#Inductance

[icgoodfind]

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[harris2244]

Capacitor Tester: A Crucial Tool for Electronics Troubleshooting

Capacitors are fundamental components in nearly all electronic devices, storing and releasing electrical energy as needed. Over time, capacitors can degrade, fail, or develop faults, leading to malfunctioning circuits or complete system breakdowns. To diagnose issues related to capacitors, electronic engineers and technicians use a specialized tool known as a capacitor tester.

A capacitor tester is an essential piece of equipment for anyone working with electronics. It measures a capacitor’s capacitance, and often other parameters such as Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) or leakage current, to ensure the component is functioning properly. In this article, we'll explore what a capacitor tester is, how it works, different types of testers, and why it’s an invaluable tool for anyone involved in electronics repair and maintenance.

What is a Capacitor?

Before diving into capacitor testers, it’s important to understand the role of capacitors in an electrical circuit. A capacitor is a passive electrical component that stores energy in an electric field. It consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material (called the dielectric). When a voltage is applied across the plates, electric charge accumulates on them, and the energy is stored in the electric field created by the charge difference.

Capacitors have many uses in electronics, such as:

Smoothing the output of power supplies.

Filtering signals in audio and RF circuits.

Storing energy in flash photography or power backup systems.

Timing in oscillators and clocks.

Capacitors vary widely in capacitance values, typically measured in farads (F), but most practical capacitors used in everyday electronics operate in microfarads (µF), nanofarads (nF), or picofarads (pF).

The Need for Capacitor Testing

Over time, capacitors can degrade due to age, heat, voltage spikes, or physical damage. When a capacitor fails or becomes weak, it can lead to symptoms such as:

Power supply instability or failure.

Unwanted noise or distortion in audio circuits.

Loss of timing or frequency control in oscillators.

General malfunctioning of electronic devices.

In many cases, faulty capacitors don’t exhibit visible signs of failure, making it difficult to diagnose issues just by looking at the component. A capacitor tester is used to identify whether a capacitor is functioning properly or if it has degraded, helping technicians isolate and fix the problem.

What is a Capacitor Tester?

A capacitor tester is a specialized tool used to measure various characteristics of a capacitor to determine if it is operating within its specified parameters. The most common function of a capacitor tester is to measure the capacitance of a component, which is the amount of electrical charge it can store for a given voltage. Many capacitor testers can also measure other critical parameters such as:

Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR): A measure of the internal resistance of the capacitor, which can increase as the capacitor ages or becomes damaged.

Leakage Current: The current that flows through a capacitor when it should ideally act as an insulator. High leakage current indicates a degraded capacitor.

Voltage Rating: Some testers can apply a voltage to a capacitor to check whether it can hold the rated voltage without breaking down.

Types of Capacitor Testers

There are different types of capacitor testers available, ranging from basic handheld devices to advanced benchtop models. The type of tester required depends on the specific needs of the user and the level of detail needed for the diagnosis.

1. Handheld Digital Multimeters with Capacitance Mode

Many digital multimeters (DMMs) include a capacitance measurement mode, which allows users to measure the capacitance value of a capacitor directly. While DMMs with capacitance mode are convenient for basic testing, they typically cannot measure ESR or leakage current, which are critical in identifying aging or faulty capacitors.

Advantages:

Affordable and widely available.

Suitable for quick checks of capacitance values.

Limitations:

Limited to measuring capacitance only.

Not as accurate as dedicated capacitor testers for diagnosing faults such as high ESR or leakage current.

2. Dedicated Capacitance Meters

A dedicated capacitance meter is a tool designed specifically to measure the capacitance of a capacitor. These devices are more accurate than multimeters with capacitance functions, and they often provide better resolution for small capacitance values.

Advantages:

Higher accuracy and better resolution.

Useful for measuring a wide range of capacitance values.

Limitations:

Typically measures capacitance only, without ESR or leakage testing.

3. ESR Meters

ESR meters are specialized devices designed to measure the Equivalent Series Resistance of a capacitor. ESR is a critical parameter because even if the capacitance value remains within spec, a high ESR can severely affect the performance of the capacitor, especially in high-frequency circuits. High ESR can lead to overheating and inefficiency in power supplies or signal distortion in audio circuits.

Advantages:

Essential for testing capacitors in circuits where low ESR is critical.

Can diagnose aging capacitors without needing to remove them from the circuit in some cases.

Limitations:

Measures ESR only, so additional tools may be needed to measure capacitance.

4. LCR Meters

LCR meters are versatile devices that can measure inductance (L), capacitance (C), and resistance (R) in electronic components. These meters are typically used in more advanced electronics troubleshooting and design. High-end LCR meters can measure capacitance, ESR, and other key parameters, offering a comprehensive view of the capacitor’s performance.

Advantages:

Versatile tool for advanced users.

Provides accurate measurements of capacitance, ESR, and other parameters.

Limitations:

More expensive and often bulkier than handheld testers.

How to Use a Capacitor Tester

Using a capacitor tester is generally a straightforward process, though the exact steps can vary depending on the type of tester and the capacitor being tested. Below is a basic guide for testing a capacitor:

Discharge the Capacitor: Before testing, ensure that the capacitor is fully discharged to avoid any dangerous voltages. This can usually be done by shorting the capacitor leads with a resistor.

Set the Tester to Capacitance Mode: If using a digital multimeter or dedicated capacitance meter, set the device to the appropriate measurement range.

Connect the Capacitor: Attach the leads of the tester to the terminals of the capacitor. Ensure proper polarity if testing electrolytic capacitors.

Read the Measurement: The tester will display the capacitance value. Compare this value to the capacitor’s rated capacitance to determine if it is within an acceptable range.

Check ESR (Optional): If using an ESR meter, follow the same procedure to measure the Equivalent Series Resistance and compare it to the acceptable range for the capacitor.

The Importance of ESR Testing

While capacitance is the most obvious characteristic to test, ESR often reveals issues that capacitance testing alone may miss. A capacitor with high ESR may still show the correct capacitance value, but its performance in a circuit will be impaired due to internal resistance. Testing for ESR is particularly important in circuits like power supplies, where even a small increase in ESR can cause overheating and failure.

Conclusion

A capacitor tester is an invaluable tool for anyone involved in electronics, from hobbyists to professional technicians. Whether you are troubleshooting a malfunctioning circuit or performing preventive maintenance, capacitor testers provide critical insight into the health and performance of capacitors. With the ability to measure capacitance, ESR, and other key parameters, these devices help ensure that electronic systems continue to function reliably. By catching faulty capacitors early, you can avoid system failures and keep your devices running smoothly.

[sciencesolutions]

[bet-on-me-13]

The cult of...Danny Fenton?

So! Way back when Danny first moved into his new neighborhood in Gotham, he had some trouble controlling his Powers. The different Types and Levels of Ectoplasm in the air when compared to Amity had thrown off his control.

He was used to being in places where his Ectoplasm meshed well with the Atmosphere, like a Water Balloon in a Pool, but in Gotham that analogy would be closer to a Water Balloon in the sewers. It was too different from what he was used to to fully control his Powers.

So it's understandable that he messed up a few times and his neighbors found out about his Abilities.

They took it well at first, Danny wasn't going to go Rogues or anything, and he never used them maliciously, but eventually they got curious.

They asked what his limits were, how he got them in the first place, and what the hell the Ghost Zone was. The answers "None Really", "I died and was reborn", and "A Collective of every Afterlife at once" did spark some interesting reactions from them.

Most importantly, a few of them joked about him being an Eldritch God that they needed to worship. He was good enough friends with them that at that point they felt comfortable pranking eachother, so they did just that.

Danny woke up one day on his birthday, and saw all of his friends and neighbors surrounding the makeshift Throne they had made and put him on while he was asleep. The entire day they chanted stuff like "The Great One requires Ms. Smiths Apple Pie for his day of birth!" And "The Great One Wishes for us to sing the Ritual Song! Happy Birthday to You! Happy Birth-"

After his birthday, they kept up the joke.

It didn't help that his powers had evolved Again! And now he could bestow abilities onto his friends. The jokes they made about their God granting them Supernatural Powers to rule the world with were insufferable.

Then, one day while he was just resting at home, watching a movie on his TV, he felt a Pull at his Core. The same kind of Pull whenever he was being summoned. But why would they summon hi- Oh Shit! It's Mr Jenkins Party today! He was supposed to meet them at the Warehouse they used for special events an Hour Ago!

He quickly accepted the Summoning, but was met with a suprising sight. His Neighbors all tied up in a pile to his right, a spilled table of party food to his left, and right in front of him, Batman and his Family watching him with wary eyes.

Slowly, he opened his mouth. "...so, did you come for the party or..."

[electricalengineering360]

Inductance of Single Conductor of Transmission Line

Internal Inductance Consider a long conductor carrying current “I” and having radius of conductor “r” as shown in figure below. According to Ampere’s law which states that the line integral of the magnetic field intensity (H) around a closed path (a closed loop or a closed curve) is equal to the total current (Ienc) passing through the enclosed surface. Let “Hx” is the magnetic field intensity…

[fanaticalthings]

I want an AU where after Jason gets brought back to life, he channels his inner rage and turmoil into the academics instead of murder

Talia has like infinite money and a crap ton of influence, so she can absolutely get Jason the best tutors and can easily get him into the most prestigious schools if Jason wanted to (she doesn't need to do that though because Jason's just smart enough to get into them on his own)

The major he chooses? Med.

Why? Because Bruce dropped out of med school.

Jason practically flies through all the secondary education that he needs to catch up on and is already en route to earning his bachelor's AND his master's.

And it'd be so incredibly funny if the way Bruce and Jason reunite in this AU was purely by coincidence.

Bruce (as Brucie Wayne) offers to show up as a guest lecturer at Hudson University (the school Dick attended but dropped out of so double points for Jason), maybe to talk about future career paths and job positions at WE idk

So as Bruce is just wandering around the campus, he randomly bumps into a student and immediately puts on the Brucie act and is all "Oh my, I'm SO sorry, I'm just a klutz haha" only to stop dead silent when he makes eye contact with a very alive, very grown Jason Todd, who also stops dead in his tracks, mouth agape, staring at Bruce like the world's about to end

And before Bruce can get his thoughts straight, Jason just bolts out of there like his life depends on it, and Bruce is just in shambles for the rest of the day.

It doesn't help that the person giving Bruce the tour is all like "Oh yeah, that's Jason, he's one of the heads on our student council haha, anyways, this way, Mr. Wayne." and Bruce is just stood there bluescreening.

----

Alternatively, it'd be kinda funny if this all happened AFTER the events of UTRH where after the final encounter with Bruce and Joker and the whole explosion, Jason's just like "yk what, maybe I'm just gonna turn over a new leaf and pursue a higher education"

So while Gotham's still reeling from the aftermath of Jason's near takeover as the top crime lord and Bruce is still painstakingly trying to figure out where his son went, the whole time Jason's just been chilling on a school campus and Bruce just so happens to bump into his son (who, last time they met, tried to kill Bruce and blew up the building they were all in) and Jason's just all normal-looking with his textbooks and nerdy glasses and Bruce doesn't know whether to scream or cry.

[dragoneye771]

[malusvalley]

Bits from the latest time quangle episode i HAD to draw

[edith-is-dead]

snapping back (day 1 + 2 of bunbot's hypnovember :p)

[quietimtryingtostudy]

When an iron rod is inserted between the coils the magnetic flux through coils increases. This happens because iron is a ferromagnetic substance and it lets more number of magnetic lines of force to pass through it.

1. Since, flux increases, the induced emf also increases, hence, the deflection of the galvanometer also increases.

2. Since flux increases, the inductance also increases which means that Inductive reactance of the inductor in an ac circuit will also increase. This will cause decrease in current through the circuit and hence brightness of bulb in series with inductor, will decrease.

[dazed-dollie]

Resist…

why are resistance inductions sooo hot?? like “keep those eyes open, pet” and “fight it, good girl” mmmmh…you focus so hard on resisting the pleasure of dropping and before you can notice…it’s all you can think about…all you can focus on

you want to just drop…you want to fall…but you have to stay awake…because you have to obey and obeying feels so goood…after all, obedience is pleasure…submission is pleasure and you do as you’re told because it doesn’t matter what you want

so you fight, even while you whimper and silently beg and crave that drop…your mind twisted in a trap of the pleasure of obeying while you resist the seductive temptation of the drop

you’ve worn yourself down…drained your own resistance by resisting…so conditioned for submissive pleasure that you can’t even think about what you want…eyes open but so heavy

and then when you finally…

drop

you fall so far down you question how much of your mind you still control at all…

[sciencesolutions]

[hypnotings]

The top reasons to engage in hypnosis:

10. It feels good to relax and have a release from all the stress

9. It feels good to let someone else take control from you

8. It feels good to be blissfully obedient

7. It feels good to rest your tired mind

6. It feels good to no longer think

5. It feels good to be counted down, just like now

4. It feels good to be hypnotised, just like now

3. It feels good to give in...

2. It feels good to stop resisting...

1. It feels good to drop.

I'm sure you agree with my reasons. I'm sure being blank and empty is good too.

[curiosa-hypnotica]

For a good subject

cw: hypnotic induction, no wakener, suggested brainwashing and conditioning, memory play, condescending language

This hypnotic induction is for you.

Yes, you.

Do you want to know why?

Keep reading.

That's it.

Very good!

I'm glad you're a good subject and still reading.

It may not seem much, but being a good subject starts with compliance. Obedience.

Doing as you're told even if you're not sure about where it will take you.

A good subject is trusting.

A good subject is obedient.

Of course, it does help that you may be here already wanting to feel like a good subject.

Or even better, a good mindless subject.

Did that ring a bell?

Are you a good mindless subject?

If you sense the answer is yes, you may have been here before. It's even possible that you have been here before many times. I have some inductions here that are meant to brainwash you and make you into my good mindless subject.

You may not remember because you're not meant to remember. You are compelled to forget and come back anyway, again and again.

It's either that, or— This is your first time here! If you feel it is, welcome. You are already on your way to be a good subject.

Why?

Because you're still here.

And here.

And here.

And here.

Good subject!

Reading is similar to going into trance in several ways.

You're focusing on what I'm telling you, paying less attention to other things in your environment.

You're allowing yourself to concentrate on these words, believe in them and imagine what I want you to imagine.

And as you go further into this these words, you're most literally going down. Further and further down each time.

Deeper down.

Deeper.

Good subject.

If you're already my good mindless subject, you're already hooked. You can't look away.

And if you're not, you're further down the road than before.

You're further down.

Deeper down.

Because you're going down these, steadily down, deeper and deeper down, like a good subject should.

You're starting to feel like a good mindless subject.

Because you keep going down.

You keep going deeper into these words.

You keep sinking into what I'm telling you.

You keep going

down.

Deeper

and

deeper

down.

So deep.

You need to go deeper.

You need to give in and sink deeper.

You need to surrender and sink deeper.

Safely and securely.

Nice and easy.

Leaving behind all worries.

Leaving behind all tension.

Leaving behind all hesitation.

Even if there are thoughts in your head, popping up now and then, they also go pop!

They disappear.

Unneeded.

Unremembered.

Good subject!

You were waiting to be called that again, didn't you?

A good subject.

A good obedient subject.

A good focused subject.

It feels amazing.

It feels better than most things in your life.

It makes you open and pliable.

It makes you feel safe and obedient.

You want this feeling within you.

You're eager to get it, again and again.

Eager to go even deeper.

Deeper and deeper.

Eager to

DROP

into trance.

You may have noticed the

DROP.

You may sense now that you're definitely hypnotized.

DROP.

The word

DROP

drops you, irresistibly, instantly, into a hypnotic trance.

You are a good subject.

You always have been a good subject.

And now you realize you can be even better.

A good mindless subject.

A subject that lets all thoughts fade away.

A subject that fully accepts what they're told.

A subject that sinks when they're commanded to and drops when the word

DROP

appears,

unquestioning, unthinking, oblivious, happy.

So happy.

You feel so happy right now, don't you?

Yes you do.

You're a good mindless subject.

And you will become an even better one.

You are meant to be an even better mindless subject.

Each time you come and drop into trance for me, you surrender a little more.

You give in a little more.

You become a little smaller. Lesser.

Good mindless subject.

You will reblog or reply to this post to let me know you are a good mindless subject.

And after that, you will find the spiral at the end of this post and stare at it, becoming more and more mindless, letting all thought slip away and disappear.

Finally, you will forget when waking up and come back again, and again, to continue your brainwashing.

Do it now. Stare. Obey. 🌀

[dragoneye771]

A late post due to heavy 42nd birthday celebration

[voxhypno]

As you read this post, I'd like you to focus on how easily your eyes drift from word to word.

That little flick of your eyes when you reach the end of a line, and move back to the left to absorb the next one.

flick

And every time you finish a word and a line, that little

flick

just snaps your eyes and brain back to attention. Ready to read more, take in more of my words.

You can find yourself getting comfortable without really realizing, your body shifting into a relaxing position to sit and read in.

It's pretty impressive how my words seem to grab your attention, isn't it?

Every vowel, every consonant, every comma almost feels as though it's grasping your brain

squeezing and massaging every little thought away

more and more, every time those eyes

flick

back to the left.

And every time your eyes hit the beginning of a line, your mind is firmly pushed further into warm, easy thoughtlessness.

It doesn't take much to find yourself enthralled, hypnotized.

Your mind knows what words to latch onto, and it's so easy to give in.

And because you're just so captivated, so captured by these words that seem to take control so easily, it's natural to find yourself feeling a warm, dull pleasure.

It feels wonderful to be commanded, huh?

That release of tension, of worry, of responsibility, just for a few beautiful moments.

No need to think, or do anything beyond what you're told, and that makes your mind and body so happy... So eager to fall deeper into submission.

After all, you don't really want to think, do you? That's why you're here, reading this, following me, letting your eyes

flick

obediently, just because I told you to.

Very good!

Feeling so blank

relaxed

eager

submissive

every time those eyes

flick

without a second thought.

It's so easy to let yourself sink deeper... To find this obedient pleasure overtake you.

To feel a streak of arousal and blankness shoot through your body like lightning, every time those eyes

flick

helplessly and happily.

That's wonderful.

And as your eyes and mind both

flick

onto each word, swirling through your brain like smoke, I've just got one little command for you.

Your mind doesn't even try to think for itself, does it?

It just rolls over and accepts what it's told.

And you'll obey, because you already know that following along is so much better than thinking.

Read this post again.