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paingoes · 3 months

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Destroyer - Dune

(Masterlist)

thank you all for having such positive feedback! youre so sweet. i love writing this im so glad you guys are enjoying it

(Content: smoking, alcohol mention, sensory overload, magical exhaustion, physical violence)

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The sun burned. Paris slid his sunglasses back over his eyes. He was still a little hungover from last night, and the night before that, and the night before that. He kept taking swigs from the electrolyte drink that Martino had given him, then immediately replacing the lost fluid with water, so the bottle lost more and more color over time. The craft was air conditioned, but he kept cracking the window open to smoke out of it.

“Can I have a cigarette?” Delta asked politely. Paris looked him over, surprised to hear him speak.

“No,” He shook his head, “It’s bad for you. Don’t start.”

Delta sunk back into the chair, disappointed. He was dressed casually, in just a t-shirt and basketball shirts. They were Paris’s old clothes, but they fit him fine. His hair was pulled back into a long braid. Paris was in a wifebeater and track pants, not just dressed for the weather, but dressed to look unassuming. The craft had landed in the middle of a warzone and they didn’t have many guards to spare. They couldn’t walk around looking too important. Besides, it was reaching 130 degrees in the desert. Paris checked his watch again, clearly annoyed.

Through the windshield, on the dunes below, Simon started waving his arms. Paris rolled his body forward, snatching the keys out of the ignition. He threw his door open, hopping out onto the sand below. At his beckoning, Delta joined him, moving a lot more carefully on his descent. He struggled to walk in the shifting sand. Paris grabbed his wrist, tugging him along.

Simon guided them to the nearby encampment, where they’d finally decided the time was right. They went into the general’s tent to discuss. Simon pulled Delta aside, explaining to him the mission. Delta nodded patiently; it was pretty straightforward. All he had to do was knock out some of the Striders, the gigantic walking machines that the planetary government had built for its defense. There’d be a massive procession of them moving in for this battle. If Delta could wipe their offensive out all at once, the planet would be theirs. It would be a little strenuous, but nothing he hadn’t done before.

The soldiers tending to the encampment seemed really curious about the prince and his weapon. Delta was used to receiving a wide berth, but the soldiers and officers alike kept coming to peek into the tent. He could tell it was pissing Paris off and he wished he could warn them to knock it off.

In the distance, a heavy thud. The general pointed to the clock. In fifteen minutes, they were to strike.

The actual battlefield was visible from the other side of the tall dune. They all proceeded to the top of it, hanging back slightly to avoid becoming too visible to the opposition. Simon was helping Delta up the mound, encouraging him to sit and recenter himself before the attack. He did as he was told. Paris was hanging back some distance with the General and a few of his officers. Dr.Martino was with them, just in case. Delta sunk his hands into the hot sand, closing his eyes.

The Striders were coming into the valley. Delta marked them by sight, counting twelve in total. They were slow moving, far enough away that they weren’t hazardous, but not so far as to be out of his range. Paris gave the signal, prompting Simon to return to Delta’s side. Smoke and sand were kicking up around them. The wind practically drowned out the sound of their voices.

“Ready?” Simon asked. Delta stood up, taking a few steps forward so that his aim was clear. He nodded his assent. The collar clicked off.

Pain, immediately. Delta fell to his knees with the force of the migraine, hearing the roar of the wind, the death heat of the sun, the intricate forms of the Strider’s machinery. His head pounded as he tried to recenter himself, but he could neither see nor feel more than a few feet in front of him. He was totally lost in the expanse of sand beneath him, the ocean of minutiae. He thought, from somewhere remote in his skull, what a silly thing to get caught up on. But the pain was so loud it refused to be ignored.

The collar clicked back on. Simon did not move to comfort him. “Delta…” he said, in a low warning, scared for his own sake. Delta did not dare look at him. Simon stepped closer, pulling him out from the position he’d curled into. “What is it? What’s wrong?”

Delta shook his head, unable to communicate it. The Striders, in the distance, were still moving in. Simon pressed at him.

“I can’t see,” Delta admitted weakly, “It’s too much. Too bright. I can’t see well.”

“I’m afraid you don’t have much of a choice,” Simon reminded him, “Try again. Sit up, don’t stand. Just focus on your breathing.”

“Yes, sir,” Delta nodded. The collar clicked off, again.

It was even worse. Delta let out a small, choked sob. His brain felt like it was melting as it took it all in. He didn’t even understand what he was seeing. It was a dot matrix folding in on itself, torn into pieces, looking wrong. Simon quickly switched the collar back on, sensing immediately that Delta was not in control of himself and knowing how dangerous that could be. He signaled something to Paris and to the general, then bent down to help Delta to his feet. Delta’s steps were rough and unsteady. Simon was walking him back to the camp.

==========

Dr.Martino had his own medical tent set up in the event of emergencies. He seemed annoyed that he actually had to use it. Delta was extremely dizzy and exhausted from the view he’d gotten. He could barely focus as Dr.Martino ran the tests. With an exasperated sigh, Dr.Martino slapped him on the wrist when he started to tremble too hard. Delta flinched. He straightened up as Paris appeared at the entrance.

“Well?” The prince asked.

“There’s nothing medically wrong with him,” Dr.Martino confirmed. Delta braced himself, not needing to guess what was coming.

Without speaking, Paris grabbed Delta by the wrist, dragging him out of the tent. He took him further out into the sand, out of the camp’s sightline. It didn’t matter; most of the soldiers had cleared out, now having to fight this battle for themselves.

“I’m sor-“ Delta started, but his own gasp cut him off. Paris threw him into the ground. He kicked him straight in the ribs, knocking the breath out of him. He waited for Delta to try and sit up before kicking him back down again, onto his elbows. Delta leaned his head down, trying to recover his breath. The pain was sharp and demanding.

“Get up,” was all Paris said.

Delta sat up again. A punch to the side of his face sent him back down. This was getting bad. Paris didn’t usually punch him like that. Delta’s head felt heavy and hollow from the impact, the migraine pulsing with a life of its own. He sat up again, not even meaning to, mostly just disoriented. Paris kicked him in the chest, then dropped down to straddle him, forcing him flat onto his back.

He snaked a hand around Delta’s neck, pushing his head back into the burning sand. Delta reflexively clasped at Paris’s wrist, trying to pry it off him. He winced as Paris’s open hand came down hard across his face. Paris was raising his fist up when Simon finally caught up to them.

“Your Highness! Not the head. It’s dangerous. You want him to still work, don’t you?”

Paris glared at him, but he lowered his fist. He felt Delta’s body relax beneath him. He tightened his grip around his neck, causing him to tense back up. Paris did not seem to get any satisfaction out of it. He stood up, wiping his hands on his pants. He offered a hand to Delta who - in a daze - took it.

Paris threw him back down into the sand. He delivered another harsh kick to his side. Simon clicked his disapproval, but the prince was already walking away.

==========

Simon was trying to explain the issue as they flew back to the Thorn.

“You have to understand, the psionic force is entirely concerned with forms. Its native language is topology. And even the most advanced computer simulations we have still struggle with sand. It must be very overwhelming to try and grasp the physics of a sandy battlefield, let alone influence it.” Simon said patiently, jotting down a few notes in his journal.

Martino wasn’t having it, “Doctor, I’ve known him since he was a kid. He knows what he’s supposed to do, he just doesn’t want to be uncomfortable. Besides, he’s operated in the desert before.”

Delta bristled. That wasn’t true; he’d never been to a desert in all his life. But it’s not like he could defend himself. He knew if he said a single word, all three of them would start yelling at him again. His wrists were chained up over his head and around the upper grab handle of his seat. The position put strain on his ribs, which was the only reason Paris had done it. It also kept him from wiping at the blood slowly tricking from his nose and mouth, which none of the others seemed to take notice of. His skin was hot and itchy from the sand. His ribs felt broken, but he couldn’t be sure. He stole a glance at Paris.

The prince wasn’t even listening. He was looking intently at his tablet, tapping his stylus against it. Even through the shades, a sharp line of worry was etched into his face. In spite of himself, Delta felt a little bad. The planetside general had been a fencesitter; Paris had almost certainly lost his support after this. Plus, if word got around about the performance failure, it could quickly snowball out of control. Delta’s guilt was replaced with fear. He knew he wouldn’t be off the hook for this anytime soon.

~~~~

Tags: @catnykit @indigoviolet311 @snakebites-and-ink @vivulapom @defire

#whump #living weapon whumpee #whump scenario #whump community #whump prompt #hurt/comfort #h/c #magic exhaustion #punishment #destroyer #delta #paris #simon

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techav · 1 year

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So I have this printer ...

Not that one specifically, that one is beautiful and in great condition, but one like it — Apple ImageWriter II. Specifically mine is the ImageWriter II/L variant, the last revision of the ImageWriter II line, but it looks like this one.

Or at least it did once upon a time.

My family acquired this printer second-hand in the late 90s along with a Mac Classic. It got used regularly for school reports and letters and business documents and tax forms for a few years until we finally were able to get a new computer with a color inkjet printer.

Long story short, like the computer that went with it, ultimately this poor printer ended up sitting in storage without air conditioning in East Texas heat and humidity for nearly twenty years. It's a sad story of slow decay.

My ImageWriter is now yellowed and scuffed and scraped and rusted and missing a piece or two; just a dim reminder of its former beauty. Given the state of it, what hope do we have of ever again hearing it sing the song of its people?

Well, I'm not going to let it go without a fight. Time to dig in and see what we can ...

... oh. Oh dear that won't do at all.

A good rule to follow when working with these 30+ year old systems, is to (carefully!) open and inspect before applying any power. In this case I'm very glad I did. Three large filter capacitors on the power supply have very obviously swollen and burst, spreading their corrosive bile all over the neighborhood.

The back side of the power supply circuit board was a wasteland of rotting solder mask, corroded traces, and displaced silkscreen. The electrolyte has eaten its way down the leads, through the solder, and left carnage in its wake all across the bottom of the board.

First order of business is getting those old capacitors removed from the board so cleanup can begin. If you've never worked with hardware of this vintage, a fair warning — make sure you're working in a well-ventilated area. Sure the solder has lead and the flux ain't great for the lungs, but the big concern here is the unholy stench of heated capacitor electrolyte hitting the nostrils like the revenge of Poseidon's refuse bin. The local fish market has nothing on these things.

The old solder, especially when mixed with the electrolyte, tends to behave in a very un-solder-like fashion. It will refuse to melt and when it does it will slump around like wet sand rather than flow like liquid metal should. While it may seem counter-intuitive, the best way to get rid of it is to add more fresh solder to it. On these single-sided boards with large components like this, a spring-action solder pump works well for getting the old parts removed, and then some solder braid will clean up the pads well.

Once the old parts are out, I like to thoroughly clean the area with isopropyl alcohol to remove the electrolyte and years of grease and dirt and pet hair that may have cemented itself to the board. In this case I also needed to use a mild abrasive to remove that damaged solder mask where it had bubbled up off the corroding copper traces. I was lucky here that none of the traces were actually broken or corroded through completely. Clear nail polish works well for protecting the now bare copper (just make sure it's not the UV-cure gel stuff).

From here I turned my attention to the case, because the power supply is the last item removed and first installed when conducting a complete tear down of this printer, and it didn't make sense to put my newly cleaned power supply into a dirty old case.

I'm not really a fan of retrobrite, and these large case pieces would be a real challenge anyway. So all I want is to clean up the dirt and rust and as many scuff marks as I can. As far as I'm concerned, the rest is just part of the history of the item. Each mark tells a story of how this item was used, not just put up on a shelf to be looked at. And if I didn't have any interest in using the machine until it completely falls to pieces, I wouldn't be bothering with going fishing replacing old capacitors.

This is a good point to do some testing. There may still be more wrong with that power supply. Output voltages could have drifted out of spec from other components aging, or maybe I installed capacitors that don't quite match the originals. The ImageWriter II/L power supply has three outputs — +5VDC, -5VDC, & +26VDC. With no load on the power supply, I measured the outputs at around ±7V and 30V. That seems high, but it's not outside of what I would expect for a power supply that's not actually driving anything. This would be a good point to use an adjustable test load, but since I don't have one of those, I'll just have to move forward with my "well it seems fine'

Spoiler: it was not fine.

As part of its startup sequence, the ImageWriter exercises all of its stepper motors to get everything to a known state. This high current draw immediately after power on was more than its old power supply could give. There's clearly more than bad capacitors on the supply, but identifying what exactly is still beyond my current skill level.

So in the interest of getting the machine working (because I have plans for it), I opted to try replacing the power supply with something more modern. The catch here is the odd assortment of voltages the original supply provided. It's easy to find a ±5VDC supply, but 26V is virtually unheard-of.

Apple's documentation for the printer mentions the +26V supply is for driving the motors. I suspected that the 26V supply was less carefully regulated and probably targeting something more like 24V. Sure enough, the stepper with the highest voltage rating on its label was 24V. With a little extra current capacity available, I figured the printer would function just fine with a 24V supply.

The catch is, 24V & ±5V is not a common configuration. There are plenty of 12V & ±5V supplies, but that won't do here. I settled on a Mean Well 24V & 5V supply with a -5V inverter ... And promptly ordered the wrong part. I had a nice new 12V & 5V supply. That's ok, once I got it in hand it was a bit too large to fit in the space I had anyway.

So I got a different Mean Well 24V supply and a separate 24V-5V DC-DC converter. It's a bit of a mess all crammed into the bottom of the case, but it should give all the right voltages (or near enough).

I did have to remove the power switch from the old supply though. That particular part has long since been discontinued, and compatible replacements proved difficult to find.

Now that it's all assembled, it's time to test. This is the part that always makes me nervous, especially when dealing with mains voltages. There's so much that can go so very horribly wrong.

I started out with a smoke test — switching on power briefly to make sure there were no direct shorts that might cause an explosive failure. No smoke is a good sign, so check the voltages. With no load, the new supply rails read 23.99V, 5.00V, and -5.55V. That's about as good as I could ever ask for. So now there's only one thing left to test … does it actually print?

Success!

It's not perfect. Every once in a while it will stutter while printing and get stuck with the carriage on one side or the other. It really needs a complete disassembly, thorough cleaning, and relubrication. That kind of mechanical teardown is a bit beyond what I'm comfortable with at the moment, but I'll happily settle for mostly working over not working at all.

#vintage computing #macintosh #imagewriter #imagewriter ii/l #computer repair #apple #apple computers #dot matrix printer #mean well #it's always the power supply #power supply

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semcoinfratechworld · 3 months

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Benefits of Using Prismatic Lithium-Ion Battery Laser Welding Machines in EV Manufacturing

The battery pack assembly process involves packing cells to achieve the desired voltage, capacity, and current from small cells. In this process, welding plays a crucial role. Proper welding ensures that the battery cells are joined correctly and helps in creating a conductive connection between cells. Traditionally, welding methods included electricity and gas. However, gas welding poses significant risks due to the flammability of electrolytes and other battery components. Electric methods like arc welding and spot welding were also commonly used.

In modern times, the integration of automation has brought laser welding machines to the forefront due to their numerous advantages. This article explores the benefits of laser welding over traditional spot welding and other methods.

Speed and Flexibility

Laser welding is a remarkably fast technique, capable of welding thin materials at speeds of several meters per minute. The key advantage is the ability to create a ‘keyhole,’ allowing heat input throughout the material’s thickness, making it suitable for high-productivity automated environments. Thicker sections can also benefit as laser keyhole welding completes a joint in a single pass, unlike other techniques requiring multiple passes. Laser welding is typically automated, with beams manipulated using multi-axis robotic systems, resulting in a flexible manufacturing process.

Stronger and Deeper Welds

Laser welding machines are ideal for creating high-aspect-ratio welds, making them suitable for joint configurations like stake welding through lap joints, which are not feasible with many other welding techniques. Parts joined using laser welding can have smaller flanges compared to those made with resistance spot welding.

Reduced Distortion and Heat

The highly concentrated heat source of laser welding produces a small weld volume, transmitting limited heat into the surrounding material. This results in less distortion than many other processes. The low heat input also creates narrow heat-affected zones, minimizing thermal damage and preserving the properties of the parent material near the weld.

Suitability for Materials

Multiple technologies of Laser welding machines in India can weld a wide range of materials, including steels, stainless steels, aluminum, titanium, and nickel alloys, as well as non-metallic materials like plastics and textiles. For lithium-ion battery assembly, copper, nickel, and aluminum welding machines are best. The material thickness that lasers can handle varies greatly, from under a millimeter to around 30 millimeters, depending on the laser fiber welding machine type and power.

Performed Out of Vacuum

Unlike many electron beam keyhole welding operations, laser welding equipment is carried out at atmospheric pressure, though gas shielding is often necessary to prevent oxidation of the welds.

Non-Contact, Single-Sided Process

Laser welding does not apply force to the workpieces being joined and is typically a single-sided process, completing the joint from one side. However, weld root shielding may be required from the opposite side.

Versatility

Lasers offer the ability to create spot or stitch welds just as easily as continuous welds. Beyond welding, laser sources can be used for various materials processing applications, including cutting, surfacing, heat treatment, marking, and rapid prototyping. Beam delivery to the workpieces can be achieved through time-sharing a single beam between multiple welding stations or energy-sharing a single beam to process different areas or the same area from opposite sides of a workpiece. Special optics can also be used for beam shaping or splitting, allowing for the processing of materials with beams of different energy distributions.

Conclusion

Battery manufacturing equipment suppliers are increasingly turning from other technologies to laser for their efficiency and precision in the Lithium-Ion Battery Assembly Equipment sector. With its numerous advantages, laser welding is becoming an essential part of the battery assembly process, offering speed, flexibility, and precision that traditional methods cannot match.

#Lithium-Ion Battery Equipment Supplier in India #Lithium-Ion Battery Assembly Equipment Provider #laser welding machine #laser welding machine in india #laser welding equipment #laser fiber welding machine

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insightslicelive · 2 years

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Electrolytic Marking Machine Market Cagr Status, Trends, Analysis And Forecasts To 2032

The Electrolytic Marking Machine Market report is an authentic source of insightful data for business strategists. It provides the industry overview with growth analysis and historical & futuristic cost, revenue, demand, and supply data (as applicable). The research analysts provide an elaborate description of the value chain and distribution network. This industry study provides comprehensive…

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#Benefits of Electrolytic Marking Machine #Electrolytic Marking Machine #Electrolytic Marking Machine industry #Electrolytic Marking Machine industry SWOT analysis #Electrolytic Marking Machine manufacturing companies #Electrolytic Marking Machine Market CAGR value #Electrolytic Marking Machine market Research report #Electrolytic Marking Machine market share

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kidneytreatment01 · 1 year

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Understanding the Silent Signs: Common Kidney Damage Symptoms

The kidneys, crucial organs beneath the rib cage on either side of the spine, play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's health and balance. Sporting a kidney-like shape, they fulfil several vital functions contributing to overall well-being.

Chief among these functions is blood filtration and purification. Daily, the kidneys process around 120 to 150 quarts of blood, extracting waste products, excess fluids, and toxins. These unnecessary substances and extra water are transformed into urine and conveyed to the bladder for eventual elimination, preserving the purity of the blood and its essential composition for proper bodily functions.

Beyond waste removal, the kidneys are adept at precisely managing fluid and electrolyte levels. They vigilantly monitor vital minerals like sodium, potassium, and calcium, regulating their amounts as needed. This role is essential for maintaining steady blood pressure, appropriate nerve and muscle performance, and a balanced fluid equilibrium within cells and tissues.

Furthermore, the kidney are central to controlling blood pressure. This intricate process relies on hormones like renin and aldosterone. When blood pressure drops, the kidneys release renin, triggering a series of responses that culminate in the production of angiotensin. This prompts blood vessels to constrict, effectively elevating blood pressure. Conversely, heightened blood pressure stimulates the kidneys to reduce renin release, dilating blood vessels and decreasing blood pressure.

The kidneys also contribute significantly to the regulation of red blood cell production. The kidneys stimulate the bone marrow to manufacture red blood cells by generating the hormone erythropoietin. These cells ferry oxygen to various tissues and organs, ensuring proper cellular function and overall vitality.

Sadly, the kidneys are vulnerable to various diseases and conditions. Kidney disease can stem from diabetes, high blood pressure, infections, autoimmune disorders, and genetic predisposition. Chronic kidney disease is an enduring condition marked by the gradual decline in kidney function, sometimes necessitating interventions like kidney dialysis or transplantation to sustain life. Before turning to such measures, exploring homeopathic medicine to aid kidney disease recovery is worth considering.

Kidney stones present another common issue when specific minerals and salts accumulate in the kidneys, forming solid masses. These stones can cause substantial pain and may require medical procedures for removal.

In summary, kidneys are intricate organs with multifaceted roles. Their functions encompass more than waste disposal, including fluid and electrolyte regulation, blood pressure management, and red blood cell generation. These roles are crucial for overall health and well-being. Recognizing their importance underscores the need for a healthy lifestyle, effective management of conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure, and prompt attention to any kidney-related concerns, ensuring the continuity of these remarkable functions.

Dialysis is a medical procedure that can help when the kidneys are no longer able to filter and cleanse the blood as effectively as they once could. The two most common types of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis, as opposed to hemodialysis, which uses a machine to filter the blood, uses the lining of the abdomen as a natural filter. Numerous patients who received Kidney treatment by homeopathy were cured without the need for dialysis.

#kidney damage symptoms #kidney dialysis #kidney disease symptoms #Kidney treatment by homeopathy #kidney function test

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humblehydrogen · 1 year

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The Humble Hydrogen Alkaline Electrolyser: Revolutionizing Clean and Renewable Hydrogen Production

The Humble Hydrogen-created Alkaline Electrolyser is a cutting-edge and effective machine essential to creating clean and renewable hydrogen. This cutting-edge technique uses an alkaline electrolyte solution to electrolytically divide water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.

The Alkaline Electrolyser permits the sustainable production o f hydrogen gas, which may be utilised for a variety of applications, including fuel cells, energy storage, and transportation, by utilising electricity from renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power. The Alkaline Electrolyser from Humble Hydrogen marks a huge step forward in the transition to a greener and more sustainable future with its cutting-edge design and exceptional performance.

#hydrogen cylinder tanks #Alkaline Electrolyser

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sbknews · 2 years

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Pre-season Battery Checks

Has your motorcycle been sitting in the garage or under a cover all winter long? Batteries lose power over time,but with a few basic checks and a bit of maintenance you can make sure your bike starts on the button whenever you need it. We asked the battery saving experts at OptiMate for their top tips. Your first job is to figure out the type of battery fitted to your motorcycle - is it Lead Acid (old school), Maintenance Free / AGM (common on most modern machines) or Lithium (becoming increasingly popular on high performance and off-road bikes). Here’s how to tell the difference.

Lead Acid Conventional Lead Acid batteries will usually be labelled with reference numbers starting with the letters YB, CB or GB (e.g YB14L-A2); Y, C or G (e.g Y60-N24L-A); or 12N (e.g 12N24-3) They usually have a black top with a row of plastic stoppers (three stoppers in a 6 volt battery and six in a 12 Volt). Inside are lead plates, surrounded by electrolyte mixture (the acid). This needs topping up with distilled water from time to time, so the stoppers can be removed to give access.

Maintenance Free / AGM Maintenance Free or AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat) batteries are the most common type used in modern motorcycles, and normally have reference numbers starting with the letters YTX, CTX or GTX (e.g YTX9-BS). They usually have a black case and have a stopper sunk into the top. Once filled, these batteries do not need to have the top removed, the acid level checked or be topped up. The electrolyte is suspended in fibreglass mats between the lead plates inside, hence the name.

Lithium Ion Lithium Ion is the general group name used for all Lithium batteries. There are many different types - Lithium Iron Phosphate, also known as Lithium Ferrous Phosphate, is used for engine starter batteries. These will generally be marked as 'Li-ion', 'LFP' or 'LiFePO4'. Like Sealed/AGM batteries, Lithium Ion batteries usually have a black case, but have no stoppers in the top.

Check the condition of your battery Multimeters can seem intimidating, but testing your bike’s Voltage with one is super simple, and they are a useful tool that costs little to buy. With the ignition off, set the multimeter to the ‘20V DC’ (direct current) range. Connect or touch the red probe/clip to it to the positive terminal of your battery and the black one to the negative terminal. If you’ve done it right, the Voltage should now be displayed on the meter’s screen. A healthy 12V battery should give a reading between 12.5V and 12.9V. A conventional Lead-Acid should read 12.4V to 12.6V; a Maintenance Free/AGM should be 12.7V to 12.9V; and a Lithium battery will normally be either 12.8V or 13.2V. Next, start the engine and rev to between 3,000–4,000 rpm. This will indicate the voltage being put out by the alternator - an ideal charging range is between 14V to 14.5V, but down to 13.5V is acceptable. If you have a lithium battery, your machine's charging system should be putting out the safe charging rate of 14.4V. If it’s putting out more than that, there could be a problem. If the reading is too high the voltage regulator could be faulty, which will cause the battery to overheat and fail. If the reading is too low, the alternator is not generating sufficient current to recharge the battery - again another indication that there is a fault. To make life easy, the OptiMate TS120 plug-and-play tester uses simple icons to indicate that everything is OK, or to highlight potential problems. Attach a suitable OptiMate optimiser to your battery and it will test, check and assess your battery’s condition - again, using an easy-to-understand display to keep the user infomed - charging, repairing and even recovering deep discharged units automatically and safely.

Charging and maintaining Regularly charging and maintaining your battery not only keeps it working to maximum capacity, it can also double its working life, as well as significantly reducing the likelihood of it failing. There are many smart chargers on the market, which are designed to be attached to your motorcycle’s battery whenever it is parked up for long periods of time (more than a few days). These should not be confused with simple ‘trickle chargers’ which charge a battery slowly and then stop charging once a certain voltage is reached. Trickle chargers aren’t designed to be attached to batteries for long periods of time and won’t maintain a battery in the same way as a smart charger. Recommended by most major motorcycle manufacturers, OptiMate chargers and optimisers can maintain, test, charge and even repair a bike's battery, all completely automatically. All OptiMate chargers run a unique 'connect and forget' 24hr, 7 days-a-week, 365 days-a-year program, so they can and should be connected to your bike's battery and left to do their work – no user input needed. OptiMate Bronze series chargers automatically detect whether the battery is AGM or Lithium and charge accordingly - no need to pre-select or remove the battery from the bike - and will be suitable for the majority of modern bikes.. Visit www.optimate1.com to see the full range. For more info checkout our dedicated Optimate News page Optimate News See the complete OptiMate range of chargers and monitors at www.optimate1.com. Read the full article

#BatteryCharger #BatteryMonitor #BatteryTrickleCharger #OptiMate

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barbasbodaciousbeard · 3 years

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Delete the Twitter app, Mr. Barba

In which Rafael Barba deletes the Twitter app because of the Householder case, and Carmen babysits him.

Accidental Feminist Icon

The last thing on Rafael Barba’s mind when he was in the hospital room with Maggie Householder was his online reputation. Once he’d turned himself in and been released on his own recognizance, however, he opened his phone to call mami and instead saw hundreds of Twitter notifications, emails from people whose names he didn’t recognize, and missed calls and voicemails from unfamiliar numbers. He didn’t touch Twitter, texting Carmen to ask how bad it was and she advised him to delete the application until at least after the trial. When he went home, mami was there and just as disappointed as he expected. There were tears the minute she saw him, but not any offered comfort.

“You murdered a child, mijo.”

“You don’t understand, mami. No lo viste. El no estaba realmente vivo.”

“Esa fue la decisión de Dios. No es tu decisión. Tu abuela estaría tan decepcionada de ti.”

“No estoy de acuerdo. Si estás aquí para regañarme, vete a casa.”

“Te llevo a la confesión.”

“Vete a casa, mami. Me confesaré cuando esté lista.”

“Rafa-”

“Go home.”

Lucia stormed out, and Rafael went inside his apartment and went straight for the scotch he kept aside. It wasn’t his good scotch. It was the cheap one that burned his throat and left him sicker than he ever was the next day. Before twisting off the cap, he heeded Carmen’s advice, deleting the Twitter app as he dropped to the couch and began to drink. It was only eleven, not even noon, but he didn’t want to remember what had transpired the day before. He should wade through his email, but someone had posted it. He knew because it was referenced time and time again that they’d found his personal email via some Twitter thread or Subreddit or something else he hadn’t yet encountered. He’d had to mute his phone as phone calls rolled in; the only one he answered confirmed it was strangers from the Internet who had seen the news. Carmen called it getting cancelled when it happened to other people. That usually didn’t involve the loss of a life, so the term seemed not quite right for what was happening, especially given the fact this included more than just the people he was used to. People who had never encountered him were hearing about him in the news.

He ignored Olivia’s calls, considering the morning’s interactions enough. As he drank, Rafael was able to filter unknown numbers and messages, tossing the phone aside and quickly finishing the bottle. Olivia came by, and he didn’t answer, choosing to lay back on the couch as the room spun around him. Carmen texted him, and he didn’t look. An hour later, he heard her outside of his door with Olivia and unlocking he apartment for her. He’d given her a key long ago so she could get files or suits or drop off leftovers. Both of them came in, and it suddenly dawned on him that he had his suspenders down and shirt open over his undershirt. He’d spilled the most recent tumbler over himself with the pizza he’d ordered. And now, they could see him like this, eyes rimmed red and mood unstable as he thought more than he could about himself.

“Mr. Barba,” Carmen said softly, kneeling by him. Olivia stayed closer to the door, surveying the room. By the nature of their constant proximity, Carmen had seen the tail end or starts of Rafael getting frustrated, though he always pressed it down with a glass of scotch and good meal. That said, she’d found him too drunk after a trial didn’t go his way. Seen him frustrated as he went through a case he may not be able to do anything about it. Caught him yelling at paperwork as though something would happen. She’d also seen him the next mornings when he came in pretending not to be insanely hungover and was wearing the suit from his office.

“I’m fine.”

“No you aren’t. Is this what happens between an eight o’clock bourbon and the office suit?”

“Shut up, Carmen.”

“Don’t talk to me like that. I’m helping you.”

“Sorry,” he said with a huff as his hand ran down his face, and Olivia had to stifle a laugh at how properly embarrassed he looked. “My email and phone are bad. How bad is Twitter?”

“Medium. A lot of people understand. Or they feel that they can’t understand, so they’ll watch the story.”

“People understand murder?” he scoffed.

“No. No one does. But we all understand how impossible your choice was. How badly the parents were hurting.”

“I was too selfish to do it for my dad.”

“I know, Mr. Barba. But people want to know how long until they hear more. Want people to wait. Can see why you did it. It’ll blow over. We can change your number and your email. Twitter has a really handy button. Block.”

“My name’s Rafael.”

“You’re my boss.”

“Not for long,” he chuckled bitterly before his gaze softened. “All I wanted was for people not to hurt.”

“You need to go to bed, Rafa.” It was Olivia now, and his eyes suddenly snapped open. It was different when it was Olivia. They were friends, but they kept things to work. Other than the occasional group event, they’d grab dinner after work. She didn’t hear him debate pocket squares or see him drunk alone in his office or help him think of replies on Twitter. He’d probably lose his friendship with Carmen once he wasn’t in the office, he supposed. She humored her boss a lot more than she probably should.

“I’m fine, Liv.” It came with more of a snort than he liked, and he was suddenly pulling himself up to sit, wrapping his shirt around himself as though it were a cardigan. Carmen watched he was steady, and Olivia was sure she now knew what she’d looked like when Noah was learning to walk on his own with her hand on his back to keep him upright. Once things passed, she wanted to ask if Rafael was always this willing to be relaxed around Carmen, but she wasn’t sure she really wanted to know.

“I don’t think I’m helping things,” Olivia said softly, and Carmen gave a gentle nod.

“My son’s with my mom for a visit. I’ll take care of him.”

“You’re sure? I can call Lucia.”

“I’m fine, lieutenant. And mami has already been here.”

“Make sure he meets with an attorney tomorrow.”

“I make his calendar. I know.”

“You two can stop talking about me like I’m not here,” he grumbled, heels pressed against his eyes. “I’m drunk, not deaf.”

“You’re belligerent, counsellor.”

“Call me Rafael,” he said again, flopping onto the couch when Olivia had left again.

“I thought Lieutenant Benson was your best friend, Rafael.”

“She is, I guess. Is that sad? My best friend used to be Alex, but I pursued that case. As if mami needed more reason to hate me.”

“You don’t act like you in front of her. Not all the way.”

“This isn’t me.”

“It’s you without a carefully constructed persona.”

“If that’s the case, I suppose you’re my best friend, Miss Frye.” She’d expected to see a bemused smirk or annoyed scowl, but Carmen was taken aback by how sincere he looked as his hand moved to rest on her forearm and squeeze as well as he could.

“My name’s Carmen,” she teased. “Now come on. You need to go to bed.”

“My suit will get wrinkled.”

“I’ll hang it for you.”

“You can sleep in the guest room. It’s not safe for you to go-” His eyes were suddenly wide. “Carmen, where’s Ollie?”

“With my mom. I told her you needed me for a couple days.”

“You don’t need to disrupt your life.”

“I’ll tell you a secret Mist- Rafael.”

“What?” he asked, flopping into bed where she’d pulled the blanket down once he managed to strip to his boxers.

“You’re my best friend too.” She tugged the blanket over him, pressing a gentle kiss to his temple. He smiled up at her, and she made her way out turning off the lights. It seemed silly to say it to someone like him, but they’d worked together a long time, had a lot of late night talks. She liked him more than a lot of people she knew, and saw him more than anyone outside of her family.

Carefully, she cleaned his living room, dumping his other bottle of cheap scotch out and disposing of both before setting up the coffee to brew at seven, just in time to have him at an attorney’s office by nine. McCoy had approved her to work from wherever she needed to in order to keep Rafael functioning. She’d have been miserable helping Peter Stone with this trial anyway. They both knew about his father, and it seemed he may be a ticking time bomb. She logged into his twitter, going on a blocking spree as she explored his mentions, tweeting from her own account and his that she’d done it and retweeting it from his account.

She also liked all the kind ones. The ones asking for understanding or expressing empathy. The ones that acknowledged he had an impossible choice and neither one would have sat well with their own conscious. Leave a child and his family to suffer without end or expedite the inevitable. Then there were his direct messages. Since getting verified, he had the ability to only see messages from people he followed. As she combed through, there were a couple of hateful messages she ignored, but most who knew him expressed understanding and a couple even included leads if he wanted out of the city. She marked those down in her notes app before falling asleep in the guest bedroom.

The sound that greeted her in the morning was Rafael Barba vomiting as the coffee machine roared to life in the background. Silently, she ordered ginger tea and vitamin b12 for delivery, going to fetch the pedialyte she’d brought from home. When he came out, hair wet from a shower, she’d already brewed him tea, cooked breakfast, and given him an expectant look as she slid a glass of unnaturally purple electrolytes to him. He didn’t know what to say, so he took the proffered glas and took a long sip before wincing.

“Grape,” she said plainly.

“Grapes don’t taste like that.”

“Ollie likes it okay. I make him popsicles though.”

“He’s old enough for popsicles? Isn’t he still on milk?”

“Rafael, he’s two. He drinks milk, but he even eats.”

“Does he like books yet?”

“He does. He really likes being read to.”

“I’ll read to him next time I see him.” He was quiet for a moment, and when he spoke again, his voice was thick. “Do you play him music?”

“Some. Usually my playlists.”

“Play him Bach.”

“You’ll have to tell me what’s best to play him.”

“I’ll send you a playlist.”

“Why Bach?” She watched as his jaw shifted from side to side, lips pressed together, and that told her all she needed to know. “Drew liked Bach?”

“He’d never know if he liked Bach. Maggie was playing one of his cantatas.”

“Maybe we can take him to an orchestra one day.”

“There are some shows. Kid friendly.”

“He’d like that.”

“I’ll send it to you.”

“You’ll come, won’t you?”

“Me?”

“It’s your idea.”

“You’d still let me around your son?”

“My son is a healthy vibrant boy. If he was in the same situation as Drew, it would be hard, but I’d still want you there. You did exactly what I would have done for him, okay?”

“Did you mean what you said last night?”

“Which part?”

“The last part.”

“You probably are my best friend. And that hasn’t changed. I wish you didn’t have to be put in the situation, but I would hope I’d have been strong enough to do the same. And other people agree with me.”

“God, you’re not actually looking at Twitter.”

“I looked at Twitter. I blocked anyone vitriolic. But, I collected all the kind ones in your favorites for when you’re ready. A lot of your attorney friends have job leads for you if you leave the DA’s office.”

“I’m leaving. And I’m probably going to fucking prison. You’ll be down a friend in a few months.”

“Stop it.”

“They’ll end me in there, Carmen. I sent some of them there.” She wasn’t sure what to make at how at peace with the prospect he was.

“And you won’t go to prison. Don’t focus on that. Even if you do, they’ll have to do something to protect you. And I’ll come visit you.”

“You barely know me.”

“We spend more time together than I do with anyone else. I know you’re good, you have a good heart, you send birthday presents to every SVU detective’s kid and think I don’t know you send them coffee gift cards on their birthdays. You’re a total mama’s boy and despite what a snarky prick you are, you have imposter syndrome out the ass. You’re lapsed enough Catholic not to go to church, but you pray when things are really bad. I also know some part of your brain feels like you’ve let down people who think you do good work by this one thing, but one bad doesn’t outweigh an exorbitant amount of good. I hope Ollie has half of the ethical backbone you do. I know there have been occasions in the past you weren’t perfect, but the man I’ve known deserves every ounce of credit he gets. That doesn’t mean you’ve never made a mistake.”

“You’re ridiculous,” he muttered, and much to his chagrin, Carmen wrapped him in a hug that he returned, refusing to look at her. He was suddenly aware he’d cry if he looked at what he knew was a genuine smile. “I’ve got to get dressed to see an attorney.”

“Who are you going with?”

“Randy Dworkin.”

“He’ll be good.”

“I hate to admit that. And I’m sure I’ll hate every second with him.”

“How about you teach me about Bach this afternoon?”

“You have work.”

“McCoy approved me to be remote.”

“So you’re my sitter?” She could almost swear a smile pulled at the corner of his lip, and she felt pride she didn’t expect.

“I suppose. So Bach?”

“Bring Ollie?”

“Deal.”

#rafael barba #rafael barba x reader #law and order #law and order svu #law and order special victims unit #Rafael Barba x Carmen

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sciencespies · 4 years

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This New Diamond-Based Process Could Help Save The Ocean From Microplastics

https://sciencespies.com/environment/this-new-diamond-based-process-could-help-save-the-ocean-from-microplastics/

This New Diamond-Based Process Could Help Save The Ocean From Microplastics

A new technique using diamonds and titanium has the potential to help remove plastic microfibres before they enter the environment, by decomposing them into naturally occurring molecules.

It’s a secret the fashion industry would prefer to keep under wraps – most of our synthetic clothes are made of plastic, and they’re contributing to a big problem, shedding microplastic fibres into our waste water.

“The release of microplastics into the marine environment is recognised as an important problem related to water pollution. It has been shown that in aquatic environments, these microplastics adsorb toxic substances and can be ingested by aquatic organisms,” researchers from the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) in Canada explain in a new paper.

“Afterwards, they accumulate in the food chain and subsequently reach humans.”

There are many ways plastic can be shed into the environment, from plastic packaging to car tyres, but until recently one of the largest contributors – microfibres from our clothes – has been mostly overlooked.

When clothes made out of fabrics such as polyester, nylon, and acrylic are washed, tiny plastic microfibres get dislodged from the material and enter the wastewater – and, if they’re not removed, our waterways.

The new method for plastic removal – called electrooxidation – doesn’t just catch the fibres, but actively deconstructs them.

“Using electrodes, we generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH) to attack microplastics,” explains one of the researchers, electrotechnology scientist Patrick Drogui.

“This process is environmentally friendly because it breaks them down into CO2 and water molecules, which are non-toxic to the ecosystem.”

When the researchers did experiments using boron-doped diamond and titanium electrodes on water that was artificially contaminated with 26 µm size polystyrene microbeads, they found that at the six-hour mark, 89 percent of the plastic was degraded.

There are still a few kinks to iron out in this process. Using diamond is unsurprisingly expensive – although the team explains that the components can be reused for a number of years.

The researchers will also need to experiment using actual wastewater to determine if the process is as effective when other contaminants are present. So far, the team has only tested polystyrene plastic.

In the future they hope to integrate something like this in commercial laundries, or potentially even your washing machine, but that’s a way off yet.

“When this commercial laundry water arrives at the wastewater treatment plant, it is mixed with large quantities of water, the pollutants are diluted and therefore more difficult to degrade,” Drogui said.

“Conversely, by acting at the source, i.e., at the laundry, the concentration of microplastics is higher (per litre of water), thus more accessible for electrolytic degradation.”

Currently 80 percent of the world’s wastewater isn’t treated at all before heading back into the environment, so there’s a lot of work yet to do in this area.

It’s also important to note that this isn’t the only way of removing plastic from our wastewater. Many wastewater treatment plants already use a process that catches 99 percent of particles bigger than 20 micrometres in size, but this still means you have to do something with the plastic once it’s been caught – a problem the electrooxidation process solves as well.

Plus, with textile fabrics making up most of the microplastics in the ocean, we’re not doing close to enough to remove them.

Obviously one of the easiest ways to stop our clothes shedding plastic is to stop using plastic to produce clothes. This would require huge changes in the ways we produce, consume and regulate clothing manufacturing.

But for all the plastic already within our consumer system, it’s good to know there could soon be more ways to remove the microfibres before they have a chance to do potential damage.

The research has been published in Environmental Pollution.

#Environment

#01-2021 Science News #2020 Science News #Earth Environment #earth science #Environment and Nature #Nature Science #News Science Spies #Our Nature #outrageous acts of science #planetary science #Science #Science Channel #science documentary #Science News #Science Spies #Science Spies News #Space Physics & Nature #Space Science #Environment

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supremelasercuttingmachine · 5 years

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In metal industries, every machine has different types of duties.HSG Sheet metal laser cutting is a high measurable machine in the industrial field. The laser machine gives the high-quality cutting surface of a metal. this technology is improving the quality of a product. Today laser cutting is used in every metal cutting and design industry. The first laser cutting machine makes by drill holes in 1965.

The laser cutting can be known in three types, First is A CO2 laser is used for boring and engraving. Second is the neodymium (Nd) and the third is neodymium (Nd: YAG) lasers are identical in style and differ only in the application. ND is also used for boring and where high energy required and low repetition use for Sheet metal.

#laser cutting machine #fiber laser cutting machine #hsg laser cutting machine #sheet metal laser cutting machine #laser marking machine #laser welding machine #press brake machine

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biologyweeps · 6 years

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Alright, since people are into the idea: My top two horror stories as a labtech (mind you I’ve been a labtech here for just over 3 years so more will mount, no doubt)

Warning for Death, limited gore and well, medicine. I’ll try to keep the jargon light but please bear with me.

Case 1: 60 year old female, arrived via ambulance, admitted with transvaginal bleeding.

Patient arrived at approx. 2pm. Full clinical chemistry panel + blood grouping was drawn immediately and sent to the lab as emergency. Now, no matter how emergency you make it, we cannot do a clinical chem faster than 20 to 30 minutes because we gotta spin everything down in the centrifuge first. A full blood group takes ~45 minute because we cannot speed the reactions up. We can give out un-crossed blood (O- in that case) but the doctors are weary of doing that because it’s a risky move anyways.

I start the blood grouping, prepping as much as I can to cut down on time were possible. We also pop in the clinical chem already to try and get that as speedy as possible to either. Results are bad. Hb (hemoglobin, which is what lets your blood carry oxygen) is 6.something (should be >10), platelets are in the low double digits (should be >100), coagulation is ~30 (should be >80 if not on medication), CRP (inflammation marker) is >200 (should be <10). Liver parameters aren’t looking hot either, electrolytes completely out of whack.

The amount of ordered units of blood gets upped from 2 to 4, doc also orders two units of plasma. Those we can give out immediately with VERY low risk, since they’re AB (universally accepted plasma) and don’t need crossing. So you can use them to put coagulation factors and volume into your patient while you wait for the blood to be ready. So we put the two units of plasma on. I manage to get two units of blood out. Doc sends down another CBC (cellular blood count) and coagulation.

Hb even lower now, platelets down in single digit range, coagulation now below detection level of the machine. It’s shortly before 3pm. PANIC sets in. Doctor has me order units of platelets from the Red Cross. We don’t have those on hand because they can only be used for 2 days after being drawn, and we don’t need them. It takes about an 60 to 90 minutes for the units to get here from the Red Cross.

So I call them immediately and get things started while the additional two units are crossing. Doc ups the order again. We’re now at 6 units ordered. I start on those two, hand out the next two (units 3 and 4 of blood to the patient) and another unit of plasma (number 3).

Another set of clinical chem comes in to monitor progression. It’s cherry red when it comes out the centrifuge, meaning the blood cells aren’t intact anymore and instead have exploded and are now tinging the plasma red.

Ten minutes later the doc calls, tells me that the patient has passed. We didn’t get the final clinical chem in before she died. We didn’t get those last two units of blood or plasma into her. Call to the Red Cross to cancel the platelets fruitless as they’re already on the road.

Final time from admission to passing of patient: 2h and change. Final diagnosis: septic hemorrhage. The immune system literally had the blood fall apart inside the patient, with most bleeding internal. We literally couldn’t funnel in blood fast enough to compensate.

Case 2:

Male, in his fifties, walks into ER under own power, admitted with slight fever and feelings of malaise. It’s friday evening.

initial lab results are mostly nonsuspicious. Slightly elevated leukocyte (white blood cells), slightly elevated CRP (to be expected with a fever), elevated LDH. This one can be a marker that something serious is afoot, but without any of the other parameters falling out of the ordinary, it’s also very vague. But patient is admitted, just in case, because higher LDH can also be a marker for a cardiac event so better safe than sorry

Saturday morning, new blood draw: patient blood looks normal still, values slightly worsened than the day before, but not out of the ordinary for a progressing infection yet.

Saturday noon: patient DRAMATICALLY worsens in condition, moved to ICU. New blood draw. Blood now visibly ikteric after centrifugation. ‘Ikteric’ means that the plasma is having an orange or brownish tint. This comes from elevated bilirubin levels. That means that something’s up in the liver. Liver parameters have indeed significantly worsened. Bilirubin has gone from the normal <1 to ‘approaching 10′. Special lab parameters are drawn and send out, but on the weekend, they take a long time to get done (and indeed as a direct consequence, we’ll likely now get an in-house version of at least one of them).

Oncall MTA gets blood units ready to transfer in case the patients starts on hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) as well.

Saturday afternoon: patient continues to worsen despite speedy application of antibiotics and monitoring. New blood draw. Blood looks... bad when it comes out the centrifuge. Plasma VERY ikteric. Like, the stuff should be light yellow. It is burnt umbra. Small globules of fat as collecting on the top. Even in very fatty blood, having distinct globules is BAD. There’s literally fat droplets of considerable size floating around in the patient. Both are strong indicators that patient is entering liver failure and doing so fast. Closer inspection reveals that inside the plasma we got fibrin-threads. Fibrin is one of the things your body uses to clot wounds, and it shouldn’t trigger inside the body. It certainly shouldn’t inside a vial filled with an anticoagulant (Li-Heparin. We’re using this because in emergency situations it means you can cut down the spin time from 10 minutes to 5-7 and sometimes that’s vital). Something’s setting off the coagulation cascade inside the patient. This is also very bad.

Clinical parameters have worsened yet. Bilirubin values are approaching the 30 mark.

Coworker gives out two units of blood as Hb is dropping also. Kidney parameters now also worsening, likely a knock-on effect from the liver damage. Multi-organ failure is starting to look very very possible.

Saturday evening: Patient declared dead at 10pm. Final time from admission to passing: ~36h. Patient degraded from ‘basically fine, lil feverish, potential cardiac event’ to ‘fulminant liver failure’ within 24h.

Final diagnosis: systemic infection with antibiotic resistant bacteria, likely picked up from his father, who is diabetic and has open sores on his feet. No distinct ‘nest’ of infection found upon autopsy. No entry wound found either.

As mentioned, this case will in the near future lead to us doing the procalcitonin (another, more detailed infection marker than CRP) test in house to cut down on diagnosis time especially on the weekend. Might not have helped in this specific case, as the bacteria in question were resistant to many antibiotics, and we cannot make cultures grow any quicker to run resistance tests on, but we’ll never know for sure.

And both those cases are septic ones. This is what infection can and will do to your body if your immune system cannot get a grip on it by itself, or overshoots. Injection yourself with things that you cooked up in your kitchen can, worst case, end like that. Not with gangrene slowly eating your limbs, though that’s also a possibility. But it can just as much end with you bleeding out of your orifices as your blood self-destructs. It can end with your organs shutting down on you within a ridiculous short time.

So when I tell people to let a doctor look at the suspicious looking thing, I really, SERIOUSLY mean it. Sure most of the time it’ll be nothing, but you don’t wanna be Case 3.

If you take care of family members with known resistant germs on them, take the necessary hygenic precautions. Don’t randomly stab things into yourself. GO TO THE FUCKING DOCTOR IF YOU FEEL ILL. Don’t be another one for the statistic.

#death #the secret life of owlets #lab tech life #case studies of things going terribly wrong

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cleverwordsandotherstuffilike · 6 years

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Inventions

Adrenaline: (isolation of) John Jacob Abel, U.S., 1897.

Aerosol can: Erik Rotheim, Norway, 1926.

Air brake: George Westinghouse, U.S., 1868.

Air conditioning: Willis Carrier, U.S., 1911.

Airship: (non-rigid) Henri Giffard, France, 1852; (rigid) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.

Aluminum manufacture: (by electrolytic action) Charles M. Hall, U.S., 1866.

Anatomy, human: (De fabrica corporis humani, an illustrated systematic study of the human body) Andreas Vesalius, Belgium, 1543; (comparative: parts of an organism are correlated to the functioning whole) Georges Cuvier, France, 1799–1805.

Anesthetic: (first use of anesthetic—ether—on humans) Crawford W. Long, U.S., 1842.

Antibiotics: (first demonstration of antibiotic effect) Louis Pasteur, Jules-François Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin, first modern antibiotic) Alexander Fleming, England, 1928; (penicillin’s infection-fighting properties) Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, England, 1940.

Antiseptic: (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.

Antitoxin, diphtheria: Emil von Behring, Germany, 1890.

Appliances, electric: (fan) Schuyler Wheeler, U.S., 1882; (flatiron) Henry W. Seely, U.S., 1882; (stove) Hadaway, U.S., 1896; (washing machine) Alva Fisher, U.S., 1906.

Aqualung: Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan, France, 1943.

Aspirin: Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.

Astronomical calculator: The Antikythera device, first century B.C., Greece. Found off island of Antikythera in 1900.

Atom: (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.

Atomic theory: (ancient) Leucippus, Democritus, Greece, c. 500 B.C.; Lucretius, Rome c.100 B.C.; (modern) John Dalton, England, 1808.

Atomic structure: (formulated nuclear model of atom, Rutherford model) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; (proposed current concept of atomic structure, the Bohr model) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.

Automobile: (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rpm) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical high-speed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) René Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S., 1892.

Autopilot: (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.

Avogadro’s law: (equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules) Amedeo Avogadro, Italy, 1811.

Bacteria: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Balloon, hot-air: Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.

Barbed wire: (most popular) Joseph E. Glidden, U.S., 1873.

Bar codes: (computer-scanned binary signal code):

(retail trade use) Monarch Marking, U.S. 1970; (industrial use) Plessey Telecommunications, England, 1970.

Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.

Bicycle: Karl D. von Sauerbronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.

Big Bang theory: (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled “Big Bang”) George A. Gamow, U.S., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered, confirms theory) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S., 1965.

Blood, circulation of: William Harvey, England, 1628.

Boyle’s law: (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.

Braille: Louis Braille, France, 1829.

Bridges: (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S., 1820.

Bullet: (conical) Claude Minié, France, 1849.

Calculating machine: (logarithms: made multiplying easier and thus calculators practical) John Napier, Scotland, 1614; (slide rule) William Oughtred, England, 1632; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (important 19th-century contributors to modern machine) Frank S. Baldwin, Jay R. Monroe, Dorr E. Felt, W. T. Ohdner, William Burroughs, all U.S.; (“analytical engine” design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835.

Calculus: Isaac Newton, England, 1669; (differential calculus) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1684.

Camera: (hand-held) George Eastman, U.S., 1888; (Polaroid Land) Edwin Land, U.S., 1948.

“Canals” of Mars:Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italy, 1877.

Carpet sweeper: Melville R. Bissell, U.S., 1876.

Car radio: William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S., 1929, manufactured by Galvin Manufacturing Co., “Motorola.”

Cells: (word used to describe microscopic examination of cork) Robert Hooke, England, 1665; (theory: cells are common structural and functional unit of all living organisms) Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, 1838–1839.

Cement, Portland: Joseph Aspdin, England, 1824.

Chewing gum: (spruce-based) John Curtis, U.S., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S., 1870.

Cholera bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.

Circuit, integrated: (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; (phase-shift oscillator) Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S., 1959.

Classification of plants: (first modern, based on comparative study of forms) Andrea Cesalpino, Italy, 1583; (classification of plants and animals by genera and species) Carolus Linnaeus, Sweden, 1737–1753.

Clock, pendulum: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.

Coca-Cola: John Pemberton, U.S., 1886.

Combustion: (nature of) Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.

Compact disk: RCA, U.S., 1972.

Computers: (first design of analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) 1945; (dedicated at University of Pennsylvania) 1946; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer, handled both numeric and alphabetic data) 1951.

Concrete: (reinforced) Joseph Monier, France, 1877.

Condensed milk: Gail Borden, U.S., 1853.

Conditioned reflex: Ivan Pavlov, Russia, c.1910.

Conservation of electric charge: (the total electric charge of the universe or any closed system is constant) Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1751–1754.

Contagion theory: (infectious diseases caused by living agent transmitted from person to person) Girolamo Fracastoro, Italy, 1546.

Continental drift theory: (geographer who pieced together continents into a single landmass on maps) Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, France, 1858; (first proposed in lecture) Frank Taylor, U.S.; (first comprehensive detailed theory) Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912.

Contraceptive, oral: Gregory Pincus, Min Chuch Chang, John Rock, Carl Djerassi, U.S., 1951.

Converter, Bessemer: William Kelly, U.S., 1851.

Cosmetics: Egypt, c. 4000 B.C.

Cosamic string theory: (first postulated) Thomas Kibble, 1976.

Cotton gin: Eli Whitney, U.S., 1793.

Crossbow: China, c. 300 B.C.

Cyclotron: Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S., 1931.

Deuterium: (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S., 1931.

Disease: (chemicals in treatment of) crusaded by Philippus Paracelsus, 1527–1541; (germ theory) Louis Pasteur, France, 1862–1877.

DNA: (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) Rosalind Elsie Franklin, F. H. Crick, England, James D. Watson, U.S., 1953.

Dye: (aniline, start of synthetic dye industry) William H. Perkin, England, 1856.

Dynamite: Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.

Electric cooking utensil: (first) patented by St. George Lane-Fox, England, 1874.

Electric generator (dynamo): (laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S., c.1832; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.

Electric lamp: (arc lamp) Sir Humphrey Davy, England, 1801; (fluorescent lamp) A.E. Becquerel, France, 1867; (incandescent lamp) Sir Joseph Swann, England, Thomas A. Edison, U.S., contemporaneously, 1870s; (carbon arc street lamp) Charles F. Brush, U.S., 1879; (first widely marketed incandescent lamp) Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1879; (mercury vapor lamp) Peter Cooper Hewitt, U.S., 1903; (neon lamp) Georges Claude, France, 1911; (tungsten filament) Irving Langmuir, U.S., 1915.

Electrocardiography: Demonstrated by Augustus Waller, 1887; (first practical device for recording activity of heart) Willem Einthoven, 1903, Dutch physiologist.

Electromagnet: William Sturgeon, England, 1823.

Electron: Sir Joseph J. Thompson, England, 1897.

Elevator, passenger: (safety device permitting use by passengers) Elisha G. Otis, U.S., 1852; (elevator utilizing safety device) 1857.

E = mc2: (equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.

Engine, internal combustion: No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wankel, Germany, 1956.

Evolution: (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.

Exclusion principle: (no two electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy level) Wolfgang Pauli, Germany, 1925.

Expanding universe theory: (first proposed) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (discovered first direct evidence that the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929; (Hubble constant: a measure of the rate at which the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929.

Falling bodies, law of: Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1590.

Fermentation: (microorganisms as cause of) Louis Pasteur, France, c.1860.

Fiber optics: Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.

Fibers, man-made: (nitrocellulose fibers treated to change flammable nitrocellulose to harmless cellulose, precursor of rayon) Sir Joseph Swann, England, 1883; (rayon) Count Hilaire de Chardonnet, France, 1889; (Celanese) Henry and Camille Dreyfuss, U.S., England, 1921; (research on polyesters and polyamides, basis for modern man-made fibers) U.S., England, Germany, 1930s; (nylon) Wallace H. Carothers, U.S., 1935.

Frozen food: Clarence Birdseye, U.S., 1924.

Gene transfer: (human) Steven Rosenberg, R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, U.S., 1989.

Geometry, elements of: Euclid, Alexandria, Egypt, c. 300 B.C.; (analytic) René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1637.

Gravitation, law of: Sir Isaac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).

Gunpowder: China, c.700.

Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., 1905.

Gyroscope: Léon Foucault, France, 1852.

Halley’s Comet: Edmund Halley, England, 1705.

Heart implanted in human, permanent artificial:Dr. Robert Jarvik, U.S., 1982.

Heart, temporary artificial: Willem Kolft, 1957.

Helicopter: (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Sikorsky, U.S., 1939.

Helium first observed on sun: Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.

Heredity, laws of: Gregor Mendel, Austria, 1865.

Holograph: Dennis Gabor, England, 1947.

Home videotape systems (VCR): (Betamax) Sony, Japan, 1975; (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.

Ice age theory: Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.

Induction, electric: Joseph Henry, U.S., 1828.

Insulin: (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966.

Intelligence testing: Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon, France, 1905.

Interferon: Alick Isaacs, Jean Lindemann, England, Switzerland, 1957.

Isotopes: (concept of) Frederick Soddy, England, 1912; (stable isotopes) J. J. Thompson, England, 1913; (existence demonstrated by mass spectrography) Francis W. Ashton, 1919.

Jet propulsion: (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.

Kinetic theory of gases: (molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion) Daniel Bernoulli, Switzerland, 1738.

Laser: (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S., N. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S., 1960.

Lawn mower: Edwin Budding, John Ferrabee, England, 1830–1831.

LCD (liquid crystal display): Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.

Lens, bifocal: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., c.1760.

Leyden jar: (prototype electrical condenser) Canon E. G. von Kleist of Kamin, Pomerania, 1745; independently evolved by Cunaeus and P. van Musschenbroek, University of Leyden, Holland, 1746, from where name originated.

Light, nature of: (wave theory) Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1678; (electromagnetic theory) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873.

Light, speed of: (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.

Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1752.

Locomotive: (steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire-tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific’s “Big Boy,” U.S., 1941.

Lock, cylinder: Linus Yale, U.S., 1851.

Loom: (horizontal, two-beamed) Egypt, c. 4400 B.C.; (Jacquard drawloom, pattern controlled by punch cards) Jacques de Vaucanson, France, 1745, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, 1801; (flying shuttle) John Kay, England, 1733; (power-driven loom) Edmund Cartwright, England, 1785.

Machine gun: (hand-cranked multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S., 1862; (practical single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.

Magnet, Earth is: William Gilbert, England, 1600.

Match: (phosphorus) François Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.

Measles vaccine: John F. Enders, Thomas Peebles, U.S., 1953.

Metric system: revolutionary government of France, 1790–1801.

Microphone: Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.

Microscope: (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S., Canada, Germany, 1932–1939.

Microwave oven: Percy Spencer, U.S., 1947.

Motion, laws of: Isaac Newton, England, 1687.

Motion pictures: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1893.

Motion pictures, sound: Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score: Don Juan, 1926; with spoken dialogue: The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.

Motor, electric: Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.

Motorcycle: (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.

Moving assembly line: Henry Ford, U.S., 1913.

Neptune: (discovery of) Johann Galle, Germany, 1846.

Neptunium: (first transuranic element, synthesis of) Edward M. McMillan, Philip H. Abelson, U.S., 1940.

Neutron: James Chadwick, England, 1932.

Neutron-induced radiation: Enrico Fermi et al., Italy, 1934.

Nitroglycerin: Ascanio Sobrero, Italy, 1846.

Nuclear fission: Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.

Nuclear reactor: Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.

Ohm’s law: (relationship between strength of electric current, electromotive force, and circuit resistance) Georg S. Ohm, Germany, 1827.

Oil well: Edwin L. Drake, U.S., 1859.

Oxygen: (isolation of) Joseph Priestley, 1774; Carl Scheele, 1773.

Ozone: Christian Schönbein, Germany, 1839.

Pacemaker: (internal) Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S., 1957.

Paper China, c.100 A.D.

Parachute: Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.

Pen: (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S., 1884; (ball-point, for marking on rough surfaces) John H. Loud, U.S., 1888; (ball-point, for handwriting) Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.

Periodic law: (that properties of elements are functions of their atomic weights) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Periodic table: (arrangement of chemical elements based on periodic law) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Phonograph: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1877.

Photography: (first paper negative, first photograph, on metal) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce, France, 1816–1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John Herschel, England, 1819; (first direct positive image on silver plate, the daguerreotype) Louis Daguerre, based on work with Niepce, France, 1839; (first paper negative from which a number of positive prints could be made) William Talbot, England, 1841. Work of these four men, taken together, forms basis for all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel, Claude Niepce de Saint-Victor, France, 1848–1860; (commercial color film with three emulsion layers, Kodachrome) U.S., 1935.

Photovoltaic effect: (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.

Piano: (Hammerklavier) Bartolommeo Cristofori, Italy, 1709; (pianoforte with sustaining and damper pedals) John Broadwood, England, 1873.

Planetary motion, laws of: Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.

Plant respiration and photosynthesis: Jan Ingenhousz, Holland, 1779.

Plastics: (first material, nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursor to Celluloid) Alexander Parkes, England, 1855; (Celluloid, involving recognition of vital effect of camphor) John W. Hyatt, U.S., 1869; (Bakelite, first completely synthetic plastic) Leo H. Baekeland, U.S., 1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Staudinger, Germany, 1922.

Plate tectonics: Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912–1915.

Plow, forked: Mesopotamia, before 3000 B.C.

Plutonium, synthesis of: Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, U.S., 1941.

Polio, vaccine: (experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk, U.S., 1952; (effective large-scale field trials) 1954; (officially approved) 1955; (safe oral live-virus vaccine developed) Albert B. Sabin, U.S., 1954; (available in the U.S.) 1960.

Positron: Carl D. Anderson, U.S., 1932.

Pressure cooker: (early version) Denis Papin, France, 1679.

Printing: (block) Japan, c.700; (movable type) Korea, c.1400; Johann Gutenberg, Germany, c.1450 (lithography, offset) Aloys Senefelder, Germany, 1796; (rotary press) Richard Hoe, U.S., 1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S., 1884.

Probability theory: René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1654.

Proton: Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.

Prozac: (antidepressant fluoxetine) Bryan B. Malloy, Scotland, and Klaus K. Schmiegel, U.S., 1972; (released for use in U.S.) Eli Lilly & Company, 1987.

Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud, Austria, c.1904.

Pulsars: Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.

Quantum theory: (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Germany, 1925.

Quarks: Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, Richard Taylor, U.S., 1967.

Quasars: Marten Schmidt, U.S., 1963.

Rabies immunization: Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.

Radar: (limited to one-mile range) Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany, 1904; (pulse modulation, used for measuring height of ionosphere) Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S., 1925; (first practical radar—radio detection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt, England, 1934–1935.

Radio: (electromagnetism, theory of) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873; (spark coil, generator of electromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz, Germany, 1886; (first practical system of wireless telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi, Italy, 1895; (first long-distance telegraphic radio signal sent across the Atlantic) Marconi, 1901; (vacuum electron tube, basis for radio telephony) Sir John Fleming, England, 1904; (triode amplifying tube) Lee de Forest, U.S., 1906; (regenerative circuit, allowing long-distance sound reception) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1912; (frequency modulation—FM) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1933.

Radioactivity: (X-rays) Wilhelm K. Roentgen, Germany, 1895; (radioactivity of uranium) Henri Becquerel, France, 1896; (radioactive elements, radium and polonium in uranium ore) Marie Sklodowska-Curie, Pierre Curie, France, 1898; (classification of alpha and beta particle radiation) Pierre Curie, France, 1900; (gamma radiation) Paul-Ulrich Villard, France, 1900.

Radiocarbon dating, carbon-14 method: (discovered) 1947, Willard F. Libby, U.S.; (first demonstrated) U.S., 1950.

Radio signals, extraterrestrial: first known radio noise signals were received by U.S. engineer, Karl Jansky, originating from the Galactic Center, 1931.

Radio waves: (cosmic sources, led to radio astronomy) Karl Jansky, U.S., 1932.

Razor: (safety, successfully marketed) King Gillette, U.S., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S., 1928, 1931.

Reaper: Cyrus McCormick, U.S., 1834.

Refrigerator: Alexander Twining, U.S., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor device) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S., 1913.

Refrigerator ship: (first) the Frigorifique, cooling unit designed by Charles Teller, France, 1877.

Relativity: (special and general theories of) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, Germany, U.S., 1905–1953.

Revolver: Samuel Colt, U.S., 1835.

Richter scale: Charles F. Richter, U.S., 1935.

Rifle: (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S., 1918.

Rocket: (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S., 1926.

Roller bearing: (wooden for cartwheel) Germany or France, c.100 B.C.

Rotation of Earth: Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.

Royal Observatory, Greenwich: established in 1675 by Charles II of England; John Flamsteed first Astronomer Royal.

Rubber: (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S., 1839.

Saccharin: Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S., 1879.

Safety pin: Walter Hunt, U.S., 1849.

Saturn, ring around: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.

“Scotch” tape:Richard Drew, U.S., 1929.

Screw propeller: Sir Francis P. Smith, England, 1836; John Ericsson, England, worked independently of and simultaneously with Smith, 1837.

Seismograph: (first accurate) John Milne, England, 1880.

Sewing machine: Elias Howe, U.S., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S., 1851.

Solar energy: First realistic application of solar energy using parabolic solar reflector to drive caloric engine on steam boiler, John Ericsson, U.S., 1860s.

Solar system, universe: (Sun-centered universe) Nicolaus Copernicus, Warsaw, 1543; (establishment of planetary orbits as elliptical) Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609; (infinity of universe) Giordano Bruno, Italian monk, 1584.

Spectrum: (heterogeneity of light) Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665–1666.

Spectrum analysis: Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, Germany, 1859.

Spermatozoa: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Spinning: (spinning wheel) India, introduced to Europe in Middle Ages; (Saxony wheel, continuous spinning of wool or cotton yarn) England, c.1500–1600; (spinning jenny) James Hargreaves, England, 1764; (spinning frame) Sir Richard Arkwright, England, 1769; (spinning mule, completed mechanization of spinning, permitting production of yarn to keep up with demands of modern looms) Samuel Crompton, England, 1779.

Star catalog: (first modern) Tycho Brahe, Denmark, 1572.

Steam engine: (first commercial version based on principles of French physicist Denis Papin) Thomas Savery, England, 1639; (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas Newcomen, England, 1705; (steam engine for pumping water from collieries) Savery, Newcomen, 1725; (modern condensing, double acting) James Watt, England, 1782.

Steamship: Claude de Jouffroy d’Abbans, France, 1783; James Rumsey, U.S., 1787; John Fitch, U.S., 1790. All preceded Robert Fulton, U.S., 1807, credited with launching first commercially successful steamship.

Stethoscope: René Laënnec, France, 1819.

Sulfa drugs: (parent compound, para-aminobenzenesulfanomide) Paul Gelmo, Austria, 1908; (antibacterial activity) Gerhard Domagk, Germany, 1935.

Superconductivity: (theory) Bardeen, Cooper, Scheiffer, U.S., 1957.

Symbolic logic: George Boule, 1854; (modern) Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, England, 1910–1913.

Tank, military: Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.

Tape recorder: (magnetic steel tape) Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.

Teflon: DuPont, U.S., 1943.

Telegraph: Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S., 1837.

Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell, U.S., 1876.

Telescope: Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.

Television: (Iconoscope–T.V. camera table), Vladimir Zworkin, U.S., 1923, and also kinescope (cathode ray tube), 1928; (mechanical disk-scanning method) successfully demonstrated by J.K. Baird, England, C.F. Jenkins, U.S., 1926; (first all-electric television image), 1927, Philo T. Farnsworth, U.S; (color, mechanical disk) Baird, 1928; (color, compatible with black and white) George Valensi, France, 1938; (color, sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark, U.S., first introduced, 1951; (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U.S., National Television Systems Committee, 1953.

Thermodynamics: (first law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another) Julius von Mayer, Germany, 1842; James Joule, England, 1843; (second law: heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a warmer body) Rudolph Clausius, Germany, 1850; (third law: the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperature) Walter Nernst, Germany, 1918.

Thermometer: (open-column) Galileo Galilei, c.1593; (clinical) Santorio Santorio, Padua, c.1615; (mercury, also Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany, 1714; (centigrade scale) Anders Celsius, Sweden, 1742; (absolute-temperature, or Kelvin, scale) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

Tire, pneumatic: Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.

Toilet, flush: Product of Minoan civilization, Crete, c. 2000 B.C. Alleged invention by “Thomas Crapper” is untrue.

Tractor: Benjamin Holt, U.S., 1900.

Transformer, electric: William Stanley, U.S., 1885.

Transistor: John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S., 1947.

Tuberculosis bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1882.

Typewriter: Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S., 1867.

Uncertainty principle: (that position and velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time) Werner Heisenberg, Germany, 1927.

Uranus: (first planet discovered in recorded history) William Herschel, England, 1781.

Vaccination: Edward Jenner, England, 1796.

Vacuum cleaner: (manually operated) Ives W. McGaffey, 1869; (electric) Hubert C. Booth, England, 1901; (upright) J. Murray Spangler, U.S., 1907.

Van Allen (radiation) Belt: (around Earth) James Van Allen, U.S., 1958.

Video disk: Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.

Vitamins: (hypothesis of disease deficiency) Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (vitamin A) Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S., 1912–1914; (vitamin B) McCollum, U.S., 1915–1916; (thiamin, B1) Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (riboflavin, B2) D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S., 1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem, U.S., 1937; (B6) Paul Gyorgy, U.S., 1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912; (vitamin D) McCollum, U.S., 1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills, England, 1933.

Voltaic pile: (forerunner of modern battery, first source of continuous electric current) Alessandro Volta, Italy, 1800.

Wallpaper: Europe, 16th and 17th century.

Wassermann test: (for syphilis) August von Wassermann, Germany, 1906.

Wheel: (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800–3600 B.C.

Windmill: Persia, c.600.

World Wide Web: (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S., 1993.

Xerography: Chester Carlson, U.S., 1938.

Zero: India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

Zipper: W. L. Judson, U.S., 1891.

7 notes · View notes