here are some of the key events in Akbar's life: - 1542: Born in Umarkot, Sindh. - 1555: Succeeds his father, Humayun, as the third Mughal emperor. - 1556: Defeats the Rajputs at the Battle of Panipat. - 1562: Conquers Gujarat. - 1564: Conquers Malwa. - 1576: Conquers Bengal. - 1580: Abolishes the jizya tax. - 1586: Marries Jodha Bai, a Rajput princess. - 1605: Dies in Agra. Akbar's legacy is a mixed one. He was a brilliant and charismatic ruler who expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent. He was also a tolerant and enlightened ruler who promoted religious harmony and cultural synthesis. However, he was also a ruthless conqueror who was responsible for the deaths of many people. Despite his flaws, Akbar is considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors. His reign is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of the Mughal Empire, and he is credited with laying the foundation for the empire's future greatness.

Jahangir:

Jahangir (1569-1627) was the fourth Mughal emperor of India. He was the son of Akbar the Great and his wife, Mariam-uz-Zamani. Jahangir was born in Allahabad, India, in 1569. He was a weak and indecisive ruler, but he was also a cultured and refined man. He was a patron of the arts and sciences, and he encouraged artists and scholars from all over the world to come to his court. Jahangir's reign was marked by a number of significant achievements. He consolidated the Mughal Empire's power and territory, and he also promoted religious tolerance. He was also a skilled diplomat, and he maintained good relations with the neighboring states. Jahangir's reign was also marked by a number of challenges. He faced rebellions from his own sons, and he was also addicted to alcohol and opium. However, he was able to overcome these challenges and maintain the stability of the Mughal Empire. Jahangir died in 1627 at the age of 58. He was succeeded by his son, Shah Jahan. Here are some of the key events in Jahangir's life: - 1569: Born in Allahabad, India. - 1605: Succeeds his father, Akbar the Great, as the fourth Mughal emperor. - 1620: Conquers Mewar, the last Rajput state to resist Mughal rule. - 1622: Defeats the Portuguese at the Battle of Surat. - 1624: Establishes the Imperial Library in Agra. - 1627: Dies in Lahore, India. Jahangir's legacy is a mixed one. He was a weak and indecisive ruler, but he was also a cultured and refined man. He was a patron of the arts and sciences, and he promoted religious tolerance. However, he was also addicted to alcohol and opium, and his reign was marked by a number of challenges. Despite his flaws, Jahangir is considered to be an important figure in Mughal history. He was the fourth Mughal emperor, and he ruled the empire during a time of relative peace and prosperity. Jahangir's reign was also marked by a number of cultural achievements. He was a patron of the arts and sciences, and he encouraged artists and scholars from all over the world to come to his court. He also established the Imperial Library in Agra, which became one of the largest and most important libraries in the world. Jahangir's legacy is a mixed one, but he is undoubtedly one of the most important figures in Mughal history. He was the fourth Mughal emperor, and he ruled the empire during a time of relative peace and prosperity. He was also a patron of the arts and sciences, and he helped to make the Mughal Empire a center of learning and culture.

Shah Jahan:

Shah Jahan (1592-1666) was the fifth Mughal emperor of India. He was the son of Jahangir and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan was born in Lahore, India, in 1592. He was a brilliant and charismatic ruler. He was also a skilled military commander and administrator. He expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent, and he also promoted religious tolerance and cultural synthesis. Shah Jahan's reign was marked by a number of significant achievements. He built the Taj Mahal, one of the most beautiful buildings in the world, in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. He also built the Red Fort in Delhi, which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Shah Jahan's reign was also marked by a number of challenges. He faced rebellions from his own sons, and he was also overthrown by his son, Aurangzeb. However, he was able to overcome these challenges and maintain the stability of the Mughal Empire for most of his reign. Shah Jahan died in 1666 at the age of 74. He was succeeded by his son, Aurangzeb. Here are some of the key events in Shah Jahan's life: - 1592: Born in Lahore, India. - 1628: Succeeds his father, Jahangir, as the fifth Mughal emperor. - 1632: Builds the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. - 1638: Conquers the Deccan Plateau. - 1648: Builds the Red Fort in Delhi. - 1658: Overthrown by his son, Aurangzeb. - 1666: Dies in Agra, India. Shah Jahan's legacy is a mixed one. He was a brilliant and charismatic ruler who expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent. He was also a skilled military commander and administrator. However, he was also a cruel and despotic ruler who was responsible for the deaths of many people. Despite his flaws, Shah Jahan is considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors. He was the fifth Mughal emperor, and he ruled the empire during a time of great prosperity and cultural achievement. Shah Jahan's reign was also marked by a number of architectural achievements. He commissioned the construction of many beautiful buildings, including the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, and the Jama Masjid. These buildings are considered to be some of the finest examples of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan's legacy is a mixed one, but he is undoubtedly one of the most important figures in Mughal history. He was the fifth Mughal emperor, and he ruled the empire during a time of great prosperity and cultural achievement. He also built some of the most beautiful buildings in the world, which continue to be admired by people all over the world.

Aurangzeb:

Aurangzeb (1618-1707) was the sixth and last great Mughal emperor. He was the son of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. Aurangzeb was born in Agra, India, in 1618. He was a devout Muslim and a strict disciplinarian. He was also a skilled military commander and administrator. He expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent, but he also imposed harsh religious policies that alienated many of his subjects. Aurangzeb's reign was marked by a number of significant achievements. He conquered the Deccan Plateau, the last major Hindu stronghold in India. He also built a number of forts and mosques, including the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore. Aurangzeb's reign was also marked by a number of challenges. He faced rebellions from his own sons, and he was also criticized for his religious policies. However, he was able to overcome these challenges and maintain the stability of the Mughal Empire for most of his reign. Aurangzeb died in 1707 at the age of 88. He was succeeded by his son, Bahadur Shah I. Here are some of the key events in Aurangzeb's life: - 1618: Born in Agra, India. - 1658: Succeeds his father, Shah Jahan, as the sixth Mughal emperor. - 1665: Conquers the Deccan Plateau. - 1679: Impose jizya tax on non-Muslims. - 1707: Dies in Ahmednagar, India. Aurangzeb's legacy is a mixed one. He was a devout Muslim and a skilled military commander and administrator. He expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent. However, he was also a strict disciplinarian and imposed harsh religious policies that alienated many of his subjects. Despite his flaws, Aurangzeb is considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors. He was the sixth Mughal emperor, and he ruled the empire during a time of great expansion and military success. He also built a number of impressive architectural monuments, including the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore. Aurangzeb's reign was a turning point in Mughal history. It marked the beginning of the empire's decline. However, Aurangzeb's legacy continues to be debated today. Some historians see him as a great ruler who restored the glory of the Mughal Empire. Others see him as a tyrannical ruler who alienated his subjects and led to the empire's decline.

Rulers after the death of Aurangzeb:

The Mughal Empire began to decline after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. The empire was divided into several factions, and there was a constant struggle for power. The following are some of the most important rulers of the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb: - Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712): Bahadur Shah I was the son of Aurangzeb. He was a weak and indecisive ruler, and he was unable to prevent the empire from further decline. - Jahandar Shah (1712-1713): Jahandar Shah was the son of Dara Shikoh, Aurangzeb's eldest son. He was a cruel and tyrannical ruler, and he was overthrown by his son, Farrukhsiyar. - Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719): Farrukhsiyar was the son of Jahandar Shah. He was a weak and indecisive ruler, and he was overthrown by his wazir, Zulfiqar Khan.

Farrukhsiyar - Rafi ud-Darajat (1719): Rafi ud-Darajat was the son of Farrukhsiyar. He was a puppet ruler, and he was deposed by his uncle, Muhammad Shah. - Muhammad Shah (1719-1748): Muhammad Shah was the son of Bahadur Shah I. He was a weak and indecisive ruler, and he was unable to prevent the empire from further decline. - Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1748-1754): Ahmad Shah Bahadur was the son of Muhammad Shah. He was a capable ruler, but he was unable to prevent the empire from being further weakened by the Afghan invasion. - Alamgir II (1754-1759): Alamgir II was the son of Muhammad Shah. He was a weak and indecisive ruler, and he was unable to prevent the empire from further decline - Shah Alam II (1759-1806): Shah Alam II was the son of Alamgir II. He was a capable ruler, but he was unable to restore the empire to its former glory. - Akbar II (1806-1837): Akbar II was the son of Shah Alam II. Read the full article

[irithnova]

Wahh thank you so much for drawing them 🥺💖

Some blurbs :3

Golden Horde:1242 - 1502. Other names: Jochid ulus, Ulus of Jochi, Kipchak Khanate, the Great Horde.

Originally promised to Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi, however he died before his father did, and so the Western stretches of the Mongol Empire were given to Batu Khan and Orda Khan to rule in two wings - with Batu Khan being recognised as the superior ruler of the entire horde and ruling the Western wing, his brother Orda his subordinate ruling the Eastern Wing. At its greatest it ruled over parts of Siberia, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe. First sultanate of the Mongol Empire and yes he's elitist about it. (Unfortunately) aided in the beginnings of a future Russian statehood. Adapted practices from Uyghurs, Chinese and various Turkic groups that lived around the Volga and Caspian areas. Mongolia's eldest son. He's somewhat the black sheep of the family, similar to Jochi himself. Aloof, detached and a serial grudge holder. Though it's rare for him to raise his voice. Never got along with his brothers - especially Chagatai Khanate. If goth was a thing back then he'd be all over it. Poetry enjoyer, painfully pretentious.

Chagatai Khanate: 1227 (From when Chagatai Khan inherited part of the Empire) -1347 (the end of a unified Chagatai Khanate).

Mid 14th century - 1660s as Moghulistan, or the Eastern Chagatai Khanate

Given to Genghis Khan's second hotheaded son Chagatai. The area of the Empire that resided in Central Asia - the Chagatai Khanate is said to be the one to remain steadfast in upholding the traditional nomadic lifestyle. Really his only neighbours were his family, and with an expansionist foreign policy you can bet he was a thorn in the side to them all. Known for the famous city of Samarkand, its administrative capital. Loud, sporty, stubborn and hotheaded (wow I wonder where he got that from). He took every opportunity to bully Golden Horde and also Ilkhanate. In fact the only thing that could unite Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate was their hatred of their youngest brother. The Chagatai Khanate was the least wealthy in his family, with Baraq Khan of the Chagatai Khanate even allegedly complaining that it was a "miserable little ulus" compared to the wealth of the Yuan dynasty (Mongolia), Ilkhanate and Golden Horde. Typical ignored middle child. Superiority complex over sticking to tradition that he even projected onto the Western Chagatai Khanate once he got split but it was probably cope.

Ilkhanate: 1256-1335

Ruled what is now Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Armenia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. At its greatest this even included parts of Syria, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Dagestan and Tajikistan. Said to have been based off of the original invasions of the Khwarezmian Empire from 1219-1224. The Ilkhanate was established in 1256 by Hulagu Khan, son of Tolui Khan, Genghis Khan's youngest son. It's said that "Ilkhanate" meant "Subordinate Khanate" or could have been derived from the Mongol term for "victory", signifying Mongol victory over the Abbasid Caliphate and the sacking of Baghdad (yes, this is when the infamous burning of the House of Wisdom happened which is ironic considering Ilkhanate was the nerdiest out of the three brothers). The Ilkhanate was one of the wealthiest of the family - in fact at one point he was richer than Mongolia himself. Very artistic and studious, the Ilkhanate fostered a flourishing and influential artistic culture following the conversion to Islam under Mahmud Ghazan Khan in the late 13th century. Another fact, Hulagu Khan commissioned an observatory to be built after the establishment of the Ilkhanate. So he was a nerd through and through. Mongolia's youngest and favourite son (youngest sons in Mongol culture were called "otchigen" meaning "prince of the hearth" and was expected to take care of his parents so was it any surprise...), he was pathetic and needy in his own ways. Hated by both of his brothers, but it was okay as daddy was always there for him. In fact the Yuan Dynasty was the Ilkhanate's only ally. Didn't matter much though as internal conflicts and the black death absolutely ravaged him and he died first out of all his brothers.

And yes they all converted to Islam. Mongolia why don't you join them-

Sons of the Empire

The Bastard, the Disappointment, the Runt

from top to bottom:

Golden Horde

Chagatai

Ilkhanate

OCs belong to @irithnova!!

[mrdirtybear]

‘The Prophet Khizr Khan Khwaja’, property of the Khan of Moghulistan, painter unknown but dated in the western calendar as being painted in 1760. In The Quran there is discussion of a righteous servant of God who is never named but he is known as a wali a slave or an angel, a giver of wisdom. As a guardian angel he is said to have protected Islamic saints. He is known by different names in different Islamic traditions but is generally know as Khidr or Al-Khidr.    

[thejackmeister-mongolhistory]

Primary sources related to the Mongol period

Primary sources are the most important part of any historical study, for they are one of the ways that information from the past is transferred to us. In my own videos I increasingly try to make greater use of them, and to aid in the efforts and interests of others, below I will link the english (and two french) translations I have found freely accessible online. Obviously, working with primary sources in the original language is best, but very difficult for the Mongol period considering the Feel free to add any which I have not included (if anyone has found an online copy of D.S. Richard's part 3 translation of Ibn al-Athir, that would be much obliged! Likewise, for the full text of Rashid al-Din)

If any links don't work, please let me know and I'l see if I can do anything about them. I tried to keep them roughly categorized, but the Bretscheinder/Henri Yule/Hakluyt Society works at the end didn't quite fit neatly into that. If you have a question about a particular source or who it was that wrote it, also feel free to ask. I do apologize for wonky formatting (due to the transition from Google Docs to websites!) or ramshackle citation (rather spur of the moment to share it).

Hopefully this helps people interested in the period!

SECRET HISTORY OF THE MONGOLS, and MONGOL-YUAN PERIOD

Cleaves, Francis Woodman. The Secret History of the Mongols: For the First Time Done into English and out of the Original Tongue and Provided with an Exegetical Commentary. Translated by Francis Woodman Cleaves. London: Harvard University Press, 1982. http://altaica.ru/SECRET/cleaves_shI.pdf

de Rachewiltz, Igor. The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. Translated by Igor de Rachewiltz. Edited by John C. Street. University of Wisconsin: Madison, 2015. http://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=cedarbooks (without his extensive annotations, unfortunately)

Kahn, Paul. The Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingis Khan (Expanded Edition) An adaption of the Yüan Ch’ao Pi Shih, Based Primarily on the English Translation by Francis Woodman Cleaves. Translated by Francis Woodman Cleaves. Cheng and Tsui Company: Boston, 1984. https://books.google.ca/books?id=GKCtl8BLaEsC&pg=PA191&dq=alan+guard+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=alan%20guard%20mongols&f=false

Onon, Urgunge. The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan. Translated by Urgunge Onon. RoutledgeCurzon Press: Abingdon, 2001. https://jigjids.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/the_secret_history_of_the_mongols_the_life_and_times_of_chinggis_khan1.pdf.

Kenneth W. Chase, “Mongol intentions towards Japan in 1266: Evidence from a Mongol letter to the Sung.” http://chinajapan.org/articles/09.2/09.2chase13-23.pdf

The Monks of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China or The History of the Life and Travels of Rabban Sawma, Envoy and Plenipotentiary of the Mongol Khans to the Kings of Europe, and Markos Who as Mar Yahbh-Allaha III Became Patriarch of the Church of the East in Asia. Translated by E.A Wallis Budge. London: Religious Tract Society: 1928. http://www.aina.org/books/mokk/mokk.htm

RUS

The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1471. Translated by Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes. Camden Third Series: London, 1914. http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/MF1914.pdf

ARABIC

al-Maqrizi. Histoire des sultans Mamlouks de l’Égypte. Translated by Étienne Marc Quatremère. Paris: Oriental Translation fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1845. https://archive.org/details/histoiredessulta01maqr

al-Nasawi, History of the Sulan Jelal al-Din Mingburnu, translated by O. Houdas http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/arabe/nesawi/sultan.htm (In french, but google translate did the site to a reasonable degree for me)

Juzjani. Ṭabaḳāt-i-Nāṣirï: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia. Vol. I. Translated by H.G Raverty. London: Gilbert & Rivington, 1881. https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.23988?ui=embed#page/n5/mode/2up

Juzjani. Ṭabaḳāt-i-Nāṣirï: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia. Vol. II. Translated by H.G Raverty. London: Gilbert & Rivington, 1881. https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.211407?ui=embed#page/n5/mode/2up

ARMENIAN

Kirakos Gandzakets'i's, History of the Armenians. Translated by Robert Bedrosian. 1996. https://archive.org/details/KirakosGanjaketsisHistoryOfTheArmenians

http://rbedrosian.com/kgtoc.html

Vardan Arewelt’si, Compilation of History. Translated by Robert Bedrosian.

https://archive.org/details/VardanAreweltsisCompilationOfHistory

http://rbedrosian.com/vaint.htm

Grigor Aknerts’i, History of the Nation of Archers. Translated by Robert Bedrosian. https://archive.org/details/GrigorAknertsisHistoryOfTheNationOfArchersmongols

Het’um of Corycus History of the Tartars/ The Flower of the Histories of the East. Translated by Robert Bedrosian. http://www.attalus.org/armenian/hetumtoc.html

King Hetum II’s Chronicle. Translated by Robert Bedrosian. https://archive.org/details/KingHetumIisChronicle

“The Journey of Het’um I, King of Little Armenia, to the Court of the Great Khan Mongke.” Translated by John Andrew Boyle.https://archive.org/details/KingHetumIisChronicle

https://archive.org/stream/Boyle1964Hetum/Boyle_1964_Hetum#mode/2up

Smbat Sparapet. Chronicle of the Kingdom of Little Armenia. Translated by Robert Bedrosian.

http://rbedrosian.com/cssint.htm

Smbat Sparapet. “Letter of Smbat Constable to Henry I of Cyprus, ca.1248.” Cathay and the Way Thither. Edited by Sir Henry Yule. London: Hakluyt Society, 1915. 262-263.

http://rbedrosian.com/lsmbat.htm

Step’annos Orbelean. History of the State of Sisakan. Translated by Robert Bedrosian.

http://rbedrosian.com/SO/sotoc.html

SYRIAC

Bar Hebraeus http://www.syriacstudies.com/AFSS/Syriac_Books_in_English/Entries/2009/9/30_Bar_Hebraeus_Chronography.html

PERSIAN/ILKHANATE

Hamadani, Rashid-al-din. The Successors of Genghis Khan. Translated by John Andrew Boyle. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. https://archive.org/details/Boyle1971RashidAlDin. (not the full text of Rashid al-Din)

‘Ala-ad-Din ���Ata-Malik Juvaini, The History of the World-Conqueror. Vol. I. Translated by John Andrew Boyle. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1958. https://archive.org/details/historyoftheworl011691mbp/page/n8

‘Ala-ad-Din ‘Ata-Malik Juvaini, The History of the World-Conqueror. Vol. II. Translated by John Andrew Boyle. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1958. https://archive.org/stream/historyoftheworl011648mbp?ui=embed#page/n8/mode/2up

CHAGATAI TURKIC

Mirza Muhammad Haidar Duglught Beg, Tarikh-i-Rashidi. (1500-1551) Chagatai Turko-Mongol general, ruler of Kashmir, first cousin of Babur. Wrote history of Timur’s conquests, Moghulistan.https://archive.org/details/TheTarikh-i-rashidi

EUROPEAN

Matthew Paris’s English History From the Year 1235-1273: Vol I. Translated by John A. Giles. London: Bohn’s Antiquarian Library, 1852. https://archive.org/stream/matthewparisseng01pari#page/n7/mode/2up

Matthew Paris vol II. https://archive.org/stream/matthewparisseng02pari#page/n5/mode/2up

Matthew Paris Vol III. https://archive.org/stream/matthewparisseng03pari#page/n3/mode/2up

(Paris mentions the Mongol invasions of Hungary in one of these volumes, but I couldn't remember which)

de Joinville, Jean. The Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville: A New English Version. Translated by Ethel Wedgewood. E.P Dutton and Co.: New York, 1906.

http://web.archive.org/web/20081011222823/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/WedLord.html

The Text and Versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis as printed for the first time by Hakluyt in 1598 together with some shorter pieces. Edited by C. Raymond Beazley. London: Hakluyt Society, 1903.

https://archive.org/stream/textsversionsofj00hakluoft#page/38/mode/2up

Polo, Marco. The Book of Ser Marco Polo, The Venetian: Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East. Translated by Henry Yule. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1871. Vol 1. https://archive.org/details/bookofsermarcopo01polo.

Vol 2. https://archive.org/details/bookofsermarcopo02polo.

COLLECTIONS, VARIOUS.

Bretschneider, Medieval Research on Eastern Asiatic Sources, vol. I

https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10001/page/n7 (Extract from Yelu Chucai; Wu-ku-sun (1221-1224) Jin envoy to Mongols; Chang-chun; Si shi Ki (Ch’ang te); Ye-lu Hu Liang)

Bretschneider, vol. II

https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10013/page/n7

Bretschneider, Notes on Chinese Medieval Travellers to the West, 1875

https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=QwXwHwwtnYYC&hl=en&pg=GBS.PP9

(Si yu ki, Ch’ang-ch’un, 1221-1224; Si shi ki, Record of an embassy to the regions in the west, 1259-60; Pei shi ki, Wu-ku-sun account, 1220-1221; Extract from Si yu lu, Yelu Chucai 1219-1224)

Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. Translated by Henry Yule. Edited by Henri Cordier. Vol. 2. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1913. (Odoric of Pordenone.)

https://archive.org/stream/cathaywaythither02yule#page/n9/mode/2up.

Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. Translated by Henry Yule. Edited by Henri Cordier. Vol. 3. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1914. Missionary Friars (John of Montecorvino, Andrew Bishop of Zayton, Jordanus, Pasca of Vittoria)-(Rashid al-Din, when he discusses China)-Pegolotti -Marignolli https://archive.org/details/cathaywaythither03yule.

Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. Translated by Henry Yule. Edited by Henri Cordier. Vol. 4. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1916. Ibn Battuta (section of his works pertaining to China)- Benedict Goёs (1600s) https://archive.org/details/cathaywaythither04yule.

[hafidz341]

Xinjiang, Negeri Uighur yang Kaya Minyak dan Luasnya Tiga Kali Sumatera Cadangan minyak dan gas terbesar Republik Rakyat Cina ada di Xinjiang selatan (Tarim Basin), tempat Muslim Uighur sejak dulu menetap di bawah sistem pemerintahan tradisional yang disebut Khanate atau Khaganate. Xinjiang yang berarri Daerah Baru adalah sebuah kawasan besar, luasnya setara dengan tiga setengah pulau Sumatra, atau sama dengan Pakistan dan Afghanistan digabung jadi satu. Sejak dulu, Xinjiang merupakan wilayah penting yang diperebutkan. Dulu, Xinjiang merupakan urat nadi perdagangan dunia, karena berada di Jalur Sutra. Penduduk asli Xinjiang berasal dari ras-ras Turki yang beragama Islam, terutama suku Uighur dan suku Kazakh. Dengan luas 1,665 juta kilometer persegi, Xinjiang setara dengan 17 persen wilayah Cina, dan merupakan wilayah otonomi terbesar di Cina. Namun, hanya lima persen (80 ribu kilometer persegi) wilayahnya yang bisa ditinggali. Meski demikian, wilayah yang hanya lima persen ini setara dengan 100 kali luas Jakarta. Sebagian besar wilayah Xinjiang adalah gurun pasir, padang rumput, danau, hutan, dan perbukitan. Xinjiang berada di kaki Gunung Tianshan yang membelah Asia Tengah. Xinjiang berbatasan dengan delapan negara, yaitu Mongolia, Rusia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, dan India. Xinjiang tidak termasuk yang dikelilingi oleh Tembok Besar yang dibangun dinasti demi dinasti di Cina selama dua ribu tahun. Karena itu, orang-orang Uighur pun menjadikan fakta ini sebagai argumen bahwa tanah mereka bukanlah bagian dari Cina, apalagi mereka pun bukan orang Cina. Mereka mendefinisikan diri mereka sebagai orang Turkistan Timur. Kawasan Xinjiang, dalam sejarah diperintah berbagai kerajaan. Mulai Tocharians, Yuezhi, Kekaisaran Xiongnu, negara Xianbei, Kekaisaran Kushan, Khagan Rouran, Kekaisaran Han, Liang, Qin, Liang Barat, Dinasti Tang, Kekaisaran Tibet, Khagan Uyghur, Khan Kara, Khitan, Kekaisaran Mongol, Dinasti Yuan, Khan Chagatai, Moghulistan, Qaradel, Yuan Selatan, Khan Yarkent, Dinasti Qing, Republik Cina, dan terakhir Republik Rakyat Cina (RRC) @indonesiabertauhididn https://ift.tt/34RMOmi

[mensrightsff]

RT @TIinExile: Biryani is made from rice. Rice DOES NOT even grow in the original home of Mughals, which is Moghulistan/Mongolia Biryani was consumed in Deccan in 15th century before a single Mughal set his foot in India. Crediting Mughals for Biryani is like crediting Nehru for internet https://t.co/DGvjRglK6a https://t.co/jEYQ4qGCHg

[wilfriedparis]

The Prophet Khizr Khan Khwaja of Moghulistan, . ca. 1760 . Bibliothèque nationale de France

[mongolianpage-blog]

What: Mongolian Empire and the toleration of several religions Summary: During the reign of the Mongolian empire, several different khanates came to form and many different areas tolerated and ruled under different religions, although originally the Mongols were practicing shamanistic acts. Although all religions were allowed in the empire, three of the four khanates (The Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, and Chagatai/Moghulistan) all embraced Islam while the Yuan dynasty remained Tibetan Buddhist. The ultimate goal of such religious diversity in the Mongol empire was to prevent strife and any issues that would have been caused by not allowing people to maintain their faith even after being conquered.  Under the rule of Genghis Khan, all religions were respected and allowed because Genghis wanted to familiarize and learn whatever he could. Following under the example shown by his father, Ogodei also continued the religious tolerance during his rule by constructing palaces along with houses of worship for Buddhist, Muslim, Christian, and Taoist followers. The Mongol empire was known to be the most religiously tolerant empire in history with all of its conquered subjects. 

Sources: Information: http://academic.eb.com.eznvcc.vccs.edu:2048/levels/collegiate/article/Mongolia/108737 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire

[avetruth]

Григорьев А. П. Монгольская дипломатика XIII - XV вв.: чингизидские жалованные грамоты (1978)

Григорьев А. П. Монгольская дипломатика XIII - XV вв.: чингизидские жалованные грамоты (1978) https://www.avetruthbooks.com/2023/01/grigorev-a-p-mongolskaja-diplomatika-xiii-xv-vv-chingizidskie-dzalovannye-gramoty-1978.html?feed_id=7706

[avetruth]

Караев О. К. Чагатайский улус. Государство Хайду. Могулистан. Образование кыргызского народа (1995)

Караев О. К. Чагатайский улус. Государство Хайду. Могулистан. Образование кыргызского народа (1995) https://www.avetruthbooks.com/2023/01/karaev-o-k-chagatajskij-ulus-gosudarstvo-khajdu-mogulistan-obrazovanie-kyrgyzskogo-naroda-1995.html?feed_id=7702

[daily-quiz-join]

History of the rulers of Mughal Empire

Babur:

Babur was born on February 14, 1483, in Andijan, Fergana Valley, in what is now Uzbekistan. He was the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza, the ruler of Fergana, and his wife Qutlugh Nigar Khanum, the daughter of Yunus Khan, the ruler of Moghulistan (a descendant of Genghis Khan). Babur's family was of Mongol origin, but they had been living in Central Asia for centuries and had adopted Turkic and Persian culture. They were also Muslims. Babur's father, Umar Sheikh Mirza, was a descendant of Timur, the great conqueror of the 14th century. Timur was a Turko-Mongol warlord who conquered much of Central Asia and the Middle East. He was also a patron of the arts and sciences, and his court was a center of learning and culture. Babur's mother, Qutlugh Nigar Khanum, was a descendant of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan was a brilliant military strategist and tactician, and he is considered to be one of the greatest conquerors in history. Babur's family was a powerful and influential one in Central Asia. However, they were also constantly fighting with other families for control of the region. This led to a lot of instability and violence, and Babur's childhood was marked by war and conflict. Despite the challenges he faced, Babur was a gifted and intelligent child. He was also a skilled military commander and administrator. He learned to ride and shoot at a young age, and he was also trained in the art of war. In 1501, Babur succeeded his father as the ruler of Fergana. However, he was soon challenged by his uncle, Mirza Ahmad, who seized the throne. Babur was forced to flee Fergana and wander through Central Asia for the next few years. In 1526, Babur invaded India and defeated the Delhi Sultanate at the First Battle of Panipat. This victory marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire, which would eventually rule over much of the Indian subcontinent for over 300 years. Babur was a great military commander and administrator, but he was also a gifted poet and writer. He wrote an autobiography, the Baburnama, which is considered to be one of the most important works of literature in the Persian language. Babur died on December 26, 1530, in Agra, India. He was succeeded by his son, Humayun. Babur's family background played a significant role in his life and career. His lineage from Timur and Genghis Khan gave him a strong military background and a sense of entitlement to rule. His upbringing in Central Asia also exposed him to a diverse range of cultures and traditions, which helped him to become a more tolerant and understanding ruler. Babur's family background was both a blessing and a curse. It gave him the resources and power to achieve great things, but it also made him a target for enemies and rivals. However, Babur was a skilled and resourceful leader, and he was able to overcome the challenges he faced to found the Mughal Empire.

Humayun:

Humayun was the second Mughal emperor who ruled India. He was born on March 6, 1508, in Kabul, Afghanistan. He was the eldest son of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, and his wife, Maham Begum. Humayun's family was of Mongol origin, but they had been living in Central Asia for centuries and had adopted Turkic and Persian culture. They were also Muslims. Humayun's father, Babur, was a skilled military commander and administrator. He founded the Mughal Empire in 1526 after defeating the Delhi Sultanate at the First Battle of Panipat. However, Babur died in 1530, when Humayun was only 22 years old. Humayun was a weak and indecisive ruler. He was also not a skilled military commander, and he was soon overthrown by Sher Shah Suri, a Afghan warlord. Humayun was forced to flee India and wander through Central Asia for the next 15 years. In 1555, Humayun regained the throne of India with the help of the Safavid Empire. However, he died two years later, and his son, Akbar, succeeded him. Humayun's family background played a significant role in his life and career. His lineage from Timur and Genghis Khan gave him a strong military background and a sense of entitlement to rule. However, his lack of military skills and his indecisiveness made him a weak and ineffective ruler. Humayun's family background was also a source of conflict and instability. His mother, Maham Begum, was a powerful and ambitious woman who often interfered in his affairs. She also arranged for her own son, Kamran, to be declared heir to the throne, which led to a long and bloody civil war. Despite the challenges he faced, Humayun was a cultured and learned man. He was also a patron of the arts and sciences, and he encouraged the development of Persian and Turkish literature in India. Humayun's reign was a turbulent one, but he laid the foundation for the Mughal Empire to become one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in the world. - Babur: Humayun's father, the founder of the Mughal Empire. - Maham Begum: Humayun's mother, a powerful and ambitious woman who often interfered in his affairs. - Kamran: Humayun's half-brother, who challenged him for the throne. - Bairam Khan: Humayun's advisor and military commander, who helped him to regain the throne of India. - Akbar: Humayun's son, the third Mughal emperor and the greatest of the Mughal rulers. Humayun's family background was both a blessing and a curse. It gave him the resources and power to achieve great things, but it also made him a target for enemies and rivals. However, Humayun was a skilled and resourceful leader, and he was able to overcome the challenges he faced to lay the foundation for the Mughal Empire to become one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in the world.

Akbar:

Akbar (1542-1605) was the third Mughal emperor of India. He is considered to be one of the greatest rulers in Indian history, and his reign is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of the Mughal Empire. Akbar was born in Umarkot, Sindh, in 1542. He was the son of Humayun, the second Mughal emperor, and Hamida Banu Begum. Akbar's father was a skilled military commander and administrator, but he was also a weak and indecisive ruler. He was overthrown by Sher Shah Suri, a Afghan warlord, and forced to flee India. Akbar spent his childhood in exile in Persia. In 1555, Humayun regained the throne of India with the help of the Safavid Empire. However, he died two years later, and Akbar succeeded him at the age of thirteen. Akbar was a brilliant and charismatic ruler. He was also a skilled military commander and administrator. He expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent, and he also promoted religious tolerance and cultural synthesis. Akbar's reign was marked by a number of significant achievements. He defeated the Rajputs, a powerful Hindu clan, and brought them under Mughal rule. He also conquered Gujarat, Malwa, and Bengal. Akbar's military successes made the Mughal Empire the most powerful in India. Akbar was also a great administrator. He established a centralized bureaucracy and a system of justice that was fair and impartial. He also promoted trade and commerce, and he built a number of roads and canals. Akbar's administrative reforms helped to make the Mughal Empire a prosperous and stable state. Akbar was a tolerant ruler. He abolished the jizya, a tax that was imposed on non-Muslims, and he allowed Hindus and Muslims to practice their own religions freely. He also married a Rajput princess, Jodha Bai, which helped to promote religious harmony in the empire. Akbar was a patron of the arts and sciences. He founded a number of schools and libraries, and he encouraged artists and scholars from all over the world to come to his court. Akbar's patronage of the arts and sciences helped to make the Mughal Empire a center of learning and culture. Akbar died in 1605 at the age of 63. He was succeeded by his son, Jahangir. Akbar is considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors, and his reign is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of the Mughal Empire. Here are some of the key events in Akbar's life: - 1542: Born in Umarkot, Sindh. - 1555: Succeeds his father, Humayun, as the third Mughal emperor. - 1556: Defeats the Rajputs at the Battle of Panipat. - 1562: Conquers Gujarat. - 1564: Conquers Malwa. - 1576: Conquers Bengal. - 1580: Abolishes the jizya tax. - 1586: Marries Jodha Bai, a Rajput princess. - 1605: Dies in Agra. Akbar's legacy is a mixed one. He was a brilliant and charismatic ruler who expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent. He was also a tolerant and enlightened ruler who promoted religious harmony and cultural synthesis. However, he was also a ruthless conqueror who was responsible for the deaths of many people. Despite his flaws, Akbar is considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors. His reign is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of the Mughal Empire, and he is credited with laying the foundation for the empire's future greatness.

Jahangir:

Jahangir (1569-1627) was the fourth Mughal emperor of India. He was the son of Akbar the Great and his wife, Mariam-uz-Zamani. Jahangir was born in Allahabad, India, in 1569. He was a weak and indecisive ruler, but he was also a cultured and refined man. He was a patron of the arts and sciences, and he encouraged artists and scholars from all over the world to come to his court. Jahangir's reign was marked by a number of significant achievements. He consolidated the Mughal Empire's power and territory, and he also promoted religious tolerance. He was also a skilled diplomat, and he maintained good relations with the neighboring states. Jahangir's reign was also marked by a number of challenges. He faced rebellions from his own sons, and he was also addicted to alcohol and opium. However, he was able to overcome these challenges and maintain the stability of the Mughal Empire. Jahangir died in 1627 at the age of 58. He was succeeded by his son, Shah Jahan. Here are some of the key events in Jahangir's life: - 1569: Born in Allahabad, India. - 1605: Succeeds his father, Akbar the Great, as the fourth Mughal emperor. - 1620: Conquers Mewar, the last Rajput state to resist Mughal rule. - 1622: Defeats the Portuguese at the Battle of Surat. - 1624: Establishes the Imperial Library in Agra. - 1627: Dies in Lahore, India. Jahangir's legacy is a mixed one. He was a weak and indecisive ruler, but he was also a cultured and refined man. He was a patron of the arts and sciences, and he promoted religious tolerance. However, he was also addicted to alcohol and opium, and his reign was marked by a number of challenges. Despite his flaws, Jahangir is considered to be an important figure in Mughal history. He was the fourth Mughal emperor, and he ruled the empire during a time of relative peace and prosperity. Jahangir's reign was also marked by a number of cultural achievements. He was a patron of the arts and sciences, and he encouraged artists and scholars from all over the world to come to his court. He also established the Imperial Library in Agra, which became one of the largest and most important libraries in the world. Jahangir's legacy is a mixed one, but he is undoubtedly one of the most important figures in Mughal history. He was the fourth Mughal emperor, and he ruled the empire during a time of relative peace and prosperity. He was also a patron of the arts and sciences, and he helped to make the Mughal Empire a center of learning and culture.

Shah Jahan:

Shah Jahan (1592-1666) was the fifth Mughal emperor of India. He was the son of Jahangir and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan was born in Lahore, India, in 1592. He was a brilliant and charismatic ruler. He was also a skilled military commander and administrator. He expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent, and he also promoted religious tolerance and cultural synthesis. Shah Jahan's reign was marked by a number of significant achievements. He built the Taj Mahal, one of the most beautiful buildings in the world, in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. He also built the Red Fort in Delhi, which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Shah Jahan's reign was also marked by a number of challenges. He faced rebellions from his own sons, and he was also overthrown by his son, Aurangzeb. However, he was able to overcome these challenges and maintain the stability of the Mughal Empire for most of his reign. Shah Jahan died in 1666 at the age of 74. He was succeeded by his son, Aurangzeb. Here are some of the key events in Shah Jahan's life: - 1592: Born in Lahore, India. - 1628: Succeeds his father, Jahangir, as the fifth Mughal emperor. - 1632: Builds the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. - 1638: Conquers the Deccan Plateau. - 1648: Builds the Red Fort in Delhi. - 1658: Overthrown by his son, Aurangzeb. - 1666: Dies in Agra, India. Shah Jahan's legacy is a mixed one. He was a brilliant and charismatic ruler who expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent. He was also a skilled military commander and administrator. However, he was also a cruel and despotic ruler who was responsible for the deaths of many people. Despite his flaws, Shah Jahan is considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors. He was the fifth Mughal emperor, and he ruled the empire during a time of great prosperity and cultural achievement. Shah Jahan's reign was also marked by a number of architectural achievements. He commissioned the construction of many beautiful buildings, including the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, and the Jama Masjid. These buildings are considered to be some of the finest examples of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan's legacy is a mixed one, but he is undoubtedly one of the most important figures in Mughal history. He was the fifth Mughal emperor, and he ruled the empire during a time of great prosperity and cultural achievement. He also built some of the most beautiful buildings in the world, which continue to be admired by people all over the world.

Aurangzeb:

Aurangzeb (1618-1707) was the sixth and last great Mughal emperor. He was the son of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. Aurangzeb was born in Agra, India, in 1618. He was a devout Muslim and a strict disciplinarian. He was also a skilled military commander and administrator. He expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent, but he also imposed harsh religious policies that alienated many of his subjects. Aurangzeb's reign was marked by a number of significant achievements. He conquered the Deccan Plateau, the last major Hindu stronghold in India. He also built a number of forts and mosques, including the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore. Aurangzeb's reign was also marked by a number of challenges. He faced rebellions from his own sons, and he was also criticized for his religious policies. However, he was able to overcome these challenges and maintain the stability of the Mughal Empire for most of his reign. Aurangzeb died in 1707 at the age of 88. He was succeeded by his son, Bahadur Shah I. Here are some of the key events in Aurangzeb's life: - 1618: Born in Agra, India. - 1658: Succeeds his father, Shah Jahan, as the sixth Mughal emperor. - 1665: Conquers the Deccan Plateau. - 1679: Impose jizya tax on non-Muslims. - 1707: Dies in Ahmednagar, India. Aurangzeb's legacy is a mixed one. He was a devout Muslim and a skilled military commander and administrator. He expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent. However, he was also a strict disciplinarian and imposed harsh religious policies that alienated many of his subjects. Despite his flaws, Aurangzeb is considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors. He was the sixth Mughal emperor, and he ruled the empire during a time of great expansion and military success. He also built a number of impressive architectural monuments, including the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore. Aurangzeb's reign was a turning point in Mughal history. It marked the beginning of the empire's decline. However, Aurangzeb's legacy continues to be debated today. Some historians see him as a great ruler who restored the glory of the Mughal Empire. Others see him as a tyrannical ruler who alienated his subjects and led to the empire's decline.

Rulers after the death of Aurangzeb:

The Mughal Empire began to decline after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. The empire was divided into several factions, and there was a constant struggle for power. The following are some of the most important rulers of the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb: - Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712): Bahadur Shah I was the son of Aurangzeb. He was a weak and indecisive ruler, and he was unable to prevent the empire from further decline. - Jahandar Shah (1712-1713): Jahandar Shah was the son of Dara Shikoh, Aurangzeb's eldest son. He was a cruel and tyrannical ruler, and he was overthrown by his son, Farrukhsiyar. - Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719): Farrukhsiyar was the son of Jahandar Shah. He was a weak and indecisive ruler, and he was overthrown by his wazir, Zulfiqar Khan.

Farrukhsiyar - Rafi ud-Darajat (1719): Rafi ud-Darajat was the son of Farrukhsiyar. He was a puppet ruler, and he was deposed by his uncle, Muhammad Shah. - Muhammad Shah (1719-1748): Muhammad Shah was the son of Bahadur Shah I. He was a weak and indecisive ruler, and he was unable to prevent the empire from further decline. - Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1748-1754): Ahmad Shah Bahadur was the son of Muhammad Shah. He was a capable ruler, but he was unable to prevent the empire from being further weakened by the Afghan invasion. - Alamgir II (1754-1759): Alamgir II was the son of Muhammad Shah. He was a weak and indecisive ruler, and he was unable to prevent the empire from further decline - Shah Alam II (1759-1806): Shah Alam II was the son of Alamgir II. He was a capable ruler, but he was unable to restore the empire to its former glory. - Akbar II (1806-1837): Akbar II was the son of Shah Alam II. Read the full article

[thejackmeister-mongolhistory]

In the mid 15th century, much of the eastern portion of the former Golden Horde (the White Horde) came under the control of the Chinggisid ruler Abu'lkhayr Khan, under whose rule the Uzbeks would emerge. Abu'lkhayr's efforts to crush potential threats to his position by killing off other descendants of Chinggis Khan's eldest son Jochi led to the flight of Janibek and Kirei, the founders of the Kazakh Khanate, from Uzbek territory to Moghulistan. In 1468, either against Janibek and Kirei or the Oirats, Abu'lkhayr and his son were killed in battle, and the Uzbek Khanate fractured. The Kazakhs came to dominate the north eastern expanse of this territory, while Abu'lkhayr's grandson Muhammad Shaybani (Shiban(Shayban) was one of Jochi's sons) was forced to live for years effectively as a raider and minor, regional lord, slowly gaining followers in a similar manner to Janibek and Kirei. By the early 16th century, Shaybani was able to establish his own empire in modern Uzbekistan, the Shaybanid empire based in Samarkand and Bukhara. Much of his reign was occupied with conflict with his neighbours: the Kazakhs to the north, the Safavids to the south and Moghuls to the east. Shaybani fought several campaigns against another minor Chinggisid lord, Babur, who fled south and eventually established the Moghul Empire in India. Shaybani's campaigns in the first decade of the 16th century were largely successful, until he bit off a bit more than he could swallow against the Safavid Shah, Ismail I. In 1510, the Shah defeated the Khan at Merv, having felt threatened by Shaybani's overtures to the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid's great enemy in the west. Ismail had Shaybani dismembered and his skull encased in gold to use as a drinking goblet. Ismail came to view himself as an invincible conqueror, an aura which was shattered when he was defeated at Chaldiron in 1514 by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I "the Grim," Shaybani's potential ally and avenger. Safavid horse archers proved highly disadvantaged against the artillery and gunpowder of the Ottoman lines, and Chaldiron is often presented as the end of the period of the dominance of horse mounted archers on the battlefield.  Selim went on to greatly expand the Ottoman Empire, while Ismail spent the rest of his life despondent and fell into alcoholism, drinking his sorrows away with the skull of Shaybani. To learn more about Shaybani and the Kazakhs, check out my video on the origins of the Kazakh Khanate: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mXVjuy56rg

[mongolianpage-blog]

Who: Chagatai Khanate / Moghulistan Khanate When: Chagatai (Early 14th Century - 1370), Moghulistan (Mid 13th Century - Late 17th Century (1680′s) Summary: The Chagatai Khanate referred to the khanate that formed under the rule of Chagatai Khan, the second son of Genghis Khan. This khanate was all of the lands that were ruled by Chagatai and his successors that came to continue the reign after his passing. Although the Chagatai Khanate was formed due to the split of the Mongol empire, it became further split into two separate khanates, the Chagatai Khanate in the west, and the Moghulistan Khanate in the east, also referred to as the Eastern Chagatai Khanate. The Chagatai khanate was located from the Amu Darya river to the Altai mountains in the east. The Moghul khanate is said to be referred to as a continuation of the Chagatai khanate that fell early in the 13th century, since it was founded and continued on by a member of the family of Chagatai. Moghul, standing for ‘Mongol’ is seen as the true or ‘pure’ Mongol khanate that emerged compared to the other khanates, as it did not take on any other societies to comprise its army such as the Turkish did in the western Chagatai khanate and many others such as the Golden Horde. Early on the Moghul khanate was able to keep its traditional Mongolian shamanistic religion along with Buddhism. However, in the 14th century the Moghul khanate began to see gradual political decline while becoming more of an Islamic state, and invasions by the Timurid empire along with other groups such as the Kyrgyz, Kazakhz, and Oirats, led to Mongolian authority ceasing to exist.

Sources: Information: http://academic.eb.com.eznvcc.vccs.edu:2048/levels/collegiate/article/history-of-Central-Asia/108340#73544.toc https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moghulistan