#Empress Lü Zhi

[moonmausoleum]

Zigu (紫姑): The Lady of the Latrine – China’s Most Unsettling Restroom Ghost and Goddess

Need a ghost story for the upcoming Lantern Festival? Coming with many different names, Zigu or the Lady of the Privy is said to haunt only one place, the toilet! Although her story started and perhaps ended as a ghost story, there was a time she was worshiped like a God. 

Coming with many different names, Zigu or the Lady of the Privy is said to haunt only one place, the toilet! Although her story started and perhaps ended as a ghost story, there was a time she was worshiped like a God.  If you thought horror stories were confined to haunted houses and cursed forests, think again—because in Chinese folklore, even the bathroom isn’t safe. Meet Zigu (紫姑), also…

[romanceyourdemons]

i love empresses who usurp their husbands’ authority and rule behind the curtain i love when they’re ruthless and dangerous and cruel i love when they’re terrible people who do terrible things just to know the weight of a jade seal in their palm i love you lü zhi i love you jia nanfeng i love you wu zetian i love you cixi i love you i love you i love you

[chinesehanfu]

[Hanfu · 漢服]Chinese Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD) Traditional Clothing Hanfu Photoshoot

“这个位子 我有何坐不得？” “我欲问鼎天下，试问谁与争锋”

"Why can't I sit in this seat?"

"I want to conquer the world, who can compete with me?"

【About The First Empress of the Han Dynasty Empress Lü:Lǚ zhì(吕雉)】

Lü Zhi (241–18 August 180 BC), courtesy name E'xu (娥姁) and commonly known as Empress Lü (traditional Chinese: 呂后; simplified Chinese: 吕后; pinyin: Lǚ Hòu) and formally Empress Gao of Han (漢高后; 汉高后; Hàn Gāo Hòu), was the empress consort of Gaozu, the founding emperor of the Han dynasty. They had two known children, Liu Ying (later Emperor Hui of Han) and Princess Yuan of Lu. Lü was the first woman to assume the title Empress of China and paramount power. After Gaozu's death, she was honoured as empress dowager and regent during the short reigns of Emperor Hui and his successors Emperor Qianshao of Han and Liu Hong (Emperor Houshao).

She played a role in the rise and foundation of her husband, Emperor Gaozu, and his dynasty, and in some of the laws and customs laid down by him. Empress Lü, even in the absence of her husband from the capital, killed two prominent generals who played an important role in Gaozu's rise to power, namely Han Xin and Peng Yue, as a lesson for the aristocracy and other generals. In June 195 BC, with the death of Gaozu, Empress Lü became, as the widow of the late emperor and mother of the new emperor, Empress Dowager (皇太后, Huángtàihòu), and assumed a leadership role in her son's administration. Less than a year after Emperor Hui's accession to the throne, in 194 BC, Lü had one of the late Emperor Gaozu's consorts whom she deeply hated, Concubine Qi, put to death in a cruel manner. She also had Concubine Qi's son Liu Ruyi poisoned to death. Emperor Hui was shocked by his mother's cruelty and fell sick for a year, and thereafter no longer became involved in state affairs, and gave more power to his mother. As a result, Empress dowager Lü held the court, listened to the government, spoke on behalf of the emperor, and did everything (臨朝聽政制, "linchao ting zhengzhi"). With the untimely death of her 22-year-old son, Emperor Hui, Empress dowager Lü subsequently proclaimed his two young sons emperor (known historically as Emperor Qianshao and Emperor Houshao respectively). She gained more power than ever before, and these two young emperors had no legitimacy as emperors in history; the history of this 8-year period is considered and recognized as the reign of Empress Dowager Lü. She dominated the political scene for 15 years until her death in August 180 BC, and is often depicted as the first woman to have ruled China. While four women are noted as having been politically active before her—Fu Hao, Yi Jiang, Lady Nanzi, and Queen Dowager Xuan—Lü was the perhaps first woman to have ruled over united China.

Lü Zhi was born in Shanfu County (單父; present-day Shan County, Shandong) during the late Qin Dynasty. Her courtesy name was Exu (Chinese: 娥姁; pinyin: Éxǔ). To flee from enemies, her father Lü Wen (呂文) brought their family to Pei County, settled there, and became a close friend of the county magistrate. Many influential men in town came to visit Lü Wen. Xiao He, then an assistant of the magistrate, was in charge of the seating arrangement and collection of gifts from guests at a banquet in Lü Wen's house, and he announced, "Those who do not offer more than 1,000 coins in gifts shall be seated outside the hall." Liu Bang (later Emperor Gaozu of Han), then a minor patrol officer (亭長), went there bringing a single cent and said, "I offer 10,000 coins." Lü Wen saw Liu Bang and was so impressed with him on first sight, that he immediately stood up and welcomed Liu into the hall to sit beside him. Xiao He told Lü Wen that Liu Bang was not serious, but Liu ignored him and chatted with Lü. Lü Wen said, "I used to predict fortunes for many people but I've never seen someone so exceptional like you before." Lü Wen then offered his daughter Lü Zhi's hand in marriage to Liu Bang and they were wed. Lü Zhi bore Liu Bang a daughter (later Princess Yuan of Lu) and a son, Liu Ying (later Emperor Hui of Han).

Liu Bang later participated in the rebellion against the Qin Dynasty under the insurgent Chu kingdom, nominally-ruled by King Huai II. Lü Zhi and her two children remained with her father and family for most of the time during this period.

Even after Emperor Gaozu (Liu Bang)'s victory over Xiang Yu, there were still unstable areas in the empire, requiring the new government to launch military campaigns to pacify these regions thereafter. Gaozu placed Empress Lü Zhi and the crown prince Liu Ying (Lü Zhi's son) in charge of the capital Chang'an and making key decisions in court, assisted by the chancellor Xiao He and other ministers. During this time, Lü Zhi proved herself to be a competent administrator in domestic affairs, and she quickly established strong working relationships with many of Gaozu's officials, who admired her for her capability and feared her for her ruthlessness. After the war ended and Emperor Gaozu returned, she remained in power and she was always influential in many of the country's affairs.

In his late years, Emperor Gaozu started favouring one of his younger consorts, Concubine Qi（戚夫人）, who bore him a son, Liu Ruyi, who was instated as Prince of Zhao in 198 BC, displacing Lü Zhi's son-in-law Zhang Ao (Princess Yuan of Lu's husband). Gaozu had the intention of replacing Liu Ying with Liu Ruyi as crown prince, reasoning that the former was too "soft-hearted and weak" and that the latter resembled him more. Since Lü Zhi had strong rapport with many ministers, they generally opposed Gaozu's decision but the emperor seemed bent on deposing Liu Ying. Lü Zhi became worried and she approached Zhang Liang��for help, and the latter analysed that Gaozu was changing the succession on grounds of favouritism. Zhang Liang invited the "Four Whiteheads of Mount Shang", a group of four reclusive wise men, to persuade Gaozu to change his decision. The four men promised to assist Liu Ying in future if he became emperor, and Gaozu was pleased to see that Liu Ying had their support. Gaozu told Concubine Qi, "I wanted to replace (the crown prince). Now I see that he has the support of those four men; he is fully fledged and difficult to unseat. Empress Lü is really in charge!" This marked the end of the dispute over the succession and affirmed Liu Ying's role as crown prince.

In June 195 BC, Emperor Gaozu died and was succeeded by Liu Ying, who became historically known as Emperor Hui of Han. Lü Zhi was honoured by Emperor Hui as empress dowager. She exerted more influence during the reign of her son than she had when she was empress, and she became the powerful and effective lead figure in his administration.

Lü Zhi did not harm most of Gaozu's other consorts and treated them according to the rules and customs of the imperial family. For example, consorts who bore male children that were instated as princes were granted the title of "Princess Dowager" (王太妃) in their respective sons' principalities. One exception was Concubine Qi, whom Lü Zhi greatly resented because of the dispute over the succession between Liu Ruyi (Qi's son) and Liu Ying. Liu Ruyi, the Prince of Zhao, was away in his principality, so Lü Zhi targeted Concubine Qi. She had Qi stripped of her position, treated like a convict (head shaved, in stocks, dressed in prison garb), and forced to do hard labour in the form of milling rice.

Roles in the deaths of Concubine Qi and Liu Ruyi

Lü Zhi then summoned Liu Ruyi, who was around the age of 12 then, to Chang'an, intending to kill him together with his mother. However Zhou Chang (周昌), the chancellor in Liu Ruyi's principality, whom Lü Zhi respected because of his stern opposition to Emperor Gaozu's proposal to make Liu Ruyi crown prince, temporarily protected Liu Ruyi from harm by responding to Lü Zhi's order that, "The Prince of Zhao is ill and unfit for travelling over long distances." Lü Zhi then ordered Zhou Chang to come to the capital, had him detained, and then summoned Liu Ruyi again. Emperor Hui tried to save Liu Ruyi by intercepting his half-brother before the latter entered Chang'an, and kept Liu Ruyi by his side most of the time. Lü Zhi refrained from carrying out her plans for several months because she feared that she might harm Emperor Hui as well.

One morning in the winter of 195-194 BC, Emperor Hui went for a hunting trip and did not bring Liu Ruyi with him because the latter refused to get out of bed. Lü Zhi's chance arrived, so she sent an assassin to force poisoned wine down Liu Ruyi's throat. The young prince was dead by the time Emperor Hui returned. Lü Zhi then had Concubine Qi killed in an inhumane manner: she had Qi's limbs chopped off, eyes gouged out, ears sliced off, nose sliced off, tongue cut out, forced her to drink a potion that made her mute, and had her thrown into a latrine. She called Qi a "human swine" (人彘). Several days later, Emperor Hui was taken to view the "human swine" and was shocked to learn that it was Concubine Qi. He cried loudly and became ill for a long time. He requested to see his mother and said, "This is something done not by a human. As the empress dowager's son, I'll never be able to rule the empire" From then on, Emperor Hui indulged himself in carnal pleasures and ignored state affairs, leaving all of them to his mother, and this caused power to fall completely into her hands.

When Lu first came to the court, she planned to establish the Lu family members as "kings (nobles)". This was not only to commemorate her deceased relatives, but also to strengthen her power in the court. However, Wang Ling, the prime minister at the time, immediately pointed out that the great ancestor Liu Bang(Husband of Lu, founding emperor of Han Dynasty)once killed the white horse and agreed that "if someone who are not Liu family be come the king, the whole world should attack them." Therefore, the move of establishing a foreign surname as the king violated the ancestral system established by Liu Bang and was really inappropriate.

Faced with the obstruction of Wang Ling, Empress Lu responded by deposing him and insisting on honoring her deceased father and two brothers as King Lu Xuan, King Wu Wu, and King Zhao Zhao. After setting this precedent, Lu was out of control. She not only named her three nephews Lu Tai, Lu Chan, and Lu Lu as King Lu, King Liang, and King Zhao respectively, but also named her grandnephew Lu Tong. He was the King of Yan, and his grandson Zhang Yan was granted the title of King of Lu.

In addition, there are also quite a few people with the surname Lu who have been granted the title of marquis. As a result, it can be said that many princes surnamed Lu appeared in the court in the blink of an eye. They controlled the government and became the cornerstone and support for Empress Lu to control the right to speak in the court.

Empress Lu's life was emblematic of the intricate power dynamics of the Han Dynasty in ancient China. Born into a modest family, Lu rose to prominence through her marriage to Emperor Gaozu. Her astute political acumen and strategic alliances allowed her to wield significant influence behind the throne. As the mother of several emperors, she orchestrated their ascensions and manipulated court politics to consolidate power for her family. However, her ruthless pursuit of control and elimination of rivals earned her both admirers and enemies. In the end, her ambitions led to her downfall, as her unchecked power and manipulation of succession angered the nobility.As a result, after her death, the Lu family was retaliated and killed by the nobles and courtiers who supported the Han Dynasty, and the family was almost exterminated.Empress Lu's life illustrates the delicate balance of power, ambition, and intrigue in ancient Chinese imperial courts.

Literati in every dynasty in China often likened women who attempted to participate in government affairs and influence national policies to Empress Lü, saying they were vicious. One of them was Wu Zetian, the first official female emperor of China. However, compared with Empress Lü, Wu Zetian was more talented. Unlike Empress Lü, who was simply vicious, she ignored the system and stability of the empire and put personal and family interests first.

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📸Photo & Model :@金角大魔王i

🔗Weibo:https://weibo.com/1763668330/NFVOXthxX

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[awholelotofladybug]

(Stammering Adrien AU: Marinette and Adrien learned that Liu Bang, the one who killed He Mao aka Xiang Yu back in the past was a Dragon Miraculous holder while his wife, Empress Lü was the peacock Miraculous holder) Duusu: *groans* Ugh! I still can't believe me and Longg were used to be working with that jerk of an emperor, Liu Bang and his psychotic wife, Lü Zhi back in the past!

Marinette: Wait, what do you mean Liu Bang and his wife were Miraculous holders too?

Duusu: *groans* Ugh! I still can't believe me and Longg were used to be working with that jerk of an emperor, Liu Bang and his psychotic wife, Lü Zhi back in the past!

Marinette: Wait, what do you mean Liu Bang and his wife were Miraculous holders too?

Duusu: Unfortunately.

Adrien: So that means all those horrible things they d-d-d-did were done using you guys? Wow, Duusu, I am s-s-s-so sorry.

Duusu: It's okay, Adrien. What's important now is that we're in the hands of people who wish to use of for good... Except for Nooroo, of course.

Marinette: That's going to change. We'll get Nooroo back, and find him a guardian who will treat him right.

[lightdancer1]

The Han are to China what Rome is to Western Eurasia:

The Han Empire was where the idea of Emperors consolidated, though the Qin built the system. The Han took Qin Legalism, filed off the most overtly totalitarian aspects of it, and created from it the basis of all future cultural and political associations in this part of the world. All subsequent state models were built on the basis of what the Han did and did not do. And it is both an irony and an example of the weaknesses of the traditional Chinese state and a measure of the iron will of a true autocrat in China that after the reign of Han Gaozu there was Han Lu Zhi, the Empress who ensured that her husband's state continued when his immediate successors were, to put it brutally, feckless do nothing kings.

As with Empress Tang Wu Zhao she was not exactly welcomed for her successes, and Chinese historians made a point in dwelling on the barbaric means of her taking and holding power. In this one can see the role of ideology, as well as a general tendency to spotlight when women did what men also did and got away with. No autocracy is maintained by kindness and good intentions.

Empress Lu Zhi was no different to the Chinese autocrats who ruled instead of reigning, and she was one of the most effective rulers to ever rule as Daughter of Heaven.

[femalehistorian690]

Official Female Regents

Queen Dowager Xuan [307-272 BC] (Qin)

Empress Lü Zhi [195-180 BC] (Han)

Empress Zhangde [88-92] (Han)

Empress Deng Sui [106-121] (Han)

Empress Liang Na [144-150] (Han)

Empress Chu Suanzi [344-357, 364-366, 373-376] (Jin)

Empress Dowager Feng [466-467, 476-490] (Northern Wei)

Empress Wang Zhenfeng [472-477] (Liu Song)

Empress Wu Zetian [665-690] (Tang)

Empress Wei [705-710] (Tang)

Princess Taiping [710-712] (Tang)

Empress Xiao Yanyan [982-1009] (Liao)

Empress Liu [1020-1033] (Song)

Empress Mozang [1048-1056] (Western Xia)

Empress Liang [1061-1067] (Western Xia)

Empress Gao [1085-1093] (Song)

Empress Xiang [1100-1102] (Song)

Empress Zhang [1435-1442] (Ming)

Empress Dowager Li [1572-1582] (Ming)

[grand-theft-carbohydrates]

Haha whoops I accidentally broke the poll

would lü zhi be a fujoshi? discuss.

[chochote-sijali]

Empress Lü Zhi

Today, I learned something pretty disturbing in early Chinese history. I already know that Ancient China had quite a few bit of crazies in their royalty (what empire didn’t?) but it’s still disturbing nonetheless. (The freaking drama of the ancients, my dudes...) Warning: this is gonna be a long history lesson lol. So don’t read if you don’t want to. Also, all of this is paraphrased from different pages on Wikipedia.

One of the earliest queens, Han Dynasty’s Empress Lü Zhi, was such a nasty, disgusting character. I’m going to mention the four characters she had killed: Concubine (Lady) Qi (the mother of her son’s half-brother); Liu Ruyi (her son’s half-brother and Lady Qi’s son); Peng Yue (a former general who was revered as helping establish the Han Dynasty); and Han Xin (another general revered for the beginnings of the Han Dynasty).

Han Xin’s death was apparently not as bad (since I didn’t see any elaboration of what he went through). Even though the emperor, Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu), was once fond of him, he began to distrust him as rumors went around that he was plotting against the emperor for power. There was absolutely NO evidence of this (I swear to God this family was so friggin’ paranoid), but they believed the rumors mostly because of how powerful he (and Peng Yue) was (were). But this man was faithful to the family up until right before his assassination. Even though Han Xin had a part in suppressing a rebellion, Empress Lü heard from Han Xin’s servant that he was actually a part of the rebellion. She summoned Han when her husband was gone; she had arrested and tortured, eventually having him executed. Her husband being relieved but sad, asked his wife what Han’s last words were and she told him “I regret not listening to Kuai Che’s advice”, referring to when Kuai Che told him to rebel against the emperor. I don’t think there’s any indication the empress (nor the emperor) knew what he meant, otherwise I doubt she would’ve admitted this to her husband. It would outright prove his innocence and prove he never had any intention in hurting the family.

The second story I’ll keep shorter since the description of his death was listed. Peng Yue was the next general who helped establish the Han dynasty. But, like Han Xin, he was greatly feared for his power, making the empress and emperor fairly paranoid. Because of rumors (yet again), he was captured by the emperor this time and simply demoted to peasant and banished. The queen, in all her killing spree glory, hunts him down for herself. He pleads to return back, and she takes him back only to have him instantly killed upon arrival. Mind you, he had no power whatsoever and just wanted to go home. How does she repay him? Cut and minced him into pieces, “salted [him] like meat”, and given to nobility to eat. As the actual human beings they are, they did not appreciate this as they “found this very disturbing”.

Then there’s Lady Qi and her son Liu Ruyi. Emperor Gaozu wasn’t really feeling his first son Liu Ying who he declared as “weak” and “soft”, instead favoring his younger son Liu Ruyi. And omigod, you do not freaking reveal mess like this to an empress like Lü Zhi. She became worried that her son would be demoted from Crown Prince (which is fair in that Emperor Gaozu would’ve done just that), so she fought to keep her son’s title. The officials she met with agreed with her that the emperor’s favoritism shouldn’t get in the way of Liu Ying’s succession to the throne. Emperor Gaozu was impressed by the support his son had and decided to let it be since these officials will be there while Liu Ying is emperor.

But Lü Zhi was still raging about Lady Qi and Liu Ruyi, plotting to have them both killed after her husband died (her son is now Emperor Hui). (There’s so much that happened that I want to write all about it lol, but I’ll keep this as short as I can. I already wrote a lot more than I wanted.) Ruyi is about the age of 12 and is constantly kept at his older brother’s (Emperor Hui’s) side to keep Empress Lü Zhi away. A year goes by, so Emperor Hui thinks his mother would have calmed down by now. He goes for a hunting trip, leaving his 13 year old brother alone. Zhi sends an assassin to poison the boy. He dies before his brother could come back.

Then the empress has Lady Qi’s limbs chopped off, tongue, nose, ears all chopped off. Eyes gouged out. And sent to lie in a latrine (or pigsty), calling her “human swine”. The emperor comes back, is taken along to check the latrine, and is horrified to find out this was his brother’s mother. He’s immediately disgusted by his mother’s actions, cries, and falls ill. Apparently, it may have been days or weeks until he decided to speak with his mother again (as they’ve said he was sick for a while, who wouldn’t be?), telling her, “This is something not done by a human. As the empress dowager’s son, I’ll never be able to rule the empire.” He no longer obeyed his duties as emperor and instead “indulged himself in carnal pleasures”.

I swear, this woman is a mess. But I don’t even think she’s been the worst of China’s queens/empresses. There might be a few who are worse than she was, but I don’t know. I only stumbled upon this woman because I recently found out one of the earliest serial killers in human history (as in clearly documented) was in China. And the serial killer isn’t even her. It was a man who lived in her dynasty, I believe, who was also royalty (a Crown Prince, I think). But at least he was demoted and not given any more power after his father found out about his nature. Empress Dowager Lü Zhi just kept her position (even though demoting the son could easily demote her). Emperor Gaozu may have been just as crazy as she was...

[queenfredegund]

Women in History Month (insp) | Week 1: Leading Women

[surprisebitch]

i'm really gonna have to give it to Fate Grand Order for introducing me to China's only female emperor Wu Zetian.. her depiction there is really one-dimensional and even not so appealing since she is just a sadistic and manipulative empress. reading about her made me question the legitimacy and validity of her profile in game, so i watched a documentary on her.

fast forward years after, i am writing my final paper on her for this Early Chinese History elective i'm taking. and after reading a bunch of peer-reviewed articles, it really turns out that FGO distorted her and focused perhaps on the biased historical accounts written by men to demonize a woman in power

i'm not saying that FGO is bad. it's a good game, but when it comes to historical narratives done in game.. be critical and read beyond what FGO offers because the biases of the writers can really be uncovered. in Wu's case, they probably just focused on the aspect of her that will captivate a certain target audience that enjoys sadistic women, which really sucks cause Empress Wu is complex and one of the most capable leaders so ahead of her time. she allowed women to serve as officials and even allowed commoners to be elected. her policies also had proto-feminist ideals and while on one hand, they could have served her interest to legitimise her authority, she did fight for women to be seen as equal with men. and besides what she did for women, she was able to keep her people fed and was skilled in foreign diplomatic skills.

Wu was honestly so ahead of her time. like it really sucks that FGO had to immortalize this negative account of her of how she issued punishment or dealt with her political enemies, which may not have been exclusive to her as other emperors before her may have done similar methods. It may have also been false or propaganda to paint her as ruthless and the eery similarity with Empress Lü Zhi makes the account suspicious, so it was maybe an attempt to conflate women in leadership at the time. However, history can really be complex and not the most accurate, especially when you consider the social context. in this case, Wu went against what Confucian ethics deem as morally correct. a female Empress who also advocated Buddhism would be seen as a threat. in fact, after Wu, not many female leaders appeared anymore and the progressive policies she had got reverted.

anyway, this turned out LONGER than i expected.. but yeah, although I really despise Minase or whoever's idea it was to design Wu Zetian in game as she is, i'm glad that it was this flawed depiction that motivated me to learn more about such a compelling historical figure

[paganimagevault]

Han Empress Lu Zhi (241-180 BCE) unknown artist/date

"Empress (Dowager) Lü Zhi (241–18 August 180 BC), commonly known as Empress Lü (simplified Chinese: 吕后; traditional Chinese: 呂后; pinyin: Lǚ Hòu) and formally Empress Gao of Han (simplified Chinese: 汉高后; traditional Chinese: 漢高后; pinyin: Hàn Gāo Hòu), was the empress consort of Gaozu, the founding emperor of the Han dynasty. They had two known children, Liu Ying (later Emperor Hui of Han) and Princess Yuan of Lu. Lü was the first woman to assume the title Empress of China and paramount power. After Gaozu's death, she was honoured as Empress Dowager and Regent during the short reigns of Emperor Hui and his successors Emperor Qianshao of Han and Liu Hong (Emperor Houshao).

She played a role in the rise and establishment of her husband, Emperor Gaozu, and his established dynasty, and in some of the laws and customs laid down by Gaozu. Empress Lü even in the absence of her husband from the capital killed two prominent generals who played an important role in Gaozu's rise to power, namely Han Xin and Peng Yue, as a lesson for the aristocracy and other generals. In 195, with the death of Gaozu, Empress Lü became as the widow of the late emperor and mother of the new emperor, Empress Dowager (皇太后, Huángtàihòu), and assumed a leadership role in her son's administration. Less than a year after Emperor Hui's accession to the throne in 194 BC, Lü had Concubine Qi (one of the late Emperor Gaozu's consorts), whom she deeply hated, put to death in a cruel manner. She also had Concubine Qi's son Liu Ruyi poisoned to death. Emperor Hui was shocked by his mother's cruelty and fell sick for a year, and thereafter no longer became involved in state affairs, and gave more power to his mother:

"Empress Lu later cut off Lady Qi's hands and feet, plucked out her eyes, burned her ears, gave her a potion to drink which made her dumb, and had her thrown into the privy (toilet), calling her the "human pig". After a few days, she sent Emperor Hui and showed him the "human pig". Staring at her, he asked who the person was, and only then did he realize that it was Lady Qi. Thereupon he wept so bitterly that he grew ill and for over a year could not leave his bed. He sent a messenger to report to his mother, 'no human being could have done such a deed as this! Since I am your son, I will never be fit to rule the empire'. From this time on Emperor Hui gave himself up each day to drink and no longer took part in affairs of state, so that his illness grew worse." (Shiji 9: The Basic Annals of Empress Lu)

 As a result, Empress dowager Lü held the court, listened to the government, spoke on behalf of the emperor, and did everything (臨朝聽政制, linchao tingzheng zhe). With the untimely death of her 22-year-old son, Emperor Hui, Empress dowager Lü, his two infant sons, respectively; announced Emperor Qianshao and Emperor Houshao and gained more power than ever before, and these two young emperors had no legitimacy as emperors in history, and the history of this 8-year period is considered and recognized as the reign of Empress dowager Lü. Lü dominated the political scene for 15 years until her death in 180 BC and actually ruled as Empress regnant of Han dynasty. She is often depicted as the first woman to have ruled China; while four women are noted as politically active before her - Fu Hao, Yi Jiang, Lady Nanzi and Queen Dowager Xuan - Lü was the perhaps first woman to have ruled over united China."

-taken from Sima Qian's Shiji and wikipedia

[consortmadness]

International Royal/Noble Female Regents (5/16)

Lü Zhi, Empress Dowager Lü Zhi

[fuyonggu]

Biography of Yang Jun (Book of Jin 40)

楊駿，字文長，弘農華陰人也。少以王官為高陸令，驍騎、鎮軍二府司馬。後以后父超居重位，自鎮軍將軍遷車騎將軍，封臨晉侯。識者議之曰：「夫封建諸侯，所以籓屏王室也。后妃，所以供粢盛，弘內教也。后父始封而以臨晉為侯，兆於亂矣。」尚書褚䂮、郭奕並表駿小器，不可以任社稷之重。武帝不從。帝自太康以後，天下無事，不復留心萬機，惟耽酒色，始寵后黨，請謁公行。而駿及珧、濟勢傾天下，時人有「三楊」之號。

Yang Jun, styled Wenchang, was a native of Huayin county in Hongnong commandary. As a young man, he served in the local princely fief first as Prefect of Gaolu, then as Marshal on the staff of the General of Agile Cavalry and the General Who Guards The Army. Later, after his daughter was chosen to be the new Empress, he suddenly occupied a much higher position, and was transferred from General Who Guards The Army to General of Chariots and Cavalry. He was also appointed as Marquis of Linjin.

Those who understood the implications of such things told one another, "The purpose of establishing feudal lords is to have them serve on the borders as shields for the royal household, while the Empress should remain within the capital in order to provide for the sacrifices and expand inner learning. Yet the Empress's father has just been appointed as a Marquis with Linjin as his fief. This is an omen of turmoil."

Two of the Masters of Writing, Chu Lüe and Guo Yi, both petitioned that Yang Jun was a man of meager talents, and could not be entrusted with important matters of state. Emperor Wu ignored them. 

Beginning with the Taikang reign era (280), since (after the conquest of Wu) there were no longer any pressing issues in the realm, Emperor Wu no longer concerned himself with the duties of rulership. He only indulged himself in wine and sensual pleasures. At this time, he began to favor the partisans of the Empress, who openly came to visit him and make requests. Yang Jun, Yang Yao, and Yang Ji wielded great influence over the realm, and the people of that time called them the Three Yangs.

��帝疾篤，未有顧命，佐命功臣，皆已沒矣，朝臣惶惑，計無所從。而駿盡斥群公，親侍左右。因輒改易公卿，樹其心腹。會帝小間，見所用者非，乃正色謂駿曰：「何得便爾！」乃詔中書，以汝南王亮與駿夾輔王室。駿恐失權寵，從中書借詔觀之，得便藏匿。中書監華廙恐懼，自往索之，終不肯與。信宿之間，上疾遂篤，后乃奏帝以駿輔政，帝頷之。便召中書監華暠、令何劭，口宣帝旨使作遺詔，曰：「昔伊望作佐，勳垂不朽；周霍拜命，名冠往代。侍中、車騎將軍、行太子太保，領前將軍楊駿，經德履吉，鑒識明遠，毗翼二宮，忠肅茂著，宜正位上臺，擬跡阿衡。其以駿為太尉、太子太傅、假節、都督中外諸軍事，侍中、錄尚書、領前將軍如故。置參軍六人、步兵三千人、騎千人，移止前衛將軍珧故府。若止宿殿中宜有翼衛，其差左右衛三部司馬各二十人、殿中都尉司馬十人給駿，令得持兵仗出入。」詔成，后對暠、劭以呈帝，帝親視而無言。自是二日而崩，駿遂當寄託之重，居太極殿。梓宮將殯，六宮出辭，而駿不下殿，以武賁百人自衛。不恭之跡，自此而始。

Emperor Wu became critically ill, but he had not yet drawn up a last will. Most of his veteran and accomplished ministers had already passed away, and the court ministers were fearful and uncertain, for they had no plan to follow. Yang Jun ousted all of the chief ministers from the bedside and replaced them with his own underlings. Indeed, he replaced and changed all of the nobles and chief ministers with his own associates. At that time, Emperor Wu's illness somewhat abated so that he regained lucidity, and when he saw that his original appointees had been pushed out, he sternly said to Yang Jun, "How has this come about?" 

Emperor Wu then ordered the Palace Secretariat to compose an edict appointing the Prince of Runan, Sima Liang, as a co-regent to serve alongside Yang Jun in support of the royal household. But Yang Jun was afraid that this would mean he would lose his current favor and influence. So he went to the Palace Secretariat and borrowed the draft edict in order to look at it, then hid it away somewhere. The Chief of the Palace Secretariat, Hua Yi, was concerned, and he continually demanded Yang Jun return the edict, but to no avail. Then word arrived that Emperor Wu had fallen back into senility, and when Empress Yang Zhi presented a petition asking that Yang Jun be made the sole regent, Emperor Wu nodded in approval. 

Yang Zhi then summoned Hua Yi and the Prefect of the Palace Secretariat, He Shao, and verbally told them that Emperor Wu had ordered them to compose a will, stating:

"In ancient times, Yi Yin and Lü Wang (Jiang Ziya) served to support the state, and their diligence has provided an immortal example; the Duke of Zhou and Huo Guang heeded the command to preside over the court, and their reputation has shone through the ages. Now the Palace Attendant, General of Chariots and Cavalry, acting Grand Guardian to the Crown Prince, and acting General of the Front, Yang Jun, has cultivated virtue and walked the path of good fortune. He is discerning, intelligent, wise, and far-seeing, and he has done much to assist the two palaces (of the Emperor and the Crown Prince). He is highly loyal, most respectful. He ought to occupy the chief position and preside over the government, following the same precedent as A-Heng (Yi Yin). 

“Thus I hereby appoint Yang Jun as Grand Commandant, Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince, Credential Holder, and Commander of all military affairs; he will keep his existing positions as Palace Attendant, chief of affairs of the Masters of Writing, and acting General of the Front. I also appoint six Army Advisors, three thousand infantry, and a thousand cavalry to be assigned to him, drawn from the staff of the former Guard General, Yang Yao. If any assistance is needed from the palace guards, then twenty people from each of the Guard Commanders shall be assigned to Yang Jun, along with ten people from the Marshals of the Palace Commandant. Yang Jun is empowered to go in and out with weapons at hand."

When the edict had been completed, Yang Zhi had Hua Yi and He Shao present it to Emperor Wu, who looked at it without saying a word.

Two days afterwards, Emperor Wu passed away.

Yang Jun now claimed his new role as regent, and he moved his residence to the Taiji Hall. Emperor Wu's coffin was then placed in the mourning hall, and the people of the six palaces all came to pay their respects. However, Yang Jun did not leave the Taiji Hall, and he had a hundred of the Guards Rapid As Tigers assigned to protect him. This was the beginning of his lack of respect.

惠帝即位，進駿為太傅、大都督、假黃鉞，錄朝政，百官總己。慮左右間己，乃以其甥段廣、張劭為近侍之職。凡有詔命，帝省訖，入呈太后，然後乃出。駿知賈后情性難制，甚畏憚之。又多樹親黨，皆領禁兵。於是公室怨望，天下憤然矣。駿弟珧、濟並有俊才，數相諫止，駿不能用，因廢於家。駿暗于古義，動違舊典���武帝崩未逾年而改元，議者咸以為違《春秋》逾年書即位之義。朝廷惜於前失，令史官沒之，故明年正月復改年焉。

Emperor Hui having risen to the throne, Yang Jun was promoted to Grand Tutor, Grand Commander, and Bearer of the Yellow Battle-axe. He was placed in charge of the court and the government, and all the ministers had to heed his commands. 

Concerned that the people around him might not support him, Yang Jun had his nephews Duan Guang and Zhang Shao appointed to close positions. And whenever an edict was to be sent out, once Emperor Hui had completed the draft, it would first have to be presented to the Empress Dowager, Yang Zhi, for her approval, and only then would it be carried out.

Yang Jun knew that the new Empress, Jia Nanfeng, would be difficult to control, and he greatly feared and dreaded her. So he placed many of his associates and partisans in control of the palace guards.

The noble families were stirred to anger against Yang Jun, and all the realm was indignant at him. His younger brothers Yang Yao and Yang Ji were both men of talent, and they often remonstrated with him together. But Yang Jun could not use their advice, and thus he brought his family to ruin in the end.

Yang Jun was blind to ancient traditions, and he frequently violated the established canons. He did not observe the usual practice of waiting until the beginning of the following year to begin a new reign era, but immediately ended the current one and began a new one in the middle of the year. People objected that this violated one of the principles of the Spring and Autumn Annals, according to which the final year of the reign era of a newly-deceased sovereign should be allowed to run its full course before the new reign era was declared at the beginning of the following year. The court ministers regretted the prospect of abandoning this precedent, nor would the Astrologists Bureau accept it. Thus, in the first month of the following year, the reign era title was changed once again.

駿自知素無美望，懼不能輯和遠近，乃依魏明帝即位故事，遂大開封賞，欲以悅眾，為政嚴碎，愎諫自用，不允眾心。馮翊太守孫楚素與駿厚，說之曰：「公以外戚，居伊霍之重，握大權，輔弱主。當仰思古人至公至誠謙順之道。于周則周召為宰，在漢則朱虛、東牟，未有庶姓專朝，而克終慶祚者也。今宗室親重，籓王方壯，而公不與共參萬機，內懷猜忌，外樹私昵，禍至無日矣。」駿不能從。

Since Yang Jun himself knew that he had little support or favor and was afraid that he would not be able to ensure the obedience of those near and far, he followed the example of Emperor Ming of Cao-Wei (Cao Rui) when he had come to the throne by greatly distributed titles and rewards, hoping to thus please others. But Yang Jun ruled sternly and followed only his own counsel while ignoring criticism, so he did not satisfy the hearts of the people.

The Administrator of Pingyi, Sun Chu, had long enjoyed Yang Jun's favor. He now advised Yang Jun, "You are someone who is only related to the imperial family by marriage, yet you now occupy the same regency role as Yi Yin or Huo Guang; you wield great influence, and you oversee a tender ruler. In your conduct of affairs, you ought to consider the actions of the ancients, and you ought to make every effort to act justly, honestly, and with humble submission. Remember that during the Zhou dynasty, the Dukes of Zhou and Shao acted to support their king, while during the Han dynasty, the Marquises of Zhuxu and Dongmou (Liu Zhang and Liu Xingju) helped to purge the clan of Empress Dowager Lü. There has never yet been an instance where someone of a different surname from the royal family wielded control over the court and still met a good end. In our own time, the imperial clan is great and powerful and the princes each have their strong garrisons on the borders, yet you do not solicit their help in attending to the affairs of state. Those within harbor doubts and suspicion about you, and those without are all considering their own personal interests. Disaster is not far off." 

But Yang Jun could not follow his advice. 

殿中中郎孟觀、李肇，素不為駿所禮，陰構駿將圖社稷。賈后欲預政事，而憚駿未得逞其所欲，又不肯以婦道事皇太后。黃門董猛，始自帝之為太子即為寺人監，在東宮給事于賈后。後密通消息於猛，謀廢太后。猛乃與肇、觀潛相結托。賈后又令肇報大司馬、汝南王亮，使連兵討駿。亮曰：「駿之凶暴，死亡無日，不足憂也。」肇報楚王瑋，瑋然之。於是求入朝，駿素憚瑋，先欲召入，防其為變，因遂聽之。

Two of the Palace Gentlemen of the Central Hall, Meng Guan and Li Zhao, had both long been disrespected by Yang Jun, and they secretly criticized him, saying that he was going to usurp the state. Jia Nanfeng for her part wished to exercise control over the government as well, but she feared that Yang Jun would never allow her to do as she wished, and she could not bear being inferior in womanly affairs to the Empress Dowager, Yang Zhi. And one of the Yellow Gate Attendants, Dong Meng, had originally served Emperor Hui during his time as Crown Prince as Chief of the Ministry Men and had kept Jia Nanfeng informed of what was happening in the Eastern Palace. So Jia Nanfeng now secretly sent word to Dong Meng, plotting to depose the Empress Dowager. Dong Meng, Meng Guan, and Li Zhao secretly planned to support one another.

Jia Nanfeng also ordered Li Zhao to pay a visit to the Grand Marshal and Prince of Runan, Sima Liang, and have him bring his troops to move against Yang Jun. But Sima Liang told him, "Yang Jun is a wicked and violent man, and his downfall and death are only a matter of time. He is not worth worrying about."

Then Li Zhao went to see the Prince of Chu, Sima Wei, and Sima Wei agreed to help with the plot. Sima Wei then sent a request to the capital asking to serve on the court (which would cause him to give up his military authority at his fief). Yang Jun had long feared Sima Wei, and he had originally even wanted to summon Sima Wei to the capital as well, to prevent Sima Wei from causing any mischief from his border post. So when Sima Wei himself submitted his request to come to court, Yang Jun allowed him to do so. 

及瑋至，觀、肇乃啟帝，夜作詔，中外戒嚴，遣使奉詔廢駿，以侯就第。東安公繇率殿中四百人隨其後以討駿。段廣跪而言於帝曰：「楊駿受恩先帝，竭心輔政。且孤公無子，豈有反理？願陛下審之。」帝不答。

After Sima Wei arrived in the capital, Meng Guan and Li Zhao informed Emperor Hui of the plot. That night, they composed an edict. Everywhere was placed under martial law, while agents were sent to present an edict with orders to depose Yang Jun and force him to his Marquisate estate.  The Duke of Dong'an, Sima Yao, was ordered to lead four hundred men from the imperial guards to accompany the agents and attack Yang Jun.

Duan Guang knelt before Emperor Hui and said, "Yang Jun received the grace of His Late Majesty (Emperor Wu), and he is fully devoted to supporting the government. Besides, he is a widower without any sons; how could he have any reason to rebel? Your Majesty, please reconsider." 

But Emperor Hui did not respond to him.

時駿居曹爽故府，在武庫南，聞內有變，召眾官議之。太傅主簿朱振說駿曰：「今內有變，其趣可知，必是閹豎為賈后設謀，不利於公。宜燒雲龍門以示威，索造事都首，開萬春門，引東宮及外營兵，公自擁翼皇太子，入宮取奸人。殿內震懼，必斬送之，可以免難。」駿素怯懦，不決，乃曰：「魏明帝造此大功，奈何燒之！」侍中傅祗夜白駿，請與武茂俱入雲龍門觀察事勢。祗因謂群僚「宮中不宜空」，便起揖，於是皆走。

At this time, Yang Jun was living in Cao Shuang's former residence, south of the Arsenal. When he heard that there was some disturbance in the city, he summoned his officials to discuss what to do. 

His Registrar as Grand Tutor, Zhu Zhen, urged him, "We may know who the source is of this current disturbance; it is certainly those loathsome eunuchs carrying out Empress Jia's plot, and it cannot mean anything good for you. You should set fire to the Yunlong Gate as a show of strength. Then once your affairs are in order, you may force open the Wanchun Gate, send in the soldiers of the Eastern Palace and the outer camps while you secure the Crown Prince, and march into the palace and arrest the culprits. Anyone inside the palace halls who is trembling with fear should be killed and thus sent off. If you do these things, you can escape from danger." 

But Yang Jun had long been timid and apprehensive, and he could not make up his mind. He even said, "The Yunlong Gate was a great achievement of Emperor Ming of Wei (Cao Rui); how could we burn it down?" 

One of the Palace Attendants, Fu Zhi, reported to Yang Jun during the night, and asked that he and Wu Mao go through the Yunlong Gate to observe the situation and see how things were progressing. He then said to the other officials, "The palace should not be left empty." Fu Zhi then got up and saluted, and the officials all fled.

尋而殿中兵出，燒駿府，又令弩士於閣上臨駿府而射之，駿兵皆不得出。駿逃於馬廄，以戟殺之。觀等受賈后密旨，誅駿親黨，皆夷三族，死者數千人。又令李肇焚駿家私書，賈后不欲令武帝顧命手詔聞于四海也。駿既誅，莫敢收者，惟太傅舍人巴西閻纂殯斂之。

Soon, the palace guards marched out and set fire to Yang Jun's residence. Crossbowmen were also posted atop a pavilion near the residence, where they began shooting at it, so that Yang Jun's soldiers could not get out. Yang Jun fled to a stable, but was then killed by a halberd. 

Then, heeding Jia Nanfeng's secret orders, Meng Guan and the others executed all of Yang Jun's associates and partisans as well. All of them had their clans exterminated to the third degree, and the dead numbered several thousand. They also ordered Li Zhao to burn Yang Jun's private correspondence as well, for Jia Nanfeng did not want the will that Emperor Wu had written (which Yang Jun had then taken) to be generally known among the realm either.

After Yang Jun was executed, no one dared to come and claim his body. Only one of his retainers as Grand Tutor, Yan Zuan of Baxi commandary, prepared a coffin and held a service for him.

初，駿徵高士孫登，遺以布被。登截被於門，大呼曰：「斫斫刺刺！」旬日託疾詐死，及是，其言果驗。永熙中，溫縣有人如狂，造書曰：「光光文長，大戟為牆。毒藥雖行，戟還自傷。」及駿居內府，以戟為衛焉。

Earlier, Yang Jun had tried to recruit the hermit Sun Deng, and he sent him a gift of clothing and a quilt. But Sun Deng ripped apart the quilt at his doorway, greatly sighing, "Hacked and torn, hacked and torn!" And for several days he claimed to be ill and pretended to have passed away. At this time, his prediction proved correct.

During the Yongxi reign era (290), there was a supposed madman in Wen county who wrote a message stating, "Glory Wenchang shall know well, great halberds on his walls shall dwell. But medicine can poison too; this halberd's blade shall turn on you." And indeed, Yang Jun had kept halberds in his residence for defense (and in the end was killed by a halberd).

永甯初，詔曰：「舅氏失道，宗族隕墜，渭陽之思，孔懷感傷。其以{艸務}亭侯楊超為奉朝請、騎都尉，以慰《蓼莪》之思焉。」

During the Yongning reign era (301), Emperor Hui issued an edict stating, "My uncle (Yang Jun) was without principle and so brought about the fall of his family and his clan. Yet when I think of the Weiyang poem (which laments the loss of a relative), I cannot help but be moved by grief. I hereby appoint the Marquis of [艸+務] district, Yang Chao, as Honoree of the Court and as a Cavalry Commandant, in order to ease the grief of the loss of family, as expressed by the Liao E poem."

珧字文琚，歷位尚書令、衛將軍。素有名稱，得幸于武帝，時望在駿前。以兄貴盛，知權寵不可居，自乞遜位，前後懇至，終不獲許。初，聘後，珧表曰：「歷觀古今，一族二后，未嘗以全，而受覆宗之禍。乞以表事藏之宗廟，若如臣之言，得以免禍。」從之。右軍督趙休上書陳：「王莽五公，兄弟相代。今楊氏三公，並在大位，而天變屢見，臣竊為陛下憂之。」由此珧益懼。固求遜位，聽之，賜錢百萬、絹五千匹。

Yang Yao, styled Wenju, was the younger brother of Yang Jun. He served as Prefect of the Masters of Writing and then as Guard General. He had long enjoyed a good reputation, and he thus won the favor of Emperor Wu. During Emperor Wu's reign, Yang Yao had more influence than Yang Jun.

Once Yang Jun became more exalted and powerful, Yang Yao knew that this greater favor and influence would not last. He wished to resign his own positions, and several times made a request to do so, but Emperor Wu never did agree to let him resign. But earlier, when the betrothal of Yang Jun's daughter Yang Zhi to Sima Zhong (Emperor Hui) had first been arranged, Yang Yao had submitted a petition stating, "From ancient times until now, whenever the same household has provided two empresses, it has never been able to preserve itself; all met with disaster in the end. I beg that you preserve this petition in the ancestral temple, and if my words should prove true, then I may use this petition to avoid disaster." Emperor Wu did agree to this request.

The Commander of the Right, Zhao Xiu, sent up a letter remonstrating against the amount of power the Yang brothers had been allowed to wield, stating, "Remember that (the usurper) Wang Mang and his four brothers all held powerful roles. Now in our own time, the three Yao brothers each have great offices. Furthermore, there have been several sightings of disturbances in the heavens. I humbly implore Your Majesty to consider this."

Yang Yao was now even more afraid, and he insisted on being allowed to resign. Emperor Wu at last heeded him, and he gave him gifts of a million gold and five thousand bolts of fine silk.

珧初以退讓稱，晚乃合朋黨，構出齊王攸。中護軍羊琇與北軍中侯成粲謀欲因見珧而手刃之。珧知而辭疾不出。諷有司奏琇，轉為太僕。自是舉朝莫敢枝梧，而素論盡矣。

At first, Yang Yao received praise for yielding his offices and retiring. But later, he got together with his friends and partisans and agitated to have the Prince of Qi, Sima You, sent away. The General Who Guards The Army of the Center, Yang Xiu, and the Palace Marquis of the Northern Army, Cheng Can, plotted to go see Yang Yao, holding blades in their hands to kill him. Yang Yao knew about it, and he claimed illness and would not come out. He arranged for the officials to censure Yang Xiu, and Yang Xiu was transferred to be Minister Coachman. But from then on, during court meetings, Yang Yao never dared to prevaricate, but always spoke his full mind.

珧臨刑稱冤，云：「事在石函，可問張華。」當時皆謂宜為申理，合依鐘毓事例。而賈氏族党待諸楊如仇，促行刑者遂斬之。時人莫不嗟歎焉。

As Yang Yao was about to be executed, he pleaded that he was innocent, and said, "I have a petition encased in stone pardoning me. Ask Zhang Hua about it." And everyone at that time said that Yang Yao had indeed warned about the danger posed by his brother Yang Jun, and had thus been following the same example as Zhong Hui's brother Zhong Yu once had. But the members and partisans of the Jia clan held a grudge against the whole Yang clan, and they compelled the executioner to behead him anyway. There was no one at that time who did not sigh in sympathy for Yang Yao's fate.

濟字文通，歷位鎮南、征北將軍，遷太子太傅。濟有才藝，嘗從武帝校獵北芒下，與侍中王濟俱著布袴褶，騎馬執角弓在輦前。猛獸突出，帝命王濟射之，應弦而倒。須臾復一出，濟受詔又射殺之，六軍大叫稱快。帝重兵官，多授貴戚清望，濟以武藝號為稱職。與兄珧深慮盛滿，乃與諸甥李斌等共切諫。駿斥出王佑為河東太守，建立皇儲，皆濟謀也。

Yang Ji, styled Wentong, was the younger brother of Yang Jun and Yang Yao. He served successively as General Who Guards The South and General Who Conquers The North, and he was then transferred to be Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince.

Yang Ji had talent and skill. He once accompanied Emperor Wu on a hunt beneath the Beimang Hills (north of Luoyang), where he and one of the Palace Attendants, Wang Ji, both wore special attire as they rode horses and wielded bows, riding in front of Emperor Wu's carriage. A fierce beast suddenly appeared, and Emperor Wu ordered Wang Ji to shoot it; the beast fell with the twang of Wang Ji's bowstring. Soon, another beast emerged. Emperor Wu now ordered Yang Ji to shoot, and he too felled the beast. The soldiers of the six armies hailed them both with a great shout.

In many cases, Emperor Wu appointed those of honorable family and great influence to the most important military positions. Yang Ji received acclaim and appointment due to his martial skills.

Yang Ji and his brother Yang Yao were both quite worried about their positions, so they joined with their uncles, Li Bin and others, to harshly remonstrate together. It was thanks to Yang Ji's proposals that Yang Jun had Wang You denounced and sent away to serve as Administrator of Hedong, and that the imperial heir was established.

初，駿忌大司馬汝南王亮，催使之籓。濟與斌數諫止之，駿遂疏濟。濟謂傅咸曰：「若家兄徵大司馬入，退身避之，門戶可得免耳。不爾，行當赤族。」咸曰：「但徵還，共崇至公，便立太平，無為避也。夫人臣不可有專，豈獨外戚！今宗室疏，因外戚之親以得安，外戚危，倚宗室之重以為援，所謂脣齒相依，計之善者。」濟益懼而問石崇曰：「人心云何？」崇曰：「賢兄執政，疏外宗室，宜與四海共之。」濟曰：「見兄，可及此。」崇見駿，及焉，駿不納。後與諸兄俱見害。難發之夕，東宮召濟。濟謂裴楷曰：「吾將何之？」楷曰：「子為保傅，當至東宮。」濟好施，久典兵馬，所從四百餘人皆秦中壯士，射則命中，皆欲救濟。濟已入宮，莫不歎恨。

Earlier, Yang Jun had been suspicious of the Grand Marshal and Prince of Runan, Sima Liang, and had compelled him to return to his fief (at Xuchang). Yang Ji and Li Bin remonstrated against this several times, trying to get Yang Jun to drop the idea, but this only alienated him from them. 

Yang Ji said to Fu Xian, "If only my elder brother could merely recall the Grand Marshal to the capital while personally steering clear of him, then the status of our family could be secured. Otherwise, it will be a red end for us." 

Fu Xian told him, "So long as you summoned the Grand Marshal to come back, and could act in joint regency together with him, then that would lead to a general peace, and there would not even be any need for your elder brother to withdraw. The issue is merely that no one minister should amass all power for themselves, much less a marital relative of the royal family! Now the members of the imperial clan are distant because the associates of your own clan are secure in their positions. But should your family be threatened, you ought to be able to count upon the support of the imperial clan, like the lips protect the teeth. That would be a good plan."

Yang Ji was now even more afraid, and he asked Shi Chong, "What are people really saying about us?"

Shi Chong replied, "Your worthy elder brother is grasping the reins of power, while keeping the imperial clan at a distance. He ought to share his power with all within the Four Seas."

Yang Ji said, "Go and see my brother, and try to persuade him of this."

So Shi Chong went to see Yang Jun and conveyed his advice, but Yang Jun did not listen. 

Yang Ji was later killed with his elder brothers. 

On the morning of his final day, Yang Ji was summoned to the Eastern Palace. Yang Ji asked Pei Kai, "What should I do?"

Pei Kai replied, "As you are the Grand Guardian and Grand Tutor for the Crown Prince, you ought to report to the Eastern Palace."

Yang Ji had enjoyed hunting, and he had commanded infantry and cavalry for a long time, so he had more than four hundred strong fellows from the Qin region among his retainers, all crack shots. They all wished to save Yang Ji's life. But by then, Yang Ji had already entered the palace. They all sighed in regret for his fate.

[the-archlich]

Who were some of the most important people in Wu after Zhuge Ke’s death? I know about Ding Feng, Lü Ju, Zhu Yi, Lu Keng, Shi Ji and Tuo Huang, as well as of course the emperors and Sun Luban. Anyone else?

Let’s see...

Running the show you had the regents Sun Jun and Sun Chen (also called Sun Lin). Sun Chen also had a lot of help from his brothers, most notably Sun En.

Sun Luban had her own circle. It included Liu Cheng and the Quan family - most notably her step-son Quan Yi and his cousin Quan Duan, who both eventually defected to Wei. This also included Quan Shang, father to Sun Liang’s young empress Quan Huijie.

Of the emperors, Sun Liang was too young to be a real factor, and he was ousted as soon as he was old enough to start asking too many questions. Sun Xiu was simply negligent. He mostly left matters to the corrupt Puyang Xing and Zhang Bu.

Sun Hao was an active force in Wu, generally for the worse. His court included the corrupt chancellor Wan Yu and ministers like He Ding, He Zhao, and He Zhi (from his mother’s family), though it also contained decent sorts like the chancellors Lu Kai and Zhang Ti, as well as high officials like Teng Mu, Ding Gu and Meng Ren.

Other ministers of note include Teng Yin and Sun Luyu (who might have been involved in plots to assassinate Sun Jun). There were a number of noteworthy generals of varying degrees of significance. Wen Qin and Zhuge Dan were given lofty titles after they defected to Wu, but loyalists include Lü Ju, Liu Zan, Zhu Yi, Tang Zi, Lü Dai, Shi Ji (formerly Zhu Ji), Liu Zuan, Hua Rong, Bu Chan, Zhuge Jing, Ding Feng, Wu Yan, Liu Ping, Xue Xu, Tao Huang, and Tao Jun.

This isn’t a comprehensive list, of course, but these are some of the key figures who shaped events from 253-280. Everyone is encouraged to chime in with major figures I forgot.

[lightdancer1]

Lu Zhi lived 200 years before Ban Zhao but was an equally archetypal elite Chinese woman:

The life of Empress Lu Zhi bears its compare-contrast with that of the Tang-era Wu Zetian and Yang Guifei, as well as the Qing-era Cixi on the one hand.....and with the general realities of how autocracy works, of the peculiar cultural rifts that work within it, and of the fault lines in all the great centralized Chinese autocracies. Specifically that as in other societies elite women could exercise a very considerable power indeed and did so.

Where this was much less true of the major harems of say, the Ottoman Empire, in Chinese harems the women really did exercise and leverage cutthroat power to make their own children rulers, and to promote the interest of their families. The push-pull between this and eunuchs against that of Emperors who as a general rule if they wished to rule very much did was the meat and blood and bone of Chinese Imperial society from the vantage point of elites.

In this regard Lu Zhi, like Wu Zetian, did nothing that the more powerful Emperors did not do, and was just as casually murderous as they were for the same reasons in the pursuit of power. The double standard from Chinese historiography, OTOH, was very much a real and vivid aspect of why traditional Chinese histories deserve the same scrutiny given to the POVs of Roman Senators and Christian monks.