#Genus: Setophaga

[haveyouseenthisanimal-irl]

[proton-wobbler]

Genus: Setophaga

Originally, this genus was only used for the American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). Meaning 'moth-eater', it was used to refer to the flycatcher-like habits of the American Restart, which sallies forth from a perch to catch flying insects rather than plucking them from vegetation.

In 2010, however, a newly published paper disrupted what was thought of Parulidae taxonomy. Using a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family, several genus were merged into Setophaga. Not only that, but a separate genus of warbler was cleaved in two based on the findings.

The Hooded Warbler was previously listed under the genus Wilsonia along with Wilson's Warbler and Canada Warbler. They had even been in an obsolete genus together before this (Sylvania), though this was changed to Wilsonia for other reasons. The 2010 study showed that Wilsonia was polyphyletic, meaning the group may share similar traits, but do not share a common ancestor. Hooded Warbler was moved to Setophaga and Wilson's and Canada Warbler were placed into Cardellina, an existing genus with Red-faced, Pink-headed, and Red Warbler.

The two Parula species were also folded into Setophaga as a result of the 2010 study. The Northern and Tropical Parula were originally the only two members of this genus, with the Northern Parula being the type-specimen of New World Warblers as a whole. I find that a bit ironic, as they are one of the smallest warblers and show quite an unusual color patter when compared to the rest of Parulidae, but I don't exactly know how type-specimen are chosen.

The largest genus to be merged with Setophaga was Dendroica. When I first began learning species names, I was familiar with this as the genus for most warblers. Due to the way taxonomic names work, the name which was published first takes precedent in these merging scenarios. So, despite the fact Dendroica had around 30 species and Setophaga had just 1, Setophaga was published first in 1827 (Dendroica in 1842).

In summary, Setophaga went from just a single species to now being the largest in the Parulid family, holding 34 species!

Image Sources: AMRE (Dan Pancamo); HOWA (Ninahale); NOPA (Dan Pancamo); MAWA (Cephas)

[empidonax]

okay so I went through and tested a bunch of urls... none of the ones I was thinking of were available, oh well, so now I have to figure this out lol. I don't want to misspell/leetspeak a scientific name, so I only tried genus-species names or one or the other. here are my options!

[stranger-nature]

Birdtober Day 29 - Warbler: Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia)

The most widespread warbler in their genus, the Yellow Warbler is a charismatic bird with a beautiful song that is often said to sound like "sweet-sweet-I'm-so-sweet!"

[fatchance]

Yellow-rumped warbler (Setophaga coronata) at an Ash Canyon feeder.

Etymology note: the genus name Setophaga is derived from Greek roots meaning moth-eating. Moths are currently in short supply, so the yellow-rumps are happy to gorge on our home-made suet cakes. 

I will provide the recipe for Ash Canyon suet cakes in an adjacent post.

[rjalker]

setophaga warblers (a genus of birds) are all super cool. wtf.

https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=any&subview=map&taxon_id=10246&view=species

[norfolknaturalist]

MACGREGOR POINT OBSERVATIONS

Two weeks ago (May 18-21), we took a trip to MacGregor Point Provincial Park. Today’s post is going to be a highlight of the animal observations/encounters that we had that weekend.

We awoke early the first morning of our stay and looked at the grey skies that promised rain. Hoping to spot some wildlife beneath the somber dawn sky, we set off on the Tower Trail. Our early start was rewarded with the sight of a strange animal resting in a tree.

It was a mammal with spines, and the second largest rodent in North America (only beaten by the Beaver): a North American Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum). After consuming some buds and plants that it foraged in the night it found a perch to rest in for the day, one that seemed awfully thin for the size of the animal.

Further down the trail, we moved through various ponds until the horizon opened into spreading wetlands filled with reeds and bordered by grasses and trees. Here, the red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were in abundance, uttering their O-ka-leeeee calls from their various perches. We saw males with their velvet black plumage offset by epaulets of red-and-yellow, and we also occasionally spotted the much more camouflaged females. On our last morning camping, we saw one of the females and believed it to be a different species of marsh-bird, but later came to the realization that it was a female red-winged blackbird.

Male (top) and Female (bottom) Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus).

Mixed with the sounds of the blackbirds, were the trumpeting calls of the Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), always the loudest birds present. As we were leaving the wetlands, we heard a strange call and a bird departing the marsh. We were able to snap a quick picture of it and now believe it’s a Great Egret (Ardea alba).

Our fleeting glimpse of a Great Egret (Ardea alba).

Throughout our stay, our campsite was host to several small, flitting birds that would rarely sit still. Every time the eyes caught one in full view the birds would then dart off again, a streak of orange flickering through the branches of the tree like an avian fire. We were barely able to take some pictures of these quick warblers foraging among the branches. They were American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla), who had returned from their wintering grounds in Central America and northern South America. Like the Red-wings, the male and female birds look very different- the male sporting a dark coat with orange dashes on the wings and chest, and the female a gray-white with yellow patches on the sides.

Male (top) and Female (bottom) American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla). The pictures unfortunately do not capture their boundless energy.

Beneath clear skies the next day, we set off on the Tower Trail once more, hearing and seeing the blackbirds again. On our way through the wetlands trail, we spotted another creature enjoying the warmth and sun: a Northern Watersnake (Nerodia sipedon).

Northern Watersnake (Nerodia sipedon) basking in the sun.

While visiting the trail near the Visitor’s Centre, we were in the right place to see a creature that resembles a mythical beast: a swimming Snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Snapping turtles are beautiful creatures and the one we saw moved very stealthily. Despite the clear waters, and the size of the reptile, it was difficult to keep track of its scaly skin among the water-plants as it slowly and gracefully swam through.

Also moving through the waters of the marsh were large tadpoles, with heads the size of a toonie or larger. Some were beginning to display the stubs of legs, but continued to swim in wriggling pollywog fashion, so unlike the athletic strokes of their adult frog legs.

Once back at our site, I had an itch to use my macro lens to capture some of the tiny creatures that abounded there. Turning over a piece of bark on the gravel of our site, no larger than my palm revealed a portion of a miniature society. Tiny orange-brown ants scurried frantically about. They were Temnothorax ants, which are also known as “acorn ants” because some species of Temnothorax house their entire colony within an acorn.

Temnothorax ants, tiny workers under a piece of bark.

I turned my gaze on equally tiny, but even more numerous inhabitants of our site. Everywhere one looked in the sun, dark specks that slowly moved or hopped about on the gravel, could be seen. To see them in their full was a delight to me. The specks were Springtails, and these were a quite different kind to the ones I had seen before in the snow and on the trail by our house. These Springtails were like tiny rabbits when one could view them up-close. They were Globular springtails (Order Symphypleona) and I’m fairly sure the species was the Garden Springtail (Bourletiella hortensis) or something closely related: 

For size context, see the following picture of a Woodlouse (Armadillium vulgare). In the bottom left corner, there is one of the little Springtails:

In my quest to focus the macro lens on these miniature creatures I inadvertently took a picture of something even smaller than an adult Springtail: a baby Springtail! 

As if to demonstrate fully the diversity of these tiny almost-insects, an entirely different species of Springtail was also rushing through the gravel: a member of the genus Orchesella, one of the Elongate Springtails: 

Right at the edge of our site, my friend Marshall sighted a beautiful snake with orange underbelly and stripes along its dark body. We thought it must be a rare species but it turned out to be a variant of the diverse Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophus sirtalis), which did nothing to diminish its beauty or wonder.

A beautiful Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis).

On our last day we went to the Visitor Center trail to feed the Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) from our hands, along with the occasional red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). Despite some of the rain and cloudy weather, we observed a variety of wild organisms at MacGregor Point and marveled at their diversity and beauty.

[4eternal-life]

Magnolia Warbler

ph © Dick Horsey

source © Rochester Birding Association

Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae Genus: Setophaga

[newtshirtcom]

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[kirkorth5198157-blog]

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[proton-wobbler]

I'm going to make an entire post ranting about how Yellow-rumped Warbler needs to be split into three different species and it's going to either be my magnum opus or it will be a garbled mess

[proton-wobbler]

Genus: Myioborus

Slate-throated Whitestart (type species)

Ahh the Whitestarts- or... Redstarts? Well- ok, it's a bit of both, really. "Start" is another word for "tail", and as far as optics go, all the birds in this genus have white feathers under their tails. Whitestart should be the name! And by IOC (International Ornithological Congress) standards, this is the case. But, Clements and the American Ornithological Society (AOS) use "redstart" as the common name, which is confusing on multiple levels. First of all, the name was originally given because of the resemblance to the American Redstart, which belongs in Setophaga- but that bird at least has a reddish tail! The second source of confusion is to a number of other "redstart" species which belong to the Muscicapidae family- the Old World Flycatchers. Changing the common name to "whitestart" all around would certainly simplify things, but in some cases tradition supersedes common sense when it comes to bird names.

The genus name translates to "fly eater", from muias for 'fly' and boros for 'devouring'. As far as warblers go, this is fairly common. Originally some European naturalists referred to the wood warblers as flycatchers, based on the jaunty sallies that many of the North American warblers do while capturing their prey and their superficial resemblance to Muscicapidae.

Whitestarts heavily inhabit the northern portion of South America, with some species trailing down the Andes and a few others coming up through Central and North America. The Painted Whitestart reaches into the United States, though just along the southwest border with Mexico. Their typical habitat preferences are mountain forest, woodland, and shrubs.

Painted Redstart

(for simplicity sake, I'll continue to use Painted Redstart as this bird's common name. Clements is the source for eBird/Merlin, etc., so most American birders will recognize this as a Painted Redstart, and it's already been featured on the blog as such. For the others, I'll be using 'Whitestart' in the polls, but tagging for both names)

[proton-wobbler]

Genus: Catharopeza

Whistling Warbler (Joseph Smit)

Originally described in Leucopeza, more recent genetic analysis suggested a split, as Whistling and Semper's Warbler are not sister species. Leucopeza has a relationship with another warbler genus, while Catharopeza is lies outside of the Setophaga clade. With katharos meaning 'bright', or 'clean' and peza as 'foot', we get "clean footed" or "bright footed", which I would assume is a reference to their pale legs. In the picture above, one might assume the black-and-white bird is a male and the brown-and-buff bird to be the female, but adults of this species share the same coloration. The browner bird is actually showing a young bird's plumage.

An endangered species, not much is written about the Whistling Warbler other than some descriptions of plumage and habitat. They seem to be very stout in body compared to other wood-warblers, but forage in a way similar to American Redstart.

[proton-wobbler]

Genus: Cardellina

Red-faced Warbler (type species)

This is a genus of cuties! It's an unbiased opinion, I promise, they're scientifically The Cutest Birds-- it's right there in the name! Cardella is an Italian name for the European Goldfinch, and Cardellina is the diminutive form! We humans tend to give those diminutive names to things we find so tiny and cute, so it must therefore be scientifically correct to call these a Cute Genus!

The genus was introduced in 1850, originally meant only to contain the Red-faced Warbler. The reason behind the name was due to the European Goldfinch also sporting a bright red face and the comparison between the two species. In 2010, four more species were added to the genus: Canada and Wilson's Warblers, of the previous Wilsonia, and the Red and Pink-faced Warblers, which have a more convoluted naming history. Red Warbler was originally placed in Setophaga, then moved to Cardellina, Basileuterus, and even to two old-world genuses (Sylvia and Parus) before settling into Ergaticus with Pink-faced Warbler for around a century. Pink-faced Warbler was originally assigned to Cardellina in 1864, then to Setophaga, then Ergaticus with its sister species before both of them were assigned back to Cardellina.

When comparing members of this species, the two Wilsonia additions feel almost out of place, with their traditionally yellow-and-gray bodies similar to other North American warblers, versus these red-and-pink cuties.

Canada Warbler

[proton-wobbler]

Genus: Leiothlypis

Tennessee Warbler (type species)

Another thlupis genus, with this one being fairly new to the scene. The genus was introduced in 2008, but denied official status until the more recent 2019 update of AOS's Check-list of North American Birds. The etymology comes from Leios, meaning "plain", and thlupis as that unknown, creeping bird mentioned by Aristotle, giving us "small, plain bird". That description is incredibly accurate with these six species.

These species were originally sorted into Vermivora, then into Oreothlypis. Their split from Vermivora was brought about in 2010 after genetic sequencing found that the three remaining species within that genus were more closely related to members of the Parula genus (who are now lumped into Setophaga), while Oreothlypis was to be split off on its own. The split into Leiothlypis then occurred in 2019, leaving the Flame-throated and Crescent-chested Warblers as the only members of Oreothlypis. Wild that these small, drab birds were ever lumped together with their flamboyantly-colored cousins.

[proton-wobbler]

Warbler Showdown!

All members of the New World Warbler family, Parulidae, fight for their chance to be called Top Warbler*! This will be a big mess of rounds and brackets, broken up by genus mostly. There's also an extra bracket of "used-to-be warblers"- any species which used to be included in Parulidae before various studies determined their place outside of this family group. (*of the Americas)

A summary of the brackets below and fully listed out at: Round 1

Brackets 1 & 2: Setophaga

Coming in at a whopping 36 species (depending on who you ask), Setophaga has been broken up over two brackets to help deal with the amount. For the special case of Yellow-rumped Warbler, it will be split into three subspecies, rather than being represented as a single, confusingly diverse species. These warblers are typically the most well-known in the states, especially during spring migration.

Bracket 3: Myiothlypis

The first group of a split South American genus. There are more species in this genus (seventeen total), which is why it comes first.

Bracket 4: Basileuterus

The second of the South American split- with only twelve species compared to the eighteen above.

Bracket 5: Geothlypis

The yellowthroats! All members of this species have bright yellow throats and underbodies, and are often associated with marshy, reed-y ponds.

Bracket 6: Myioborus

The redstarts! Well, the American redstarts. The genus name actually means 'whitestart', and sometimes these species are referred to as such, but for my sources they all follow the 'redstart' name.

Bracket 7: Leiothlypis & Cardellina

Our first combo bracket. Leiothlypis are generally more dull than the Cardellina, so they'll be fighting within their own genus at first before being mix-matched to fight each other in the second round.

Bracket 8: Vermivora, Parkesia, & Oreothlypis

Three genuses, each with two extant species. The Bachman's Warbler, recently declared extinct, will still be included this bracket, though, so Vermivora will be represented by three species.

Bracket 9: Odd Ones Out

There are eight warblers who stand alone, each in their own genus. This is probably the most diverse bracket, then, with a variety of habitats and ranges represented within.

Bracket 10: "Y'all don't even go here!"/Not-"Warblers"

At one point or another, each of these ten birds was considered a part of the Parulidae family. They now span six families, with some birds being the sole member of their new family. Changing taxonomy is familiar amongst birders, and including these not-quite warblers pays homage to that.

The tentative schedule is one bracket per week, starting in early November. My queue will likely be filled with warblers before that, though :)

Edit: forgot to mention, but Birds of the World will be my info source throughout the poll, but as it is behind a paywall it will not be linked to each post. It functions as a sort of encyclopedia for all birds and is managed by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, with its own citations of scientific papers when applicable. I personally dont recommend it for casual enjoyers, but it has been really good for gathering concrete information to share with y'all via this page.