#Greek Doric Capital

[thepastisalreadywritten]

Ancient Architectural Capitals

This image presents a variety of ancient architectural capitals, highlighting different styles and regions from ancient civilizations.

Capitals are the uppermost parts of columns, providing both decorative and functional elements in classical architecture.

The following styles are illustrated:

Egyptian Papyrus Capital

– A design inspired by the papyrus plant, common in ancient Egyptian architecture, symbolizing the Nile's vegetation.

Egyptian Date-Palm Capital

– This capital features palm leaves, a motif representing fertility and abundance in ancient Egypt.

Persian Animal Capital

– Notable for its intricate carvings of animals, this style reflects the opulence and symbolic artistry of ancient Persia.

Greek Doric Capital

– A simple, sturdy design characterized by its plain, rounded shape, representing the earliest and most austere form of Greek architecture.

Greek Ionic Capital

– Famous for its scroll-like volutes, this elegant style is more ornate than Doric, used in many temples and buildings in ancient Greece.

Greek Corinthian Capital

– Highly decorative, featuring acanthus leaves, this capital became prominent in later Greek and Roman architecture for its intricate beauty.

Roman Corinthian Capital

– Derived from the Greek Corinthian style, the Roman version is more detailed and elaborate, reflecting the grandeur of the Roman Empire.

Indian Foliage Capital (150 B.C.)

– Marked by lush, detailed carvings of plant forms, this style illustrates the naturalistic artistry prominent in ancient Indian architecture.

Indian Plain Capital (400 A.D.)

– A more restrained, straightforward design, this capital highlights the evolution of Indian architecture towards simplicity during later periods.

These capitals showcase the diversity and evolution of ancient architecture across cultures, blending aesthetics with symbolism and structural support.

[literaryvein-reblogs]

Some Architecture Vocabulary

Arcade: a succession of arches supported on columns. An arcade can be free-standing covered passage or attached to a wall, as seen on the right.

Arch: the curved support of a building or doorway. The tops of the arches can be curved, semicircular, pointed, etc.

Architrave: the lowest part of the entablature that sits directly on the capitals (tops) of the columns.

Capital: the top portion of a column. In classical architecture, the architectural order is usually identified by design of the capital (Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian).

Classical: of or pertaining to Classicism.

Classicism: a preference or regard for the principles of Greek and Roman art and architecture. Common classicizing architecture is a sense of balance, proportion, and “ideal” beauty.

Column: an upright post, usually square, round, or rectangular. It can be used as a support or attached to a wall for decoration. In classical architecture, columns are composed of a capital, shaft, and a base (except in the Doric order).

Cornice: the rectangular band above the frieze, below the pediment.

Dome: a half-sphere curvature constructed on a circular base, as seen on the right.

Entablature: the upper portion of an order, it includes the architrave, frieze and cornice.

Frieze: the wide rectangular section on the entablature, above the architrave and below the cornice. In the Doric order, the frieze is often decorated with triglyphs (altering tablets of vertical groves) and the plain, rectangular bands spaced between the triglyphs (called metopes).

Metopes: the rectangular slabs that adorned the outside of Doric temples, just above the exterior colonnade.

Order: an ancient style of architecture. The classical orders are Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian. An order consists of a column, with a distinctive capital, supporting the entablature and pediment.

Pediment: a classical element that forms a triangular shape above the entablature. The pediment is often decorated with statues and its sides can be curved or straight.

Pronaos (pro-NAY-us): the entrance hall of a temple.

Triglyphs: a decorative element of a frieze consisting of three vertical units.

Vault: an arched ceiling usually made of wood or stone, as seen on the right.

More: Word Lists

[thedreadvampy]

watching Sam play Screed: Viking Time and I have. Questions. about Asgard. to whit:

why must people always paint Loki as a generic villain? he's not a generic villain! he's a trickster! he's an Anansi kinda guy! he talks his way into trouble and then talks his way out! he's not even a villain he's just not always on the Asgardian side and he often Causes Problems On Purpose but he also...fixes them. for Asgard. idk it annoys me it's like always putting Hades as a villain in Greek stories it's like nah he's just a Different Kind of Guy

minor gripe but at one point Thor yells 'Jotunheim scum!' and can I just say that's like me running into battle against these guys yelling 'NORWAY SCUM! DENMARK BASTARDS!' like. I know you know the adjective is Jotun because you keep saying it.

Speaking of Greek stories I see we ran out of time on the design side and had to dip back to some Odyssey stuff because BOY HOWDY is this a Mediterranean looking Asgard. where exactly the fuck did all these fluted stone columns with Tuscan capitals come from? what's with the big courtyard with a geometric pool? why are there what appear to be sheets of lapis lazuli in the walls? why is there literally a Greek ruin in part of Asgard? there's these statues along the Bifrost and not only are they mounted on Doric columns and in classical contraposto they are literally wearing chitons and Corinthian helmets.

there's no longhouses! there's no wooden buildings! there is one (1) stave church style building and as Sam says it looks like it was made in the Sims, like someone had a sense of what they wanted it to look like but all the wrong building blocks. it's all stone columns with, at best, some knotwork patterning slapped on (over fluting, which is wild, even in architecture where Greek style columns are appropriate you usually pick BETWEEN fluting and pattern work, and I would be much more up for giving them a pass if they used a Tuscan pillar shape but put knotwork on. like really for a Norse style stone columns would be better squared off (or, mostly, not there) but if they needed stone columns and arches I could close my eyes and pretend if they used like. Romanesque pillars and rounded arches like 11th and 12th century cathedrals (even though the game is set in the 830s). but they're doing this very kind of High Classical thing with a very thin and half-assed Medieval Norse skin slapped over bits of it in a way that didn't really get popular in Northern Europe for like another 600 years and idk if it ever really took off in Norway (idk much about Norwegian architecture tbf). which makes me think they literally just retextured and rearranged a bunch of assets from Odyssey which is a shame because designing an Asgard setting is such a fun design project where you could really explore some unrealistic extremes with wooden-style structures. but no. it's Greek.

and the thing is, ok. with the Greek theming in Asgard. I know it's only happened because the game was rushed out, but like the conflation of Norse and Greek has some very 😬 unintended implications wrt how much a lot of the people who are Very Into The Surface Level Aesthetic of both cultures are. how to say. fashy white supremacists peddling the myth of some unified White Western Culture where both Ancient Greek and Medieval Norse cultures feature heavily. and if I was. making a game about Norse history and mythology. I would personally be being Very Wary of feeding the fash bc white supremacists looooooove their imagined version of Manly Viking Alphas.

[clay-number-42]

ionic greek column thing (and a doric and corinthian capital)

[up2123753]

Ancient Greek Architecture

The Parthenon – Ancient Greek temple

Characteristics: (worldhistory.org)

Simplicity

Proportion

Perspective

Harmony

According to worldhistory.org Greek architecture “includes some of the finest and most distinctive buildings ever built.” Their variety of temples, theatres and stadiums stand out among many architectural styles and ages. A lot of their structures still stand to this day and provide use – through their original purpose as well as tourist attractions and inspiration. The Greeks architectural style greatly influenced many civilisations architecture afterwards – e.g. the Romans.

The emphasis on proportion throughout Greece’s architecture shows that they largely communicated proportion through shapes and spaces – this was illustrated by Pythagoras the Greek mathematician. This meant that the Greek architectural style was massively based on the relationships between scale and dimension. The ancient Greeks, as said by archdaily.com, “wanted to reinforce the importance of having a balanced life and proper morals”, which they achieved by designing temples based off mathematical proportions – this clearly “reflected their culture and high held values”.

Thanks to the Aegean culture who resided by the Aegean Sea the Greeks adopted methods of using natural materials to trade with nearby countries. This eventually created a large trading system within the Mediterranean which would have come along with alliances and new outlooks. Every country would have started off with their own natural resources before the trading started, which then would developed due to the accessibility of different materials and methods from their neighbouring countries.

The Archaic period and columns

The Archaic period is well known by many art historians as the period of “artistic development”, as described by Britannica.com. During the Archaic period there was a big development in Greek art – it became more naturalistic. Vase decorations became representations of human figures to tell stories rather than geometric designs and sculptures were more proportional.

It was during this period that columns were introduced. Columns came in many different styles and sizes which made them useful for many different structures. The purposes and descriptions/ decor of the columns made it easy to separate them into three types:

(archdaily.com):

“Doric – no base and simple capital.

Inoic – a base with scroll like ‘volutes’ as capitals.

Corinthian – a base with highly elaborate and stylized capital.”

‘The column Orders of Ancient Greece.’

References:

“Archaic Period | Art History.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019, www.britannica.com/art/Archaic-period.

Cartwright, Mark. “Greek Architecture.” World History Encyclopedia, 6 Jan. 2013, www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Architecture/.

Hemingway, Colette. “Architecture in Ancient Greece.” Metmuseum.org, Oct. 2003, www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grarc/hd_grarc.htm.

“History of Architecture: Ancient Greece.” ArchDaily, 3 July 2020, www.archdaily.com/942728/history-of-architecture-ancient-greece.

Khan Academy. “Introduction to Greek Architecture.” Khan Academy, 2017, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/introduction-to-greek-architecture.

“The Column Orders .” Archdaily, www.archdaily.com/942728/history-of-architecture-ancient-greece/5efe2167b357658c1f00029a-history-of-architecture-ancient-greece-photo.

“The Parthenon.” Breakforthejourneys, 1 Dec. 2015, breakforthjourneys.com/what-did-athens-parthenon-look-like-to-apostle-paul/.

[aclearcollectionangelfan]

THE CATHEDRAL OF SYRACUSE, ALSO KNOWN AS THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA

THE CATHEDRAL OF SYRACUSE, ALSO KNOWN AS THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA

More than once, I have visited the Cathedral of Syracuse and every time I have been impressed by the interior of the church, which is nothing more than the old temple dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, still well preserved. The columns with their Doric capitals are intact and even the drapes of the Virgin Mary’s robes recall those of the Greek goddesses. Paradoxically, the Catholic Church…

[gmun-ooc]

Hc😡 any

hc + 😡 for a headcanon about something that makes them angry

Long and silly!

Main Cast Go!

Poleax is pretty upset over anyone who seems to be very put together. Or she's upset that someone complains about a facet of themselves that is completely changeable. She hates herself a lot (spoilerz /joke), especially the parts that she finds immutable and to be "problem areas". Instead of having emotional maturity, they opt to be angry every time because it makes people leave them alone.

Wolfie has the privilege to let anger come and go as they please, but recently they've seem to have found a way to stay calm. Now, though, they are protective of their ward and would be willing to do whatever needs to be done to keep them safe. They're a cold-angry.

While Ikaros is still discovering his new emotions, he does not take kindly to fatalism and misinformation. He also hates feeling hopeless, but that's not really an anger thing.

Liukka's kind of pissed all the time, but I think you would be too if your matesprit was murdered and no one seems to care. They all go "Well, that's life!", but you know that you will never feel the same about someone ever again and it can actually kill you. She doesn't care about justice or fairness until it affects whether or not she's alive. She's also kind of difficult to reason with, so even if this idea stuck in her head kind of sucks she's going to stick to it, especially when others resist.

I'm not sure if G can really be angry much anymore. Despite what he may seem to suggest, she isn't actually all the bothered by the practice of leaving dead trolls out to be eaten by lusii. He's tired. She'd probably be angry if Wolfie's charge is hurt, though.

Leviti complains a lot about people getting basic architectural information wrong. What do you mean you can't tell the difference between Troll Ancient Greek Ionic and Doric columns? You look at their damn capitals!

Bonuses: Kebe is pretty pissed off about her current situation right now. I have a post to make about that. Titi is also pissed, but Kebe wouldn't have minded working for the mother grub if that was what they were actually there to do. Misyng would be angrier if she wasn't resigned to her fate. She does hate having her privacy violated, and does cherish that fact that Haffor kind of lets her do whatever when she isn't actively helming. She hates being forced to do it. She's not really allowed to step out of the ship alone wheb they land for resupplying because she'll go off and bite captains. Haffor hates being compared to other violets. He's generally the cold-anger kind of guy, but that is something that could make him physically violent. Ampurr is also a cool-angry and will bite you if you don't let her do her job.

[epostravel]

Discover the Best Things to Do and Visit in Athens

Athens, the ancient capital of Greece, is a city where history, culture, and modernity blend seamlessly. It offers an array of attractions that cater to every type of traveler. From the ancient ruins that speak of Greece's glorious past to vibrant neighborhoods filled with contemporary delights, Athens is a destination that promises an unforgettable experience. This comprehensive guide delves into the top things to do and visit in Athens, ensuring you make the most of your time in this historic city.

Explore the Acropolis and its Marvels

The Acropolis is the quintessential symbol of ancient Greece, and a visit to Athens would be incomplete without exploring this historic citadel. Dominating the skyline, the Acropolis houses several ancient monuments, with the most iconic Parthenon. This ancient temple, dedicated to the goddess Athena, is renowned for its Doric columns and intricate sculptures.

Adjacent to the Parthenon is the Erechtheion, another significant structure known for its Caryatids—sculpted female figures that replace traditional columns. Don't miss the Temple of Athena Nike, a small but exquisitely detailed temple offering breathtaking views of the surrounding city.

The Acropolis Museum

To gain a deeper understanding of the artifacts and history of the Acropolis, a visit to the Acropolis Museum is essential. This modern museum, located at the base of the Acropolis, showcases a vast collection of sculptures, pottery, and artifacts from the ancient site. The museum's transparent floors allow visitors to view the ruins of an ancient Athenian neighborhood beneath.

Wander Through the Plaka Neighborhood

Nestled at the foot of the Acropolis, the Plaka neighborhood is often called the "Old City" of Athens. Its charming, narrow streets are lined with neoclassical houses, quaint shops, and traditional tavernas. Strolling through Plaka provides a glimpse into the city's past, with its picturesque squares and vibrant atmosphere.

Anafiotika: A Hidden Gem

Within Plaka lies Anafiotika, a small and unique area resembling a Cycladic island village. Its narrow streets and whitewashed houses starkly contrast the bustling city, offering a peaceful retreat.

Visit the Ancient Agora

The Ancient Agora of Athens was the heart of public life in ancient Greece. This sprawling archaeological site includes the Temple of Hephaestus, one of the best-preserved ancient temples, and the Stoa of Attalos, reconstructed to house the Agora Museum. Walking through the Agora allows visitors to imagine the daily life of ancient Athenians and the vibrant marketplace that once thrived here.

The Stoa of Attalos

The Stoa of Attalos is noteworthy for its architectural splendor and historical significance. The reconstructed building now houses a museum that exhibits artifacts from the Agora, providing insight into ancient Athens's political, social, and commercial activities.

Experience the National Archaeological Museum

The National Archaeological Museum in Athens is one of the most important museums in Greece. It boasts an extensive collection of ancient Greek art and artifacts, including the Mask of Agamemnon, the Venus of Milo, and the Discobolus (Discus Thrower). The museum's vast exhibits span from the Neolithic to the Roman periods, offering a comprehensive overview of Greek civilization.

Highlights of the Museum

Key highlights of the museum include the Mycenaean Collection, featuring impressive artifacts from the Mycenaean civilization, and the Classical Sculpture Collection, which showcases masterpieces of ancient Greek sculpture.

Stroll Through Syntagma Square and Visit the Greek Parliament

Syntagma Square is the central square of Athens and serves as a major hub for locals and tourists. Here, visitors can witness the Changing of the Guard at the Greek Parliament Building, a ceremonial event performed by the Evzones, the elite presidential guard.

The National Garden of Athens

Adjacent to Syntagma Square is the National Garden of Athens, a serene green space that provides a respite from the urban hustle. The garden features walking paths, ponds, and a variety of plant species, making it a perfect spot for relaxation.

Discover the Vibrant Monastiraki Flea Market

The Monastiraki Flea Market is a bustling market that offers an eclectic mix of antiques, souvenirs, and street food. This lively area is a great place to experience the local culture, shop for unique items, and savor traditional Greek snacks.

Food and Dining

Monastiraki is also known for its vibrant dining scene. Enjoy traditional Greek dishes such as souvlaki, gyros, and moussaka at one of the many local tavernas or street food stalls.

Explore the Bohemian Neighborhood of Psiri

The Psiri neighborhood is renowned for its bohemian vibe and vibrant nightlife. The area has various bars, restaurants, and live music venues. Psiri's lively atmosphere and artistic flair make it an excellent spot for evening entertainment.

Cultural Experiences

In Psiri, visitors can explore street art, enjoy theater performances, and experience the city's modern cultural scene.

FAQs

1. What is the best time to visit Athens?

The best time to visit Athens is spring (April to June) or fall (September to October). The weather is pleasant, and the tourist crowds are smaller compared to the summer months.

2. Are there any day trips from Athens that are worth taking?

Several day trips are worth considering, such as a visit to the Ancient Corinth, the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion, and the Saronic Islands, including Hydra and Poros.

3. How can I get around Athens?

Athens has an extensive public transportation system, including buses, trams, and the metro. Taxis and ride-sharing services are also readily available. For a more local experience, consider exploring the city on foot or by bicycle.

4. What should I wear when visiting Athens?

Comfortable, lightweight clothing and walking shoes are recommended, especially during the warmer months. It's also advisable to carry a hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen for sun protection.

Conclusion

Athens is a city that seamlessly blends its ancient heritage with modern vibrancy. Whether exploring the historic Acropolis, wandering through charming neighborhoods like Plaka and Psiri, or delving into the rich collections of its museums, Athens offers a diverse array of experiences for every visitor. By immersing yourself in the city's cultural and historical tapestry, you'll better appreciate its enduring legacy and dynamic present.

Website | Facebook | Instagram | Justpaste.it

[ultrastones]

What Is Greek Architecture?

Greek architecture, known for its beauty and accuracy, has made a lasting impression on the world. Its philosophies and styles impacted numerous civilizations and continue to inspire contemporary architecture.

Understanding Greek architecture entails investigating its essential components, historical context, and ongoing legacy.

Historical Context

Greek architecture flourished from the 7th to the 4th centuries BCE, encompassing the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. This era saw the establishment of city-states such as Athens and Sparta, each of which contributed to the architectural advancements that defined Greek style.

The Greeks emphasized proportion, symmetry, and harmony in their architectural designs, aiming to reflect their philosophical and artistic values.

Key Elements of Greek Architecture

Columns and Orders:

Greek architecture is perhaps most recognized for its use of columns, which are classified into three orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.

Doric: The simplest and most durable, with plain capitals and no base. Doric columns, noted for their robustness and simplicity, are often utilized throughout mainland Greece.

Ionic: The scroll-like volutes on its capitals distinguish the Ionic order, which is more beautiful and thin. It was widely utilized throughout the Greek islands and Asia Minor.

Corinthian: The most ornate, having intricate acanthus leaf designs on the capitals. Though less prevalent in Greek architecture, it became extremely popular during Roman times.

Temples

Temples are the quintessential examples of Greek architecture, built as dwellings for the gods. The Parthenon, dedicated to Athena, represents the Doric order and is renowned for its ideal proportions and beautiful sculptures.

Greek temples typically have a rectangular floor plan, a colonnade (peristyle) that surrounds the structure, and a center room (cella) with the deity's statue.

Theaters

Greek theaters, such as the Epidaurus Theatre, are engineering and acoustical marvels. Built into hillsides, they took advantage of the natural topography to create amphitheaters with outstanding sightlines and sound distribution.

The semi-circular configuration of seating aimed at the stage (orchestra) allowed huge crowds to see concerts clearly.

Stoas and Agoras

Stoas (covered walks) and agoras (public squares) played important roles in Greek social and political life. The Stoa of Attalos in Athens is an excellent example of a covered place for merchants, public discourse, and civic events.

Architectural Innovations

Greek architects pioneered several innovations that have endured through centuries:

Proportion and Symmetry: The Greeks used mathematical ratios to produce balance and harmony in their structures, which continues to influence architectural design ideas today.

Optical Refinements:

To overcome optical illusions, the Greeks used techniques such as entasis (slight curving of columns) and modest space between columns. Legacy and Influence.

Greek architecture leaves a lasting legacy. Roman architecture drew largely on Greek predecessors, particularly the Corinthian order and temple design.

The Renaissance saw a rebirth of Greek ideals, with builders such as Palladio taking influence from ancient Greek constructions. Many government buildings and monuments across the world today use neoclassical architecture that reflects Greek aesthetics. 

Greek architecture is distinguished by its beauty, proportion, and functionality quest. Its attention to proportion, inventive use of columns, and public areas have left a lasting impression.

Greek architecture's ideas continue to inspire and shape the built environment today, demonstrating their everlasting appeal and enormous impact on architectural history.

[mayor-elliebean]

Porch Column Planters: Combining Greenery with Architectural Beauty

Porch column planters are a wonderful way to merge greenery with architectural beauty, enhancing the aesthetic appeal of your home's exterior. Select planters that complement the style of your porch columns. Consider materials like terracotta, ceramic, metal, or wood, depending on your preference and the overall look you want to achieve. Opt for plants that thrive in the conditions of your porch, such as sunlight exposure and climate. Also, consider the size of the planters and choose plants accordingly. For tall columns, consider trailing vines or tall grasses, while shorter columns may suit compact flowering plants or herbs. Aim for symmetry or balance when arranging your planters. If you have multiple columns, ensure that each one has a similar arrangement to maintain cohesion.

Historical Evolution: Tracing the Origins and Development of Porch Columns

The history of porch columns dates back to ancient civilizations, where early architectural marvels showcased the use of columns for structural support and ornamental purposes. From the grandeur of ancient Greek temples adorned with majestic Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns to the refined elegance of Roman villas featuring intricately carved marble columns, the evolution of porch columns has been influenced by various architectural styles and cultural movements throughout history.

Design Elements: Exploring the Anatomy of Porch Columns

Understanding the anatomy of porch columns is essential for appreciating their design versatility and aesthetic impact. From the base or plinth to the capital or crown, each component plays a crucial role in defining the overall appearance and structural integrity of the column. Fluting, entasis, and other decorative elements further enhance the visual appeal of porch columns, allowing for customization to suit different architectural styles and preferences.

Materials and Construction Techniques: From Wood to Metal, Exploring Diverse Options

Porch columns can be crafted from a variety of materials, including wood, stone, metal, and composite materials. Each material offers unique advantages in terms of durability, maintenance requirements, and aesthetic appeal. Traditional wooden columns exude warmth and charm, while sleek metal columns lend a contemporary edge to modern architectural designs. Advances in construction techniques and materials technology have expanded the possibilities for creating porch columns that are both functional and visually striking.

Architectural Styles: From Colonial Revival to Craftsman, Embracing Diversity

Porch columns play a pivotal role in defining the architectural style of a building, whether it be a stately Colonial Revival mansion or a cozy Craftsman bungalow. The choice of column design, proportion, and detailing can evoke specific historical periods or architectural movements, allowing homeowners and architects to create spaces that resonate with a sense of heritage or express a contemporary design sensibility.

Installation and Maintenance Considerations: Ensuring Longevity and Structural Integrity

Proper installation and regular maintenance are essential for ensuring the longevity and structural integrity of porch columns. Whether installing new columns or restoring existing ones, attention to detail and adherence to best practices are paramount. Routine inspections, repairs, and protective treatments can help prevent damage from moisture, pests, and other environmental factors, preserving the beauty and functionality of porch columns for years to come.

Creative Applications: Beyond the Porch, Exploring Innovative Uses of Columns

While porch columns are traditionally associated with outdoor spaces, their architectural significance extends beyond the realm of porches and verandas. From interior spaces such as grand foyers and formal living rooms to exterior features like pergolas and gazebos, columns can be creatively incorporated into a variety of architectural contexts to add drama, elegance, and structural support. Innovative design approaches and modern construction techniques continue to expand the possibilities for using porch columns in imaginative and unexpected ways.

The Structural Importance of Porch Columns: Supporting Spaces and Adding Character

Porch columns play a crucial role in providing structural support to the roofs and overhangs of buildings, especially in the case of open-air spaces like porches and verandas. Beyond their functional significance, these columns also contribute to the overall character and charm of a structure, often serving as focal points or decorative elements. Whether crafted from wood, stone, metal, or composite materials, porch columns can enhance the architectural aesthetics while ensuring stability and durability.

Conclusion

In conclusion, porch column planters offer a harmonious fusion of nature's beauty with architectural design, transforming ordinary structures into inviting spaces brimming with life and character. By seamlessly integrating greenery with the built environment, these planters not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of porches but also contribute to a sense of tranquility and well-being.

[allaboutaparthistory]

35. Acropolis

Athens, Greece

Created by Iktinos and Kallikrates (both architects)

Created c. 447-410 BCE

Marble

Visual: The Acropolis is a rectangular Doric temple. The Doric classification comes from its large columns that go all the way into the floor. The capitals are simple. There are triglyphs, which are images, and metopes, which are the spaces between the triglyphs, at the top of the Acropolis. There are four Ionic columns on the west end of the temple, giving the temple some ionic elements. There are images of Greek battles, and even a sculpture of Athena herself.

Context: The Acropolis (AKA the Parthenon) is dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the city is named after. She is the goddess of wisdom and is associated with war. Math is riddled throughout the building, as its general proportions can be laid out as x=y*2+1. It was first used as a Greek temple for Athena, but became a Greek orthodox church, then a Roman catholic church, and then a mosque. During the 1600s, the Venetians attacked the Acropolis with gunpowder, blowing up part of its inside. Then in the 1700s, the Turkish government gave Lord Elgin access to bring the still-standing sculptures back to England. It is thought that the Acropolis was paid for from plundered treasure from the Delian League.

[ultraheydudemestuff]

Dr. Adam Mosgrove House

127 Miami St.

Urbana, OH

The Dr. Adam Mosgrove House is a historic house in Urbana, Ohio. Located along Miami Street (U.S. Route 36) on the city's western side, it was built in 1833 as the home of physician Adam Mosgrove, one of Urbana's first doctors. A native of Enniskillen in Ireland, Mosgrove immigrated to the United States in 1816; he moved to Urbana after living in Elizabethtown and Lancaster, Ohio. A two-and-one-half-story structure, the brick house is a simple rectangle built upon a stone foundation. Its style is predominantly Federal, although the entrance is strongly Greek Revival, featuring pilasters topped with Doric capitals. As one of Urbana's oldest houses, and as the home of one of its leading early citizens, the Mosgrove House has been seen as historically significant;  for this reason, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 15, 1982.

[inky-duchess]

Fantasy Guide to Architecture

This post has been waiting on the back burner for weeks and during this time of quarantine, I have decided to tackle it. This is probably the longest post I have ever done. I is very tired and hope that I have covered everything from Ancient times to the 19th Century, that will help you guys with your worldbuilding.

Materials

What you build with can be determined by the project you intend, the terrain you build on and the availability of the material. It is one characteristic that we writers can take some some liberties with.

Granite: Granite is an stone formed of Igneous activity near a fissure of the earth or a volcano. Granites come in a wide range of colour, most commonly white, pink, or grey depending on the minerals present. Granite is hard and a durable material to build with. It can be built with without being smoothed but it looks bitchin' and shiny all polished up.

Marble: Probably everyone's go to materials for building grand palaces and temples. Marble is formed when great pressure is placed on limestone. Marble can be easily damaged over time by rain as the calcium in the rock dissolves with the chemicals found in rain. Marble comes in blue, white, green, black, white, red, gray and yellow. Marble is an expensive material to build with, highly sought after for the most important buildings. Marble is easy to carve and shape and polishes to a high gleam. Marble is found at converging plate boundaries.

Obsidian: Obsidian is probably one of the most popular stones mentioned in fantasy works. Obsidian is an igneous rock formed of lava cooling quickly on the earth's surfaces. Obsidian is a very brittle and shiny stone, easy to polish but not quite a good building material but a decorative one.

Limestone: Limestone is made of fragments of marine fossils. Limestone is one of the oldest building materials. Limestone is an easy material to shape but it is easily eroded by rain which leads most limestone monuments looking weathered.

Concrete: Concrete has been around since the Romans. Concrete is formed when aggregate (crushed limstone, gravel or granite mixed with fine dust and sand) is mixed with water. Concrete can be poured into the desired shape making it a cheap and easy building material.

Brick: Brick was one of history's most expensive materials because they took so long to make. Bricks were formed of clay, soil, sand, and lime or concrete and joined together with mortar. The facade of Hampton Court Palace is all of red brick, a statement of wealth in the times.

Glass: Glass is formed of sand heated until it hardens. Glass is an expensive material and for many years, glass could not be found in most buildings as having glass made was very expensive.

Plaster: Plaster is made from gypsum and lime mixed with water. It was used for decoration purposes and to seal walls. A little known fact, children. Castle walls were likely painted with plaster or white render on the interior.

Wattle and Daub: Wattle and daub is a building material formed of woven sticks cemented with a mixture of mud, one of the most common and popular materials throughout time.

Building terms

Arcade: An arcade is a row of arches, supported by columns.

Arch: An arch is a curved feature built to support weight often used for a window or doorway.

Mosaic: Mosaics are a design element that involves using pieces of coloured glass and fitted them together upon the floor or wall to form images.

Frescos: A design element of painting images upon wet plaster.

Buttress: A structure built to reinforce and support a wall.

Column: A column is a pillar of stone or wood built to support a ceiling. We will see more of columns later on.

Eave: Eaves are the edges of overhanging roofs built to allow eater to run off.

Vaulted Ceiling: The vaulted ceilings is a self-supporting arched ceiling, than spans over a chamber or a corridor.

Colonnade: A colonnade is a row of columns joined the entablature.

Entablature: a succession of bands laying atop the tops of columns.

Bay Window: The Bay Window is a window projecting outward from a building.

Courtyard/ Atrium/ Court: The courtyard is an open area surrounded by buildings on all sides

Dome: The dome resembles a hollow half of a sphere set atop walls as a ceiling.

Façade: the exterior side of a building

Gable: The gable is a triangular part of a roof when two intersecting roof slabs meet in the middle.

Hyphen: The hyphen is a smaller building connecting between two larger structures.

Now, let's look at some historical building styles and their characteristics of each Architectural movement.

Classical Style

The classical style of Architecture cannot be grouped into just one period. We have five: Doric (Greek), Ionic (Greek), Corinthian (Greek), Tuscan (Roman) and Composite (Mixed).

Doric: Doric is the oldest of the orders and some argue it is the simplest. The columns of this style are set close together, without bases and carved with concave curves called flutes. The capitals (the top of the column) are plain often built with a curve at the base called an echinus and are topped by a square at the apex called an abacus. The entablature is marked by frieze of vertical channels/triglyphs. In between the channels would be detail of carved marble. The Parthenon in Athens is your best example of Doric architecture.

Ionic: The Ionic style was used for smaller buildings and the interiors. The columns had twin volutes, scroll-like designs on its capital. Between these scrolls, there was a carved curve known as an egg and in this style the entablature is much narrower and the frieze is thick with carvings. The example of Ionic Architecture is the Temple to Athena Nike at the Athens Acropolis.

Corinthian: The Corinthian style has some similarities with the Ionic order, the bases, entablature and columns almost the same but the capital is more ornate its base, column, and entablature, but its capital is far more ornate, commonly carved with depictions of acanthus leaves. The style was more slender than the others on this list, used less for bearing weight but more for decoration. Corinthian style can be found along the top levels of the Colosseum in Rome.

Tuscan: The Tuscan order shares much with the Doric order, but the columns are un-fluted and smooth. The entablature is far simpler, formed without triglyphs or guttae. The columns are capped with round capitals.

Composite: This style is mixed. It features the volutes of the Ionic order and the capitals of the Corinthian order. The volutes are larger in these columns and often more ornate. The column's capital is rather plain. for the capital, with no consistent differences to that above or below the capital.

Islamic Architecture

Islamic architecture is the blanket term for the architectural styles of the buildings most associated with the eponymous faith. The style covers early Islamic times to the present day. Islamic Architecture has some influences from Mesopotamian, Roman, Byzantine, China and the Mongols.

Paradise garden: As gardens are an important symbol in Islam, they are very popular in most Islamic-style buildings. The paradise gardens are commonly symmetrical and often enclosed within walls. The most common style of garden is split into four rectangular with a pond or water feature at the very heart. Paradise gardens commonly have canals, fountains, ponds, pools and fruit trees as the presence of water and scent is essential to a paradise garden.

Sehan: The Sehan is a traditional courtyard. When built at a residence or any place not considered to be a religious site, the sehan is a private courtyard. The sehan will be full of flowering plants, water features snd likely surrounded by walls. The space offers shade, water and protection from summer heat. It was also an area where women might cast off their hijabs as the sehan was considered a private area and the hijab was not required. A sehan is also the term for a courtyard of a mosque. These courtyards would be surrounded by buildings on all sides, yet have no ceiling, leaving it open to the air. Sehans will feature a cleansing pool at the centre, set under a howz, a pavilion to protect the water. The courtyard is used for rituals but also a place of rest and gathering.

Hypostyle Hall: The Hypostyle is a hall, open to the sky and supported by columns leading to a reception hall off the main hall to the right.

Muqarnas : Muqarnas is a type of ornamentation within a dome or a half domed, sometimes called a "honeycomb", or "stalactite" vaulted ceiling. This would be cast from stone, wood, brick or stucco, used to ornament the inside of a dome or cupola. Muqarnas are used to create transitions between spaces, offering a buffer between the spaces.

African Architecture

African Architecture is a very mixed bag and more structurally different and impressive than Hollywood would have you believe. Far beyond the common depictions of primitive buildings, the African nations were among the giants of their time in architecture, no style quite the same as the last but just as breathtaking.

Somali architecture: The Somali were probably had one of Africa's most diverse and impressive architectural styles. Somali Architecture relies heavy on masonry, carving stone to shape the numerous forts, temples, mosques, royal residences, aqueducts and towers. Islamic architecture was the main inspiration for some of the details of the buildings. The Somali used sun-dried bricks, limestone and many other materials to form their impressive buildings, for example the burial monuments called taalo

Ashanti Architecture: The Ashanti style can be found in present day Ghana. The style incorporates walls of plaster formed of mud and designed with bright paint and buildings with a courtyard at the heart, not unlike another examples on this post. The Ashanti also formed their buildings of the favourite method of wattle and daub.

Afrikaner Architecture: This is probably one of the oddest architectural styles to see. Inspired by Dutch settlers (squatters), the buildings of the colony (planters/squatters) of South Africa took on a distinctive Dutch look but with an Afrikaner twist to it making it seem both familiar and strange at the same time.

Rwandan Architecture: The Rwandans commonly built of hardened clay with thatched roofs of dried grass or reeds. Mats of woven reeds carpeted the floors of royal abodes. These residences folded about a large public area known as a karubanda and were often so large that they became almost like a maze, connecting different chambers/huts of all kinds of uses be they residential or for other purposes.

Aksumite Architecture: The Aksumite was an Empire in modern day Ethiopia. The Aksumites created buildings from stone, hewn into place. One only has to look at the example of Bete Medhane Alem to see how imposing it was.

Yoruba Architecture: Yoruba Architecture was made by earth cured until it hardened enough to form into walls, or they used wattle and daub, roofed by timbers slats coated in woven grass or leaves. Each unit divided up parts of the buildings from facilities to residences, all with multiple entrances, connected together.

Igbo Architecture: The Igbo style follows some patterns of the Yoruba architecture, excepting that there are no connected walls and the spacing is not so equal. The closer a unit was to the centre, the more important inhabitants were.

Hausa architecture: Hausa Architecture was formed of monolithic walls coated in plaster. The ceilings and roof of the buildings were in the shape of small domes and early vaulted ceilings of stripped timber and laterite. Hausa Architecture features a single entrance into the building and circular walls.

Nubian Architecture: Nubia, in modern day Ethiopia, was home to the Nubians who were one of the world's most impressive architects at the beginning of the architecture world and probably would be more talked about if it weren't for the Egyptians building monuments only up the road. The Nubians were famous for building the speos, tall tower-like spires carved of stone. The Nubians used a variety of materials and skills to build, for example wattle and daub and mudbrick. The Kingdom of Kush, the people who took over the Nubian Empire was a fan of Egyptian works even if they didn't like them very much. The Kushites began building pyramid-like structures such at the sight of Gebel Barkal

Egyptian Architecture: The Egyptians were the winners of most impressive buildings for s good while. Due to the fact that Egypt was short on wood, Ancient Egyptians returned to building with limestone, granite, mudbrick, sandstone which were commonly painted with bright murals of the gods along with some helpful directions to Anubis's crib. The Egyptians are of course famous for their pyramids but lets not just sit on that bandwagon. Egyptian Architecture sported all kinds of features such as columns, piers, obelisks and carving buildings out of cliff faces as we see at Karnak. The Egyptians are cool because they mapped out their buildings in such a way to adhere to astrological movements meaning on special days if the calendar the temple or monuments were in the right place always. The Egyptians also only build residences on the east bank of the Nile River, for the opposite bank was meant for the dead. The columns of Egyptian where thicker, more bulbous and often had capitals shaped like bundles of papyrus reeds.

Chinese Architecture

Chinese Architecture is probably one of the most recognisable styles in the world. The grandness of Chinese Architecture is imposing and beautiful, as classical today as it was hundreds of years ago.

The Presence of Wood: As China is in an area where earthquakes are common, most of the buildings are were build of wood as it was easy to come across and important as the Ancient Chinese wanted a connection to nature in their homes.

Overhanging Roofs: The most famous feature of the Chinese Architectural style are the tiled roofs, set with wide eaves and upturned corners. The roofs were always tiled with ceramic to protect wood from rotting. The eaves often overhung from the building providing shade.

Symmetrical Layouts: Chinese Architecture is symmetrical. Almost every feature is in perfect balance with its other half.

Fengshui: Fengshui are philosophical principles of how to layout buildings and towns according to harmony lain out in Taoism. This ensured that the occupants in the home where kept in health, happiness, wealth and luck.

One-story: As China is troubled by earthquakes and wood is not a great material for building multi-storied buildings, most Chinese buildings only rise a single floor. Richer families might afford a second floor but the single stories compounds were the norm.

Orientation: The Ancient Chinese believed that the North Star marked out Heaven. So when building their homes and palaces, the northern section was the most important part of the house and housed the heads of the household.

Courtyards: The courtyard was the most important area for the family within the home. The courtyard or siheyuan are often built open to the sky, surrounded by verandas on each side.

Japanese Architecture

Japanese Architecture is famous for its delicacy, smooth beauty and simplistic opulence. Japanese Architecture has been one of the world's most recognisable styles, spanning thousands of years.

Wood as a Common Material: As with the Chinese, the most popular material used by the Japanese is wood. Stone and other materials were not often used because of the presence of earthquakes. Unlike Chinese Architecture, the Japanese did not paint the wood, instead leaving it bare so show the grain.

Screens and sliding doors: The shoji and fusuma are the screens and sliding doors are used in Japanese buildings to divide chambers within the house. The screens were made of light wood and thin parchment, allowing light through the house. The screens and sliding doors were heavier when they where used to shutter off outside features.

Tatami: Tatami mats are used within Japanese households to blanket the floors. They were made of rice straw and rush straw, laid down to cushion the floor.

Verandas: It is a common feature in older Japanese buildings to see a veranda along the outside of the house. Sometimes called an engawa, it acted as an outdoor corridor, often used for resting in.

Genkan: The Genkan was a sunken space between the front door and the rest of the house. This area is meant to separate the home from the outside and is where shoes are discarded before entering.

Nature: As both the Shinto and Buddhist beliefs are great influences upon architecture, there is a strong presence of nature with the architecture. Wood is used for this reason and natural light is prevalent with in the home. The orientation is meant to reflect the best view of the world.

Indian Architecture

India is an architectural goldmine. There are dozens of styles of architecture in the country, some spanning back thousands of years, influenced by other cultures making a heady stew of different styles all as beautiful and striking as the last.

Mughal Architecture: The Mughal architecture blends influences from Islamic, Persian along with native Indian. It was popular between the 16th century -18th century when India was ruled by Mughal Emperors. The Taj Mahal is the best example of this.

Indo-Saracenic Revival Architecture: Indo Saracenic Revival mixes classical Indian architecture, Indo-Islamic architecture, neo-classical and Gothic revival of the 1800s.

Cave Architecture: The cave architecture is probably one of the oldest and most impressive styles of Indian architecture. In third century BC, monks carved temples and buildings into the rock of caves.

Rock-Cut Architecture: The Rock-cut is similar to the cave style, only that the rock cut is carved from a single hunk of natural rock, shaped into buildings and sprawling temples, all carved and set with statues.

Vesara Architecture: Vesara style prevalent in medieval period in India. It is a mixture of the Dravida and the Nagara styles. The tiers of the Vesara style are shorter than the other styles.

Dravidian Architecture: The Dravidian is the southern temple architectural style. The Kovils are an example of prime Dravidian architecture. These monuments are of carved stone, set up in a step like towers like with statues of deities and other important figures adorning them.

Kalinga Architecture: The Kalinga style is the dominant style in the eastern Indian provinces. The Kalinga style is famous for architectural stipulations, iconography and connotations and heavy depictions of legends and myths.

Sikh Architecture: Sikh architecture is probably the most intricate and popular of the styles here. Sikh architecture is famous for its soft lines and details.

Romanesque (6th -11th century/12th)

Romanesque Architecture is a span between the end of Roman Empire to the Gothic style. Taking inspiration from the Roman and Byzantine Empires, the Romanesque period incorporates many of the styles.

Rounded arches: It is here that we see the last of the rounded arches famous in the classical Roman style until the Renaissance. The rounded arches are very popular in this period especially in churches and cathedrals. The rounded arches were often set alongside each other in continuous rows with columns in between.

Details: The most common details are carved floral and foliage symbols with the stonework of the Romanesque buildings. Cable mouldings or twisted rope-like carvings would have framed doorways.

Pillars: The Romanesque columns is commonly plainer than the classical columns, with ornate captials and plain bases. Most columns from this time are rather thick and plain.

Barrel Vaults: A barrel vaulted ceiling is formed when a curved ceiling or a pair of curves (in a pointed ceiling). The ceiling looks rather like half a tunnel, completely smooth and free of ribs, stone channels to strengthen the weight of the ceiling.

Arcading: An arcade is a row of arches in a continual row, supported by columns in a colonnade. Exterior arcades acted as a sheltered passage whilst inside arcades or blind arcades, are set against the wall the arches bricked, the columns and arches protruding from the wall.

Gothic Architecture (12th Century - 16th Century)

The Gothic Architectural style is probably one of the beautiful of the styles on this list and one of most recognisable. The Gothic style is a dramatic, opposing sight and one of the easiest to describe.

Pointed arch: The Gothic style incorporates pointed arches, in the windows and doorways. The arches were likely inspired by pre-Islamic architecture in the east.

Ribbed vault: The ribbed vault of the Gothic age was constructed of pointed arches. The trick with the ribbed vaulted ceiling, is that the pointed arches and channels to bear the weight of the ceiling.

Buttresses: The flying buttress is designed to support the walls. They are similar to arches and are connected to counter-supports fixed outside the walls.

Stained-Glass Window: This is probably one of the most recognisable and beautiful of the Gothic features. They can be set in round rose windows or in the pointed arches.

Renaissance Architecture (15th Century- 17th Century)

Renaissance architecture was inspired by Ancient Roman and Greek Architecture. Renaissance Architecture is Classical on steroids but has its own flare. The Renaissance was a time for colour and grandeur.

Columns and pilasters: Roman and Greek columns were probably the greatest remix of the Renaissance period. The architecture of this period incorporated the five orders of columns are used: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. The columns were used to hold up a structure, support ceilings and adorn facades. Pilasters were columns within a chamber, lining the walls for pure decoration purposes.

Arches: Arches are rounded in this period, having a more natural semi-circular shape at its apex. Arches were a favourite feature of the style, used in windows, arcades or atop columns.

Cupola: Is a small dome-like tower atop a bigger dome or a rooftop meant to allow light and air into the chamber beneath.

Vaulted Ceiling/Barrel Vault: Renaissance vaulted ceilings do not have ribs. Instead they are semi-circular in shape, resting upon a square plain rather than the Gothic preference of rectangular. The barrel vault held by its own weight and would likely be coated in plaster and painted.

Domes: The dome is the architectural feature of the Renaissance. The ceiling curves inwards as it rises, forming a bowl like shape over the chamber below. The dome's revival can be attributed to Brunelleschi and the Herculean feat of placing a dome on the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore. The idea was later copied by Bramante who built St. Peter's Basilica.

Frescos: To decorate the insides of Renaissance buildings, frescos (the art of applying wet paint to plaster as it dries) were used to coat the walls and ceilings of the buildings. The finest frescos belong to Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel.

Baroque (1625–1750)

Baroque incorporates some key features of Renaissance architecture, such as those nice columns and domes we saw earlier on. But Baroque takes that to the next level. Everything is higher, bigger, shinier, brighter and more opulent. Some key features of Baroque palaces and buildings would be:

Domes: These domes were a common feature, left over from the Renaissance period. Why throw out a perfectly good bubble roof, I ask you? But Baroque domes were of course, grander. Their interiors were were nearly always painted or gilded, so it drew the eye upwards which is basically the entire trick with Baroque buildings. Domes were not always round in this building style and Eastern European buildings in Poland and Ukraine for example sport pear-shaped domes.

Solomonic columns: Though the idea of columns have been about for years but the solomonic columns but their own twist on it. These columns spiral from beginning to end, often in a s-curved pattern.

Quadratura: Quadratura was the practice of painting the ceilings and walls of a Baroque building with trompe-l'oeil. Most real life versions of this depict angels and gods in the nude. Again this is to draw the eye up.

Mirrors: Mirrors came into popularity during this period as they were a cool way to create depth and light in a chamber. When windows faced the mirrors on the wall, it creates natural light and generally looks bitchin'. Your famous example is the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles.

Grand stairways: The grand sweeping staircases became popular in this era, often acting as the centre piece in a hall. The Baroque staircase would be large and opulent, meant for ceremonies and to smoother guests in grandeur.

Cartouche: The cartouche is a design that is created to add some 3D effect to the wall, usually oval in shape with a convex surface and edged with scrollwork. It is used commonly to outline mirrors on the wall or crest doorways just to give a little extra opulence.

Neoclassical (1750s-19th century)

The Neoclassical Period involved grand buildings inspired by the Greek orders, the most popular being the Doric. The main features of Neoclassical architecture involve the simple geometric lines, columns, smooth walls, detailing and flat planed surfaces. The bas-reliefs of the Neoclassical style are smoother and set within tablets, panels and friezes. St. Petersburg is famous for the Neoclassical styles brought in under the reign of Catherine the Great.

Greek Revival (late 18th and early 19th century)

As travel to other nations became easier in this time period, they became to get really into the Ancient Greek aesthetic. During this architectural movement they brought back the gabled roof, the columns and the entablature. The Greek Revival was more prevalent in the US after the Civil War and in Northern Europe.

Hope this helps somewhat @marril96

[wansoleha-blog]

Corinthian Capital with Entablatnre from the Pantheon at Rome

[gemsofgreece]

Gabriel Traveler, a youtube travel vlogger that has been to Greece several times, mostly in the islands, visits the city of Ancient Pella, in Macedonia, Greece. This is the birthplace of Alexander the Great and the ancient capital of the Macedonian Kingdom. Gabriel visits the site of the ancient city which is full of ruins and very well preserved elaborate mosaics, then a random ancient fountain somewhere in the modern town and lastly the beautiful Archaeological Museum of Pella.

Even though he's been to Greece many times, Gabriel claims he is no expert in Greek history and he learns things as he travels. However, by observing the ancient sites, reading some info in the museums and on the internet and by using no more than common sense, Gabriel presents the history of Ancient Macedonia fairly accurately.

There are only three things I would like to comment on:

Gabriel says it is not exactly known what language Alexander spoke but it was some form / dialect of Ancient Greek. That's not wrong, just to be more specific: he spoke a form / dialect of Doric Greek. Doric Greek was also spoken by the Spartans, the Cretans, the Corinthians, the Thebans etc).

Gabriel says the words Greece / Greek are not accurate because they are Latin and the accurate ones are Hellas / Hellene / Hellenic. This is a common misconception. The names Greece / Greek are not Latin - they were popularized in Latin and spread through it, which is different. They were however both Greek in origin and they came to mean the exact same thing eventually so they are perfectly accurate and can be used without problem interchangeably with Hellas / Hellene / Hellenic.

Gabriel says Hellas got its name from Hellen, son of Zeus (or Deucalion) and progenitor of the Greeks but this is obviously just a myth that might or might not have its base on the tribe of the Hellenes who first inhabited the region of Phthia. The Hellenes were also called Myrmidones. (Achilles was a Myrmidon and a king of Phthia. ) According to Thucydides, their original leader was called Hellen hence they all became known as the Hellenes. Then already in the Homeric Age (1200 - 800 BC), the name was getting very popular, gradually representing more and more people that were to be known as the Greeks.