#Hausa tales

[rrcraft-and-lore]

Once upon a time

Everyone knows once upon a time, but did you know that countless cultures have their variation of how classic stories begin, and one one from Welsh is, "A long time ago," similar to a few others from other cultures that go, "A long long time ago."

But, some, like Lithuanian go: "Beyond nine seas, beyond nine lagoons," similar to the Czech, "Beyond seven mountain ranges, beyond seven rivers."

These are some variations from Arab texts: This happened or maybe it did not. The time is long past and much is forgot.

There was or there was not—is anything sure or certain but the greatness of Allah?—a king so powerful that man and Djinn bowed before him.

This is how many Hausa tales are begun ���A story, a story. Let it go, let it come.”

And of course, we have one that is a combination and modern invention that has become part of media culture and storied greatness: "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away." <3

These are just some. But it's been among the most wonderful part of my research before I began putting down the first words for Tales of Tremaine. But the art of storytelling is one of the most human things there is. It's central to us, and it has passed long and far by tongue and time over lands and through cultures. Some beginnings are so similar to each other, some not so much.

But then you see the threads between them in the stories, the themes, tropes, archetypes, motifs. But the traditions span the world. They are old. They are cool. And they are beautiful.

And storytelling is one of the gifts that connects us all, like music, and other arts.

[go-ro]

Common trope in Sudanic tales is a good that the hero can get only after having washed his feet in water from Medina.

In this particular fairy tale, p. 73-74 in Manuel langue haoussa, an older woman who can miraculously procure large amounts of food out of thin air, is said to have one foot in Mecca and one foot in Borno. Is this because Borno is a center of Islamic learning or because she is from borno?

[hadeth]

 عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ـ رضى الله عنه ـ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏ "‏ إِيَّاكُمْ وَالظَّنَّ، فَإِنَّ الظَّنَّ أَكْذَبُ الْحَدِيثِ، وَلاَ تَحَسَّسُوا، وَلاَ تَجَسَّسُوا، وَلاَ تَنَاجَشُوا، وَلاَ تَحَاسَدُوا، وَلاَ تَبَاغَضُوا، وَلاَ تَدَابَرُوا، وَكُونُوا عِبَادَ اللَّهِ إِخْوَانًا ‏"‏‏.‏ صحيح البخاري ومسلم حديث ٦٠٦٦ - ٢٥٦٣

Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Messenger (peace be upon him) said, "Beware of suspicion, for suspicion is the worst of false tales. and do not look for the others' faults, and do not do spying on one another, and do not practice Najsh, and do not be jealous of one another and do not hate one another, and do not desert (stop talking to) one another. And O, Allah's worshipers! Be brothers!" Sahih al-Bukhari 6066 In-book reference : Book 78, Hadith 96 - Sahih Muslim 2563a In-book reference : Book 45, Hadith 35

حثَّتِ الشَّريعةُ على الإصلاحِ بيْن المسلِمينَ وتَوطيدِ الأُخوَّةِ والاجتماعِ بيْنهم، ونَهَتْ عَنْ كلِّ ما يَدْعو لِلفُرقَةِ والتَّباغُضِ والعَداوةِ. وفي هذا الحديثِ يَنْهى النَّبيُّ صلَّى اللهُ عليه وسلَّم ويُحَذِّرُ مِن بعضِ ما يُؤدِّي إلى هذه الفُرقَةِ والعَداوةِ والتَّباغضِ؛ فحذَّر صلَّى اللهُ عليه وسلَّم مِنَ الظَّنِّ، وهو تُهمةٌ تقَعُ في القَلبِ بلا دَليلٍ، يعني سُوءَ الظَّنِّ بِالمسلِمين، والحديثَ بما لم يُتيقَّنْ مِنَ الأخبارِ، وقال: «إنَّ الظَّنَّ أكذبُ الحديثِ»، أي: يَقعُ الكذبُ في الظَّنِّ أكثرَ مِن وُقوعِه في الكلامِ، وقيلَ: المرادُ بأكذَبِ الحديثِ: حَديثُ النَّفْسِ؛ لأنَّه يكونُ بإلْقاءِ الشَّيطانِ في نفْسِ الإنسانِ. وقيل: إنَّ إثْمَ هذا الكَذِبِ أزْيدُ مِن إثمِ الحديثِ الكاذبِ، أو إنَّ المَظنوناتِ يقَعُ الكذِبُ فيها أكثرَ مِن المَجزوماتِ. ونَهى النَّبيُّ صلَّى اللهُ عليه وسلَّم عن التَّجسُ��سِ فقال: «وَلَا تَجَسَّسُوا»، والتَّجسُّسُ: البحثُ عَنِ العَوراتِ والسَّيِّئاتِ، والسَّعيُ في كشْفِ سَترِ اللهِ عن عِبادِه، ويُستثنَى منه ما لو تَعيَّنَ ذلك طَريقًا لإنقاذِ إنسانٍ مِن هَلاكٍ أو نحْوِه؛ كأنْ يُخبِرَ أحدُهم بأنَّ فلانًا خَلا برجُلٍ ليَقتُلَه. ثمَّ قال: «وَلا تَحَسَّسُوا» والتَّحسُّسُ: هو طَلَبُ مَعرفةِ الأخبارِ والأحوالِ الغائبةِ، «وَلا تَباغَضُوا» والمرادُ: النَّهيُ عن تَعاطي أسبابِ البَغضاءِ والكراهيةِ، والانسياقِ وَراءَها، وفِعلِ ما يُسبِّبُ العَداوةَ بيْنهم؛ لِمَا في تَباغُضِهم منَ التَّفرُّقِ المذمومِ، «وكُونوا إخوانًا» كما أراد اللهُ لكم؛ حيث جعَلَكم إخوةً في الدِّينِ، وهي رابِطةٌ تلتَئِمُ بها العلاقاتُ بين النَّاسِ، وتَزيدُ المحبَّةَ والأُلفَةَ بيْنهم�� كما قال اللهُ تعالَى: {إِنَّمَا الْمُؤْمِنُونَ إِخْوَةٌ} [الحجرات: 10] الدرر السنية.

Hadith Translation/ Explanation : English French Spanish Turkish Urdu Indonesian Bosnian Russian Bengali Chinese Persian Tagalog Indian Kurdish Hausa Portuguese Malayalam Telgu Swahili Tamil Burmese German Japanese Pashto Assamese Albanian: https://hadeethenc.com/en/browse/hadith/5332

قال أبو سليمان الخطابى: قوله: (إياكم والظن) فإنه أراد النهى عن تحقيق ظن السوء وتصديقه دون مايهجس بالقلب من خواطر الظنون فإنها لاتملك، قال الله تعالى: (إن بعض الظن أثم (فلم يجعل الظن كله إثمًا.قال غيره: فنهى عليه السلام أن تحقق على أخيك ظن السوء إذا كان الخير غالبًا عليه. وروى عن عمر أنه قال: لايحل لمسلم يسمع من أخيه كلمة أن يظن بها سوء وهو يجد لها فى شىء من الخير مصدرًا... والنهي عن التباغض والتدابر، وما أمرهم النبي عليه السلام فعليهم العمل به ومانهاهم عنه فعليهم الانتهاء عنه، غير موسع عليهم مخالفة إلا أن يخبرهم عليه السلام أن مخرج أمره لهم ونهيه على وجه الندب والإرشاد، وقد تقدم فى باب الحب فى الله قوله (صلى الله عليه وسلم) : (والذى نفسى بيده لاتدخلون الجنة حتى تؤمنوا، ولاتؤمنوا حتى تحابوا) . فذلك أن أمره عليه السلام ونهيه فى هذا الحديث على الوجوب، وقال أبو الدرداء: (ألا أخبركم بخير لكم من الصدقة والصيام: صلاح ذات البين، وإن البغضة هى الحالقة) لأن فى تباغضهم افتراق كلمتهم وتشتت أمرهم، وفى ذلك ظهور عدوهم عليهم ودروس دينهم. وفيه: النهى عن الحسد على النعم، وقد نهى الله عباده المؤمنين عن أن يتمنوا مافضل الله به بعضهم على بعض وأمرهم أن يسألوه من فضله، وقد أجاز النبى الحسد فى الخير، وسيأتى هذا المعنى فى كتاب التمنى، إن شاء الله تعالى. وفيه: النهى عن التجسس وهو البحث عن باطن أمور الناس وأكثر ما يقال ذلك فى السر. وقال ابن الأعرابى وأبو عمرو الشيبانى: الجاسوس: صاحب سر، والناموس: صاحب سر الخير.وقال سليمان الخطابى: وأما التحسس بالحاء فقد اختلف فى تفسيره فقال بعضهم: هو كالتجسس سواء، وقرأ الحسن: ولا تحسسوا ومنهم من فرق بينهما، وروى الأوزاعى عن يحى بن أبى كثير أنه قال: ��لتجسس: البحث عن عورات المسلمين، والتحسس: الاستماع لحديث القوم. وقال أبو عمر: التحسس بالحاء أن تطلبه لنفسك، وبالجيم أن تكون رسولا لغيرك. وقال صاحب العين: دابرت الرجل: عاديته، ومنه قولهم جعلته دبر أذنى أى خلفها..شرح ابن بطال على البخاري

قَوْلُهُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ (وَلَا تَنَافَسُوا وَلَا تَحَاسَدُوا) قَدْ قَدَّمْنَا أَنَّ الْحَسَدَ تَمَنِّي زَوَالِ النِّعْمَةِ وَأَمَّا الْمُنَافَسَةُ وَالتَّنَافُسُ فَمَعْنَاهُمَا الرَّغْبَةُ في الشئ وَفِي الِانْفِرَادِ بِهِ وَنَافَسْتُهُ مُنَافَسَةً إِذَا رَغِبْتُ فيما رغب فيه قيل مَعْنَى الْحَدِيثِ التَّبَارِي فِي الرَّغْبَةِ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَأَسْبَابِهَا وَحُظُوظِهَا  ... شرح النووي على مسلم

 أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال كونوا عباد الله إخوانا كما أمركم يعني أنه يجب على الإنسان أن يكون أخا لأخيه، بالمعنى المطابق للأخوة، لا يكن عدوا له، فإن بعض الناس إذا صار بينه وبين أخيه معاملة وساء الظن بينهما في هذه المعاملة اتخذه عدوا، وهذا لا يجوز، الواجب أن الإنسان يكون أخا لأخيه، في المحبة والألفة وعدم التعرض له بالسوء والدفاع عن عرضه وغير ذلك من مقتضيات الأخوة المسلم أخو المسلم لا يظلمه ولا يحقره ولا يكذبه ... وهذا الحديث الذي ذكره المؤلف بألفاظه، ينبغي للإنسان أن يتخذه مسارا له ومنهجا يسير عليه ويبني عليه حياته فإنه جامع لكثير من مسائل الأخلاق التي إذا تجنبها الإنسان حصل على خير كثير والله الموفق. شرح رياض الصالحين لابن عثيمين

[intothetlkverse]

Decided to challenge myself by drawing every single TLK character out there, up until this point in time, and post it here. You can see the finished project on my main account, though I figured to post it on my tumblr just show I could proudly show off my work and a few of my head canons.

Here's all the raptors/birds of prey across TLK:

Starting off with TLG again we have the Lion Guard's keenest of sight Anga(sky) the martial eagle, flying alongside her close friend Haidithi(legend) the African hawk eagle. So in my verse Anga gets introduced much earlier on in "The Scorpion's Sting". In it, Sumu is rewritten to be a black mamba and Anga, being a martial eagle, a species known for eating snakes like the mamba, helps take out Sumu before he can escape, though not before he also bites Bunga, taking him out of the story, as honey badgers can survive a black mamba bite, but it still weakens them for a time. The story mostly remains the same, though with Anga coming in to assist the Guard in finding a cure for Simba in the Outlands, and remaining a positive asset to the Guard until she officially becomes the newest keenest of sight by the next season. Anga also knew Haidithi from an young age, as he used to babysit her and amaze her with his tales of glory and spectacular flying, something she realizes was a bit exaggerated by the time she moved to the Pridelands and reunited with him. They still maintain a sort of uncle-niece relationship, though Anga has since moved to the Tree of Life to act as one of the scouts for the Night Pride's Day Guard while Haidithi has set up permanent residence in the Pridelands, acting as the cool storyteller uncle to many of the birds and other creatures.]

Next up we have the most prolific eagle species across TLK media, starting off with Mother Eagle/Gigi(cloud-Hausa) and Baby Earl/Jare(years-Afrikaans) are African fish eagle from "To Kilimanjaro Bird". Though initially getting off to a rough start with Timon and Pumbaa, what with with Jare's father being notorious for causing trouble, such as attacking Simba, trying to kill and eat Timon and his nephews and niece, as well as the duo mistakenly stealing some grubs from the nest, after learning about the duo's babysitting service, and having enough trouble keeping their soul survivor baby safe after a nasty (insert tragic event here), Jare's mother reluctantly decided to bury the hatchet and allow the duo to watch over her son while they were away, in exchange for her husband stop antagonizing them and Timon's family. Ambitious, impulsive and mischievous, Jare was definitely the most troublesome to watch over, especially when he started to learn how to fly. Nowadays he has joined the leopard couple Adia and Korofi in their journey to the Pridelands and settled down nearby. This is also the second time I've drawn Baby Earl/Jare, which is unusual to say, though then again I've apparently drawn a lot of characters I thought I'd never do again too.

Also characters who are African fish eagles are the villainous brothers of Claws/Kambori(claw-Hausa) from "The Elephants' Graveyard" and Sky Bandit/Jambazi(bandit) from "Mabu's Mischief"/"All Mud and Motor Mouth". Both Kambori and Jambazi have made living in the jungle more difficult for the Hakuna Matata trio, with Kambori teaming up with an envious elephant Harak to try and harm Simba and the elephant's younger sister in order to score a free lunch in Kambori's case, while Jambazi, nicknamed "Sky Bandit" for his habit of targeting and preying smaller animals part of larger colonies, messed with Timon's family by going after his 'nephew' Mabu multiple times, though was stopped after his actions nearly got him eaten by a crocodile. He is also the father of Jare and has since quit his more antagonistic approach to hunting after Timon and his partner agreed to babysit their son in exchange for being spared off the menu. Here he is taking his brother down who is clearly attempting to break up the deal his brother and Timon have in exchange for hunting Timon and his friends down again.

Continuing with the eagles we have three more obscure ones from the comics. First off we have giant eagle/Tai(eagle) the brown snake eagle from "The Giant Eagle", who tries to hunt Simba and then again in "Dangerous Shadows" where Mufasa beats him up after he goes for Simba again. He hasn't been seen since and it's unsure even what his name was, hence the basic descriptor name, though Simba has had a mild fear of large birds of prey ever since, though fortunately has gotten mostly over it by the time he meets Haidithi. Next is Kibani(arrow-Hausa), the Verreaux's eagle from "The White I-don't-know-what" that tries to hunt Simba on the mountain but Simba struggles free and makes his way up the mountain to find snow. Tai and Kibani's eagle species are some of the larger ones and in the former's case have been known to go after larger prey on occasion, though Kibani mistook Simba for a hyrax, his typical prey.

Last of the eagles is the very colorful Ubawa(wing) the bateleur eagle from "The Little Prince from the Ice", who flies lost penguin Eiso back to his home in the South Pole from the Pridelands. Of course Eiso is an African penguin swept inland by a monsoon current here, so doesn't need to fly nearly as far. He then appears again in "Can Lions Fly?" on behest of Zazu to help save Simba dangling off a branch on a cliff. Ubawa's original appearance looked like a pigeon crossed with an eagle, so I went looking for colorful African eagles, and it turns out the bateleur eagle is not only a beautiful and colorful raptor, but also the national emblem species of Zimbabwe, to a point they even have a mythological status, such as the South African tale of when they "cries in flight, the rain will fall". He's a pretty chill guy overall, no pun intended, though he does regret returning the snobbish, rude prince home without a word of thanks, aside from his grateful parents and flock, and is given some fish for his troubles.

Moving on we go to hawks, of which we have only one; Mpishi(cook) the harris hawk. A real shame that this gal was a one-time villain, she could've been an excellent sidekick to Makucha, holding a same position as Mzingo or an evil Zazu, acting as eye-in-the-sky while also sharing Makucha's love for rare, unique, endangered animals, which is exactly what happens in my verse' future. Her design is also pretty consistent with her real-life counterparts, so grade-A design, hardly any change made to her here.

Next up is the owls, starting off with the Night Pride's night majordomo Ullu(The day-Oromo), now a pharoah eagle owl, defending TLG's falcon chicks from "Journey to the Pride Lands"; Kipanga(falcon), Tashi(soar-Hausa), and Phakoe(falcon-Southern Sotho), against the raptor-eating raptor eying them up. Ullu, like Zazu, comes from a line of birds serving as the pride's majordomo, though unlike Zazu's relationship with his predecessor, Ullu's father Usaf and her had a great relationship and Ullu has served since her father retired soon after queen Ãnanda and king Sãhasí took on the role, and now serves under queen Rani. Also she was originally an Indian scoops-owl, though I did want to keep many of her original design elements and eagle owls did fit the bill, so to speak, or should I say head tufts. Anyways, she's an angry puffball protecting these fellow raptor chicks.

As for the falcon chicks, though the wiki describes them as peregrine falcons, which are native to Africa, as everywhere else in the world sans Antarctica, well truthfully peregrine falcon chicks don't look like that, nor really do any other baby raptors. They should look more like cotton fluff stuck to plucked chickens with an extra long, curved beak, not this Care Bears-esque idealized form, so I adjusted accordingly, plus gave them Ullu as a babysitter to defend. Why she defending them when they were shown to be outside her home's borders? IDK, though I like to imagine, like Zazu, Ullu has some extra bird/creature scouts/informants that work outside the Night Pride's territory, passing along info and news of the outside world, and the three falcon babies eventually grow up to be part of her/Ono/Anga's circle.

Another owl we got is Wiseguy/Wiski(whiskey) the Fraser's Eagle Owl from "Wiseguy the Owl". After a storm sends down a tree that blocks off his tree hole, he is rescued by our Hakuna Matata Trio, he spends some time with them, giving tips and wisdom, even predicting an eclipse before he vanishes into the darkness. This event was so bizarre and surreal that the trio questioned whether or not it actually did happen, and whether or not Wiski was some sort of otherworldly creature meant to drop some wisdom on them and then dip, though in reality the owl was taking advantage of the eclipse's midday darkness that causes confusion in smaller animals as a means to get an easy snack for himself and the others, but by the time he got back he didn't see them anymore. Also for anyone wanting to write stories about what was occurring during Scar's reign, taking the plot from this story implies that there was an eclipse sometime later during the reign, at least before Nala ran away to find help.

Edit: so apparently, there is an owl from "An Unusual Choir" that I missed, thank you to LitLeoDeLyonTamer for pointing that out. I considered maybe doing the same species as Wiski, considering they're similar looking owls which both seem to be modelled off of other owls across Disney media, however in the comic Simba recruits the owl, some frogs, and Nala for a choir to help put his younger cousin to sleep, and we get an indication of what kind of owl species they are based off their noise; a Pel’s Fishing Owl. Fortunately, I was able to confirm with listening to their calls, and after reshuffling the secretary birds to squeeze in room, here's Nyimbo(songs), a motherly owl who has retired from raising chicks and has been meaning to get involve with non-child-rearing activities. After poor Simba explain his woes about struggling to sleep due to his crying cousins and trying to find a solution to help put them, and indirectly the rest, to sleep, Nyimbo and the frogs offer to help by offering their vocal talents in a choir. And while Nala and the others will eventually return back to the Pridelands and both Nyimbo and the frogs chorus can't perform every night, their mellifluous calls by the stream are often what Diku and her family need to help quiet down her crying sons, at least until they're old enough to sleep soundly. Also I could totally see a scene playing out where the cubs are crying, Nyimbo and the frogs start singing, and Diku provides vocals with "The Lion Sleeps Tonight".

Lastly and more obscurely now we have three secretary birds from "Teacher in Danger" that ensnare and attack Zazu in order to eat him, but scared away by Simba and Nala in disguise. Now I personally am not against antagonists that attack main characters. I am not against raptors being villains against the main characters. I'm not against new species introduced just to be antagonists. What I am against is these Looney Tunes dodo bird, Easter chicken designs, yellow fat bodies with pink wigs and neck ruffles. Seriously, just look at them here. The only thing they have in common with real secretary birds is the tall raptor size and hunting in small groups. I personally love secretary birds, they're like cranes if they were more killer, stamped their prey to death, have long eyelashes, and fabulous crests(crown crane not withstanding). These guys look like overgrown chickens if they got dyed Easter colors. Also it really is such a shame since I love the idea of enemies trying to take out the king's helpers, even if these guys were less for overthrowing Mufasa and more for scoring an easy meal.

Angry art rant aside, here's Tapeli(rogue), Rifa(raffle), and Katibu(secretary), a trio of bachelor secretary birds flocking/hunting together in a family group who decided to step into the Pridelands, not realizing that Zazu is a protected and important member of the land who would get them in immense trouble if they tried to hunt. After Simba and Nala scare them away from Zazu, the three report this to Mufasa, who decides to give these newcomers a personal discussion over hunting his royal majordomo. Interestingly, the birds do end up yellow-bellied before the king, and yellow-soaked legged too if you catch my drift, hastily apologize to the king's left-hand hornbill, before leaving and never returning to the Pridelands. As much as I do hate the designs, I did try and somewhat reference them with the eyebrows and head-crests, giving them the standard punk mohawk or messy hairdo, though still trying to keep some semblance of fabulousness with their species' design.

[brookston]

Holidays 7.17

Holidays

Air Conditioner Day

Constitution Day (South Korea)

Crank Call Day

Disneyland Day

Ethnographer’s Day (Russia)

Feast of the Clockless NowEver

Flag Day (Norway)

Glioblastoma Awareness Day

Guelaguetza (Primer Lunes; Mexico)

International Firgun Day

International HIV Prevention Day

International Tim Brooke-Taylor Day (UK)

King’s Day (Lesotho)

National Air Conditioner Day

National Asshole Awareness Day

National Cory Day

National Heart-Brain Disorders Awareness Day

National Lottery Day

National Physiatry Day (Philippines)

National Secretary Day (Mexico)

National Tattoo Day

National Voice Actor Day

President’s Day (Botswana)

Purity Day

717 Day (Pennsylvania)

Sewing Machine Day

Spanish Civil War Anniversary Day

Tims Camp Day

TWA Flight 800 Crash Anniversary Day

U Tirot Sing Day (Meghalaya, India)

Victims of Baton Rouge, Louisiana Attack Day

Wear Crazy Socks to Work Day

Wheat Day (French Republic)

World Day for International Justice

World Emoji Day

World Tattoo Day

Wrong Way Corrigan Day

Yellow Pig Day (Celebrating the Number 17)

Yellow Submarine Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

Indie Beer Shop Day (UK)

National Peach Ice Cream Day

Independence & Related Days

Constitution Day (South Korea; 1948)

July Revolution Anniversary Day (Iraq; 1958)

Negaunee Republic (Declared; 2016) [unrecognized]

Slovakia (Remembrance Day; from Czechoslovakia, 1992)

3rd Wednesday in July

Bump Day [3rd Wednesday]

International Balloon Dog Day [3rd Wednesday]

National Hot Dog Day [Wednesday closest to 19th; also 3.30 & 9.10]

Take Your Poet to Work Day [3rd Wednesday]

Weekly Holidays beginning July 17 (3rd Week of July)

Hemingway Look Alike Days (thru 7.21)

National Baby Food Week (thru 7.20)

National Ventriloquism Week (thru 7.20)

Festivals Beginning July 17, 2024

Big Sky Country State Fair (Bozeman, Montana) [thru 7.21]

Crested Butte Wine + Food Festival (Crested Butte, Colorado) [thru 7.21]

Mattoon Bagelfest (Mattoon, Illinois) [thru 7.20]

National Baby Food Festival (Freemont, Michigan) [thru 7.20]

Perseid Meteor Showers (thru 8.24)

Raspberry Festival (Hopkins, Minnesota) [thru 7.21]

Wabasha County Fair (Plainview, Minnesota) [thru 7.20]

Feast Days

Alexius of Rome (Western Church)

Amaterasu-Omikami (Shinto; China; Everyday Wicca)

Andrew Zorard (Christian; Saint)

Ba-Maguje's Day (Hausa; on Eid al-Fitr)

Berenice Abbot (Artology)

Boccaccio (Positivist; Saint)

Caligula Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Clement of Okhrida and His Companions (Christian; Saints)

Cynehelm (Christian; Saint)

Cynllo (Christian; Saint)

Ennodius (Christian; Saint)

Erle Stanley Gardner (Writerism)

Feast of the Carmelite Martyrs of Compiegne

Feast of the Holy Royal Martyrs of Russia

Festival for Victoria and Virtus (Goddess of Victory & God of Bravery in Warfare; Ancient Rome)

Furgus Fuzz (Muppetism)

Gion Matsuri (Japan)

Hermann Huppen (Artology)

Holiday Day (Starza Pagan Book of Days)

Inácio de Azevedo (Christian; Saint)

Jadwiga of Poland (Christian; Saint)

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (Artology)

Jowls (Muppetism)

Kenelm (Nun’s Priest Tale; Canterbury Tales)

Kurman Ait Day (Kyrgyzstan)

Leo IV, Pope (Christian; Saint)

Lyonel Feininger (Artology)

Magnus Felix Ennodius (Christian; Saint)

Many Benner (Artology)

Marcellina (Christian; Saint & Virgin)

Martyrs of Compiègne (Christian; Saint)

Nerses Lampronatsi (Christian; Saint)

Paul Delaroche (Artology)

Pavel Peter Gojdič, Blessed (Greek Catholic Church)

Petal-Hopping for Hopeless Cases (Shamanism)

Piatus of Tournai (Christian; Saint)

Quino (Artology)

Romanov sainthood (Russian Orthodox Church)

Shmuel Agnon (Writerism)

Skinny Dipping Day (Pastafarian)

Solstitium XII (Pagan)

Speratus and His Companions (Christian; Martyrs)

Turninus (Christian; Saint)

Why Not? Day (Pastafarian)

William White (Episcopal Church))

Islamic Lunar Holidays

Ashura (Islamic) [Began at Sundown Last Night; 10th Day of Muharram] (a.k.a. ... 

Achoura (Algeria)

Ashorra (Parts of India)

Ashoura (Lebanon)

Ashura Holiday (Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia)

Muharram (Parts of India)

Remembrance of Muharram

Tamkharit (Senegal)

Tamxarit (Gambia)

Tasoua Hosseini (Iran)

Tasu’a

Yaum-e-Ashur (Pakistan)

Yawmul Ashura (Gambia)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Taian (大安 Japan) [Lucky all day.]

Tycho Brahe Unlucky Day (Scandinavia) [26 of 37]

Unfortunate Day (Pagan) [40 of 57]

Unglückstage (Unlucky Day; Pennsylvania Dutch) [19 of 30]

Premieres

All You Need Is Love, by The Beatles (US Song; 1967)

Ant-Man (Film; 2015)

Arthur (Film; 1981)

A Bullet for Cinderella, by John D. MacDonald (Novel; 1955)

The Case of the Velvet Claws, by Erle Stanley Gardner (Novel; 1933) [Perry Mason #1]

Cherokee, recorded by Charlie Barnet (Song; 1939)

The Dark Knight Rises, by Hans Zimmer (Soundtrack Album; 2012)

Disneyland, in Anaheim, California (Theme Park; 1955)

Egghead Rides Again (WB MM Cartoon; 1937)

Endless Love (Film; 1981)

(500) Days of Summer (Film; 2009)

From Up on Poppy Hill (Studio Ghibli Animated Film; 2011)

Greyfriars Bobby (Film; 1961)

Horse Play (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1967)

James and the Giant Peach, by Roald Dahl (Novel; 1961)

Jungle Cruise (Disneyland Ride; 1955)

The Mask of Zorro (Film; 1998)

Mr. Toad’s Wild Ride (Disneyland Ride; 1955)

Multiplicity (Film; 1996)

My Cousin Rachel, by Daphne du Maurier (Novel; 1951)

My Neighbors the Yamahas (Studio Ghibli Animated Film; 1999)

North by Northwest (Film; 1959)

Papa’s Got A Brand New Bag, by James Brown (Song; 1965)

RoboCop (Film; 1987)

The Secret World of Arietty (Studio Ghibli Animated Film; 2010)

Skinfolks (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1964)

So Nude, So Dead, by Ed McBain (Novel; 1952)

Splash Mountain (Disneyland Ride; 1989)

Surf Bored (Noveltoons Cartoon; 1953)

Trainwreck (Film; 2015)

The Truce Hurts (Tom & Jerry Cartoon; 1948)

Turbo (Animated Film; 2013)

Victory Through Air Power (Documentary Film; 1943)

Water Music, by George Frederic Handel (Orchestral Movements; 1717)

Who Goes There? (a.k.a. The Thing), by John W. Campbell Jr. (Novel; 1938)

Yellow Submarine (UK Animated Film; 1968)

You’re the Worst (TV Series; 2014)

Today’s Name Days

Alexius, Charlotte, Donata, Gabriella (Austria)

Marin, Marina (Bulgaria)

Aleksije, Branimir, Leo, Nadan, Rufina (Croatia)

Martina (Czech Republic)

Alecius (Denmark)

Meeme, Meemo (Estonia)

Ossi, Ossian (Finland)

Arlette, Charlotte, Marcelline (France)

Alexis, Charlotte, Gabriella (Germany)

Alexandra, Aliki, Marina (Greece)

Elek, Endre (Hungary)

Alessio, Marina (Italy)

Ainārs, Aleksejs, Aleksis (Latvia)

Aleksas, Darius, Girėnas, Vaiga (Lithuania)

Gorm, Guttorm (Norway)

Aleksander, Aleksy, Andrzej, Bogdan, Dzierżykraj, Januaria, Julietta, Leon, Marceli, Marcelina, Maria Magdalena (Poland)

Bohuslav (Slovakia)

Alejo, Alexis, Jacinto, Marcelina (Spain)

Bruno (Sweden)

Codie, Codey, Cody, Dakota, Dakotah, Ismael, Kody, Vesta (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 199 of 2024; 167 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 3 of Week 29 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Tinne (Holly) [Day 11 of 28]

Chinese: Month 6 (Xin-Wei), Day 12 (Ren-Wu)

Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]

Hebrew: 11 Tammuz 5784

Islamic: 10 Muharram 1446

J Cal: 19 Red; Fryday [19 of 30]

Julian: 4 July 2024

Moon: 83%: Waxing Gibbous

Positivist: 2 Dante (8th Month) [Boccaccio]

Runic Half Month: Ur (Primal Strength) [Day 9 of 15]

Season: Summer (Day 28 of 94)

Week: 3rd Week of July

Zodiac: Cancer (Day 27 of 31)

[brookstonalmanac]

Holidays 7.17

Holidays

Air Conditioner Day

Constitution Day (South Korea)

Crank Call Day

Disneyland Day

Ethnographer’s Day (Russia)

Feast of the Clockless NowEver

Flag Day (Norway)

Glioblastoma Awareness Day

Guelaguetza (Primer Lunes; Mexico)

International Firgun Day

International HIV Prevention Day

International Tim Brooke-Taylor Day (UK)

King’s Day (Lesotho)

National Air Conditioner Day

National Asshole Awareness Day

National Cory Day

National Heart-Brain Disorders Awareness Day

National Lottery Day

National Physiatry Day (Philippines)

National Secretary Day (Mexico)

National Tattoo Day

National Voice Actor Day

President’s Day (Botswana)

Purity Day

717 Day (Pennsylvania)

Sewing Machine Day

Spanish Civil War Anniversary Day

Tims Camp Day

TWA Flight 800 Crash Anniversary Day

U Tirot Sing Day (Meghalaya, India)

Victims of Baton Rouge, Louisiana Attack Day

Wear Crazy Socks to Work Day

Wheat Day (French Republic)

World Day for International Justice

World Emoji Day

World Tattoo Day

Wrong Way Corrigan Day

Yellow Pig Day (Celebrating the Number 17)

Yellow Submarine Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

Indie Beer Shop Day (UK)

National Peach Ice Cream Day

Independence & Related Days

Constitution Day (South Korea; 1948)

July Revolution Anniversary Day (Iraq; 1958)

Negaunee Republic (Declared; 2016) [unrecognized]

Slovakia (Remembrance Day; from Czechoslovakia, 1992)

3rd Wednesday in July

Bump Day [3rd Wednesday]

International Balloon Dog Day [3rd Wednesday]

National Hot Dog Day [Wednesday closest to 19th; also 3.30 & 9.10]

Take Your Poet to Work Day [3rd Wednesday]

Weekly Holidays beginning July 17 (3rd Week of July)

Hemingway Look Alike Days (thru 7.21)

National Baby Food Week (thru 7.20)

National Ventriloquism Week (thru 7.20)

Festivals Beginning July 17, 2024

Big Sky Country State Fair (Bozeman, Montana) [thru 7.21]

Crested Butte Wine + Food Festival (Crested Butte, Colorado) [thru 7.21]

Mattoon Bagelfest (Mattoon, Illinois) [thru 7.20]

National Baby Food Festival (Freemont, Michigan) [thru 7.20]

Perseid Meteor Showers (thru 8.24)

Raspberry Festival (Hopkins, Minnesota) [thru 7.21]

Wabasha County Fair (Plainview, Minnesota) [thru 7.20]

Feast Days

Alexius of Rome (Western Church)

Amaterasu-Omikami (Shinto; China; Everyday Wicca)

Andrew Zorard (Christian; Saint)

Ba-Maguje's Day (Hausa; on Eid al-Fitr)

Berenice Abbot (Artology)

Boccaccio (Positivist; Saint)

Caligula Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Clement of Okhrida and His Companions (Christian; Saints)

Cynehelm (Christian; Saint)

Cynllo (Christian; Saint)

Ennodius (Christian; Saint)

Erle Stanley Gardner (Writerism)

Feast of the Carmelite Martyrs of Compiegne

Feast of the Holy Royal Martyrs of Russia

Festival for Victoria and Virtus (Goddess of Victory & God of Bravery in Warfare; Ancient Rome)

Furgus Fuzz (Muppetism)

Gion Matsuri (Japan)

Hermann Huppen (Artology)

Holiday Day (Starza Pagan Book of Days)

Inácio de Azevedo (Christian; Saint)

Jadwiga of Poland (Christian; Saint)

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (Artology)

Jowls (Muppetism)

Kenelm (Nun’s Priest Tale; Canterbury Tales)

Kurman Ait Day (Kyrgyzstan)

Leo IV, Pope (Christian; Saint)

Lyonel Feininger (Artology)

Magnus Felix Ennodius (Christian; Saint)

Many Benner (Artology)

Marcellina (Christian; Saint & Virgin)

Martyrs of Compiègne (Christian; Saint)

Nerses Lampronatsi (Christian; Saint)

Paul Delaroche (Artology)

Pavel Peter Gojdič, Blessed (Greek Catholic Church)

Petal-Hopping for Hopeless Cases (Shamanism)

Piatus of Tournai (Christian; Saint)

Quino (Artology)

Romanov sainthood (Russian Orthodox Church)

Shmuel Agnon (Writerism)

Skinny Dipping Day (Pastafarian)

Solstitium XII (Pagan)

Speratus and His Companions (Christian; Martyrs)

Turninus (Christian; Saint)

Why Not? Day (Pastafarian)

William White (Episcopal Church))

Islamic Lunar Holidays

Ashura (Islamic) [Began at Sundown Last Night; 10th Day of Muharram] (a.k.a. ... 

Achoura (Algeria)

Ashorra (Parts of India)

Ashoura (Lebanon)

Ashura Holiday (Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia)

Muharram (Parts of India)

Remembrance of Muharram

Tamkharit (Senegal)

Tamxarit (Gambia)

Tasoua Hosseini (Iran)

Tasu’a

Yaum-e-Ashur (Pakistan)

Yawmul Ashura (Gambia)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Taian (大安 Japan) [Lucky all day.]

Tycho Brahe Unlucky Day (Scandinavia) [26 of 37]

Unfortunate Day (Pagan) [40 of 57]

Unglückstage (Unlucky Day; Pennsylvania Dutch) [19 of 30]

Premieres

All You Need Is Love, by The Beatles (US Song; 1967)

Ant-Man (Film; 2015)

Arthur (Film; 1981)

A Bullet for Cinderella, by John D. MacDonald (Novel; 1955)

The Case of the Velvet Claws, by Erle Stanley Gardner (Novel; 1933) [Perry Mason #1]

Cherokee, recorded by Charlie Barnet (Song; 1939)

The Dark Knight Rises, by Hans Zimmer (Soundtrack Album; 2012)

Disneyland, in Anaheim, California (Theme Park; 1955)

Egghead Rides Again (WB MM Cartoon; 1937)

Endless Love (Film; 1981)

(500) Days of Summer (Film; 2009)

From Up on Poppy Hill (Studio Ghibli Animated Film; 2011)

Greyfriars Bobby (Film; 1961)

Horse Play (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1967)

James and the Giant Peach, by Roald Dahl (Novel; 1961)

Jungle Cruise (Disneyland Ride; 1955)

The Mask of Zorro (Film; 1998)

Mr. Toad’s Wild Ride (Disneyland Ride; 1955)

Multiplicity (Film; 1996)

My Cousin Rachel, by Daphne du Maurier (Novel; 1951)

My Neighbors the Yamahas (Studio Ghibli Animated Film; 1999)

North by Northwest (Film; 1959)

Papa’s Got A Brand New Bag, by James Brown (Song; 1965)

RoboCop (Film; 1987)

The Secret World of Arietty (Studio Ghibli Animated Film; 2010)

Skinfolks (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1964)

So Nude, So Dead, by Ed McBain (Novel; 1952)

Splash Mountain (Disneyland Ride; 1989)

Surf Bored (Noveltoons Cartoon; 1953)

Trainwreck (Film; 2015)

The Truce Hurts (Tom & Jerry Cartoon; 1948)

Turbo (Animated Film; 2013)

Victory Through Air Power (Documentary Film; 1943)

Water Music, by George Frederic Handel (Orchestral Movements; 1717)

Who Goes There? (a.k.a. The Thing), by John W. Campbell Jr. (Novel; 1938)

Yellow Submarine (UK Animated Film; 1968)

You’re the Worst (TV Series; 2014)

Today’s Name Days

Alexius, Charlotte, Donata, Gabriella (Austria)

Marin, Marina (Bulgaria)

Aleksije, Branimir, Leo, Nadan, Rufina (Croatia)

Martina (Czech Republic)

Alecius (Denmark)

Meeme, Meemo (Estonia)

Ossi, Ossian (Finland)

Arlette, Charlotte, Marcelline (France)

Alexis, Charlotte, Gabriella (Germany)

Alexandra, Aliki, Marina (Greece)

Elek, Endre (Hungary)

Alessio, Marina (Italy)

Ainārs, Aleksejs, Aleksis (Latvia)

Aleksas, Darius, Girėnas, Vaiga (Lithuania)

Gorm, Guttorm (Norway)

Aleksander, Aleksy, Andrzej, Bogdan, Dzierżykraj, Januaria, Julietta, Leon, Marceli, Marcelina, Maria Magdalena (Poland)

Bohuslav (Slovakia)

Alejo, Alexis, Jacinto, Marcelina (Spain)

Bruno (Sweden)

Codie, Codey, Cody, Dakota, Dakotah, Ismael, Kody, Vesta (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 199 of 2024; 167 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 3 of Week 29 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Tinne (Holly) [Day 11 of 28]

Chinese: Month 6 (Xin-Wei), Day 12 (Ren-Wu)

Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]

Hebrew: 11 Tammuz 5784

Islamic: 10 Muharram 1446

J Cal: 19 Red; Fryday [19 of 30]

Julian: 4 July 2024

Moon: 83%: Waxing Gibbous

Positivist: 2 Dante (8th Month) [Boccaccio]

Runic Half Month: Ur (Primal Strength) [Day 9 of 15]

Season: Summer (Day 28 of 94)

Week: 3rd Week of July

Zodiac: Cancer (Day 27 of 31)

[ariel-seagull-wings]

SOME MORE FAIRY TALE ENDING VERSES

@themousefromfantasyland @princesssarisa @the-blue-fairie @softlytowardthesun @amalthea9 @superkingofpriderock @angelixgutz @faintingheroine @giuliettaluce

"Snip, snap, snout, 

This tale's told out"

(England)

"Colorín, colorado,

Este cuento se ha acabado."

(Spain)

"Off with the rat's head."

(Hausa verse from Nigeria and Benin)

 "Long tale, narrow way,

I've finished, so now say your say." 

(Italy)

"I hope you won't fail

To be pleased by my tale.

For a potful of butter,

I tell you another."

(Russia)

"That very same day, they celebrated their wedding and invited all the people of the neighboring towns. But as for me, I arrived too late and had to sit under the table, where I received only kicks and bones. What did you do that day?"

(Corsica)

"They put on the dog and high did they soar, They saw me not, I stood behind the door."

(Italy, Calvino, "King Crin," 60)

"They had a big feast. I was there, under the table. They threw me a bone, which hit me on the nose and stuck for good." 

(Italy, Calvino, The Little Shepherd, 26)

"And there they lived a life happy and long,

But nothing did they ever give me for my song."

(Italy, Calvino, The Sorceress's Head, 308)

"Merrily through life they went,

But were only content

To give me one cent

I never spent."

(Apple Girl, 310)

"They sat down and ate and drank their fill,

while here we are, dying of thirst."

(Ari-Ari, Donkey, Donkey, Money, Money! 441)

"Then everyone, including Emile and Cannelora, took his bride home, and there was great rejoicing throughout the kingdom. Poor girls were given the means for a fine wedding, but poor little me was not present, so here I am empty-handed"

(Italy, Calvino, Cannelora, 474)

"They danced and sang and ate and ate,

But us they gave not e'en a blessed date." 

(Italy, Calvino, The Handmade King, 493)

"And they remained emperor and empress their whole life long, while we are still as poor as ever."

(The Two Sea Merchants, 616)

"They were all made princes,

While I've stayed as poor a soul as ever." 

(Italy, Calvino, The Twelve Oxen, 50)

"Their life was happy and long;

But we, poor we, sing another song."

(Italy, Calvino, The Foppish King, 675)

"A few days later the two young people were married. At the wedding banquet they served radish preserves, peeled mice, skinned cats, and fried monkeys. They ate that, and enough was left over for tomorrow. To top off everything was a sprig of rosemary, token of remembrance, but nobody thought to say to me so much as "Have a glass of wine!" 

(Italy, Calvino, Invisible Grandfather, 106)

Source:

[womenofwonder]

RWBY characters races for AUs set in our world.

How I’m going to do this: three things. The first, the city they live in Remnant. This is the least important because that leaves us with only five…maybe six places compared to our world’s hundreds of countries.

The second will be the original of their names, which they’ll have to keep in the AUs, meaning that they need some culture background for them.

The third will be their fairy tale origins.

So to start, Ruby Rose:

She lives in Vale, which is similar to France (I’ll explain why in another post maybe), but technically grew up in patch, a small island off the coast of Vale. I have no idea about Patch’s culture as we hardly ever see it, so I’m going to skip this one. We also don’t know if either Summer or Taiyang was originally from Vale.

We know Taiyang is Chinese from his name, so I’m going to say she’s half Chinese. I also wrote a western au once and really love the idea of Taiyang being an Asian Redneck…so I think I’m going to say Ruby is very, very southern just because that would be adorable.

But if you don’t want that idea I generally see Taiyang being either Asian-American or Asian-French, or Asian-British if your doing a HP AU. Summer is harder to pin down, but Red Riding Hood was originally an Italian fable, so I’m going to have her be Italian or Italian-American.

Weiss:

Weiss is German, although making her simply white America/British would work. I could see her being Russian too in some AU because Atlas fits well as Russia. For American works, Pennsylvania has quite the German population and coal mines, so that works pretty well for her.

Blake is really complicated. From Remment Australia which is culturally SEA (south East Asian), has an English name but parents with a Hindu-inspired names, but neither looking vaguely Indian. I’m going to assume her family are immigrants (as they are in cannon I think) to Australia, maybe even changed their name to help them fit in. Immigrants from where? Well, India is an option, but I like to think Malaysia. They have a large Indian and Chinese population, and I like to think Blake is a mixture of Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnicities, from Malaysia and immigrated to Australia. And if you think this is crazy or unrealistic, you haven’t seen anything yet. The sheer mix of cultures I’ve seen growing up as an ex-pat is insane. This isn’t too crazy.

For Yang, we already have Taiyang as an Asian red-neck. Or at least I do. Raven and Qrow are going to be a little harder to pin down, but I’m think bandits getting replaced by mafia. Which mafia? I don’t know, take you’re pick. Branwen is Welsh, but I can’t think of a Welsh mafia. Coming from Mistral I would see them as being Triad, not Yakuza because Raven’s gang is famous for being less than coordinated.

If you need a logical reason for Yang having blonde hair, Taiyang could be only half Chinese, half blonde (blonde is race right?).

Either way I see Raven operating in an American city like New York or Detroit.

This would mean Yang is fully Chinese ethnically.

JNPR:

Jaune’s name and inspiration are all French. However his mother does come from Mistral (I think), so I do see him being half Chinese, but nationally French. It’s also funny to imagine him with a French accent.

Pyrrha: she’s Greek or maybe Greek-American with her parents being recent immigrants. Argus seems to Remnent-Greece and her name and fairy tale are greek.

Nora: she should be Scandinavian. I feel like in a MCU AU she’s Thor’s daughter. But she also grew up as a street rat in Mistral, which is hard to fit in our world. Therefore I’m going to have her in America, the great melting pot (and also America seems to be more like Mistral than any other Remnent king with our state system), and she going to ethically Scandinavian but knowing nothing of her culture due to her upbringing.

Ren: obviously Chinese, but I might have him be American-Chinese to fit his story nicely in with Nora’s.

Others:

Coco: we’re all ignoring that she’s based off Coco Channel, so let’s make her a LA girl

Velvet: Australia, because of the accent. Or maybe English because that is her story origin

Fox: he’s difficult, because tribes are pretty rare in modern AUs. But his story could work for various things. He’s one of the few black characters so he could come from practically any African tribe (I’m currently going with Hausa because it’s one of the few I know anything about). His name is based off ‘the fox and the hound’ which is a rare American story, so he could also be from a Native American tribe if you want the AU to be more American-based.

Yatsuhashi: Japanese, this one is thankfully easy.

Sun: Chinese. He comes from a tribe as well, but I can’t think of any nomadic Chinese tribes except the Uyghurs. Making Sun a Uyghur doesn’t make much sense but it will serve to piss off certain people on the internet. And now this is going to be taken down, isn’t it? Oh wait, this is tumbrl. This is anarchy. It won’t. Forgot why I liked this place for a second.

Scarlet: sorry for the rambling there. Anyway, Scarlet is definitely English. “I hope I don’t get sand in my shoes.”

Sage: well, he’s black, but other then that we have nothing to go one. He’s also from Mistral but that doesn’t really work? If Mistral is America as well as China I guess we can make him African American. Or whatever else works best for the AU. He might be Indian too now that I think of it. Or even Maori. Really options are limitless here.

Neptune: Yeah, so probably just American, but does have both a French last name and an Italian first name. So probably ethically American (aka white mutt). Also he lives near a port, I think I’m gonna gone with him being from Tacoma Washington because I am.

Flynt: African American

Neon: Japanese-American because of her meme (it started as part of Japanese pop song on YouTube, the latter of which is America summed up in one invention)

Oscar: Hispanic-American, he just looks it. And I’m guessing he lives in Kansas for obvious reasons. His last name isn’t Hispanic but their could be a lot of reasons for that. Or he could be Native American (Pawnee, Cheyenne, and Osage are all Native American tribes in Kansas).

Penny: well if she’s still a robot she probably stays white, but if you want her human in this AU she might end up being half black as Pietro is, although she also could just be adopted. I guess the later makes more sense, huh? I figure she’s American, with her dad working with a ‘well meaning’ but ultimately corrupt government. Probably living in DC, as that has both the government and the poverty issues.

Emerald: oohh, boy. This is hard. Sustrai is Basque, and Aladdin is a French addition to an Arabian story, she herself is dark skinned with anime features that are super unhelpful for this sorta thing.

I have three ideas. Brazilian, mostly as there’s no South American themed RWBY characters I can think of, and it’s diverse enough that someone looking like Emerald would fit. Secondly, for American centered stories she’s just an orphan with no idea of her ethnicity. Or she could be African, Indian, Pacific Islander, or Hispanic or some mixture between those four. It’s honestly really hard to tell. In my fanfic she’s from Suriname and ethnically 1/4 Indian, 1/2 Creole, and 1/4 Javanese.

Ilia: Sioux (Native American). Ilia means a lot of things in a lot of different languages, and Amitola mean rainbow in Sioux, so I decided to just stick with that.

Mercury: American, white mutt American. I’m guessing New York or Philli for where he grew up, it seems like a place where he’d be comfortable

Neo: the new novel reveals her father lived in vale (btw I haven’t read it, I’m just getting this off the internet) and her mother was a assassin who’s origins aren’t known. She doesn’t really have a fairy tale. So I’m going to go with British or French (thank RWBY thoughts for the first one) although in an American AU she works as just a white American.

Robyn: depends on what Atlas is in this AU, but probably German or American.

Qrow: I already mentioned he’s probably Chinese due to being from Mistral. It’s a bit weird to think of him as Asian, but not as weird as it to think of Raven as white, so I’ll take it. Although I do like the idea of him being American Irish, that’s fun.

Winter: whatever Atlas is in this AU, German or American, although British and Russian would work well too.

Maria: Mexican

Salem: If you want a AU where she’s just a normal person then New England or Italian for her story origin

Watts: British

Tyrian: uh…I have no idea, but he looks white. And he kinda has a British accent? I want him to be southern for the accent tho. Probably just another crazy American

Cinder: her fairy tale is French but her origin is Chinese. Also, Cinderella doesn’t really have an origin, it’s an ancient story with every culture having at least one Cinderella story. So I’m going to say Chinese.

Hazel: American, from the Midwest. He’s darkish so maybe he’s a POC? Part Native American or Hispanic? Idk or really care I can’t stand Hazel

Roman Torchwick: American-Italian, he runs/works for the mafia

Ozpin: American because of the whole wizard-of-Oz-thing or French, because he seems to have come from Vale.

Glynda: American or French for the same reasons Ozpin is

Oobleck: Jewish American (because Dr. Seuss was)

Professor Port: Russian, due to his fairy tale, or English, due to his style

Taiyang: already said he’s a red-neck Asian.

Raven: depending on whether you want her to be white or not, either Chinese or Irish American, like I already said.

Cordovin: Karen

Ironwood: again, depends on Atlas in the AU. Either American or German…maybe Russian

Clover: Irish-American (or German, obviously the ace-ops depend on where Atlas is. I’m just going to do the rest of them assuming Atlas is American because Germany isn’t that diverse)

Harriet: African-American, I guess. It kinda messes with the story because Harriet is supposed to be privileged, which doesn’t really work in this AU, but she’s also obviously black.

Elm: Just normal American, maybe greek-American because of the Aesop fable themes

Vine: Tibetan based on his design

Marrow: either African-American or Pakistani/Indian-American. (I’m personally going for Pakistani)

Klein: english. All butlers are English. It’s a rule.

Pietro: African-American

Johanna: Pakistani or Indian American

Fiona: Jewish-American (kinda random but while she’s obviously white she also needs to be a minority for the Faunus thing to work)

May: normal upper glass American/German

Ghira: Half Malay, Half Indian, from Malaysia but immigrated to Australia later in life

Kali: half Chinese, half Indian, but also from Malaysia

Adam: much like Fiona I’m going to assume he’s Jewish due to him being white but still needing to be a minority. German or American, again, depending on where Atlas is. Or he could be Chinese, even though it doesn’t work with his name, due to the theory that he was trafficked much like Cinder. I’m going with ethically Jewish though

Sienna Khan: Indian

Huh, I actually finished that. I’m pretty sure I was accidentally racist multiple times and apologize in advance,

I’m exhausted and starving and not thinking straight. But anyway, here it is. Your very messy guide to modern RWBY AUs. I swear this was insane to sort out.

[rhyanneee]

World’s Literature

A. Southeast Asia

“All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us.” ―  J.R.R. Tolkein

Southeast Asia is composed of eleven countries of impressive diversity in religion, culture and history: Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Based on my research, the predominant themes of Southeast Asian arts have been religion and national history. In religion the main interest was not so much in actual doctrine but in the life and personality of the Buddha and the personalities and lives of the Hindu gods. In national history the interest was in the legendary heroes of the past, and this theme appeared only after the great empires had fallen and the memories of their glory and power remained. The Buddha image, which went through various stages of development, remained the favorite motif of sculpture and painting. The depiction of scenes from his previous lives in fresco and relief sculpture also had the purpose of teaching the Buddhist ethics to the people, as the Jatakas emphasized certain moral virtues of the Buddha in his previous lives; it also gave an opportunity to the artist to introduce local color by using, as background, scenes from his own contemporary time. The depiction of scenes from the Hindu epics also had the same purpose and gave the same opportunity to the artist. Many figures from the Buddhist and Hindu scriptures, such as gods and goddesses, heroes and princesses, hermits and magicians, demons and dragons, flying horses and winged maidens, became fused with similar native figures, and, gradually, folklore plots became merged in the general religious themes.

B. East Asia

“Only the very weak-minded refuse to be influenced by literature and poetry.” ― Cassandra Clare, Clockwork Angel

East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. According to my research, some of the themes in East Asia literature are Immortality, Unfaithfulness, Disrespect in the Society, Abused Marriages & Families, Religion, Traditional Practices, Traditional Beliefs and Social Class. Some of the books in East Asia were concerned of the ethical practices that were common in their society. Some of them are about “respect.” Respect is one of the most cherished virtues in the society, and many of the East Asian literatures have always expressed this in different ways, especially the need to respect the elderly and those in power. Another common theme that comes out of the books focuses on the abused marriages. In the two cases, we witness marriage partners engaging in abusive acts against their wives or husbands. There are so many books which possesses such styles and themes in literature.

C. South and West Asia

“There is no surer foundation for a beautiful friendship than a mutual taste in literature.” ― P.G. Wodehouse

South Asia or Southern Asia is the southern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The West Asia region comprises of 12 member countries; Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, State of Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Based on my research, the peoples of South Asia have had a continuous literature from the first appearance in the Punjab of a branch of the Indo-European-speaking peoples who also settled all of Europe and Iran. In India this branch of Indo-Aryans, as they are usually called, met earlier inhabitants with different languages and no doubt a different culture—possibly a culture akin to that of the Indus Valley civilization, which had a script, and perhaps a literature of its own, of which nothing is known. Certain to have been settled in India were peoples who spoke languages of Dravidian origin, as well as other languages, called Munda, now preserved only by aboriginal tribes, which show affinities with the languages of Southeast Asia. In the Hellenistic period literature and culture flourished in Western Asia. Traditional literary forms such as lists continued to be produced by the native population and were adapted by the new rulers. While there is little evidence for the creation of new narrative literature, which may in part be due to the fragmentary nature of our sources, existing epics, wisdom texts, and folktales were retold, rewritten, and transmitted. Greeks living in Western Asia created historiographical, ethnographical, and geographical works about their surroundings, inspiring in turn the Babylonian priest Berossus to write a reference work on Babylonia in Greek. Much as during the Persian Empire, political instability and changes in power led to a diverse and independent culture of writing. Continuity in all genres, writing systems, and languages remains the most important characteristic of Western Asian literature at least to the beginning of the Christian era.

D. Anglo-America and Europe

“Literature is the most agreeable way of ignoring life.” ― Fernando Pessoa, The Book of Disquiet

Anglo-America most often refers to a region in the Americas in which English is a main language and British culture and the British Empire have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic and cultural impact. Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Based on my research, like other national literatures, American literature was shaped by the history of the country that produced it. For almost a century and a half, America was merely a group of colonies scattered along the eastern seaboard of the North American continent—colonies from which a few hardy souls tentatively ventured westward. After a successful rebellion against the motherland, America became the United States, a nation. By the end of the 19th century this nation extended southward to the Gulf of Mexico, northward to the 49th parallel, and westward to the Pacific. By the end of the 19th century, too, it had taken its place among the powers of the world—its fortunes so interrelated with those of other nations that inevitably it became involved in two world wars and, following these conflicts, with the problems of Europe and East Asia. Meanwhile, the rise of science and industry, as well as changes in ways of thinking and feeling, wrought many modifications in people’s lives. All these factors in the development of the United States molded the literature of the country. Western European literature could be viewed as a parade of movements—Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, Futurism, Structuralism, and so on indefinitely. European literature refers to the literature of Europe. European literature includes literature in many languages; among the most important of the modern written works are those in English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Polish, German, Italian, Modern Greek, Czech and Russian and works by the Scandinavians and Irish. Important classical and medieval traditions are those in Ancient Greek, Latin, Old Norse , Medieval French and the Italian Tuscan dialect of the renaissance. European literature, also known as Western literature, is the literature written in the context of Western culture in the languages of Europe, as several geographically or historically related languages. Diverse as they are, European literatures, like Indo-European languages, are parts of a common heritage belonging to a race of proud nations which boast the likes of Homer who wrote Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil who wrote the Aeneid, Dante who wrote Divine Comedy, Chaucer who wrote Canterbury Tales. These, and other literary masterpieces form part of what we call as Western Canon.

E. Africa

“Literature is a textually transmitted disease, normally contracted in childhood.” ― Jane Yolen

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With 1.3 billion people as of 2018, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. Based on my research about Africa’s Literature. Afro-Asiatic and African languages together with works written by Africans in European languages. Traditional written literature, which is limited to a smaller geographic area than is oral literature, is most characteristic of those sub-Saharan cultures that have participated in the cultures of the Mediterranean. In particular, there are written literatures in both Hausa and Arabic, created by the scholars of what is now northern Nigeria, and the Somali people have produced a traditional written literature. There are also works written in Geʿez (Ethiopic) and Amharic, two of the languages of Ethiopia, which is the one part of Africa where Christianity has been practiced long enough to be considered traditional. Works written in European languages date primarily from the 20th century onward. The literature of South Africa in English and Afrikaans is also covered in a separate article, South African literature.

F. Latin America

“Literature is news that stays news.” ― Ezra Pound

Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Romance languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, and French are predominantly spoken. According to my research about Latin America’s Literature. Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, and Emerging Literary Trends. The Latin American wars of Independence that occurred in the early nineteenth century in Latin America led to literary themes of identity, resistance, and human rights. Latin American literature, the national literatures of the Spanish-speaking countries of the Western Hemisphere. Historically, it also includes the literary expression of the highly developed American Indian civilizations conquered by the Spaniards. Over the years, Latin American literature has developed a rich and complex diversity of themes, forms, creative idioms, and styles. A concise survey of its development is provided here. For a history of literature written in Portuguese in Brazil, see Brazilian literature. Latin American literature refers to written and oral works created by authors in parts of North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Latin American authors usually write in Spanish, Portuguese, English, or a language native to their specific country. Latin American writers working in the United States can be classified as writing Latin American literature too. Latin American literature has a rich history starting in the Pre-Colombian period and working all the way up to modern day. With each period of Latin American history, came a genre that dominated the field. In this lesson, we will look at the main periods of Latin American literature, the genres that fueled those periods, and authors who are well known in Latin American literature.

Source: 

Wikipedia, Britannica, Google and Online Library.

Saunar, Rhenz Rhyanne 11 - St. Alypius

[nicolesophia]

WORLD LITERATURE

     World literature is used to refer to a literature being circulated outside the country where it was published, and it’s pretty sure that everyone nowadays is very familiar with literature, because, who isn’t? People these days lives their daily lives with literature, surely, it surrounds our lives. Ever wonder if there’s an occurrence one day in our life, a day without literature? Will we able to live with it? Well, I don’t think so, after all, literature is our life. Now, before we go to the topic, lets have a brief introduction about when did the literature began.

     The literature began early before 17th century, and ever since that time, it had a big impact from all over the world, it almost had taken up the whole world, a world of literature, indeed. And since the literature continues to expand, its dominant themes and styles of each literature around the world, expands, as well. And of course, up until today, there are still many more surprising notions about the literature all over the world!  

     Today, I’ll show you different dominant themes and styles of literature from Southeast Asia, East Asia, South and West Asia, Anglo-America and Europe, Africa, and Latin America. I hope that in the end, you’ll learn something new about the different themes and styles from around the world.

1.       SOUTHEAST ASIA LITERATURE

     Southeast Asia consists of 11 countries in total, these are Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. All of these countries were colonized by the other countries, except Thailand, that’s why most of their literary works were mostly influenced by the countries who colonized them. Just like in the Philippines,  The Philippines were colonized by the Spaniards, Japanese, and Americans; however most of the literature here in the Philippines were predominantly influenced by the Spaniards for they colonized the country for 333 years.

      The Southeast Asian literature’s dominant theme are mainly diaspora (diasporic) theme. Diasporic theme focuses on stories outside the country where the writer is, it also talks about the experiences of an immigrant in a foreign country. Some example of a diasporic theme literature is “Banyaga: A song of War” by Charlson Ong, the story is about how Ernesto (protagonist) struggles living outside the country he came from, and fun fact, the author Charlson Ong’s relation with the main character is that they shared the same experiences! It’s like the author tells his very own life story in the presence of Ernesto as the character. “Banyaga: A Song of War” as well, portrays the Filipino culture, as the author being half Filipino.

2.       East Asia Literature

     East Asia consists of 8 countries in total, these are China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Mongolia, and Macao. Without a doubt, East Asia is the most popular region in the whole world because of the countries it consists of. Mainly, the East Asia literature were mostly influenced by the Chinese writers; commonly, the China is the building block of the counties in the East Asia, on a fact that most of the East Asia country were colonized by the Chinese. With all of the 8 countries, the Chines and Japanese literature is the most prominent among the East Asia literature.

     However, the Japanese literature has a different style, too. Their literature is mostly fond of ambiguous theme, wherein it has a deep meaning and sometimes, the reader wouldn’t get the meaning of it if you are from other countries or city in Japan. The Japanese literature is also well-known for its Haiku and Tanka poems.

     Some example of the East Asia literature is Seol Gongchan-jeon (The Tale of Seol Gongchan), korean literature written by Chae Su, the novel was written during the early Joseon era and was originally written in classical Chinese text. The story of said novel is about a person being possessed by the dead spirit who tells story from the underworld. But, the said novel was banned during its era of publication.

     Other example of the East Asia literature is a Tanka poem from the Japanese literature. Tanka poems are mostly commonly written as an expression of love and/or gratitude, it may, as well a self-reflection poem.

Narukami no sukoshi toyomite

(A faint clap of thunder)

sashi kumori

     (Clouded skies)

Ame mo furanu ka?

     (Perhaps rain comes)

Kimi wo todomemu

     (If so, will you stay here with me?)

Narukami no sukoshi toyomite

     (A faint clap of thunder)

furazu to mo

     (Even if rain comes not)

warewa tomaramu

     (I will stay here)

imoshi todomeba

     (Together with you)

3.       South and West Asia Literature

     The South and West Asia consists of 17 countries, mostly the Middle East region, these countries are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Apparently, the South and West Asia is commonly known for their own films, “Bollywood” rather than other literature. However, they do, of course have a unique styles and themes of literature.

     Literature from the 21st Century Middle East circumscribes a lot assortments of genres, it, as well talks about human experiences oftentimes through a realist manners. Also, what makes their literature unique is that they have or includes their own traditions and practices of their culture.

     One example of South and West Asia Literature is “White Tiger” a novel written by an Indian author named Aravin Adiga. It talks about the life of an Indian in the light and darkness, although most part of the novel focusses on India of darkness.  Also, the novel has a darkly humorous perspective of Indian’s struggles in life.  Here’s some excerpt from the novel “The White Tiger”

“In fact, each time when great men like you visit our country I say it. Not that I have anything against great men. In my way, sir, I consider myself one of your kind. But whenever I see our prime minister and his distinguished sidekicks drive to the airport in black cars and get out and do namastes before you in front of a TV camera and tell you about how moral and saintly India is, I have to say that thing in English.”

4.       Anglo-America and Europe Literature

     The Anglo-America is a large region that covers up 14 countries in total, these are Canada, United States, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Guyana, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. And as we all know, Europe is a large continent that consists a lot of countries, well, we’ll not go to far with mentioning all those countries. The Anglo-American literature is closely linked to traditional English, since the American was colonized by the English, they adapted their literature, as well and was influenced by the English writers. However, the history of their literature is too wide, it covers up from the Old English until the Contemporary era.

     In spite of that Anglo- American combined literature, the American literature is imposing to be separated to the Anglo (English), but why? The American literature has a distinct characteristic which evolves through eras and such; them, too have their own unique feature, themes, and styles of literature. In short, they have their own, so, for them, what is the essences of being together with the Anglo?

     One of the greatest author in the Anglo-America is who we all know, William Shakespeare. With his one of the famous works “Romeo and Juliet” we can mirror the traditional style of Anglo-America literature that somewhat related to their culture, as well. Here’s some excerpt from the classic story “Romeo and Juliet”.

”’Tis but thy name that is my enemy;

Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.           

What’s Montague? it is nor hand, nor foot,         

Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part

Belonging to a man. O! be some other name:

]What’s in a name? that which we call a rose       

By any other name would smell as sweet;           

So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call’d,     

Retain that dear perfection which he owes

Without that title. Romeo, doff

 thy name;         

And for that name, which is no part of thee,

Take all myself”

     On the other hand, European literature includes writing for some dialects; among the most significant of the cutting edge composed works are those in English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Polish, German, Italian, Modern Greek, Czech and Russian and works by the Scandinavians and Irish. Significant old style and archaic customs are those in Ancient Greek, Latin, Old Norse, Medieval French and the Italian Tuscan tongue of the renaissance. Moreover, the literature was written with regards to Western culture in the dialects of Europe, as a few topographically or verifiably related dialects. Various as they seem to be, European literature, as Indo-European dialects, are portions of a typical legacy having a place with a race of pleased countries which brag any semblance of Homer who composed Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil who composed the Aeneid, Dante who composed Divine Comedy, Chaucer who composed Canterbury Tales. These, and other abstract works of art structure part of what we call as Western Canon.

 5.       African Literature

     The Africa consists of 54 countries in total, however, the African literature has a unique theme and styles. Their literature often to be relevant to its colonial background, and also connected to their traditions and culture, which makes their literature more unique. In addition, their literatures are often known as subversive and expressive contents.

     Moreover, oral and composed narrating conventions have had an equal turn of events, and from multiple points of view they have affected one another. Old Egyptian recorders, early Hausa and Swahili copyists and memorizers, and contemporary scholars of famous novellas have been the conspicuous and essential momentary figures in the development from oral to abstract customs. What occurred among the Hausa and Swahili was happening somewhere else in Africa—among the Fulani, in northern Ghana among the Guang, in Senegal among the Tukulor and Wolof, and in Madagascar and Somalia.

     One of the most famous African novel is entitled “Things Fall Apart” written by Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart exhaustively envisions how the Nigerian Igbo people group worked preceding expansionism. The divisions in this network go with the deplorable fall of the legend, Okonkwo, whose chivalrous however careless remain against expansionism closes in a forlorn self-destruction. Achebe's astuteness is adequate to move perusers past recriminations or authentic fault, since the Igbo people group adjusts to oblige Christianity and new types of pioneer administration. Similarly as the novel's title cites Yeats' sonnet The Second Coming, Achebe's African way of thinking of equilibrium in everything runs after a millennial association with Western innovation. Here’s some excerpt from the novel “Things Fall Apart”

“The drums beat and the flutes sang and the spectators held their breath. Amalinze was a wily craftsman, but Okonkwo was as slippery as a fish in water. Every nerve and every muscle stood out on their arms, on their backs and their thighs, and one almost heard them stretching to breaking point. In the end, Okonkwo threw the Cat”

6.       Latin American Literature

     The Latin America is generally consists of all the countries in South America, in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the Islands of the Caribbean, indeed, there’s also a lot of country in the Latin America region. The Latin American mostly adapted their literature from the Aztecs and Mayans, two of the great ancient civilizations of our world, also, the themes of their literature are usually characterized by mysticism, magic, uniqueness, raw creativity, and wonder. Them, too give way and introduced “magical realism”.

      Magical realism is a classification of writing that portrays this present reality as having a propensity of sorcery or dream. Mystical authenticity is a piece of the authenticity classification of fiction. Inside a work of supernatural authenticity, the world is as yet grounded in reality, however fantastical components are viewed as ordinary in this world. It is different from what we know “fantasy”.

     One example of a magical realism novel is ”House of Spirits(La casa de los Espíritus)” written by Isabel Allende. The novel was published in 1982, Isabel Allende's presentation novel narratives the violent political occasions of post provincial Chile, through the lives of four ages of the rich Trueba family. The extraordinary is available from the start, with Allende portraying the supernatural capacities of one of the novel's principle heroes, Clara. Expect ghosts blended into the consistently, time shifts in the story and signs being figured it out. A genuine show-stopper, of the sorcery authenticity classification, yet additionally of women's activist and Chilean writing. Here’s some excerpt from the novel ”House of Spirits(La casa de los Espíritus)”

“That was Marcos’s longest trip. He returned with a shipment of enormous boxes that were piled in the far courtyard, between the chicken coop and the woodshed, until the winter was over. At the first signs of spring he had them transferred to the parade grounds, a huge park where people would gather to watch the soldiers file by on Independence Day, with the goosestep they had learned from the Prussians. When the crates were opened, they were found to contain loose bits of wood, metal, and painted cloth. Marcos spent two weeks assembling the contents according to an instruction manual written in English, which he was able to decipher thanks to his invincible imagination and a small dictionary. When the job was finished, it turned out to be a bird of prehistoric dimensions, with the face of a furious eagle, wings that moved, and a propeller on its back.”

          With all of that, it may be seem that different regions from the world has their very own unique way in terms of literature, all of the literature around the world is really fascinating and amazing. Now that I’ve shown you the different dominant themes and styles of literature from Southeast Asia, East Asia, South and West Asia, Anglo-America and Europe, Africa, and Latin America. I hope that you’ve  learned something new and surprising thing about the different themes and styles from around the world!

[lifeoflitposts]

African Literature

African literature, the body of traditional oral and written literatures in Afro-Asiatic and African languages along with works written by Africans in European languages. Traditional written literature, which is proscribed to a smaller region than is oral literature, is most characteristic of these sub-Saharan cultures that have participated within the cultures of the Mediterranean. specifically, there are written literatures in both Hausa and Arabic, created by the students of what's now northern Nigeria, and therefore the Somali people have produced a standard written literature. There also are works written in Geʿez (Ethiopic) and Amharic, two of the languages of Ethiopia, which is that the one a part of Africa where Christianity has been practiced long enough to be considered traditional. Works written in European languages date primarily from the 20th century onward. The literature of African nation in English and Afrikaans is additionally covered during a separate article, South African literature. confer African theatre.

The relationship between oral and written traditions and particularly between oral and modern written literatures is one in every of great complexity and not a matter of straightforward evolution. Modern African literatures were born within the educational systems imposed by colonialism, with models drawn from Europe instead of existing African traditions. But the African oral traditions exerted their own influence on these literatures.

Oral Traditions

- the nature of storytelling 

The narrator talks, time breakdowns, and the individuals from the crowd are within the sight of history. It is a period of veils. Reality, the present, is here, yet with dangerous passionate pictures giving it a specific situation. This is the narrator's craft: to cover the past, making it secretive, apparently unavailable. Be that as it may, it is blocked off just to one's current mind; it is consistently accessible to one's central core, one's feelings. The narrator consolidates the crowd's current waking state and its previous state of semi awareness, thus the crowd strolls again ever, joining its ancestors. Also, history, in every case in excess of a scholarly subject, becomes for the crowd a falling of time. History turns into the crowd's memory and a methods for remembering of an uncertain and profoundly dark past.

The Riddle 

In the riddle, two things are compared differently, and sometimes unlikely. The obvious thing that happens during this analogy is that the problem is resolved and then solved. But there is something more important here, concerning the riddle as a figurative form: the riddle is composed of two sets and during the riddling process, the elements of each set are transferred to the other. On the surface, the riddle seems to be largely an analytical rather than a poetic practice.  But through its imagery and the tension between the two sets, the imagination of the audience is also engaged. As they seek the solution to the riddle, the audience itself becomes a part of the images and therefore—and most significantly—of the metaphorical transformation.

The Lyric 

People were those who Broke for me the string. Therefore, The place became like this to me, On account of it, Because the string was that which broke for me. Therefore, The place does not feel to me, As the place used to feel to me, On account of it. For, The place feels as if it stood open before me, Because the string has broken for me. Therefore, The place does not feel pleasant to me, On account of it. (a San poem, from W.H.I. Bleek and L.C. Lloyd, Specimens of Bushman Folklore [1911])

The images in African lyric act in dynamic fashion, establishing nonliteral relationships among the literary composition, then it's that riddling is that the motor of the lyric. And, as in riddles, therefore additionally in lyric: trope often involves and invokes contradiction in terms. within the lyric, it's as if the singer were handicraft a group of riddles into one richly rough literary composition, the series of riddling connections accountable for the final word expertise of the literary composition. The singer organizes and controls the emotions of the audience as he consistently works his manner through the degree of the literary composition, rigorously establishing the connective threads that bring the separate nonliteral sets into the poem’s totality. None of the separate riddling relationships exists unmarried from those others that compose the literary composition. As these riddling relationships act and weave, the writer brings the audience to a detailed, intense sense of the that means of the literary composition. every riddling relationship provides associate degree emotional clue to the style of the literary composition. any clues to that means square measure discovered by the audience within the metric aspects of the literary composition, the manner the writer organizes the photographs, the riddling organization itself, and also the sound of the singer’s voice similarly because the movement of the singer’s body. As within the riddle, everything within the lyric is directed to the revelation of trope.Grammar Check

The Proverb 

The African proverb seems initially to be a hackneyed expression, a trite leftover repeated until it loses all force. But proverb is also performance, it is also metaphor, and it is in its performance and metaphorical aspects that it achieves its power. In one sense, the experience of a proverb is similar to that of a riddle and a lyric poem: different images are brought into a relationship that is novel, that provides insight. When one experiences proverbs in appropriate contexts, rather than in isolation, they come to life. In the riddle the poser provides the two sides of the metaphor. In lyric poetry the two sides are present in the poem but in a complex way; the members of the audience derive their aesthetic experience from comprehending that complexity. The words of the proverb are by themselves only one part of the metaphorical experience. The other side of the riddle is not to be found in the same way it is in the riddle and the lyric. The proverb establishes ties with its metaphorical equivalent in the real life of the members of the audience or with the wisdom of the past. The words of the proverb are a riddle waiting to happen. And when it happens, the African proverb ceases to be a grouping of tired words.

The Tale 

The riddle, lyric, and proverb are the substances which might be on the dynamic centre of the story. The riddle incorporates inside it the opportunities of metaphor; and the proverb elaborates the metaphorical opportunities while the snap shots of the story are made lyrical—this is, while they may be rhythmically organized. Such snap shots are drawn mainly from repertories: from the modern world (those are the sensible snap shots) and from the historical tradition (those are the myth snap shots). These diverse snap shots are introduced collectively all through a storytelling overall performance via way of means of their rhythmic employer. Because the myth snap shots have the potential to elicit sturdy emotional reactions from individuals of the target target market, those feelings are the uncooked cloth this is woven into the photo employer via way of means of the patterning. The target target market thereby turns into an integral a part of the tale via way of means of turning into part of the metaphorical system that movements to meaning. And meaning, therefore, is a whole lot extra complicated than an apparent homily that can be without problems to be had at the floor of the story.

Heroic Poetry 

Hero who surpasses other heroes! Swallow that disappears in the clouds, Others disappearing into the heavens! Son of Menzi! Viper of Ndaba! Erect, ready to strike, It strikes the shields of men! Father of the cock! Why did it disappear over the mountains? It annihilated men! That is Shaka, Son of Senzangakhona, Of whom it is said, Bayede! You are an elephant! (from a heroic poem dedicated to the Zulu chief Shaka)

It is in heroic poetry, or panegyric, that lyric and picture come into their maximum apparent union. As withinside the story and as withinside the lyric, riddle, and proverb, the essence of panegyric is metaphor, even though the metaphorical connections are occasionally rather obscure. History is extra sincerely obtrusive in panegyric, however it stays fragmented records, rejoined in line with the poetic intentions of the bard. Obvious metaphorical connections are regularly made among ancient personages or occasions and pictures of animals, for example. The fable factors of this type of poetry are to be determined in its construction, withinside the merging of the actual and the animal in metaphorical ways. It is inside this metaphorical context that the hero is defined and assessed. As in other kinds of oral tradition, feelings related to each ancient and non historical pictures are on the coronary heart of that means in panegyric. It is the lyrical rhythm of panegyric that works such feelings into form. In the process, records is reprocessed and given new that means withinside the context of current experience. It is a twin activity: records is thereby redefined on the identical time that it shapes reviews of the present.

The Epic 

In the epic may be observed the merging of diverse often unrelated tales, the metaphorical apparatus, the controlling mechanism observed withinside the riddle and lyric, the proverb, and heroic poetry to shape a bigger narrative. All of this centres at the man or woman of the hero and a sluggish revelation of his frailty, uncertainties, and torments; he regularly dies, or is deeply troubled, withinside the method of bringing the way of life into a brand new dispensation regularly prefigured in his resurrection or his entering knowledge. The legendary transformation as a result of the author gods and way of life heroes is reproduced exactly withinside the acts and the cyclical, tortured actions of the hero.

An epic can be constructed round a genealogical system, with components of it evolved and decorated right into a story. The epic, just like the heroic poem, incorporates historic references together with place-names and events; withinside the heroic poem those aren't substantially evolved. When they're evolved in an epic, they're constructed now no longer round records however round a fictional story. The fictional story ties the historic episode, person, or place-call to the cultural records of the people. In an oral society, oral genres consist of records (the heroic poem) and imaginative story (the story). The epic combines the two, linking the historic episode to the imaginative story. Sometimes, fantasy is likewise part of epic, with emphasis on origins. The story, the heroic poem, records, and fantasy are mixed with inside the epic. In an echo of the story—in which the emphasis is typically on a vital however continually nonhistorical man or woman—a unmarried historic or nonhistorical man or woman is the centre of the epic. And on the center of the epic is that equal engine composed of the riddle, the lyric, and the proverb.

Oral Traditions And The Written Word

Oral and written storytelling traditions have had a parallel development, and in lots of approaches they have got stimulated every different. Ancient Egyptian scribes, early Hausa and Swahili copyists and memorizers, and cutting-edge writers of famous novellas were the apparent and important transitional figures withinside the motion from oral to literary traditions. What came about many of the Hausa and Swahili turned into happening some place else in Africa—many of the Fulani, in northern Ghana many of the Guang, in Senegal many of the Tukulor and Wolof, and in Madagascar and Somalia.

The linkage between oral tradition and the written phrase is most manifestly visible in pulp literature: the Onitsha marketplace literature of Nigeria; the famous fiction of Accra, Ghana; the famous love and detective literature of Nairobi; the visualizing of tale withinside the complicated comedian strips bought in stores in Cape Town. But the linkage is likewise a important feature of more-critical and more-complicated fiction. One can not completely respect the works of Chinua Achebe or Ousmane Sembene without putting them into the context of Africa’s classical period, its oral tradition. To be sure, the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese literary traditions together with Christianity and Islam and different consequences of colonialism in Africa additionally had a dynamic effect on African literature, however African writers tailored the ones alien traditions and made them their very own with the aid of using putting them into those African classical frames.

History and Myth

As is the case with the oral tradition, written literature is a mixture of the actual and the fantastic. It combines, on the only hand, the actual (the present day international) and records (the sensible international of the past) and, at the other, myth and hero, with metaphor being the agent of transformation. This is the alchemy of the literary experience. Literature is atomized, fragmented records. Transformation is the critical pastime of the tale, its dynamic movement. The author is inspecting the connection of the reader with the sector and with records. In the manner of this examination, the author invents characters and occasions that correspond to records however aren't records. At the centre of the tale is myth, the delusion element, a individual or occasion that actions past reality, even though it's far constantly rooted withinside the actual. In the oral story that is actually the delusion individual; so it's far, in a complex, refracted way, in written literature.

The influence of oral traditions on modern writers

Themes withinside the literary traditions of current Africa are labored out often in the strictures laid down with the aid of using the imported religions Christianity and Islam and in the conflict among conventional and modern, among rural and newly city, among genders, and among generations. The oral tradition is truly obvious withinside the popular literature of the market and the important city centres, created with the aid of using literary storytellers who're manipulating the unique substances a lot as oral storytellers do, on the identical time closing devoted to the tradition. Some of the early writers sharpened their writing talents with the aid of using translating works into African languages; others amassed oral tradition; maximum skilled their apprenticeships in a single manner or every other in the contexts of residing oral traditions.

Literatures In African Languages

Ethiopian

Ethiopian literatures are composed in numerous languages: Geʿez, Amharic, Tigrinya, Tigré, Oromo, and Harari. Most of the literature in Ethiopia has been in Geʿez and Amharic. The classical language is Geʿez, however through the years Geʿez literature have become the area of a small part of the population. The extra common spoken language, Amharic, have become great while it became used for political and spiritual functions to attain a bigger a part of the population.

Hausa

The first novels written in Hausa had been the end result of a opposition released in 1933 via way of means of the Translation Bureau in northern Nigeria. One year later the bureau published Muhammadu Bello’s Gandoki, wherein its hero, Gandoki, struggles towards the British colonial regime. Bello does in Gandoki what many writers had been doing in different components of Africa for the duration of this period: he experiments with shape and content. His novel blends the Hausa oral lifestyle and the novel, ensuing in a tale patterned at the heroic cycle; it additionally introduces a robust thread of Islamic history. Didactic elements, however, are awkwardly interposed and seriously dilute Gandoki’s aesthetic content (as frequently took place in different in addition experimental African novels). But Bello’s efforts might finally provide upward push to a extra state-of-the-art lifestyle of novel writing in Hausa. His experimentation might additionally discover its maximum a success expression in Amos Tutola’s English-language novel The Palm-Wine Drinkard (1952).

Shona 

The fundamental Shona creator of novels at some stage in the twentieth century was Patrick Chakaipa. His Karikoga gumiremiseve (1958; “Karikoga and His Ten Arrows”) is a mix of fantasy (it's miles primarily based totally on a story from the Shona oral way of life) and history, a love tale that specialize in conflicts among Shona and Ndebele peoples. Pfumo reropa (1961; “The Spear of Blood”) depicts the risks of the misuse of energy in conventional times: a chief, Ndyire, manipulates the conventional machine to his personal egocentric advantage. This novel resembles the Nyanga epic Mwindo: a son of the chief, Tanganeropa, escapes his father’s murderous wrath to go back later and conquer the tyrant. Christianity will become a subject in Chakaipa 1/3 novel, Rudo ibofu (1962; “Love Is Blind”), having to do with the battle among way of life and Christianity: Rowesai is crushed with the aid of using her father whilst she makes a decision to turn out to be a nun. She is later mauled with the aid of using a leopard. At a dramatic and climactic movement, she returns domestic as a nun, and her father converts to Christianity. Garandichauya (1963; “I Shall Return”) and Dzasukwa mwana-asina-hembe (1967; “Dzasukwa Beer-for-Sale”) attention on cutting-edge city lifestyles and its vicissitudes. In the former, Matamba, a boy from the country, falls into the clutches of a prostitute, Muchaneta. When he returns to his rural domestic, having been rendered moneyless with the aid of using Muchaneta and blinded with the aid of using her male friends, he reveals his spouse anticipating him. In the latter, the corrosive consequences of colonialism on Shona way of life are dramatized.

Somali 

Hikmad Soomaali (“Somali Wisdom”), a collection of traditional stories in the Somali language recorded by Muuse Xaaji Ismaaciil Galaal, was published in 1956. Shire Jaamac Axmed published materials from the Somali oral tradition as Gabayo, maahmaah, iyo sheekooyin yaryar (1965; “Poems, Proverbs, and Short Stories”). He also edited a literary journal, Iftiinka aqoonta (“Light of Education”), and published two short novels in 1973: Halgankiii nolosha (“Life Struggle”), dealing with the traditional past in negative terms, and Rooxaan (“The Spirits”). Further stories from the oral tradition were written down and published in Cabdulqaadir F. Bootaan’s Murti iyo sheekooyin (1973; “Traditional Wisdom and Stories”) and Muuse Cumar Islaam’s Sheekooyin Soomaaliyeed (1973; “Somali Stories”).

Poetry is a major form of expression in the Somali oral tradition. Its different types include the gabay, usually chanted, the jiifto, also chanted and usually moody, the geeraar, short and dealing with war, the buraambur, composed by women, the heello, or balwo, made up of short love poems and popular on the radio, and the hees, popular poetry. Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (Mohammed Abdullah Hassan) created poetry as a weapon, mainly in the oral tradition. Farah Nuur, Qamaan Bulhan, and Salaan Arrabey were also well-known poets. Abdillahi Muuse created didactic poems; Ismaaʿiil Mire and Sheikh Aqib Abdullah Jama composed religious poetry. Ilmi Bowndheri wrote love poetry.

Southern Sotho 

Southern Sotho is one of the reliable languages of South Africa and is a member of the Bantu/Nguni own circle of relatives of languages. It is spoken via way of means of approximately five million human beings in Lesotho, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia and Zambia.

Southern Sotho is likewise called Sotho, Sesotho or Southern Sesotho. The local call of the language is seSotho [sɪ̀sʊ́tʰʊ̀], which means "language of the Sotho human beings", who name themselves Basotho.

The first written shape of Southern Sotho changed into devised via way of means of Thomas Arbousset, Eugene Casalis and Constant Gosselin, French missionaries of the Paris Evangelical Mission, who arrived in Lesotho in 1833. The first grammar book, Etudes sur los angeles Langue Sechuana via way of means of Casalis, changed into posted in 1841.

Swahili 

The call Swahili comes from the Arabic word سَوَاحِل (sawāḥil), the plural of سَاحِل‏ (sāḥil - boundary, coast) and means "coastal dwellers". The prefix ki- is connected to nouns withinside the noun elegance that consists of languages, so Kiswahili means "coastal language".

Swahili consists of pretty a piece of vocabulary of Arabic foundation due to touch with Arabic-speakme buyers and and population of the Swahili Coast - the coastal vicinity of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique, and islands which includes Zanzibar and Comoros. There also are phrases of German, Portuguese, English, Hindi and French foundation in Swahili because of touch with buyers, slavers and colonial officials.

The earliest recognised portions of writing, withinside the Arabic script, in Swahili are letters courting from 1711, and the earliest recognised manuscript, a poetic epic entitled Utendi wa Tambuka (The History of Tambuka), dates from 1728. During the the nineteenth century Swahili changed into used as the principle language of management through the European colonial powers in East Africa and below their impact the Latin alphabet changed into an increasing number of used to jot down it. The first Swahili newspaper, Habari ya Mwezi, changed into posted through missionaries in 1895.

Xhosa

The first piece of Xhosa writing become a hymn written withinside the early nineteenth century via way of means of Ntsikana. The Bible become translated among the 1820s and 1859. Lovedale Press become set up withinside the nineteenth century via way of means of the London Missionary Society. In 1837 the Wesleyans posted a journal, Umshumayeli Indaba (“The Preacher’s News”), which ran to 1841. Lovedale, the Scots mission, become the centre of early Xhosa writing. Ikhwezi become produced throughout the years 1844 and 1845. The Wesleyan missionaries began out a mag in 1850, Isithunywa Senyanga (“The Monthly Messenger”); its book become interrupted via way of means of one of the frontier wars. A month-to-month in each Xhosa and English, Indaba (“The News”), edited via way of means of William Govan, ran from 1862 till 1865; it become succeeded via way of means of The Kaffir Express in 1876, to get replaced via way of means of Isigidimi samaXhosa (“The Xhosa Messenger”), in Xhosa only. John Tengo Jabavu and William Gqoba had been its editors. It ceased book with Gqoba’s loss of life in 1888. Imvo Zabantsundu (“Opinions of the Africans”) become a newspaper edited via way of means of Jabavu, who become assisted via way of means of John Knox Bokwe. Izwi Labantu (“The Voice of the People”) started out book in 1897 with Nathaniel Cyril Mhala as its editor; it become financially assisted via way of means of Cecil Rhodes, who had resigned as high minister of Cape Colony in 1896. Much early Xhosa prose and poetry regarded in those periodicals.

Yoruba 

In a tale from the Yoruba oral tradition, a boy actions farther and farther far far from home. With the help of a myth person, a fox, the boy is capable of meet the demanding situations set through ominous oba (kings) in 3 kingdoms, every a extra distance from the boy’s home. The fox turns into the storyteller’s approach of exposing the growing knowledge of the boy, who gradually loses his innocence and actions to manhood. This oral story is the framework for the best-recognized paintings in Yoruba and the maximum substantial contribution of the Yoruba language to fiction: D.O. Fagunwa’s Ogboju ode ninu igbo irunmale (1938; The Forest of a Thousand Daemons), which includes myth and practical pics alongside non secular didacticism and Bunyanesque allegory, all positioned inside a body tale that echoes that of The Thousand and One Nights. The novel very correctly combines the literary and oral forces at paintings amongst Yoruba artists of the time. Its significant person is Akara-ogun. He actions right into a woodland 3 times, whenever confronting myth characters and whenever concerned in a hard task. In the end, he and his fans visit a smart guy who well-known shows to them the gathered knowledge in their adventures. The paintings changed into a hit and changed into accompanied through others, all written in a comparable way: Igbo olodumare (1949; “The Jungle of the Almighty”), Ireke-Onibudo (1949), and Irinkerindo ninu Igbo Elegbeje (1954; “Irinkerindo the Hunter withinside the Town of Igbo Elegbeje”; Eng. trans. Expedition to the Mount of Thought), all wealthy combos of Yoruba and Western pics and influences. Fagunwa’s very last novel, Adiitu olodumare (1961; “God’s Mystery-Knot”), positioned a greater present day tale into the acquainted myth framework: which will assist his poverty-afflicted dad and mom, the significant person, Adiitu, trips right into a woodland, struggles with creatures of the woodland, and unearths his dad and mom useless whilst he returns home. He actions into heaven in a dream, wherein he encounters his dad and mom. He falls in love with Iyunade, and they're marooned on an island, wherein he saves her. When they get to their home, a chum of Adiitu tries to spoil the relationship, however ultimately they're married. Realism is confronted with myth withinside the shape of the tale, withinside the characters, and withinside the events. This aggregate of a folktale with a sensible body found out new opportunities to Yoruba writers.

Zulu

Like maximum different African literatures, Zulu literature of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries falls into awesome categories, one involved with traditional (Zulu) existence and customs, the opposite with Christianity. These wide regions of early literary interest blended withinside the Thirties in an creative literature that centered on a war that profoundly preoccupied southern African writers for decades—the war among the urban, Christian, Westernized milieu and the traditional, in large part rural African past.

There had been early translations of the Christian scriptures withinside the mid-nineteenth century. Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress became additionally translated and posted in parts (1868 and 1895). Magema kaMagwaza Fuze’s Abantu abamnyama lapha bavela ngakhona (“Where the Black People Came From”) became posted in 1922. Written works on Zulu customs additionally appeared, which include Petros Lamula’s Isabelo sikaZulu (1936; “Zulu Heritage”) and T.Z. Masondo’s Amasiko esiZulu (1940; “Zulu Customs”). R.H. Thembu’s story uMamazane (1947) consists of references to Zulu tradition. Cyril Lincoln Sibusiso Nyembezi and Otty Ezrom Howard Mandlakayise Nxumalo compiled Zulu customs, as did Leonhard L.J. Mncwango, Moses John Ngcobo, and M.A. Xaba. Violet Dube’s Woza nazo (1935; “Come with Stories”), Alan Hamilton S. Mbata and Garland Clement S. Mdhladhla’s uChakijana bogcololo umphephethi wezinduku zabafo (1927; “Chakijana the Clever One, the Medicator of the Men’s Fighting Sticks”), and F.L.A. Ntuli’s Izinganekwane nezindaba ezindala (1939; “Oral Narratives and Ancient Traditions”) are compilations of oral stories. Nyembezi accumulated and annotated Zulu and Swati heroic poems in Izibongo zamakhosi (1958; “Heroic Poems of the Chiefs”), and E.I.S. Mdhladhla’s uMgcogcoma (1947; “Here and There”) incorporates Zulu narratives.

Literatures In European And European-Derived Languages

Afrikaans

Afrikaans literature in South Africa may be regarded withinside the context of Dutch literary tradition or South African literary tradition. Within an African context, Afrikaans literature may be for all time at the outside. As is the case with the language, it's far stuck in an identification disaster that changed into created irrevocably via way of means of the fiercely defended political and cultural identification of the Dutch settlers who arrived in South Africa in 1652 and whose descendants, collectively with English-talking whites, took over the authorities in 1948, and then the notorious device of apartheid changed into enshrined in legal guidelines that might be demolished most effective withinside the early 1990s. The conservative department of the Afrikaner human beings, usually the maximum severa and the maximum powerful, changed into in warfare at some stage in the 20th century with a skilled and developing institution of younger poets and novelists, such as C. Louis Leipoldt and Breyten Breytenbach, who sought to develop the confines of an an increasing number of constrained human beings and literature. The records of Afrikaans literature is the records of the Afrikaners, an alien human beings whose literature is a sworn statement to that nation of alienation.

English 

Early works in English in western Africa encompass a Liberian novel, Love in Ebony: A West African Romance, posted in 1932 with the aid of using Charles Cooper (pseudonym Varfelli Karlee), in addition to such works of Ghanaian pulp literature as J. Benibengor Blay’s Emelia’s Promise and Fulfilment (1944). R.E. Obeng, a Ghanaian, wrote Eighteenpence (1941), an early paintings at the struggle among African and European cultures. Other early famous writers in Ghana encompass Asare Konadu, Efua Sutherland, and Kwesi Brew. The Nigerian Amos Tutuola wrote The Palm-Wine Drinkard and His Dead Palm-Wine Tapster withinside the Deads’ Town (1952), its production revealing a clean linkage among the oral and literary traditions. In it the hero actions to Deads’ Town to convey his tapster lower back to the land of the living; the elixir that the hero brings lower back from the land of the dead, however, is an egg this is death-dealing as truly as it's miles life-giving. Tutuola is trustworthy to oral tradition, however he locations the conventional touring story into a totally cutting-edge framework.

French

In the paintings of the earliest African writers in French may be determined the issues that run thru this literature to the existing day. These issues need to do with African lifestyle, with French colonialism and the displacement of Africans each bodily and spiritually from their local lifestyle, with tries to mixture the French and the African traditions, and with post independence efforts to piece the shards of African lifestyle and the French colonial revel in into a brand new reality.

Portuguese 

The literature in Portuguese of Cape Verde often focuses on the affinities and the strains between Portugal and Cape Verde. Escapism is a theme in some of the poetry. In the classical phase of Cape Verdean literature, from the late 19th century to the first half of the 20th, poets such as José Lopes da Silva (Saudades da pátria [1952; “Homesickness”]) emphasized Europe. Januário Leite (Poesias [1952]) and Mário Pinto (Ensaios poéticos [1911; “Poetic Essays”]) wrote nationalistic poetry. Other early poets include Pedro Monteiro Cardoso, who published Jardim das Hespérides in 1926, and Eugénio Tavares, who was among the first Cape Verdean writers to publish in Crioulo, the Portuguese creole language widely used on the islands. António Pedro wrote a book of exotic poems published in 1929. These early classical poets struggled with the tension between Europe and Africa and between the Portuguese language and Crioulo, the Portuguese creole used on the islands. Brazil was also to become a crucial theme.

[go-ro]

African American folktale similar to a Hausa tale found in Manuel de langue haoussa.

[kimyoonmiauthor]

Story Ideas I posted on Soompi for K-dramas.

Posted November 14, 2020. I worked on these with some other Korean adoptees. Posting here to document it. Triple back up is not a bad idea when you do this type of thing. Elevator Pitch:

- Alt Joseon History Reverse Drama Harem set after the Imjin War, Women-centric (I suggested it last round, but I'm making it more attractive)

- Heart-warming adoptee tale set with Jaebeol family as the birth family.

Reverse Alt Joseon history Harem (I left historical research notes in for you to further research too).

After the Imjin War, Prince Gwanghae declared an "Honorable Women's list", which made the Queen Dowager upset with him and the crown prince (In real history he used the excuse of less arable land because of Japanese invasion to give land from widows to men, so they could get royal titles. In Nepal, in the mountains, less land has also meant that for some peoples there, the women marry a group of brothers who rotate time with the wife, guaranteeing land to her and them). So, she deposed him and installed the daughter of the Royal Consort Ui to the throne of Joseon. Joseon has been a Matriarchy ever since then with women ruling the throne and a harem to match. All of the key positions have been ruled by women. Men have to get permission to divorce, they cannot own land, and they are put on cycles per month rotation to favor their wife, who have all the power. Since then, the merit-based system has somewhat fallen apart with men severely devalued. Men are considered weaker than women in every aspect-- not as smart, frivolous, fixated on material possessions (like hair, clothes, make up, etc and landing a good woman with money), unable to learn anything other than etiquette on how to properly serve women, unable to do military affairs, unable to do magic (Based on harnessing spirits and Mugyo) [I suppose one could have a male-based magic system too that more subtle maybe based on Buddhism? since men imported Buddhism to Korea], can't do ancestor rituals but must provide the food, widows are expected to die (because who will take care of the men and provide for them if their breadwinner is gone?), and much physically weaker. They are devalued if they can't marry by the time they are 30 because they are viewed as much less virile. They are there to lead women astray from their husbands in the minds of society, and they are the ones punished for faults. If they rape or are accused of rape, they are met with death. They are considered peacocks for decoration and fill the brothels and red districts. They are allowed dance and to do street dramas, but this is considered a lesser art form compared to the lavish palace versions. Queen of Joseon, considered the most beautiful such that all the women want to imitate her... with her curly hair and freckles, is on the throne and has amassed a large portion of the men, leaving many of the Noble women unmarried. Her harem has grown huge with mostly pretty boys she's selected. She has lavish palace dances every day with pretty boys from her harem to entertain her. She also has them perform plays [Can reference previous dramas and do anachronistic references] for her more lavish than the next. The Prime Minister, has been supporting her habits to distract her from her duties while controlling the throne. The Prime Minister, while she has one husband and one concubine has been neglecting her husband and spending all her time with her concubine. There is a rebellion swelling against them... *** Extended version: In the midst of this, there are Portuguese traders that have come to shore with black men who are slaves, come to do trade (this really happened in Korean history). One of the slaves comes to the court to help refine the map of Africa (Gangnido was done in 1402 and Portuguese contact with Japan happened in 1543, so it's not that far fetched according to history). While helping the Minister of Arts, they fall in love with each other. She teaches him Korean, and he teaches her about his part of Africa. He comes from West Africa. (Hausa [Queen Amina died in 1610], maybe and maybe give him a Korean name later?) There, both men and women can be tribal leaders and share responsibilities. He comes to teach her that both men and women can be equal. The court grants him his freedom for his services, and he stays and marries this woman, despite objections, who, then becomes a part of the resistance against the Queen.

The Heads of the resistance is none other than the Prime Minister's concubine, not the Prime Minister's husband, who has been loyal this entire time. (Delaying this discovery is a good idea) Tired of having to service the Prime Minister every night, and entertain her, he has been leading a double life. He wants men in control again. The other conspirator is the Queen's top consort, who looks like a bumbling fool with his love of jokes (especially dry humor), stupid puns, food (though not fat, just fancy food), and has tried to look as useless and tolerant of the system as possible. But he loves his Queen deeply, which is why he wants to end the system and ask for equality. They have been meeting and arguing at an eating establishment since Royals aren't let into Red Districts, where a widowed lovable Halmeoni (You can get her to sell Subway sandwiches to camera, etc for laughs. Subway and Quiznos have a sense of humor... so why not ask if they are willing? Since it's alt history--make winks to the audience that you know it's not accurate.) has been slowly learning all of the court secrets... which is how the Queen learns of their dirty plots. The person who wanted this scenario fleshed out also wants the Queen to be... "Queen can’t be too flaky- forgetful to a fault, yea. Clumsy . Cold, a bit snarky, always on edge and with quite an appetite.  Forgiving of the wrong folks. Always looking for good in them but not trusting. Independent and she has to drive a black carriage!"

How this concludes, with equality, crushing the rebellion, or with men, again, taking power and thus making everyone question what was better is up to you, if you choose this idea. Five Act or 기승전결 is up to you. (Or mix them).

Suggested issues to include (and why you might want to write this) and errata:

Can challenge current Korean issues of spousal abuse, feminism, gender issues (Such as nonbinary people), trans (Such as transmen), Make Mugyo a state religion since it was supported a lot by women during Joseon (also supported LGBTQIA, past and present. Baksu~~) And also challenge our understanding of history by adding in people like Lady Jang Gye Hyang (1598-1680), who would be against the current government and for rule by men, mention mention Heo Nanseorheon (Pre-Imjin war... she needs a drama done about her because she's always overshadowed by her brothers and made into a brat, rather than a full character and an intelligent woman, which she was). ImYunjidang (1721-1793) and Kang Chonggildang (1772-1832) for example... also aren't often mentioned figures. There were historical figures in real life that were for and against the new Joseon order of Neo Confucianism, though many of the women that spoke out had their papers burned by the patriarchy. Inserting those figures historically sageuk have been resistant to insert because it goes against the ideas of Joseon being an idealistic patriarchy might add spice to the drama. One can also challenge the idea that "traditional" values are male dominated by pointing out that widows in Joseon pre-Imjin war could own land and pass it to their daughters unchallenged, that LGBTQIA was more widely accepted, and that there were great Queens before that like Seondeok by upholding them as the rule, rather than the exception as reasons why the Matriarchy is "superior" to the previous Patriarchy.

One of the women who helped with this premise likes Lee Min Ho a lot....  lol She'd probably request that the Prime Minister's Concubine be Lee Min Ho. (He hasn't done a Joseon historical drama in a while and I think he could play both sides well--warm and sweet and then cold and callous...).

Probably needs a woman to write this one versed in feminism and history or a woman and man team. I hope it passes the Bechdel test (Two women talk about something other than men, preferably more than one time), the Mako Mori Test (Women have a motivation other than romance or the man and doesn't degrade over time). and the Sexy Lamp test (The women have agency to make decisions, face consequences and rescue themselves)... there is no fridging--i.e. killing characters without knowing them solely to motivate the main characters to do something,  and makes us think deeper about gender issues, feminism, etc. I suppose if the writer hits really hard on social issues, it would be probably JTBC material (who haven't done a Historical drama in a while). Tonally, I was hoping for a mixture of laughs and thinking about the issues more deeply, and some tight action to keep us guessing. If you want to argue marketability: I saw Romance of the Tiger and Rose (China) and Ooku by Fumi Yoshinaga. And a friend of mine (also Korean) wanted a drama with her and her (drama) harem of guys, so... we want a Korean commentary on feminism done this way, but with sharper feminism and more imagination attached. Covering modern feminist issues is fine since it's fantasy. Be transgressive.

BTW, for sponsorship: (since the costumes might cost extra, etc) easy... cosmetics advertised by men, done anachronistically to camera, on purpose. Other plugs can be done this way too... which would sell the product, but also make people question gender roles at the same time. Or you can also do plugs this way and suddenly gender them, making people question how this item is "male" or "female". Like a brush, or a wall, drink, sandwich (lol Quiznos and Subway), etc. can be called "Masculine" or "feminine" and be sold to camera, if the sponsors cooperate. (Sold by Pretty Boy actors to the audience... there's a good chance.) This should get you to at most episode 6, if it's paced well and you plotted the rest of the angles. If it's action-filled with lots of twists then the basic scenario will get you through to episode 4. The twists can come later.

And the other one was invented between me and another Korean adoptee...

Elevator Pitch: Heart-warming adoptee tale set with Jaebeol family as the birth family.

Twenty-five years ago, there were identical twins born to the same mother, but because her petition to get a paternity test failed from a Jaebeol family, she was forced by her lover's family to give them up for adoption, despite her best efforts to get into the single mother's homes (the adoption agency ones are pretty terrible because they try to wear down the women into giving up their children and seats are very few at the government ones). A woman had been stalking her while pregnant in order to give up her children for a kickback from the adoption agencies and from the family itself (There were KBS and MBC reports about it in the early 2000's), so with major heartbreak, she decided to give them up. However, her lover never knew this was a case.

The children were split up. One went to the United States, was adopted to a white family, and the other was adopted to Korean family, but never told they were adopted.

In the current time, the US adoptee, has been working for a year and a half to get her dual citizenship. She has a degree in Business accounting and is a very warm person. Despite her talents, she is teaching English in Suwon. She has an allergy to allium (Garlic, onions, etc), which makes it hard on her to eat Korean food. Every time she eats it, she gets gas and a tummy ache. She is constantly mocked by the ajumma in restaurants over it. She does not speak very fluent Korean and only knows Kindergarten Korean. She also often has delusions from Korean dramas as being real. Intelligent, smart, but has a hard time proving it to the Koreans around her because of her lack of language skills. People keep commenting on how she's single, but she finds it hard to date anyone once they find out she is adopted, so thinks she has no roots. Her records were sealed by the military. (US Military adoption is like that) So she takes a trip to Daegu's police station to get a DNA test. Meanwhile...

Meanwhile her twin has grown up in a steady Korean family, but there are things that never quite matched about her story and the family she's lived with. Their profession aspirations are totally different from hers, everyone else has a baby picture, but she doesn't. That feeling of "Jeong" sometimes feels like it's missing. The neighbors talk behind their hands when she passes them. This is when she accidentally discovers the truth talking to a neighborhood recycling Halmeoni. Unlike her twin, she has no allergy to allium and loves it. She mainly works at PC Bang and menial jobs and never really aspired to much because she's always felt like she didn't really truly belong.

*** Extended Pitch At the same time, their father has become the head of the company and a major CEO of a conglomerate. He is unaware of the twins' existence... so there are lots of passing shots between the family members as we get to know them. The company politics have become tricky because the father's seat was never really guaranteed. He still thinks about his lover from time to time, but his seat has become more and more unsure as he's opted adamantly out of marriage. The twin's mother is working at a small time job, and is forced to keep silent about the time she's tried very hard to forget. People shame her if they find out she had children.

When the twins finally get to remeet because of DNA, this shakes up their father's position and his company. The family secrets come out and the mystery of who sent the mysterious woman to stalk their mother starts to unfold, not only the secrets of the company, but of their father and mother's relationship, and of the family relations. But in the middle of this is that feeling of "Jeong" or instant belonging. (I don't think the love of the adoptive family should be diminished or it should be written like if you have more family, you have less love... but that there are things that connect people in different ways and the drama explores those ways of connection and disconnection.)

Issues that can be covered: Single Motherhood, Paternity testing (There was a recent Korean case on this and also another case about 10 years ago, where an adoptee found out they (male) were the son of a Jaebeol person, but the family refused any contact, etc--should be in Korean as well.), Economic differences, what Pres. Kim Dae Jeong called Adoption as the "brain drain" of South Korea (He said it on film, too, just before the reforms <3 Still my favorite president), Prejudices against foreigners, adoptees, and addressing the fact that finding family is difficult because of the shame around adoption and it's not instant. A person can start at 13, and still go through a ton of work and hoops to try to get any info. (The Korean agencies can also be mean/overworked with one person working all of the cases, like for HOLT and ESWS it's this way.) Also can address problems like how cousins can want to find each other, but get blocked because of adoption (You can't marry up to Second Cousins, but if you're adopted, you can't find your extended family members, even if you had connection to them in the past and they know you exist and they aren't allowed to search for you either because the agencies and law block them). Agencies lying that children are either dead, or that they never got communication, when they have. There is a story I know where a mother inquired every year about her child and wrote letters and then the agencies told her they got nothing, and then the matching adoptee wrote every year too, hoping to find their mother and equally got nothing. The agency lied to both of them. Also the old proxy system before it got outlawed where women would stalk pregnant single women to get records. (It's updated to the lawyer proxy system where lawyers stalk single women).

Warmth, not makjang, emphasis on Jeong and nunchi... and Warm and Fuzzy in the end at least... with spurts of humor interspersed would be nice.

Personally, I think if MBC or KBS is willing to help with the footage from the Proxy system report in the early 2000's where women were stalked by other women, those are the networks to pitch it to. It's up their ally. If not... cable. (I love SBS, too, no lies, but they didn't do a report back in the day.) Oh and make it 16 episodes-ish. Not family drama. We don't watch family dramas for length reasons...

[intothetlkverse]

Decided to challenge myself by drawing every single TLK character out there, up until this point in time, and post it here. You can see the finished project on my main account, though I figured to post it on my tumblr just show I could proudly show off my work and a few of my head canons.

Here are all the hyenas across TLK:

For first off we have the OG trio: Banzai(nonsense-Hausa), Shenzi(savage), and 'Ed'/Edan(fiery-Arabic). Childhood friends and also to Scar, Scar had come to them trying to escape from his duties of being second prince/Lion Guard leader, though found the company of these hyenas more favorable, and later expendable, to him. Shenzi is the leader of her pack, granddaughter of the previous matriarch, by the time Scar invites her pack along to live in the Pridelands, to act as his protection from any coops that may happen. During their time in the Pridelands and due to Scar's negligence, Shenzi's pack runs wild, hunting and eating without restraint, causing so much damage and chaos that most herds leave and Scar loses respect between them, the pride, and the inhabitants. Paired with a nasty drought rumored to be the Great Spirits angry towards Scar, the Pridelands is but a shadow of it's former glory, and is renamed as such, to a point where Shenzi's old Elephant Graveyard home can barley be distinguished from. After Scar's reveal and death, she and the other hyenas scatter to the wind in groups, with her taking herself, Banzai, Ed, and several others out into the desert, hearing tales of a luscious Oasis with plenty of food. Perhaps there they can start anew. Banzai and Ed are her closest companions, with Banzai being one of the few males who can quip back and is interesting and loyal enough to have by her side, while Ed.... Ed is Ed. She and them later settle down as mates in their new home.

On the right we have the hyena debuting in the Scar Villains comics and then matriarch of the pack, Queen Zuhour(flowers). This old lady is the previous leader of pack and Shenzi's grandmother. Tales passed down in the pack say that she was a witch. One who read bones in the steaming, boiling cauldrons of the earth, reading out the fates of those in her back. If you challenged or annoyed her, she would turn her pack, and their jaws and empty bellies, towards you. Among other such rumors. In truth, Zuhour was a stern, cunning, and ultimately fair leader, placed in the harsh position of keeping her pack's survival on the line while in the Elephant Graveyard. She could be strict and harsh at times, especially with pups, which she would sometimes 'nip' in order to keep in check, though nowhere near the level of cannibalistic/witchcraft stories would make you believe. She was the mother of several daughters, one of which was Shenzi's mother, another was Kamari and Azizi's, who unfortuanutely lost their lives, alongside Banzai's dad, in a hunt which got intercepted by the lions, which between the stampeding herbivores and viscous big cats, resulted in several deaths, as well as Zuhour losing her children and heirs. To amend the situation of inherited position of leadership, she brought back the laws of mashindano, that whoever could best her in a fight could assume control. Though many tried, despite her age, Zuhour was a surprisingly strong, capable, and brutal fighter. Shenzi tried to protest and circumvent the rule by arguing that, as her first and only granddaughter, leadership should automatically be passed to her, but Zuhour refused on the grounds of wanting not just her blood in charge of their packs survival, rather the one most willing to fight for the right be lead them. Shenzi would eventually be her downfall. Luring her grandmother away from the rest of the pack under the guise of a fresh kill nearby, Zuhour was flung off a cliff, breaking her body on the way down, with Shenzi and her friends watching. To ensure her eternal silence, the group soon descended to finish the job, with Scar bringing along some vultures to finish the remains, to deter suspicion. With their leader now gone and no evidence of what happened aside from Shenzi's word that Zuhour had lost her footing and fell down a cliff, and being her granddaughter and the strongest hyena with ties to a very scary, powerful ally, she was made leader in her steed. To help get the rest of the hyenas more used to the idea of working with lions/Scar, Shenzi invented a smear campaign, that her grandmother was a cannibal/performed witchcraft to keep her pack docile and unwilling to expand further, in order to consolidate control. Ironically it was Shenzi herself who 'suggested' that those of her pack who didn't survive the famine and passed 'not be let gone to waste'.

Moving away from antagonistic hyenas, let's move to some of the more notably positive representations of them. Jasiri(brave) in the leader of the Outlands clan of hyenas and later the entire territory after the wars. The daughter of a group that fled later on in Scar's reign into the Outlands and settled down there. They were hyenas who at least tried to get along with the lion pride and understood the Circle of Life more, though seeing it be misused and destroyed, as well as their clan start to turn on them for being 'lion-lovers', they decided that leaving was a better fate, and their actions is what partially inspired Nala to do so as well. Jasiri is compassionate, brave, and a capable, reliable leader, who was able to build a friendship and relationship with lions that eventually made peace between the two kingdoms and helped her pack establish themselves in the Outlands, now a genuine kingdom.

Underneath her is her older sister Madoa(spots/freckles) and her niece and nephew, Wema(goodness) and Tunu(valuable). Madoa is more shy and anxious than her sister, but is still king and understanding enough to follow her sister's leadership and trust her judgement. Despite Jasiri being younger then her, Madoa recognizes Jasiri's drive to help their pack and her willingness to work with others despite any past issues is something she finds admirable. Her son and daughter are still to young to fully understand the world around them, though they will grow up to be loyal pack members, with Wema especially admiring her aunt's role as a leader, while Tunu hopes to become an advisor one day.

Yes I did redesign the TLG hyenas, as well as made Madoa Wema and Tunu's mother. While I didn't think any of them were really bad, Jasiri/Msdoa''s purply grey pelts looked unnatural. so I went for a muted red, though kept their eyes/spots, as well as removed a lot of mane stripes. Hyena pups in real life are mostly black which fades over time into their classic spotty coats, so I made Wema and Tunu more compatible with their real-life inspirations, though you can kinda still see where their spots will be under their black fur. Also quick shoutout and thank you towards JuneLioness for letting me use their hyena pup base for Tunu, I really appreciate it, please go check them out if you have time to, I really recommend their work.

Back to antagonists now, we now have the other pack of hyenas in the Outlands, then lead by Janja(crafty). The group had arrived there not before Scar's reign's end and immediately came into conflict with the preestablished clan there. Unable to come together due to their views on lions/Circle of Life, the Janja's pack resolved to still make their home in the Outlands, but away from the hippie, 'lion-lovers', instead making their home close to the Outlands volcano. Though food was even more scarce, rodents that didn't mind the heat and a small passage to the Elephant Graveyard gave them enough food, for a time at least. Though the extreme heat, lava rivers, and infection brought on by malnutrition from the famine knocked out many of the members, Janja and his pack survived. Embittered with the hatred towards lions and wishing to return back to devour the returned herds, they would venture out frequently into the Pridelands, only to be brought back by the newest Lion Guard. The pack would also get into conflicts with the other hyenas over resources, though Jasiri's pack would graciously allow them to use the small watering hole they had, under the condition that to was to be shared and no one fights over it. After a war against the Pridelanders alongside many disgruntled a/o exiled carnivores/scavengers, the hyena packs would assimilate into one under Jasiri and she would take over rulership over the entirety of the Outlands, including the termite mounds where the Outsiders used to live after the war between Pridelanders and Outsiders.

Janja is pretty much the same as he in in the show, only with the exclusion of Scar's ghost, that being more of a rumor spread by Pridelander and Outlanders alike as a plot to make the Outlanders seem more threatening, that they were being controlled by the spirit of the damned scarred lion king. Janja gets his epiphany after seeing his pack struggle hard against the Pridelanders in this full-on war, as well as trying to come up with plans with the other disgruntled carnivores of the Outlands army. He has a long road ahead of him to atone for his past mistakes, as well as unlearn all the hateful things he's use to in order to acclimate to this new way, though Jasiri is nice enough to keep him in line and offer advice. Does help she is very pretty too.... wait he didn't say that!

Cheezi(crazy) and Chung(bitter) are his closest comrades and friends, despite everything they've gone through together. The two are more easier to acclimate to the new life then Janja is, as they never fully; harbored true hatred for the Pridelands, but were mostly following Janja and their bellies. The two, though seemingly dim-witted at first, are more amicable, humorous, and reliable. The two themselves are also cousins, though consider themselves to be brothers to both each other and two Janja, much to his annoyance and appreciation.

As for the rest of Janja's pride, the other four are also comprised of two sets of brothers; Nne(four) and Tano(five), and Isii(six-Igbo) and Asaa(seven-Igbo). Their parents were not the most creative when choosing their names, though they do function well enough to serve under Janja and later Jasiri's leadership. Nne and Tano remain closely designed to their original design, while Isii and Asaa are based off the other two hyenas that I've noticed people have dubbed 'Sita'(six) and 'Saba'(seven) respectively, so I decided to keep that, though make the names more unique.

Going back up and to the left, we have the hyenas from the TLK 2019 film, replacing Banzai and Ed for some reason which I will never understand nor agree with, brothers Kamari(gambling) and Azizi(adored)/brothers, Shenzi's cousins and Zuhour's grandsons. Though not as close as Shenzi's friends, the two are still loyal to Shenzi, even standing up for her when the pack was disgruntled with the way their alliance with Scar was treating them, though they aren't close enough to know about her relationship with their grandmother. Kamari is the younger, smaller and weaker of the two brothers, smaller then average, though has a temper and bite to compensate, while his younger brother Azizi, described that "his coat is darker" compared to Kamari, is one of the largest hyena in the Clan besides Shenzi, though most of the strength he has is in his muscles, as he is less intelligent/socially aware compared to his brother, resulting in him sometimes mistakenly irritating him. The large chunk in the ear is the result of Kamari once snapping at him and tearing out a chunk, though the two have since reconciled over that. Their colors are taken from their comic versions from the TLK 2019 comic Wild Schemes and Catastrophes stories' "Snow Day" and "Bad Omens". Though I was hesitant at first due to their orange manes and especially Kamari's more leucistic grey fur, I think they both turned out really cool in the end, and them being Zuhour's grandsons all helps tie their relationship with Shenzi better.

Going back in time to the early drafts of TLK we have Banagi(compress) and Baasho(disaster), hyenas from the Broad Veldts, led by King Rego, the King of the Kalahari. Villainous hyenas who enjoy chasing after defenseless cubs, they're menaces of their homeland, combatted only the the older lions and the other animal leaders who don't give a flying feather about their antics. The two are brothers with Banagi is the elder one. Short-tempered, greedy, and power-hungry, though also dramatic, as he is always chewing on a piece of bone marrow, gleefully grinding it in front of animals. Baasho is the more level-headed and tolerant of the two, cautious and obsequious to his older brother's commands. He did at least try to attempt more peaceful talks with the Lion Guard, though both sides had members which were less interested on maintaining friendly relations. They have a dynamic much like Molt and Hopper from Bug's Life, probably complete with much of the same dialogue as the two(I swear, if I hadn't promised Mother on her deathbed that I wouldn't kill you, I would kill you/And believe me, no one appreciates that more than I do).

Next up we have a more obscure hyena, Vikali(rough), based off the hyena seen in the T&P show in episodes like "Don't Wake the Neigh-bear" and "Recipe for Disaster". Coming from the Kimbilio Lands, home to the Mbala pride, led by king Malka, a native hyena to the area, he was already accustomed to the lion pride being nearby and was able to find some sort of neutral working relationship where the two could exist by each other, but not interfere. Despite another pack of hyenas not being so keep on being peaceful with their neighbors, Vikali and his group were more civil. Things changed though when more hyenas, refugees splintered off from the pack in the Pridelands, arrived and begged for sanctuary. Vikali's group agreed and eventually the group joined their, with Vikali taking one as his mate and having a daughter, seen as the future of the pack, Asante(thank you). Asante is adventurous, sarcastic, and charismatic, easily able to charm other animals and just as easily be able to get under their skin. Despite how sharp-tongued she can be, she has a fondness for those she cares about, such as her friends Kopa, who initially helps her from a python attack and becomes friends with her. Though Asante's mother is more uneasy about Asante's interest with the local lion pride, given how good that turned out in the past, Vikali is more accepting with Asante's friendship with lion cub Kopa. Asante is the only pup in the pack at the time and, for many of the new members, seen as a good omens and hope for the pack, so she is assumed to take control of it when she grows older, though they hope that her relationship with the lion pride doesn't cause harm in the future.

The same sentiment cannot be said by the leaders of the other hyena pack in the Kimbilio Lands, Fisi(hyena) and his subordinate/bodyguard/meat-shield Jack/Jeki(jack). The pack is more competitive and wary of the lions and of Vikali's pack, and would prefer it if they were the only predators in the territory. They see Asante and Kopa's relationship as a way to stir up conflict between both the pack and pride, hopefully enough to attack each other, only for Fisi's group to come in at the end, finish the victors off, and claim the entire territory as their own. Basically they're Janja's clan in the Kimbilio lands. Fisi is the head hyena, manipulative, vicious, and overbearing, with a thirst for control and no care if his pack has to be sacrificed for that goal, something which later causes them to turn their backs on him and join Asante's pack. Jeki is Fisi's righthand man and bodyguard/'attack dog'. Sadistic, cruel, and psychotic, he enjoys killing for sport and is prone to attacking first at whatever even irks him the slightest, preferring to act first, ask questions later, usually with his teeth. He has a particular grudge towards Asante and Kopa though, as they both fought back at him when he managed to kidnapped and threatened their friend Timira, and both successfully gave him each one of his many ear rips. His sanity dwindles even further as time goes on, until his speech is almost entirely composed of snarling and growling, and the only one who he even listens to is Fisi. He dies shortly before the rest of Fisi's pack switch sides to Asante's pack, when both her and Kopa are older and the two groups make peace with one another, and when Fisi rejects and attacks them, he is beaten down and dishonorably exiled from the land.

Last on the list, coming from the oasis and in the Hakuna Matata magazine "Monkey Mountain" we have Shriek/Silika(instinct). A minor antagonist serving under the villainous leopard One-Eye/Onye(see more on here)m, they're an exiled hyena who joined him alongside other carnivores after being chased out by their old pack. Their time serving under One-Eye was short lived however, as he would soon be overthrown by a warthog of all things and they and the other predators, including a vulture, jackal, and cape dog, would keep their little group and exist, relatively undisturbed and menacing, at the Oasis. Shriek is sly, gluttonous, and cruel, but also very cowardly. When Onye finds his end after falling off a cliff, he and the other carnivores eat his body.

[brookston]

Holidays 7.17

Holidays

Air Conditioner Day

Constitution Day (South Korea)

Crank Call Day

Disneyland Day

Ethnographer’s Day (Russia)

Feast of the Clockless NowEver

Flag Day (Norway)

Guelaguetza (Primer Lunes; Mexico)

International Firgun Day

International HIV Prevention Day

International Tim Brooke-Taylor Day (UK)

King’s Day (Lesotho)

National Air Conditioner Day

National Asshole Awareness Day

National Cory Day

National Heart-Brain Disorders Awareness Day

National Lottery Day

National Physiatry Day (Philippines)

National Tattoo Day

National Voice Actor Day

President’s Day (Botswana)

717 Day (Pennsylvania)

Sewing Machine Day

TWA Flight 800 Crash Anniversary Day

U Tirot Sing Day (Meghalaya, India)

Victims of Baton Rouge, Louisiana Attack Day

Wear Crazy Socks to Work Day

Wheat Day (French Republic)

World Day for International Justice

World Emoji Day

Wrong Way Corrigan Day

Yellow Pig Day (Celebrating the Number 17)

Yellow Submarine Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

Indie Beer Shop Day (UK)

National Peach Ice Cream Day

3rd Monday in July

Global Hug For Your Kids Day [3rd Monday]

Guelaguetza (a.k.a. Festival of Lunes del Cerro; Oaxaca, Mexico) [Monday after 16th]

Marine Day (Japan) [3rd Monday]

Munoz-Rivera Day (f.k.a. Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera; Puerto Rico Day) [3rd Monday]

National Get Out of the Doghouse Day [3rd Monday]

National Prosecco Week begins [3rd Monday]

Perseids Meteor Shower begins [Varies; thru 8.24]

Umi No Hi (Ocean Day/Marine Day; Japan) [3rd Monday]

Independence Days

Negaunee Republic (Declared; 2016) [unrecognized]

Slovakia (Remembrance Day; from Czechoslovakia, 1992)

Feast Days

Alexius of Rome (Western Church)

Andrew Zorard (Christian; Saint)

Ba-Maguje's Day (Hausa; on Eid al-Fitr)

Boccaccio (Positivist; Saint)

Caligula Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Cynehelm (Christian; Saint)

Cynllo (Christian; Saint)

Ennodius (Christian; Saint)

Feast of the Carmelite Martyrs of Compiegne

Feast of the Holy Royal Martyrs of Russia

Festival for Victoria and Virtus (Goddess of Victory & God of Bravery in Warfare; Ancient Rome)

Furgus Fuzz (Muppetism)

Gion Matsuri (Japan)

Inácio de Azevedo (Christian; Saint)

Jadwiga of Poland (Christian; Saint)

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (Artology)

Jowls (Muppetism)

Kenelm (Nun’s Priest Tale; Canterbury Tales)

Kurman Ait Day (Kyrgyzstan)

Magnus Felix Ennodius (Christian; Saint)

Marcellina (Christian; Saint)

Martyrs of Compiègne (Christian; Saint)

Pavel Peter Gojdič, Blessed (Greek Catholic Church)

Piatus of Tournai (Christian; Saint)

Leo IV, Pope (Christian; Saint)

Romanov sainthood (Russian Orthodox Church)

Skinny Dipping Day (Pastafarian)

Solstitium XII (Pagan)

Speratus and companions (Christian; Martyrs)

Turninus (Christian; Saint)

Why Not? Day (Pastafarian)

William White (Episcopal Church))

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Butsumetsu (仏滅 Japan) [Unlucky all day.]

Tycho Brahe Unlucky Day (Scandinavia) [26 of 37]

Unfortunate Day (Pagan) [40 of 57]

Unglückstage (Unlucky Day; Pennsylvania Dutch) [19 of 30]

Premieres

All You Need Is Love, by The Beatles (US Song; 1967)

Ant-Man (Film; 2015)

Arthur (Film; 1981)

The Case of the Velvet Claws, by Erle Stanley Gardner (Novel; 1933) [Perry Mason #1]

Cherokee, recorded by Charlie Barnet (Song; 1939)

The Dark Knight Rises, by Hans Zimmer (Soundtrack Album; 2012)

Disneyland, in Anaheim, California (Theme Park; 1955)

Egghead Rides Again (WB MM Cartoon; 1937)

Endless Love (Film; 1981)

(500) Days of Summer (Film; 2009)

From Up on Poppy Hill (Studio Ghibli Animated Film; 2011)

Greyfriars Bobby (Film; 1961)

James and the Giant Peach, by Roald Dahl (Novel; 1961)

Jungle Cruise (Disneyland Ride; 1955)

The Mask of Zorro (Film; 1998)

Mr. Toad’s Wild Ride (Disneyland Ride; 1955)

Multiplicity (Film; 1996)

My Neighbors the Yamahas (Studio Ghibli Animated Film; 1999)

North by Northwest (Film; 1959)

Papa’s Got A Brand New Bag, by James Brown (Song; 1965)

RoboCop (Film; 1987)

The Secret World of Arietty (Studio Ghibli Animated Film; 2010)

Splash Mountain (Disneyland Ride; 1989)

Trainwreck (Film; 2015)

Turbo (Animated Film; 2013)

Victory Through Air Power (Documentary Film; 1943)

Water Music, by George Frederic Handel (Orchestral Movements; 1717)

Who Goes There? (a.k.a. The Thing), by John W. Campbell Jr. (Novel; 1938)

Yellow Submarine (UK Animated Film; 1968)

You’re the Worst (TV Series; 2014)

Today’s Name Days

Alexius, Charlotte, Donata, Gabriella (Austria)

Marin, Marina (Bulgaria)

Aleksije, Branimir, Leo, Nadan, Rufina (Croatia)

Martina (Czech Republic)

Alecius (Denmark)

Meeme, Meemo (Estonia)

Ossi, Ossian (Finland)

Arlette, Charlotte, Marcelline (France)

Alexis, Charlotte, Gabriella (Germany)

Alexandra, Aliki, Marina (Greece)

Elek, Endre (Hungary)

Alessio, Marina (Italy)

Ainārs, Aleksejs, Aleksis (Latvia)

Aleksas, Darius, Girėnas, Vaiga (Lithuania)

Gorm, Guttorm (Norway)

Aleksander, Aleksy, Andrzej, Bogdan, Dzierżykraj, Januaria, Julietta, Leon, Marceli, Marcelina, Maria Magdalena (Poland)

Bohuslav (Slovakia)

Alejo, Alexis, Jacinto, Marcelina (Spain)

Bruno (Sweden)

Codie, Codey, Cody, Dakota, Dakotah, Ismael, Kody, Vesta (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 198 of 2024; 167 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 1 of week 29 of 2023

Celtic Tree Calendar: Tinne (Holly) [Day 8 of 28]

Chinese: Month 5 (Wu-Wu), Day 30 (Bing-Zi)

Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721 (until February 10, 2024)

Hebrew: 28 Tammuz 5783

Islamic: 28 Dhu al-Hijjah 1444

J Cal: 18 Lux; Foursday [18 of 30]

Julian: 4 July 2023

Moon: 0%: New Moon

Positivist: 2 Dante (8th Month) [Boccaccio]

Runic Half Month: Ur (Primal Strength) [Day 4 of 15]

Season: Summer (Day 27 of 94)

Zodiac: Cancer (Day 27 of 31)

[brookstonalmanac]

Holidays 7.17

Holidays

Air Conditioner Day

Constitution Day (South Korea)

Crank Call Day

Disneyland Day

Ethnographer’s Day (Russia)

Feast of the Clockless NowEver

Flag Day (Norway)

Guelaguetza (Primer Lunes; Mexico)

International Firgun Day

International HIV Prevention Day

International Tim Brooke-Taylor Day (UK)

King’s Day (Lesotho)

National Air Conditioner Day

National Asshole Awareness Day

National Cory Day

National Heart-Brain Disorders Awareness Day

National Lottery Day

National Physiatry Day (Philippines)

National Tattoo Day

National Voice Actor Day

President’s Day (Botswana)

717 Day (Pennsylvania)

Sewing Machine Day

TWA Flight 800 Crash Anniversary Day

U Tirot Sing Day (Meghalaya, India)

Victims of Baton Rouge, Louisiana Attack Day

Wear Crazy Socks to Work Day

Wheat Day (French Republic)

World Day for International Justice

World Emoji Day

Wrong Way Corrigan Day

Yellow Pig Day (Celebrating the Number 17)

Yellow Submarine Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

Indie Beer Shop Day (UK)

National Peach Ice Cream Day

3rd Monday in July

Global Hug For Your Kids Day [3rd Monday]

Guelaguetza (a.k.a. Festival of Lunes del Cerro; Oaxaca, Mexico) [Monday after 16th]

Marine Day (Japan) [3rd Monday]

Munoz-Rivera Day (f.k.a. Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera; Puerto Rico Day) [3rd Monday]

National Get Out of the Doghouse Day [3rd Monday]

National Prosecco Week begins [3rd Monday]

Perseids Meteor Shower begins [Varies; thru 8.24]

Umi No Hi (Ocean Day/Marine Day; Japan) [3rd Monday]

Independence Days

Negaunee Republic (Declared; 2016) [unrecognized]

Slovakia (Remembrance Day; from Czechoslovakia, 1992)

Feast Days

Alexius of Rome (Western Church)

Andrew Zorard (Christian; Saint)

Ba-Maguje's Day (Hausa; on Eid al-Fitr)

Boccaccio (Positivist; Saint)

Caligula Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Cynehelm (Christian; Saint)

Cynllo (Christian; Saint)

Ennodius (Christian; Saint)

Feast of the Carmelite Martyrs of Compiegne

Feast of the Holy Royal Martyrs of Russia

Festival for Victoria and Virtus (Goddess of Victory & God of Bravery in Warfare; Ancient Rome)

Furgus Fuzz (Muppetism)

Gion Matsuri (Japan)

Inácio de Azevedo (Christian; Saint)

Jadwiga of Poland (Christian; Saint)

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (Artology)

Jowls (Muppetism)

Kenelm (Nun’s Priest Tale; Canterbury Tales)

Kurman Ait Day (Kyrgyzstan)

Magnus Felix Ennodius (Christian; Saint)

Marcellina (Christian; Saint)

Martyrs of Compiègne (Christian; Saint)

Pavel Peter Gojdič, Blessed (Greek Catholic Church)

Piatus of Tournai (Christian; Saint)

Leo IV, Pope (Christian; Saint)

Romanov sainthood (Russian Orthodox Church)

Skinny Dipping Day (Pastafarian)

Solstitium XII (Pagan)

Speratus and companions (Christian; Martyrs)

Turninus (Christian; Saint)

Why Not? Day (Pastafarian)

William White (Episcopal Church))

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Butsumetsu (仏滅 Japan) [Unlucky all day.]

Tycho Brahe Unlucky Day (Scandinavia) [26 of 37]

Unfortunate Day (Pagan) [40 of 57]

Unglückstage (Unlucky Day; Pennsylvania Dutch) [19 of 30]

Premieres

All You Need Is Love, by The Beatles (US Song; 1967)

Ant-Man (Film; 2015)

Arthur (Film; 1981)

The Case of the Velvet Claws, by Erle Stanley Gardner (Novel; 1933) [Perry Mason #1]

Cherokee, recorded by Charlie Barnet (Song; 1939)

The Dark Knight Rises, by Hans Zimmer (Soundtrack Album; 2012)

Disneyland, in Anaheim, California (Theme Park; 1955)

Egghead Rides Again (WB MM Cartoon; 1937)

Endless Love (Film; 1981)

(500) Days of Summer (Film; 2009)

From Up on Poppy Hill (Studio Ghibli Animated Film; 2011)

Greyfriars Bobby (Film; 1961)

James and the Giant Peach, by Roald Dahl (Novel; 1961)

Jungle Cruise (Disneyland Ride; 1955)

The Mask of Zorro (Film; 1998)

Mr. Toad’s Wild Ride (Disneyland Ride; 1955)

Multiplicity (Film; 1996)

My Neighbors the Yamahas (Studio Ghibli Animated Film; 1999)

North by Northwest (Film; 1959)

Papa’s Got A Brand New Bag, by James Brown (Song; 1965)

RoboCop (Film; 1987)

The Secret World of Arietty (Studio Ghibli Animated Film; 2010)

Splash Mountain (Disneyland Ride; 1989)

Trainwreck (Film; 2015)

Turbo (Animated Film; 2013)

Victory Through Air Power (Documentary Film; 1943)

Water Music, by George Frederic Handel (Orchestral Movements; 1717)

Who Goes There? (a.k.a. The Thing), by John W. Campbell Jr. (Novel; 1938)

Yellow Submarine (UK Animated Film; 1968)

You’re the Worst (TV Series; 2014)

Today’s Name Days

Alexius, Charlotte, Donata, Gabriella (Austria)

Marin, Marina (Bulgaria)

Aleksije, Branimir, Leo, Nadan, Rufina (Croatia)

Martina (Czech Republic)

Alecius (Denmark)

Meeme, Meemo (Estonia)

Ossi, Ossian (Finland)

Arlette, Charlotte, Marcelline (France)

Alexis, Charlotte, Gabriella (Germany)

Alexandra, Aliki, Marina (Greece)

Elek, Endre (Hungary)

Alessio, Marina (Italy)

Ainārs, Aleksejs, Aleksis (Latvia)

Aleksas, Darius, Girėnas, Vaiga (Lithuania)

Gorm, Guttorm (Norway)

Aleksander, Aleksy, Andrzej, Bogdan, Dzierżykraj, Januaria, Julietta, Leon, Marceli, Marcelina, Maria Magdalena (Poland)

Bohuslav (Slovakia)

Alejo, Alexis, Jacinto, Marcelina (Spain)

Bruno (Sweden)

Codie, Codey, Cody, Dakota, Dakotah, Ismael, Kody, Vesta (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 198 of 2024; 167 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 1 of week 29 of 2023

Celtic Tree Calendar: Tinne (Holly) [Day 8 of 28]

Chinese: Month 5 (Wu-Wu), Day 30 (Bing-Zi)

Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721 (until February 10, 2024)

Hebrew: 28 Tammuz 5783

Islamic: 28 Dhu al-Hijjah 1444

J Cal: 18 Lux; Foursday [18 of 30]

Julian: 4 July 2023

Moon: 0%: New Moon

Positivist: 2 Dante (8th Month) [Boccaccio]

Runic Half Month: Ur (Primal Strength) [Day 4 of 15]

Season: Summer (Day 27 of 94)

Zodiac: Cancer (Day 27 of 31)