#Graham Wallas

[ps-ped-metod]

Nel 1926, Graham Wallas elaborò la teoria per fasi successive del processo creativo. Questa teoria divide il processo creativo in quattro fasi distinte:

1. preparazione,

2. incubazione,

3. illuminazione

4. verifica.

Wallas credeva che queste fasi si susseguissero in un ordine specifico e che fossero tutte necessarie per produrre idee creative.

[perfectuu]

10 Ways to Live a Happier Life

Happiness is often elusive for an unfortunate reason: our brains aren't wired that way. Instead, our brains have evolved to help us survive, protect ourselves, and stay safe. Sure, we have our moments of elation, as well as our periods of contentment and bliss. However, many of us are plagued by persistent negative emotions – we are simply stuck in the "blahs."

How can we bring more joy into our lives? It takes practice, just like anything else, to cultivate ongoing happiness. In some ways, we need to reset our baseline. It won't happen overnight, but here are the top 20 things you can do every day to unlock the secrets to a happier life.

1. Focus on positive thinking.

To find long-term happiness, you must retrain your brain to shift from a negative to a positive mindset. Try the following: Spend one to two minutes focusing on the positive aspects of your life. If you do this three times a day for 45 days, your brain will begin to do it automatically.

2. Rejoice in small victories.

Life is full of ups and downs, but in between we have a lot of little victories that go unnoticed. Take a moment to celebrate these small wins.

Like doing all your daily tasks

3. Strive for a work-life balance.

Work consumes much of our time, but it should not be the only thing we do. It is critical to pursue activities and interests outside of our jobs. Do you have a pastime? Are you spending time with your friends and family? Are you getting enough exercise? Creating balance in your life will reduce stress and provide you with additional opportunities to express yourself and have fun.

4. Exercise mindfulness.

Mindfulness is a type of meditation in which you focus on being intensely aware of what you're sensing and feeling in the moment, without interpretation or judgment. Practicing mindfulness involves breathing methods, guided imagery, and other practices to relax the body and mind and help reduce stress.

5. Be creative.

The creative process is the evolution of an idea into its final form through a progression of thoughts and actions. The creative process involves critical thinking and problem-solving skills. From songwriters to television producers, creative individuals generally go through five steps to bring their ideas to fruition—preparation, incubation, illumination, evaluation, and verification. These stages were first articulated by Graham Wallas, a social psychologist and co-founder of the London School of Economics who outlined the primary stages of the creative process in his 1926 book on creativity called The Art of Thought.

6. Do what you love.

It's difficult to maintain overall happiness if you despise your job. Don't waste your best years in a job that isn't fun, even if it pays the bills. What piques your interest? What are your true interests? Focus on developing a career that motivates you and provides you with a high level of satisfaction, and your happiness mindset will skyrocket.

7. Live in the moment.

Yes, living in the moment is good. Some think that living in the moment is all about spontaneity and living life to the fullest. That’s only one perception. Living in the moment is about experiencing the world around you as it happens without injecting thought into it. The benefit of living in the moment is that there’s no stress. Stress comes from thinking. However, when we live in the present, we are free of the judgment of thoughts, allowing us to experience inner peace. There’s a sense of calm in living in the moment making life exciting, beautiful, and free. 

8. Give back.

Be giving with both your time and your money. Donate to those in need. Give to those you care about. Those who give back exhibit selflessness and humanitarianism. Those who are generous with their money tend to be in good health, possibly because giving has a feel-good effect that reduces blood pressure and stress.

9. Surprise yourself.

It's difficult to be happy if you're bored or dissatisfied with your life. Feeling stimulated, interested, and a little surprised by life is part of feeling happy. So, push yourself to achieve goals that are outside of your comfort zone. Place yourself in unfamiliar or unexpected situations. Make goals for yourself and work hard to achieve them. And don't forget to have fun!

10. Stop worrying.

Constantly worrying about everything leads to toxic anxiety, a state in which your mind is consumed by negative, spiraling thoughts. Worries plague your mind, making you fearful and apprehensive about things over which you frequently have no control. We sometimes believe that if we worry enough, we will be able to prevent bad things from happening. But the truth is that when you're consumed by worry, you can't experience joy or even contentment.

[zerogate]

This certainty is characteristic of true intuition. The answers come with what psychologist Jerome Bruner calls “the shock of recognition”. They come suddenly and surprisingly, but fit so well that when the surprise wears off, we are left thinking, “Of course. It is obvious. How could I not have seen it all along?” And from that point on, the missing piece slots neatly into place, the picture is complete, the puzzle is solved and it is hard to remember what it felt like not to know the answer.

And this process of discovery is by no means unique to science. Mozart, in a letter to a friend, described his creative gift as one coming from outside himself.

When I am, as it were, completely myself, entirely alone, and of good cheer – say, travelling in a carriage, or walking after a good meal, or during the night when I cannot sleep; it is on such occasions that ideas flow best and most abundantly. Whence and how they come, I know not; nor can I force them … Nor do I hear in my imagination the parts successively but I hear them, as it were, all at once … The committing to paper is done quickly enough, for everything is already finished; and it rarely differs on paper from what it was in my imagination.

This enviable flow of inspiration, fully formed, was Mozart’s great glory – the result, it seems, of an unusual ability to sustain the intuitive moment beyond the brief flash that leaves most of us blinking and fumbling for answers that were clear in the moment of illumination, but seldom last long enough for us to put them into words or get them down on paper.

Bach had some of Mozart’s flair. “I play,” he said, “the notes in order, as they are written. It is God who makes the music.” Milton wrote that the Muse “dictated” to him the whole “unpremeditated song” that we now know as Paradise Lost. Robert Louis Stevenson dreamed the plot of Doctor Jekyll and Mister Hyde. Samuel Taylor Coleridge awoke with what he called “a distinct recollection” of the whole of “Kubla Khan”, which he wrote down without conscious effort, pausing only when interrupted by the infamous Visitor from Porlock. By the time that Coleridge returned to his room, the end of the poem was lost for ever. It had “passed away like the images on the surface of a stream into which a stone has been cast.” The flow was broken and the work remains tantalisingly incomplete.

The onset of such illumination has characteristic symptoms. We become subject to “cold chills”, “tingles”, “burning sensations” and “electric glows”. We get “gut reactions” and “feel things in our bones”. The reactions are visceral, but often have superficial symptoms. The poet A. E. Housman remained resolutely clean-shaven. “Experience has taught me,” he said, “when I am shaving of a morning, to keep watch over my thoughts, because if a line of poetry strays into my memory, my skin bristles so that the razor ceases to act.” Creative ideas are often preceded by intimations, by fuzzy feelings that something is about to happen.

These are well described by philosopher Graham Wallas as “a vague, almost physical, recurrent feeling as if my clothes did not quite fit me”.

-- Lyall Watson, Beyond Supernature

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 9.1 (before 1870)

1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time the seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated. 1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of Ancona by the forces of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. 1355 – King Tvrtko I of Bosnia writes In castro nostro Vizoka vocatum from the Old town of Visoki. 1449 – Tumu Crisis: The Mongols capture the Emperor of China. 1529 – The Spanish fort of Sancti Spiritu, the first one built in modern Argentina, is destroyed by indigenous people. 1532 – Lady Anne Boleyn is made Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England. 1604 – Adi Granth, now known as Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhs, is first installed at Harmandir Sahib. 1610 – Claudio Monteverdi's musical work Vespro della Beata Vergine (Vespers for the Blessed Virgin) is first published, printed in Venice and dedicated to Pope Paul V. 1644 – Battle of Tippermuir: James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose defeats the Earl of Wemyss's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause. 1645 – English Civil War. Scottish Covenanter forces abandon their month-long Siege of Hereford, a Cavalier stronghold, on news of Royalist victories in Scotland. 1715 – At the age of five, Louis XV becomes king of France in succession to his great-grandfather, King Louis XIV. 1763 – Catherine II of Russia endorses Ivan Betskoy's plans for a Foundling Home in Moscow. 1772 – The Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is founded in San Luis Obispo, California. 1774 – Massachusetts Bay colonists rise up in the bloodless Powder Alarm. 1804 – 3 Juno, one of the largest asteroids in the Main Belt, is discovered by the German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding. 1831 – The Order of St. Gregory the Great is established by Pope Gregory XVI of the Vatican State to recognize high support for the Vatican or for the Pope, by a man or a woman, and not necessarily a Roman Catholic. 1836 – Narcissa Whitman, one of the first English-speaking white women to settle west of the Rocky Mountains, arrives at Walla Walla, Washington. 1838 – Saint Andrew's Scots School, the oldest school of British origin in South America, is established. 1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Chantilly: Confederate Army troops defeat a group of retreating Union Army troops in Chantilly, Virginia. 1864 – American Civil War: The Confederate Army General John Bell Hood orders the evacuation of Atlanta, ending a four-month siege by General William Tecumseh Sherman.

[summarychannel]

A Zionist delegation visits Saudi territory... after Bin Salman expelled them from the Paris conference and a Saudi-American deal against China https://youtu.be/ETGs17K8nJo?si=7Ok7tjXiLdui6OFB   The latest news from Saudi Arabia today and the relationship between Saudi Arabia and the UAE after reports of disagreements between them and the reality of the start of Saudi-Israeli normalization  The latest news from Saudi Arabia and the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Bin Salman, new Saudi affairs presented by this episode of Samri ChannelThis new episode of Samri Channel devotes its time to discussing developments in Saudi-Israeli normalization.

Starting with the report of the British newspaper the Financial Times, which confirmed the arrival of an Israeli delegation to Saudi territory to attend the UNESCO heritage conservation conference organized by the latter, two months after the report of the American website Axios, which confirmed Riyadh’s refusal to grant visas to the Israeli delegation. This Saudi statement comes approximately two days after the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia announced through Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud that his country had signed an agreement to establish an economic corridor linking India with Europe through a network linking ports and railway lines passing through the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and then Israel, in A step that was considered the beginning of a certain upcoming Saudi-Israeli normalization between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Hebrew state.

On the other hand, well-known Republican Senator Lindsey Graham began a campaign within the corridors of his right-wing party to persuade the party's most powerful members, former President Donald Trump, to support Saudi-Israeli normalization, which is the same step that Trump's son-in-law, Jared Kushner, is currently taking.

The episode also refers to US-Saudi cooperation to counter expansion from China. After the economic corridor linking India and Europe as an alternative to the Chinese Belt and Road initiative, Washington intends to include Riyadh with it in the Libeto corridor project that links east and west southern regions of the African continent, and it will facilitate the transfer of precious metals, especially cobalt used in the manufacture of electric car batteries, to Europe, a step by which the United States will remove China from its monopoly over 90% of the cobalt trade in the world.

And we had already talked about the incident of Saudi Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman expelling the Israeli delegation that traveled to Paris to support the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's bid to organize Expo 2030 in the Saudi capital, Riyadh. A report broadcast by the Hebrew Walla Agency said that the Israeli delegation consisted of two members, one of whom was Haim Asraf, Ambassador of Tel Aviv to UNESCO, and the second, Eliezer Cohen, responsible for the Expo at the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

#Saudi Arabia #America #Israel

[upseducation]

History Of The Day - May 31

Graham Wallas was born. He was a British psychologist. He is best known for his prominent work on the creative thinking process and the stages of problem-solving. Wallas emphasized the importance of preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification in the creative process.

#psychologystudents #psychology #psychologytips #psychologytoday #psychologyfacts #psychologystudent #clinicalpsychology #psychologyfacts #psychologist #psychological #ugcnet #psychotherapy #psychologymajor #psychologyquotes #psychologytricks #mphil #arvindotta

[kevlo75]

Founded in 1895 by Fabian Society members Sidney Webb, Beatrice Webb, Graham Wallas, and George Bernard Shaw, the London School of Economics and Political Science LSE joined the University of London in 1900 and established its first degree courses under the auspices of the university in 1901. #lse #london (à London School Of Economics (LSE)) https://www.instagram.com/p/Cp7QEp0LYd3/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[mybeautifulchristianjourney]

Today in Christian History

Today is Thursday, September 1st, the 244th day of 2022. There are 121 days left in the year.

Today’s Highlight in History:

256: North African bishops vote unanimously that Christians who were baptized by rival sects must be rebaptized upon reentering the catholic church. The vote leads to a war of words between the North Africans and Rome, where Bishop Stephen (pope) disagrees. Eventually the worldwide church accepts the position held by Stephen.

1680: Beheading of Angelis, a young goldsmith in Constantinople who had shown little seriousness toward his faith. However, when confronted with the choice to convert to Islam or lose his life, he had boldly confessed Christ.

1687: Death at Cambridge, England, of Dr. Henry More, a theologian and philosopher deeply interested in mystical questions regarding spiritual beings, apologetics, and union with God, as well as more standard philosophical and scientific topics. He had communicated with many thinkers of repute in his day, including Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, and Rene Descartes.

1784: Shortly after four in the morning, John Wesley meets with Thomas Coke and James Creighton, presbyters of the Church of England, to ordain Richard Whatcoat and Thomas Vasey as deacons for America. The following day they will ordain Whatcoat and Vasey as elders (Presbyters) and appoint Coke as Superintendent  (Bishop) for America.

1803: The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge is instituted in Boston, the first tract society established in North America.

1836: When missionaries Marcus Whitman, H. H. Spalding, and their wives reach Walla Walla, Washington, Eliza Spaulding and Narcissa Whitman are the first white women to have crossed the North American continent.

1901: Death of Isabella Thoburn from Asiatic cholera. She had been a notable missionary-educator.

1923: Jessie Wengler, an Assemblies of God missionary in Japan, experiences an earthquake and flees to a bamboo grove for safety.

1936: Death of Lewis E. Jones, YMCA leader. He wrote the hymn tune POWER IN THE BLOOD ( “Would You Be Free from Your Burden of Sin?”).

1940: Death in Manila of Gregorio Aglipay, the main founder and first bishop of the Philippine Independent Church (Iglesia Filipina Independiente).

1957: At a massive rally in Times Square, Billy Graham concludes his sixteen-week New York City evangelistic crusade in New York City, attended by nearly two million people.

1970: Mei Yibao begins serving as president of the New Asia College of the Chinese University in Hong Kong. A Christian, he had served as traveling secretary for the YMCA for a year and had led Yanching University, a Christian institution, during the difficult days of Japanese occupation.

1975: Martyrdom in Boniato Prison of Gerardo Gonzalez Alvarez, a Cuban Bible preacher.

2018: A mob of nearly 1,000 Islamists attacks Christians gathered in a home to pray in Dimshaw, Egypt. The mob claims that the Christians don’t have a license, and a rumor spreads that they are on the verge of building a new church. Only twenty-five attackers are arrested and the court will release twenty-one of them.

[michaeltreco]

Michael Treco Discusses Creative Blocks and Methods To Overcome Them

A creative block, otherwise known as an artist’s block, can refer to any situation where a person is unable to access and channel their inner creative side. Whether this block takes place during a painting session, while writing a poem, or directing a play, these creative blocks can last days, months, and even years, drastically impacting artists’ careers. Artist Michael Treco is no stranger to creative blocks and, over the years, has developed different strategies and steps for overcoming these challenging periods. Below, Michael Treco will share some of his most successful strategies for moving past creative blocks.

Try to Figure Out Why You Are Stuck

Before overcoming a creative block, it is essential that artists first consider what could be causing the block. Are you unsure you want to continue with your artistic style? Do you doubt your artistic abilities? Or are you simply overworked and need a break? Whatever the reason, realizing the source of the block is the best way to help move past it and prevent future creative blocks from happening in the future.

Create a Schedule and Keep Yourself Accountable

Even if the reason for your dry spell is that you are overworked, it is still important to keep your routine going, even if it means spending less time on your art. According to various psychological studies, artists and writers who stick to a routine not only increase their output but increase their generation of creative ideas. In fact, in a study conducted by Elsevier, it was found that artists who were experiencing creative block were less likely to end their dry spell if they waited for inspiration or completely stopped working.

Give Yourself Time

A creative block can span anywhere between hours to days. It is important to note that if you find yourself staring blankly at a page for hours on end, it is ok to take a break and come back to your work. Moving to a new environment or starting a new activity may just be what you need to see your problem in another light and inspire future work. English psychologist Graham Wallas once published what he believes to be the four stages of the creative process: preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification. If Wallas’ theory is to be believed, then the preparation stage, in which artists research, plan, and become inspired away from their work, is necessary for artistic creation. For this reason, Michael Treco recommends those experiencing creative block take time away from their work and look for different ways to be inspired.

[carpisuns]

Hi! I love your post about creativity taking a hibernation and I wanted to tell you that Graham Wallas wrote about four stages of a creative process in 1926 and one of the stages was incubation where you’re supposed to not do anything and let your ideas play around consciously and unconsciously!

Taking breaks in creation is encouraged!!

Oh hi! Are you talking about this post? I’m not the OP—I just reblogged it. But you are so right!! That makes so much sense. I have found that sometimes I hit a wall and I feel creatively blocked in either art or writing (or sometimes both, which sucks extra hard, lol), and when that happens I feel like my level of effort doesn’t really matter—my brain has just decided that it simple cannot do this thing right now. So at one point I just decided to listen to my brain and take a break. And it really does make a huge difference! When you try to work through a block, everything is frustrating and discouraging and you’re kind of setting yourself up for failure. I used to feel bad when I went for a while without posting, and I still kind of do, but I’ve come to think of creative breaks as turning a device off and back on again when it’s acting up, or going to sleep when you’re tired and waking up refreshed. I don’t think our brains are made to go, go, go all the time, and while content creation is fun and fulfilling, it can also be draining! So yes, breaks are good! I love the concept you mentioned about how your brain plays around with your ideas unconsciously while you’re resting it. I guess that’s why I end up accidentally planning fics in the shower slakjdfasjlf

Thanks for the insight! And @ content creators—be kind to yourself! Rest when you need to. Fandom can be so fast paced and it can be stressful and overwhelming to keep up, especially when it seems like other creators are churning out tons of content really fast, but it’s 100% okay to work slowly and take breaks. For me, at least, taking time to consume content and admire other creators’ work and engage in the creative community is just as important to my development as actually creating content! I am hugely inspired by other creators and enjoying their work helps me produce better work of my own 💜

[gravalicious]

If [J.B.S.] Haldane’s opinions were sui generis, they would be of only minor interest. But far from expressing views that were unique Haldane’s linked beliefs in socialism, inequality, and eugenics were widely shared on the left, particularly amongst Marxists and Fabians with scientific interests. Beatrice and Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw, Havelock Ellis, Eden and Cedar Paul, H.J. Laski, Graham Wallas, Emma Goldman, H.G. Wells, Edward Aveling, Julian Huxley, Joseph Needham, C.P. Snow, H.G. Muller and Paul Kammerer-to note just some of the more prominent figures-all advocated (though in varying forms; some “positive” and some “negative,” some here and now and some only in the socialist future) the improvement of the genetic stock of the human race through selective breeding.[3] It was Shaw who argued that “there is now no reasonable excuse for refusing to face the fact that nothing but a eugenic religion can save our civilization,” Eden Paul that “unless the socialist is a eugenicist as well, the socialist state will speedily perish from racial degradation” and H.J. Laski that “the different rates of fertility in the sound and pathological stocks point to a future swamping of the better by the worse. As a nation, we are faced by race suicide.”[4] In the approximate half-century separating the work of Galton from the rise of fascism (which more than any other factor was responsible for the collapse of socialist enthusiasm for eugenics), such views were common.

Diane Paul - Eugenics and the Left [Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 45, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1984), pp. 567-590]

[ps-ped-metod]

Joy Guilford, Graham Wallas e Alex Osborn sono tre figure chiave nel campo della psicologia e dell'educazione che hanno sviluppato approcci teorici riguardanti la creatività.

Joy Guilford è noto per aver introdotto la Struttura dell'intelletto (SOI), modello che include la creatività come una delle abilità cognitive fondamentali.

Graham Wallas, uno dei fondatori della psicologia sociale, ha proposto un modello a quattro fasi del processo creativo: preparazione, incubazione, illuminazione e verifica.

Alex Osborn, il padre del brainstorming, ha contribuito alla comprensione della creatività con il suo modello di pensiero divergente, che enfatizza la generazione di idee nuove e originali.

[sydneysokora]

Design Writing 1

Sydney Sokora

ARTC 1302

Professor Kim

October 12, 2019

          Without design, where would we be as a society? Nowhere. Without design, we wouldn’t have safe cars (air bags), an easy way to keep catalogs of items (bar codes), or a way to adhere things to one another (tape/glue). Our world would be unorganized, unsafe, and inconvenient. The people who generated these ideas used various processes such as creative thinking and design thinking to come up with these innovations.

          Creative thinking takes time. For some, ideas come easily with some focused thinking. For others, it takes a plan for creativity. In the book, The Art of Thought by Graham Wallas, the author delivers a four-stage process of creative thinking. The first stage is preparation. In this stage, your goal is to research and find out everything you can about your problem or topic (“Creative Thinking Process”). Second, you let your brain fully process all the information you found in stage one through “incubation” (“Creative Thinking Process”). Illumination, the “Aha moment”, is stage three in the process. This idea appears when you are least expecting it and can give you an “emotional reaction of joy” (“Creative Thinking Process”). The final stage in the process is verification. In this stage, you want to evaluate, test, and hopefully verify the idea” that you received in the third stage. While this is not a fool proof way of generating ideas, it is very helpful for many of people when you feel like you might be stuck.

          Design thinking is similar to creative thinking in the way that they both require the person involved to explore all perspectives of the issue. However, design thinking is “a design methodology that provides a solution-based approach to solving problems” (Dam). Just like creative thinking, design thinking has a process. The first stage is to empathize. In this stage, you will be doing in-field research, meeting with experts in order to find out more about your problem. The goal is to immerse yourself in the environment, so you can empathize with people and be able to better appreciate their experiences (Dam). Secondly, you must “define the problem” (Dam). Once you’ve reached an understanding of your user, you will begin generating ideas in the third stage, ideate (Dam). In the fourth stage, the designer will create a prototype in order to experiment with the product and discover any adjustments that need to be made (Dam). Lastly, you will “test the complete product using the best solutions identified during the prototyping phase” (Dam). The design thinking process is a very useful tool when trying to determine solutions to design related problems.

          Creative thinking and design thinking are responsible for some of the world’s greatest inventions. These ways of processing information for a problem or issue have helped many understand what it is like to think like a creative designer. As a society, we will continue to come up with new ideas and innovations that help humans live simply.

“Creative Thinking Process.” The Peak Performance Center, thepeakperformancecenter.com/educational-learning/thinking/types-of-thinking-2/creative-thinking-process/.

Dam, Rikke, and Teo Siang. “5 Stages in the Design Thinking Process.” The Interaction Design Foundation, The Interaction Design Foundation, 26 Jan. 2019, www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/5-stages-in-the-design-thinking-process.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 9.1

1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time the seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated. 1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of Ancona by the forces of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. 1355 – King Tvrtko I of Bosnia writes In castro nostro Vizoka vocatum from the Old town of Visoki. 1449 – Tumu Crisis: The Mongols capture the Emperor of China. 1529 – The Spanish fort of Sancti Spiritu, the first one built in modern Argentina, is destroyed by indigenous people. 1532 – Lady Anne Boleyn is made Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England. 1604 – Adi Granth, now known as Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhs, is first installed at Harmandir Sahib. 1610 – Claudio Monteverdi's musical work Vespro della Beata Vergine (Vespers for the Blessed Virgin) is first published, printed in Venice and dedicated to Pope Paul V. 1644 – Battle of Tippermuir: James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose defeats the Earl of Wemyss's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause. 1645 – English Civil War. Scottish Covenanter forces abandon their month-long Siege of Hereford, a Cavalier stronghold, on news of Royalist victories in Scotland. 1715 – At the age of five, Louis XV becomes king of France in succession to his great-grandfather, King Louis XIV. 1763 – Catherine II of Russia endorses Ivan Betskoy's plans for a Foundling Home in Moscow. 1772 – The Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is founded in San Luis Obispo, California. 1774 – Massachusetts Bay colonists rise up in the bloodless Powder Alarm. 1804 – 3 Juno, one of the largest asteroids in the Main Belt, is discovered by the German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding. 1831 – The Order of St. Gregory the Great is established by Pope Gregory XVI of the Vatican State to recognize high support for the Vatican or for the Pope, by a man or a woman, and not necessarily a Roman Catholic. 1836 – Narcissa Whitman, one of the first English-speaking white women to settle west of the Rocky Mountains, arrives at Walla Walla, Washington. 1838 – Saint Andrew's Scots School, the oldest school of British origin in South America, is established. 1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Chantilly: Confederate Army troops defeat a group of retreating Union Army troops in Chantilly, Virginia. 1864 – American Civil War: The Confederate Army General John Bell Hood orders the evacuation of Atlanta, ending a four-month siege by General William Tecumseh Sherman. 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Sedan is fought, resulting in a decisive Prussian victory. 1873 – Cetshwayo ascends to the throne as king of the Zulu nation following the death of his father Mpande. 1878 – Emma Nutt becomes the world's first female telephone operator when she is recruited by Alexander Graham Bell to the Boston Telephone Dispatch Company. 1880 – The army of Mohammad Ayub Khan is routed by the British at the Battle of Kandahar, ending the Second Anglo-Afghan War. 1894 – Over 400 people die in the Great Hinckley Fire, a forest fire in Hinckley, Minnesota. 1897 – The Tremont Street Subway in Boston opens, becoming the first underground rapid transit system in North America.

1923 – The Great Kantō earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama, killing about 105,000 people. 1939 – World War II: Germany and Slovakia invade Poland, beginning the European phase of World War II. 1939 – J. Robert Oppenheimer and his student Hartland Snyder publish the Oppenheimer–Snyder model, proving for the first time in contemporary physics how black holes could develop. 1961 – TWA Flight 529 crashed shortly after takeoff from Midway Airport in Chicago, killing all 78 people on board. At the time, it was the deadliest single plane disaster in U.S. history. 1967 – Six-Day War: The Khartoum Resolution is issued at the Arab Summit, and eight countries adopt the "three 'no's against Israel". 1969 – A coup in Libya brings Muammar Gaddafi to power. 1973 – A 76-hour multinational rescue effort in the Celtic Sea resulted in the Rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman. 1974 – The SR-71 Blackbird sets (and holds) the record for flying from New York to London in the time of one hour, 54 minutes and 56.4 seconds at a speed of 1,435.587 miles per hour (2,310.353 km/h). 1981 – Central African President David Dacko is ousted from power in a bloodless military coup led by General André Kolingba. 1982 – The United States Air Force Space Command is founded. 1983 – Cold War: Korean Air Lines Flight 007 is shot down by a Soviet Union jet fighter when the commercial aircraft enters Soviet airspace, killing all 269 on board, including Congressman Lawrence McDonald. 2004 – The Beslan school siege begins when armed terrorists take schoolchildren and school staff hostage in North Ossetia, Russia; by the end of the siege, three days later, more than 385 people are dead (including hostages, other civilians, security personnel and terrorists). 2008 – Iraq War: The United States Armed Forces transfers control of Anbar Province to the Iraqi Armed Forces.

[cynecrsco]

Creative Thinking and Where It Takes Us

The idea of creative thinking is a tedious process to some, and to others it is an absolute necessity. This isn’t to say the process of creative thinking isn’t necessary, it’s just that some find it more beneficial to include this process to their overall strategy and mechanics of what is involved in conceptual ideation and production. Some people like to get straight into it and start creating without much to go on and make decisions and revise as they go on. And others prefer to go step by step as they create and ideate so that each phase is thoroughly thought out and a structed and constructed idea is generated. If a designer chooses to go down this path, there are four steps that are included. Preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification.

In the preparation phase, the main goals are to identify the problem, and goals that a designer or team aim to solve and achieve. Gathering information and conducting thorough research are key to feeding the materials a designer needs to solve problems. Brainstorming as much as possible to find ensure absolute accuracy that the problem is solved, and all requests of the user and client are met. During the preparation phase, the problem is as Graham Wallas said, “investigated in all directions”. This next phase is called incubation. It has been commonly referred to as a period of unconscious processing and taking a moment to step back from the information and research gathered. The purpose of this it to intentionally let the mind wander and involuntarily let ideas and solutions slip into your brain.

During the preparation phase so many ideas are being generated so the goal during the incubation phase is to reduce the interference of these thoughts and let them marinate naturally. While the designer or creative is going about their daily activities, the contemplation of generated ideas will subconsciously and ongoingly organize themselves. After the incubation period occurs, the phase of illumination arrives. During this transfer of steps, the ideas that may have seen blurred and obscure are now clear, and the solution is developed matured. The idea that has been tumbling around in the designer’s brain is now at the moment where it all makes sense. Graphic designer Paula Scher has likened this phase to the winning alignment of a slot machine, saying, “the same kind of chance-opportunism masquerading as serendipity that fuels much scientific discovery.”

The final phase of this entire process is the verification production. This point in creative thinking entails the removal and narrowing down of all ideas that aren’t exactly the best solution for the problem.  The idea is to reduce and idea to its exact form and demonstrate whether it satisfies the solutions and ideas generated in the preparation phase. The verification and preparation phase are connected in a sense that they talk to one another in a conscious and deliberate effort to test the validity of the idea and its final and reduced form. Also, during this stage Kaufman warns that, “you’re not done”, and that “some of the greatest creative ideas of all time can easily be lost because they’re not packaged right way or consumable”.

At the conclusion of this process, the designer will be able to determine of the solution is suitable for the problem that was established in the first phase. Like mentioned in the beginning, this process isn’t always a necessary tool for a designer, and it will either be a hindrance to some, or greatly beneficial to others. The main idea behind this process is that if it is followed thoroughly and thoughtfully, a viable solution will be produced and the structure behind it is solid without flaws.

Works Cited:

“The Art of Thought”

Popova, Maria. “The Art of Thought: A Pioneering 1926 Model of the Four Stages of Creativity.” Brain Pickings, 30 Jan. 2016, www.brainpickings.org/2013/08/28/the-art-of-thought-graham-wallas-stages/.

“How to Think Like a Great Graphic Designer”

“How to Think Like a Great Graphic Designer by Debbie Millman.” Goodreads, Goodreads, 30 Oct. 2007, www.goodreads.com/book/show/426289.How_to_Think_Like_a_Great_Graphic_Designer.

“The Four Stages of Creativity”

Stillman, Jessica. “The 4 Stages of Creativity.” Inc.com, Inc., 1 Oct. 2014, www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/the-4-stages-of-creativity.html.