#IPCC 2007

[rusocialpod]

13 Misconceptions About Global Warming Common misconceptions about climate change. Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe References below: For CO2, sea levels, Arctic sea ice, Antarctic and Greenland land ice: http://climate.nasa.gov Satellite data shows that ground-based stations underestimate recent warming: Cowtan and Way, 2014 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.2297/full For papers published on climate change during the 1970's, see Peterson, 2008 http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/131047.pdf For solar and temperature data see NASA GISS, PMOD: http://www.acrim.com/tsi%20monitoring.htm Krivova et al. 2007: http://www2.mps.mpg.de/projects/sun-climate/data.html CO2 ratio of Carbon-13:Carbon-12 decreasing. IPCC AR4: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2s2-3.html CO2 emitted by volcanoes vs by humans: Gerlach, 2011 www.agu.org/pubs/pdf/2011eo240001.pdf Gerlach Mauna Loa CO2 data: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ Rising atmospheric water vapour: Santer, 2007 http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0702872104v1.pdf A doubling of CO2 will likely lead to a 3C increase in global temperatures according to many independent pieces of evidence: Knutti & Hegerl, 2008 http://www.iac.ethz.ch/people/knuttir/papers/knutti08natgeo.pdf Great resource on Milankovitch cycles: http://www.sciencecourseware.org/eec/GlobalWarming/Tutorials/Milankovitch/ CO2 lags temperature rise in the southern hemisphere but leads the global average temperature rise, Shakun et al. 2012 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v484/n7392/abs/nature10915.html Music by Kevin McLeod, http://incompetech.com Songs: Hidden Agenda, Sneaky Snitch, Harlequin

[us-cj]

A climate change study that projected a 2.4 degree Celsius increase in temperature and massive worldwide food shortages in the next decade was seriously flawed, scientists said.

Scientist Osvaldo Canziani, who was part of the 2007 Nobel Prize winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, was listed as the scientific advisor to the report.

The IPCC, whose figures were cited as the basis for the study's projections, and Al Gore jointly won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2007 "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change," the prize committee said at the time.

...

The study cited the UN group's figures for its projections, combined with "the business-as-usual path the world is currently following," said lead author Liliana Hisas of the Universal Ecological Fund (UEF), a non-profit group headquartered in Argentina.

But climate scientist Ray Weymann told AFP that the "study contains a significant error in that it confuses 'equilibrium' temperature rise with 'transient temperature rise.'"

https://phys.org/news/2011-01-climate-significant-error-experts.html

[nicolae]

Impactul schimbărilor climatice asupra resurselor de apă de băut

Resursele de apă de băut pe care se bazează oamenii sunt foarte sensibile la variațiile de vreme și climă. Alterarea susținută a climei are un impact direct asupra hidrosferei și ciclului hidrologic, schimbând modul în care oamenii interacționează cu apa de pe tot globul În 2007, IPCC a raportat cu mare încredere că schimbările climatice au un impact net negativ asupra resurselor de apă și…

[stuartbramhall]

Weather Warfare: “Beware the US Military’s Experiments with Climatic Warfare”

HAARP array of antennas MIchel Chossudovsky ‘Climatic warfare’ potentially threatens the future of humanity, but has casually been excluded from the reports for which the IPCC received the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) constitute a buoyant $5.3 Billion dollar business (2022) which is slated to increase to $12.9 Billon dollars by 2027.…

[essay110uk]

mpact of energy on environment and climate

今天给大家带来一篇优秀的论文    这篇论文主要是探讨能源对于环境气候的影响,能源是经济发展不可缺少的一部分,目前我们使用的大多数能源都会对环境产生影响,论可持续发展的重要性  一起来看看吧 有论文需要帮忙的亲亲可以联系我们的专属客服   客服微信号：ada100-1 进行咨询喔~

mpact of energy on environment and climate

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

Energy is a key element of our economy and essential source of our living. However, the main sources of energy we currently use are the fossil fuels which are non-renewable and release greenhouse gases (i.e. carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007, rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are the primary cause of global warming since 1950, and are expected to rise due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

UK currently contributes about 2 per cent to global emissions, which, according to the IPCC, were estimated to be 38 billion tonnes carbon dioxide in 2004. UK energy industries are the main contributors to UK greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 accounted for about 85 per cent of the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2006. In order to reduce emissions, 2003 UK Energy White Paper sets out an objective to cut carbon dioxide emissions by 60% and create a low carbon economy by 2050. One way of achieving those targets would be by generating our energy from sources that produce very low or zero levels of greenhouse gases such as renewable energy sources. . Renewable sources of energy release no greenhouse gases in generating electricity, and carbon-neutral over their life cycle. The UK has a strong potential for renewable energy resource, particularly in wind and wave power. Because of this, renewable energy will have a key role in improving the climate change situation, and the UK policy on renewables will propose the initiative for development of a more efficient approach to energy use.

This  dissertation  will examine the factors driving the development of renewable energy market in the UK, and the government’s role in driving CO2 reductions. The analysis will be divided into two parts first part would consider the prospects and contribution of renewables to the UK economy, second part would specifically concentrate on evaluation of whether the policies and targets set by government are achievable, and conclusion will summarize the future prospects and recommendations for the renewable energy market in the UK.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 

’A sustainable energy future is possible, but only if we act urgently and decisively to promote, develop and deploy a full mix of energy technologies... We have the means, now we need the will…”

Claude Mandil, International Energy Agency (IEA)

In 21st century, there has been a significant increase in energy demand due to the factors such as population growth and our modern lifestyles, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA) today 86.5 % of total worldwide energy consumption is generated from fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil and coal which are said to be non-renewable, and are the main cause for the increase in green house gases and carbon dioxide  emitted into the atmosphere. As the world’s fossil fuels continue to diminish at an alarming rate, and the global energy demand forecasted to increase by 60% over the next 25 years (G8 Summit, 2005) an alternative, clean and sustainable new forms of energy must be developed that are economically cost effective, environmentally friendly, and easily harnessed. The development of renewable energy sources as a solution to these problems has gained a significant amount of support evident within international agreements, national government policies, environmental group and public support. The term has no definitive definition but is generally agreed to be sources of fuel that are

’A sustainable energy future is possible, but only if we act urgently and decisively to promote, develop and deploy a full mix of energy technologies... We have the means, now we need the will,” Claude Mandil, International Energy Agency (IEA).

RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE UK 

Renewable Energy can be defined as clean energy generated from the sources replenished rapidly by natural processes, such as wind, solar, geothermal, wave, hydro, and biomass which also produce low or non greenhouse emissions. , and relies on the According to the Article 2 of EC Directive 2001/77 EC, the term “renewable energy source”

Economics of Renewable Energy - The pricing mechanism and energy. Economics of extracting energy. Economic instruments for the environment: pollution taxes, tradable pollution permits, and environmental valuation. Economic incentives or renewables ROCs. The cost-efficiency of renewable technologies.

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[emiliaaparicioulloa]

El distinguido científico y experto en suelos recibió en 2020 el Premio Mundial de la Alimentación –uno de los galardones más importantes en esta área– y en el 2007 estuvo entre los reconocidos con el Certificado Premio Nobel de la Paz por sus contribuciones al Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC). Rattan Lal, es uno de los exponentes de Congreso Futuro que se realizará entre el 16 y el 20 de enero. En la actualidad la agricultura es responsable de una parte importante de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y también aporta a la degradación de las tierras, al exceso de extracción de agua y la reducción de la diversidad genética agropecuaria, entre otras consecuencias en el medio ambiente, sin embargo, el experto defiende que la agricultura no tiene que ser vista como un problema ante la crisis climática sino como una solución.  «Existe el conocimiento científico para hacer una mejor agricultura. Si podemos aprender cómo producir más con menos y proteger el suelo y restaurarlo, eso conducirá a la agricultura como una solución», explica a El Mostrador.

Artículo publicado el 07 de enero de 2023 en El Mostrador. 

[techurdu]

REDD+ and Status of Pakistan

Pakistan initiated REDD+ activities in 2010 to mitigate climate change through reduced carbon emissions from the forestry sector. Pakistan received REDD+ Readiness financial support from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) of the World Bank

Just over 5% of Pakistan’s total land area is covered by forests and planted trees, and every year, the country loses about 27,000 ha of forests. The country faces accelerated deforestation and forest degradation driven primarily by rising population and associated wood demands, and weak governance of land and forest tenure. Pakistan initiated REDD+ activities in 2010 to mitigate climate change…

[rjzimmerman]

Excerpt from this story from EcoWatch:

Antarctica and Greenland's ice sheets are currently melting at a pace consistent with worst-case-scenario predictions for sea level rise, with serious consequences for coastal communities and the reliability of climate models.

A paper published in Nature Climate Change Monday compared the latest satellite observations of polar ice melt with the predictions outlined in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report. It found that the ice sheets are currently raising sea levels at a rate 45 percent above the IPCC's central prediction and closer to its worst-case scenario. If this continues, the two ice sheets could raise sea levels a further 17 centimeters (approximately 7 inches) more than central predictions by 2100.

"If ice sheet losses continue to track our worst-case climate warming scenarios we should expect an additional 17cm of sea level rise from the ice sheets alone," study coauthor and University of Leeds researcher Anna Hogg said in a university press release. "That's enough to double the frequency of storm-surge flooding in many of the world's largest coastal cities."

Since the 1990s, the two ice sheets have already increased global sea levels by 1.8 centimeters (approximately 0.7 inches). But it was between 2007 and 2017 that the ice sheets began to lose mass at a rate consistent with worst-case-scenario projections, adding around 1.23 centimeters (approximately 0.5 inches) to the water line during that decade, according to the study.

A worst-case-scenario sea level rise as currently predicted would expose 44 to 66 million people to yearly coastal flooding by century's end. But one of study's most alarming implications is that, if sea level rise is already tracking worst-case-scenario predictions, the actual worst-case scenario could be even more dire.

[ae-carlosvital]

Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

[3nding]

AR4 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis — IPCC

Avevano già scritto tutto nel 2007:

Gli incendi.

La siccità.

Estremizzazione dei fenomeni atmosferici.

C'era pure il riassunto per i policymakers troppo impegnati per leggere tutto il report.

[rusocialpod]

13 Misconceptions About Global Warming Common misconceptions about climate change. Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe References below: For CO2, sea levels, Arctic sea ice, Antarctic and Greenland land ice: http://climate.nasa.gov Satellite data shows that ground-based stations underestimate recent warming: Cowtan and Way, 2014 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.2297/full For papers published on climate change during the 1970's, see Peterson, 2008 http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/131047.pdf For solar and temperature data see NASA GISS, PMOD: http://www.acrim.com/tsi%20monitoring.htm Krivova et al. 2007: http://www2.mps.mpg.de/projects/sun-climate/data.html CO2 ratio of Carbon-13:Carbon-12 decreasing. IPCC AR4: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2s2-3.html CO2 emitted by volcanoes vs by humans: Gerlach, 2011 www.agu.org/pubs/pdf/2011eo240001.pdf Gerlach Mauna Loa CO2 data: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ Rising atmospheric water vapour: Santer, 2007 http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0702872104v1.pdf A doubling of CO2 will likely lead to a 3C increase in global temperatures according to many independent pieces of evidence: Knutti & Hegerl, 2008 http://www.iac.ethz.ch/people/knuttir/papers/knutti08natgeo.pdf Great resource on Milankovitch cycles: http://www.sciencecourseware.org/eec/GlobalWarming/Tutorials/Milankovitch/ CO2 lags temperature rise in the southern hemisphere but leads the global average temperature rise, Shakun et al. 2012 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v484/n7392/abs/nature10915.html Music by Kevin McLeod, http://incompetech.com Songs: Hidden Agenda, Sneaky Snitch, Harlequin

[us-cj]

Environmentalism has been rebranded into climate change and is nothing more than a sales pitch for politicians and wealthy industrialists betting on the new trend. Recall, the “Climate Gate” scandal broke on November 17th 2009. But by now there are several associated issues, such as “Glacier Gate” (1) and “Amazon Gate” (2), and it is time to figure out what it all means.

Climate Gate was the release (by a hacker or an insider) of thousands of e-mails and commented source codes from the Hadley Climate Research Unit (CRU). There is enough fascinating material to write books about it (3), but one of the e-mails that have attracted most attention is one from November 1999 where Phil Jones of CRU wrote to Michael Mann, Raymond Bradley and Malcolm Hughes (the authors of the famous “hockey stick” graph that suggested unprecedented warming during the last century) saying: “I’ve just completed Mike’s Nature trick of adding in the real temps to each series for the last 20 years (ie from 1981 onwards) and from 1961 for Keith’s to hide the decline.” By itself, that could mean anything, but the source code of the related computer program makes abundantly clear that they substitute Keith Briffa’s original tree ring temperature proxy with Hadley’s instrumental record from 1961 onwards in order to hide the apparent decline in temperatures indicated by the tree-ring data (4).

The general impression that one gets from reading the material is that a small group of generously funded researchers have been torturing the temperature data from all over the globe to get it to show a 0.8ºC increase over the last 150 years, and, amazingly, they (together with Al Gore, MSM, IPCC and others) have managed to convince most people that such an increase is unprecedented, caused by human CO2 emissions, and disastrous for all life on the planet.

One of the other main issues in the climate gate scandal is that the Hadley Climate Research Unit has resisted releasing data and methods, so that other researchers could verify their results. The scientific method in general requires researchers to make their data and methods available for independent replication, and the British Freedom of Information Act specifically requires publicly funded institutions to do so, but the hacked e-mails make clear how the involved climate researchers have resisted and evaded legal and reasonable information requests.

Glacier Gate, on the other hand, is the debunking of the claim in the IPCC’s fourth assessment report that Himalayan glaciers are receding faster than in any other part of the world and could “disappear altogether by 2035 if not sooner”. This statement has proven to be completely unfounded, and one glaciologist, Professor Cogley at Ontario Trent University, believe the IPCC has misread the date in a 1996 report which said the glaciers could melt significantly by 2350. The IPCC has now officially retracted the statement (5), but what makes it particularly embarrassing is that the IPCC chairman had ridiculed Indian scientists who refuted the claim, calling their work “voodoo science” (6).

Amazon Gate is another example of the flimsy evidence on which the IPCC have based their claims of climate calamities. In the Working Group II report of 2007 they state that “up to 40% of the Amazonian forests could react drastically to even a slight reduction in precipitation” on the basis of a non peer-reviewed WWF report whose lead author, Andy Rowell, is a free-lance journalist. If you follow the reference used by WWF, it leads to a 1999 article in Nature about the impacts of logging. IPCC could have used that reference, as it is at least peer-reviewed, but the problem may have been that the Nature-article mentions nothing at all about climate change (2).

However, by now it doesn’t matter much what the evidence shows or does not show. The Climate Change Train is going at full speed and it is difficult to get off. Many institutions, which jumped on the climate change bandwagon before the Copenhagen summit, have committed themselves and their budgets to climate change activities instead of their usual activities, and now find it difficult to backtrack...

SOURCE: This is "The Runaway Climate Train", by Lykke Andersen. Lykke Andersen is the Director of the Center for Economic and Environmental Modeling and Analysis (CEEMA) at INESAD.

---------------------------------------

(1) See summary at The Sunday Times “World misled over Himalayan glacier meltdown” https://web.archive.org/web/20100124015736/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6991177.ece

(2) See summary by James Delingpole at the Daily Telegraph “After Climategate, Pachaurigate and Glaciergate: Amazongate” https://web.archive.org/web/20100213010322/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/jamesdelingpole/100023598/after-climategate-pachaurigate-and-glaciergate-amazongate/

(3) That has already been done. See, for example, “Climategate: Caught Green-handed” by Christopher Moncton [http://scienceandpublicpolicy.org/images/stories/papers/originals/Monckton-Caught%20Green-Handed%20Climategate%20Scandal.pdf] or “Climategate: The CRUtape Letters” by Steven Mosher and Thomas Fuller [https://www.amazon.com/Climategate-Crutape-Letters-Steven-Mosher/dp/1450512437/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1264982554&sr=1-1]

(4) See analysis by Steve McIntyre https://climateaudit.org/2009/12/10/ipcc-and-the-trick/#more-9483

(5) See The Times: https://web.archive.org/web/20111007072623/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7009081.ece

(6) See The Guardian: https://web.archive.org/web/20130908063242/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/09/india-pachauri-climate-glaciers

[climatecha]

MAN AND ENVIRONMENT

Earth environment affects the well being of man, animal and plants world over. Compared to other species of life, man is more advanced in intellect and hence it is the duty of man to protect the environment from undesired pollution, which is injurious to all life. For many reasons man is mostly responsible for the pollution of air, water, soil and in turn responsible for global warning, climate change and health hazards, dwindling of forests, water resources and undesirable changes in ecological balance of the biosphere, destruction/dwindling of natural resources. It is the fundamental duty of every citizen (by virtue of constitution) to protect and improve the natural environment including air, forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife. It is in this context, the following government protection Acts came into existence. 1. The Environmental Protections Act, 1986 2. The Air pollution Act, 1981 3. The water (protections and control) Pollution Act, 1974 4. The Indian Forest Act 1927 and Forest (protection) Conservation Act, 1980 5. The Wildlife (Biodiversity) Protection Act, 1972 and 6. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991

Man is the highest form of life on the earth, but he is dependent on other forms of life and environment. Man has the ability to modify or destroy an environment or burn a whole forest and cause damage to the ecosystem, yet he is very closely dependent on the nature-environmental system, like atmospheric oxygen for breathing, and animal, plant kingdom for his food. According to UN Report, at present mankind is persisting with thoughtless and extravagant consumption of natural resources and damaging the natural resources in an unprecedented manner. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) outlook-4 report (25 October 2007) says, at the present consumption rate it requires 21.9 hectares per person while earths capacity (on an average) 15.7 hectares per person. As a result of this 116550 square kilometers of forest area being lost across the world each year. 60% of the world’s major rivers have been damaged or diverted and fresh fish  population declined by 50% during last 20 year. About 30% amphibians, 23% of mammals and 12% of birds are under threat of extinction due to human activity, while 10% of the world’s large rivers are running dry every year before reaching in to sea. The US’s consumption of energy increased by 20% over the last two decades. Of the total GHGs (greenhouse gases) increased in atmosphere by human activity, 70% accounts to energy sector. The IPCC further noted that due to global warming there would be glacier retreat in the Himalayas, sea level rise, production of wheat, rice, maize would drop in India and China and more than one billion people may face fresh water shortage by 2020. International Renewable Energy Agency promotes the adaptation of renewable energy worldwide and aims to provide a definite policy advice and facilitates capacity building and technology transfer

[stuartbramhall]

Margaret Thatcher and the Birth of the Climate Movement

The Great Global Warming Swindle Directed by Martin Durkin (2007) Film Review Made in 2007, this film features a number of prominent climate scientists who raise surprisingly cogent arguments against the IPCC “science” on which the global climate movement is based. It also raises legitimate concerns about the politicization of climate science, as well as the tragic effect of climate activism on…

[ifreakingloveroyals]

Through the Years → Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway (277/∞)

10 December 2007 | This years Nobel Peace Prize laureates, Al Gore and Rajendra Pachauri of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) meet with Norwegian Crown Princess Mette-Marit and Crown Prince Haakon in the Royal Palace in Oslo. Gore and Pachauri will receive the Nobel Peace Prize for their work in helping to combat global warming. Later in the day in Stockholm, the winners of the literature, medicine, physics, chemistry and economics prizes will receive their awards. (Photo credit Jon Eeg/AFP via Getty Images)

[zranovita]

Summary International Day Project 2020

Ezra Novita Boru Sianturi – 072011233090 – Indonesia

Rethinking International Community’s Role and Contribution in Climate Issue

Perubahan iklim dapat terjadi di seluruh penjuru dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Perubahan iklim adalah perubahan cuaca yang mencolok yang biasa terjadi antara dua periode dari suatu wilayah iklim. Perubahan iklim terjadi ketika suhu bumi mengalami peningkatan dibandingkan sebelumnya. Kenaikan suhu ini disebabkan oleh meningkatnya emisi gas CO2 dan gas rumah kaca (aktivitas rumah kaca). Selain itu, perubahan iklim ini terjadi dalam jangka waktu yang cukup panjang dan bisa disebabkan oleh aktivitas manusia sendiri. Dampak dari perubahan iklim ini dapat menyebabkan bencana alam yang berpotensi sangat berbahaya bagi bumi, contohnya tanah longsor, banjir, kekeringan, bahkan kebakaran yang disebabkan oleh kekeringan tersebut, dan lain-lain. Para peneliti memperkirakan pada tahun 2030, sekitar 2000 pulau di Indonesia akan tenggelam. Dampak serius dari perubahan iklim lainnya ialah adanya pengurangan food supply, global health, dan gangguan infrastruktur.

Perubahan iklim umum disebabkan oleh The Greenhouse Effect atau efek rumah kaca yaitu radiasi solar yang dapat terpantul oleh bumi dan atmosfer. Efek rumah kaca juga disebabkan oleh banyak sumber, contohnya transportasi udara, produksi minyak, tambang batubara, pemusnahan sampah dengan cara dibuang ataupun diumpuk di daerah yang cekung atau dikenal dengan sebutan landfill, pembakaran hasil panen, transportasi darat, industri pertanian, dan lain-lain. Karena perubahan iklim ini dapat terjadi di seluruh penjuru dunia, maka beberapa negara membuat kesepakatan, contohnya seperti WMO dan UNEP yang telah membentuk IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) dan UNFCCC. Negara Indonesia sempat mendapatkan peran menjadi host untuk UNFCCC, tepatnya pada tahun 2007 silam. Seluruh negara tidak hanya berdiam diri tentang isu yang terjadi di dunia ini, semua negara memiliki hasrat dan tekad yang kuat untuk mengurangi perubahan iklim dengan cara menurunkan beberapa persen dari kadar emisi gas (Zakiyyah, 2020).

Selain perubahan iklim, ada juga krisis iklim yang dapat memengaruhi kehidupan manusia bahkan dapat merusak lingkungan dan bumi. Krisis iklim adalah perubahan suhu rata-rata yang terjadi di bumi yang mengalami peningkatan dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Penyebab krisis iklim ini juga sama disebabkan oleh aktivitas rumah kaca yang terjebak di satosfer. Terperangkapnya gas polutan di bumi yang berupa gas CO2 merupakan selimut bagi bumi. Ketika selimut tersebut mengalami penebalan, dampaknya bumi juga akan merasakan semakin panas. Menurut IPEC, aktivitas industri menjadi penyebab utama meningkatnya emisi karbon dan emisi karbon tersebut juga menyebabkan bencana alam dan kerusakan bagi bumi (Isfandiari, 2020). Menurut penelitian, tepatnya pada tahun 2013 silam, negara yang paling awal mengalami dampak ekstrem dari perubahan iklim ini ialah Indonesia. Indonesia mendapatkan dukungan fiskal atau yang berkenaan dengan urusan pajak dan pendapatan negara yang bertujuan untuk mendorong aksi pengendalian dari perubahan iklim yang ekstrem ini dengan tiga cara. Pertama berupa intensif perpajakan, kedua adalah belanja mitigasi dan adaptasi atas perubahan iklim, ketiga adalah Sovereign Green Sukuk berupa instrumen pembiayaan pemerintah terkait aksi perubahan iklim. Meskipun di tengah pandemi ini, Green Sukuk masih dapat berkembang dan terbit menjadi salah satu instrumen pembiayaan defisit APBN yang memiliki kepedulian terhadap pengendalian perubahan iklim yang terjadi di Indonesia (Syaifudin, 2020).

Referensi:

Zakiyyah, Lia. 2020. [WEBINAR]. Climate Change Issue. Dipresentasikan di webinar International Day Project oleh IRFEST 2020 pada hari Sabtu, 10 Oktober 2020.

Isfandiari, Adila. 2020. [WEBINAR]. Krisis Iklim. Dipresentasikan di webinar International Day Project oleh IRFEST 2020 pada hari Sabtu, 10 Oktober 2020.

Syaifudin, Noor. 2020. [WEBINAR]. Dana APBN. Dipresentasikan di webinar International Day Project oleh IRFEST 2020 pada hari Sabtu, 10 Oktober 2020.

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