#Haversian

[ninetimesbluedemo]

party in the haversian canal tonight 🤪 everyone’s invited!

[justareallyboredfangirl]

i need other dick piercing haversian to weigh in actually

First rave I ever went to a guy sat next to me and my friend and was like “hey so did you know that when you get a dick piercing there’s a high chance you might cum? From the stimulation of getting your dick pierced?” And we were like did you cum and he was like “I can’t say”

[gi-neuro-nephro-how-organs-work]

Ribs are made of cortical bone, also known as compact bone. It's the dense, hard outer layer of bones that makes up about 80% of your skeleton. Cortical bone provides strength and support to your bones, allowing them to withstand weight and impact.

Here's a closer look at cortical bone:

* Structure: It has a layered structure with tiny channels called Haversian canals running through it. These canals contain blood vessels and nerves that supply nutrients and sensation to the bone tissue.

* Strength: The layered arrangement of collagen fibers in cortical bone makes it very strong and resistant to bending and twisting forces. This is essential for bones like the ribs, which protect your vital organs.

* Distribution: Cortical bone is found on the outer surface of all bones, with the thickness varying depending on the bone's function. For example, the long bones in your legs have thicker cortical bone than the short bones in your wrists.

Cortical bone appears radiopaque (white) on radiographs as the outermost layer of bone.

[slightlydisgruntledbee-blog]

penis haversian unite!!!!!!

[tissue-identification]

The Different Kinds of Connective Tissue

Connective tissue is a diverse group of tissues that provide structural support, connect and anchor body structures, and aid in defense and transportation. Here are some different types of connective tissue:

Loose Connective Tissue:

Description: Consists of loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers with numerous cells and ground substance.

Features:

Provides support and elasticity.

Surrounds and cushions organs.

Found beneath the skin (subcutaneous tissue) and between organs.

Dense Connective Tissue:

Description: Contains densely packed collagen fibers and fibroblasts.

Features:

Provides strength and resistance to stretching.

Two main types: Regular and Irregular.

Regular Dense Connective Tissue: Collagen fibers are aligned in parallel, found in tendons and ligaments.

Irregular Dense Connective Tissue: Collagen fibers are arranged in a random pattern, found in the dermis of the skin and capsules of organs.

Adipose Tissue:

Description: Composed of adipocytes (fat cells) embedded in a matrix.

Features:

Stores energy in the form of fat.

Provides insulation and cushioning.

Found beneath the skin, around organs, and within bone marrow.

Cartilage:

Description: Firm, flexible tissue with a rubbery matrix.

Features:

Provides support, shock absorption, and smooth surfaces for joint movement.

Three types: Hyaline cartilage (found in the nose, trachea, and ends of long bones), Fibrocartilage (found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis), and Elastic cartilage (found in the external ear and larynx).

Bone (Osseous Tissue):

Description: Hard, mineralized tissue composed of collagen fibers and calcium phosphate crystals.

Features:

Provides support, protection, and mineral storage.

Forms the skeleton.

Contains osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae.

Consists of Haversian systems (osteons) with central canals and concentric rings (lamellae).

Blood:

Description: Fluid connective tissue composed of blood cells and plasma.

Features:

Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Contains red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

Suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma.

Lymphoid Tissue:

Description: Consists of lymphocytes and other immune cells.

Features:

Plays a role in the immune response.

Includes lymph nodes, tonsils, and the spleen.

These are just a few examples of the diverse types of connective tissue in the body. Each type has unique characteristics and functions, contributing to the overall structure and function of organs and tissues.

[ihearthisto]

🍗 Bone LOL 😂 I avoid compact bone so much that people think I have an haversian to it lolz i♡histo www.ihearthisto.com Compact (aka cortical) bone is a form of mature bone that has its mineralized extracellular matrix organized into lamellae (layers) that are concentrically arranged around an Haversian canal to form an ‘osteon’. All the pink material in this image is the mineralized extracellular matrix. The osteon is the structural and functional unit of bone responsible for its strength. The Haversian canal (LOLguy’s head) carries blood vessels (LOLguy’s eyes and mouth) and nerves through the bone to supply the cells (osteocytes - the small cells within the tiny white holes in the bone) that maintain the bone with the nutrients and oxygen they need to survive.

[duvetscholar]

17.03.18 The snow is melting. Just glazing over the structure of bones in anatomy. I’ve been feeling a bit down lately as my friends are becoming really competitive and express negative emotions when I tell them I’m studying. Bahhhh

[time-and-space-penguin]

Ok but imagine if I had actually submitted that answer 😂

[emmanuelm23]

The bone tissue

Hence we do want to know what the bones are made of.

For sure the bones form parts of body and also about 15% of a person's total body weight. Indeed now you can trust someone when they say that their bones are heavy.

The bone is for now connective tissue at its hardest state in a human. It is made up of Collagen fibres filled with minerals mainly of calcium and salt.

Hence there are 3 types of bone tissues, including:

Compact tissue

Harder outer tissue (Subchondral tissue)

Cancellous tissue

Compact tissue and its function

Compact bone (or cortical bone) forms the hard external layer of all bones and surrounds the medullary cavity, or bone marrow.

It provides protection and strength to bones. Compact bone tissue consists of units called osteons or Haversian systems.

Therefore, compact bone tissue is prominent in areas of bone at which stresses are applied in only a few directions.

Subchondral tissue and its function

This is the smooth tissue at the ends of bones, which is covered with another type of tissue called cartilage. Cartilage is a specialized, rubbery connective tissue.

Unlike other tissues within the joint, subchondral bone is highly responsive to loading, with the ability to respond quickly to training and injury. The forces incurred by the articular cartilage are transmitted to the subchondral bone across the calcified cartilage layer, which is uniquely adapted to distribute forces and minimize shear stresses on the articular cartilage layer through an undulating association with subchondral bone.

Cancellous tissue and its function

Spongy bone or cancellous bone forms the inner layer of all bones. Spongy bone tissue does not contain osteons that constitute compact bone tissue.

It consists of trabeculae, which are lamellae that are arranged as rods or plates. Red bone marrow is found between the trabuculae. Blood vessels within this tissue deliver nutrients to osteocytes and remove waste. The red bone marrow of the femur and the interior of other large bones, such as the ilium, forms blood cells.

[digital-science-art]

Watch out for osteoid fields!

Haversian systems (aka Osteons) are cylindrical structures in bone that house blood vessels and bone cells, but they look like planetary systems

[kisskissfixyourbones]

BONES HAVE BLOOD IN THEM WHAT?!?! that's wild and scary

TW: MEDICAL, GROSS, BONES AND BLOOD

Yep! There are holes (canals) in your bones for the blood vessels, cause you have to give your bones nutrients! There are 3 types of bone material. Compact bone - 80% of your skeleton- has blood vessels running through the Haversian canals, and trabecular (soft bone) has a spongy framework just full of blood vessels.

The third bone material is marrow, and rhere there aren't any blood vessels in it. But marrow is actually where pretty much all of the blood cells in your body is formed - and why marrow transplants are a thing. There are two types of bone marrow- red and yellow. Red blood cells are created in the red marrow, and white blood cells in the yellow marrow. (This only happens in the long bones, though.)

Anyway, blood supply is delivered to the bone through the endosteal cavity by nutrient arteries, then goes through marrow sinusoids before leaving through one of a lot of small vessels that split up through the outer bone.

Here's a few diagrams.

[ihearthisto]

😔 Everything’s Going Tibia Okay 😊

This smiley face in an Haversian canal of a leg bone makes it so.

i♡histo

Histology submittedto the I Heart Histo Facebook Page by Abric Rosengrant

[depressed-doe]

Directions: 1. Prepare and submit the definitions of the following terms in an i

Directions: 1. Prepare and submit the definitions of the following terms in an i

Directions: 1. Prepare and submit the definitions of the following terms in an initial, original post. 2. Use APA referencing style to include your bibliographic source(s) and make in-text citations, if any. Vocabulary Terms: 1. Appositional growth 2. Calcitonin 3. Calcitriol 4. Canaliculi 5. Cartilage 6. Diaphysis 7. Endosteum 8. Epiphyseal plate 9. Epiphysis 10. Haversian canals 11.…

[clinicalsurgery]

Individualized Costo-Sternal Reconstruction after Extensive Resection of Sternum due to Chondrosarcoma by Machak GN*

Abstract

A clinical case of surgical treatment of a 54-year-old female patient with a localized form of chondrosarcoma of the sternum is presented. During the process of preoperative planning, 3D additive technologies were used, allowing to determine the optimal volume of bone resection and reconstruction of the resulting defect of the chest wall with an individualized titanium costosternal implant. The patient underwent successful surgery with no early or long-term complications. Respiratory function after surgery was not impaired. With a follow-up period of more than four years, no signs of local recurrence or metastases were observed. The presented case demonstrates the current possibilities of reconstructive surgery of costosternal tumors using individualized 3D implants with excellent long-term clinical, functional and cosmetic results.

Keywords: chondrosarcoma, sternum, stereo-lithographic model, individualized titanium plate, surgical treatment, case report

Introduction

Tumors of the sternum constitute only 0.45% - 1% of all primary bone tumors [1-4], and most of them are malignant (5, 6). The most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor of the sternum is chondrosarcoma [1,2,7], followed by osteosarcoma, myeloma, and malignant bone lymphoma [8]. Radical resection is considered the primary treatment option for grade II-III chondrosarcomas. Chest wall tumor surgery is technically complicated due to the difficulties of extended tumor resection without compromising skeletal stability and the need for simultaneous reconstruction of the chest [3]. Extensive thoracic wall defects require pleural cavity and/or mediastinum closure as well as the restoring of chest wall rigidity. The latter is of paramount importance, as it helps to prevent the development of cardio-respiratory disorders in the early postoperative period and reduce mortality. Many methods have been proposed to replace a chest wall defect after resection: auto- and allografts, rib complexes, various implants, made of synthetic materials and metal [1-3,9-21] At the same time, a number of authors have noted a high rate of complications, associated with sternocostal resection and reconstruction [16,21]. With the development of modern technology, it has become possible to replace large defects of the chest wall with individualized metal implants. This approach allows to effectively restore the chest wall framework and to reduce the duration of the surgery. The current article describes a successful case of surgical treatment of a patient with a chondrosarcoma of the sternum using additive technology for surgical planning and post-resection chest wall reconstruction with an individualized titanium sternocostal implant.

Case Presentation

A 54 y.o. patient in 2012 has discovered a bulging of the sternal area during self-examination. She had not seeked medical help for more than a year. Only in 2014, after noting an increase in the dimensions of the lesion, she underwent a tumor biopsy at a thoracic surgery department of a large medical institution, after which she was diagnosed with a chondroma. Due to the need for a sternal resection and a complex reconstruction of the chest wall, the patient was referred to our institute in 2015. Upon admission, the patient complained of a tumor-like growth in the sternum. The patient’s general condition was satisfactory. Normosthenic physique, with an increased BMI was noted. No respiratory or hemodynamic disorders were noted. In the middle third of the sternal body, a painless, dense, immobile tumor mass, measuring 70 x 40 mm and protruding 35 mm above the skin surface could be palpated. Computed tomography of the chest (Figure 1A&B) revealed a focus of osteolytic destruction located in the body and upper part of the xiphoid process of the sternum, measuring 70.8 x 25.2 x 18 mm.

The cortical layer was unevenly thinned, moderately swollen, eroded along the anterior and posterior surfaces, with a soft tissue component extending beyond the bone tissue. The contours of the soft tissue component were irregular. The structure of the lesion was heterogeneous due to inclusions of higher density. In the preserved areas of the cortical layer, periosteal stratifications could be visualized. The CT findings corresponded to a cartilaginous tumor of the sternum, most likely a chondrosarcoma. Magnetic resonance imaging of the chest (Figure 1C&D) demonstrated an extensive lesion measuring up to 70 x 25 x 18 mm with uneven, irregular contours on the right side in the area of ​​articulation of the ribs and sternum. The lesion invaded the cortical layer of the sternum and spread into the adjacent soft tissues. The MR findings corresponded to a chondrosarcoma of the sternum.

For staging purposes, a magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS) was performed revealing a focus of hyperintense signal in the sternum. No other lesions were detected. Upon revision of the biopsy specimens the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma was confirmed (IB, G1, according to Enneking staging system).

To better evaluate the case and to elect the optimal method of surgical treatment, a stereolithographic 3D model of the patient’s sterno-costal complex was produced using CT data in a 1:1 ratio (Figure 2A&2B). With the help of the 3D model the extent of resection was determined and an individualized titanium costosternal plate was manufactured (Figure 2C). To minimize the risk of recurrence and maximize the rigidity of plate fixation, it was planned to respect the cartilaginous ends of the ribs.

Unique traits of this custom implant include the relative simplicity of its production, solid structure, and large surface area, which make it robust and versatile in terms of freedom of fixation to the ribs. The selected implant thickness of 1,5 mm provides sufficient rigidity and strength, but, at the same time, preserves relative elasticity of the metal, allowing for some mobility of the thoracic wall. After meticulous planning, a subtotal resection of the sternum with anterior chest wall reconstruction using an individualized titanium plate was performed (Figure 2C).

Surgical details: with the patient in the supine position, under general endotracheal anesthesia in combination with high epidural anesthesia, a 15 cm incision was made along the midline of the sternum with excision of the scar from a previously performed biopsy of the sternum. The pectoral muscles were mobilized, followed by 10 mm parasternal subperichondrial resection of the II-VII costal cartilages. The sternum was intersected with an oscillating saw 1 cm proximally to the manubriosternal joint and 1 cm distally to the xiphisternal joint. The sternum was removed with a tumor in a single block. The defect of the anterior chest wall was reconstructed with an individualized titanium plate. The proximal end of the plate was inserted into the notch in the sternal manubrium and fixed to the underlying ribs with a titanium wire. The surgical site was drained and the wound closed in layers. Intraoperative blood loss amounted to 300 ml. The patient was put in a thoracic brace. In the early postoperative period, antibacterial, infusion, anticoagulant therapy, as well as multimodal analgesia (a combination of prolonged epidural anesthesia with opioid analgesics and NSAIDs) were administered. Three hours after surgery, the patient was extubated and transferred to spontaneous breathing with oxygen support. On the second day after surgery, the patient was transferred back to the ward from the intensive care unit. On the fourth day, the patient returned to sitting in bed and walking around the ward.

Pathological investigation of the tumor gross specimen showed dense bone tissue having an irregular nodular surface attached to fatty tissue, with dimensions of 11,0 x 4,5 x 4,0 cm. Bone section showed semi-translucent, relatively dense mostly gray hyaline cartilage with lobular structure and focal points of bone density, with overall dimensions of 7.3 x 3.8 x 3.3 cm (Figure 3A). Histological analysis demonstrated a cartilage-forming tumor of lobular structure with individual lobules of the tumor separated by fibrous tissue (Figure 3B). Cartilage cells with weakly and moderately expressed polymorphism and morphological atypism could be seen interspersed in the chondroid matrix of the tumor (Figure 3C). The cells were large, with a reduced nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. The cell nuclei were enlarged, sometimes atypical in shape, hyperchromic, with numerous binuclear cells (Figure 3D). The chondroid matrix of the tumor showed signs of myxomatosis, microfocal necrosis. The tumor freely occupied the bone marrow space, eroding the bone trabeculae, infiltrating Volkmann's and Haversian canals, and eroding the cortical bone layer. Regions of complete destruction of the cortical plate with infiltrative tumor growth into adjacent soft tissues were observed (Figure 3E). Regions characteristic of enchondroma were not detected. Histological report: taking into account the MR and CT imaging data, the diagnosis corresponds to a chondrosarcoma (G2) with the destruction of the cortical plate and infiltrative growth into the adjacent soft tissues (stage IIB according to Enneking). The tumor has been removed within the healthy tissue margins (type of resection - R0).

The patient regularly underwent follow-up examinations. Four years after surgery, the patient had no complaints or foreign body sensations. No signs of respiratory dysfunction were observed. The anterior chest wall had a normal configuration and there were no signs of implant instability. A good cosmetic (Figure 4A&4B) and oncologic (Figure 4C&4D) result was achieved

Discussion

Bone chondrosarcomas are malignant tumors whose cells produce a cartilage matrix. In terms of the frequency of occurrence, chondrosarcoma takes the second place among primary malignant bone tumors after osteosarcoma, and, according to various authors, accounts for 10 to 25% of all primary bone sarcomas [4,22,23]. It is found in the age group from 5 to 90 years, mainly in middle and old age - most often between 40 and 60 years (about 60% of patients). It has a slightly higher frequency of occurrence in men. Any bone of cartilaginous origin can be affected. The most frequent localization (three quarters of patients) is in the bones of the trunk (pelvis, ribs) and the proximal ends of the femur and humerus [24]. Among the malignant tumors that affect the sternum, chondrosarcomas are diagnosed most frequently [1,2,7]. Among 458 common chondrosarcomas diagnosed during the period from 1987 to 2009 at the pathology department at our institute, only 5 (1%) were localized in the sternum [25]. Among the 2004 primary bone tumors in the registry of the St. James’s University Hospital (Leeds, West Yorkshire, England), 9 (0.45%) were localized in the sternum, of which 6 (0.3%) were chondrosarcomas [6].

The progression of chondrosarcomas varies from slowly growing tumors to aggressive metastatic sarcomas. Morphologically chondrosarcomas are divided into tumors of low (I), medium (II) and high (III) degrees of malignancy [4,22,23,26]. Almost 60–90% of chondrosarcomas belong to the category of low and moderate degree of malignancy [25]. In the case presented in this article, a chondrosarcoma (G2, stage IIB according to Enneking) was diagnosed based on histopathological examination. Numerous approaches to reconstructive surgery of the anterior chest wall after resection of the sternum have been described in literature [7,10,12-15,19].

Titanium is a biocompatible, inert material with physical characteristics that allow to design robust individualized implants that closely replicate the shape of the sternum and chest wall. The implant structure can also be perforated without sacrificing stiffness, which facilitates its fixation. Additionally, titanium does not interfere with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, allowing for safe and informative postoperative evaluation [12].

Gonfiotti and Santini (2009) described a case of surgical treatment of a patient with a chondrosarcoma, in which, after a total resection of the sternum, the defect was reconstructed with 4 metal plates attached to the ribs with titanium clips [13]. А polytetrafluoroethylene sheet, which was fixed to the plates with non-absorbable suture material, was used to separate the chest organs from the metal plate. The postoperative period was uneventful. Six months after surgery, the implant was clinically and radiologically stable, there was no tumor recurrence, and no respiratory dysfunction was noted. In a study by Rocco et al, reconstruction of the anterior chest wall defect was performed using three metal plates and an omental flap. This approach allowed the authors to achieve full stability and to avoid complications [19].

Voronovich and Pashkevich (2011) reported on a case, where a perforated titanium plate was used for chest wall reconstruction after total sternum resection in a patient with a chondrosarcoma [10]. The plate had a thickness of 15 mm and was manufactured in advance based on the patient’s radiographs. The follow-up period was 2 years. The patient had a complicated case of chondrosarcoma recurrence, which required surgical removal of the recurrent tumor nodes twice. No plate instability was observed during the course of treatment. The patient died due to metastatic spread of the tumor.

Demondion et al reported on a case of a 28-year-old patient with intraductal invasive carcinoma of the left breast with metastases to the sternum [12]. After four courses of chemotherapy, the patient underwent radical mastectomy on the left, axillary lymphadenectomy and subtotal resection of the sternum. Reconstruction of the anterior chest wall was performed using an individualized titanium plate, manufactured based on a 3D model and CT data. Six months after surgery, the implant was clinically and radiologically stable, there were no signs of respiratory dysfunction. He and Huang reported on a case of a primary chondrosarcoma of the sternum in a 37-year-old woman [7]. The patient underwent resection of the sternum with defect reconstruction using a titanium mesh and steel wire. At a 12-month follow-up the clinical and radiological results were good.

Aranda reported on the use of an individualized titanium prosthetic costo-sternal complex, also manufactured using additive technology and CT data, in a patient with a primary chondrosarcoma [14]. No complications were observed in the early postoperative period. Mansour reported on 47 patients (24%) who underwent such surgeries and had complications during the hospital stay [16]. The most common complications were pneumonia (27 patients, 14%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - 11 patients (6%) and flap loss - 10 patients (5%).

Weyant et al (2006) noted that severe complications, such as infection, splitting, flap loss and hematomas, were reported to occur in 8%–20% of cases [21].  In our case, utilization of a stereo-lithographic model, 3D modeling, and manufacturing of an individualized titanium plate yielded excellent long-term clinical and cosmetic results, comparable to those of other authors. We believe that the described approach, as well as constantly developing technological advances can significantly improve the results of surgical treatment of patients with tumors of the sternum.

Conclusion

Additive technology allows to plan and execute the reconstructive stage following procedures involving major resection of the anterior chest wall due to aggressive tumors, leading to functionally and cosmetically excellent results and low rates of cardio-pulmonary complications.

Regarding our Journal: https://oajclinicalsurgery.com/ Know more about this article https://oajclinicalsurgery.com/oajcs.ms.id.10016/ https://oajclinicalsurgery.com/pdf/OAJCS.MS.ID.10016.pdf

[studeneuro]

April 25, 2018 | A day closer. She’s scared to the Haversian canals but her nerves are as ecstatic as they have never been before. For someone to be placed in a hot seat soon, I seem to be so relaxed. I spend most of the time watching YT vids and Friends. On another note, I never really though I’d be LSS-ed to the song Smelly Cat. :(

[skuzz]

One more from Steve. This was too amazing not to share. It’s a carbon dust he created back in 1977 that depicts the structure and function of Haversian systems. Full image ➡️ #medicalillustration #traditional #art #osteon #carbon #drawing #vascular #bone #illustration #medical #artwork #artistsoninstagram #skeleton #inspiration #artist (at Buckeye, Arizona)