#E/Earchitectures

[dorleco]

Software-Defined Vehicle

Introduction to Software-Defined Vehicle

When it comes to embracing new technologies, the automobile sector has traditionally been at the forefront. It is a standard for innovation and technical progress because of its constantly changing character, which is fueled by shifting consumer expectations. In contrast to other industries, the industry’s capacity to shorten the time it takes for new technologies to reach the market has strengthened its position in recent years and allowed for substantial R&D.

At the core of this evolution is the increasing significance of software in modern cars. Thanks to the development of artificial intelligence, high-speed networking, and digital product engineering, software is now at the forefront of automotive innovation. Its indispensability in improving performance, safety, and security has redefined driving experiences.

The Megatrends Influencing the Automobile Industry

Thanks to megatrends like connectivity, electrification, autonomous driving, and mobility, the automobile sector is poised for revolutionary upheaval. CASE (Connected, Automated, Shared, and Electrified) is a group of trends that are changing the automotive industry and driving a move toward software-centric tactics to adapt to changing demands.

A new era of automotive innovation is being ushered in by the convergence of these breakthroughs, which each have the potential to be disruptive. The significance of implementing a software-driven strategy to meet specific needs and maintain competitiveness in a market that is changing quickly is highlighted by this change.

Comprehending Software-Defined Vehicle

When software is the main force behind functionality and performance, the vehicle is said to be a Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV). In contrast to conventional cars, which mostly depend on hardware and mechanical parts, SDVs use software to manage and enhance their systems. The intricacy of contemporary automobiles is a clear indication of this shift. For example, a modern luxury car has about 100 million lines of code, which is more than the 25 million lines found in a space shuttle or an F-35 fighter plane.

The integration of cutting-edge technologies like Vehicle Control Units (VCUs), sensors, cameras, radar, and lidar is what is driving this shift toward software-defined vehicles. Accenture research projects that by 2030, software will account for 40% of a car’s total value, up from 10% in 2015. This sharp rise highlights how crucial software is becoming to allowing cutting-edge services like cybersecurity, over-the-air (OTA) upgrades, and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS).

There is enormous potential for SDVs. Shortly, a fully driverless car might need more than 300 million lines of code. To meet this issue, automakers and Tier 1 suppliers are collaborating with specialized automotive software providers.

The organizations behind the Software-Defined Vehicle revolution

The introduction of software-defined vehicles is being driven by the main factors:

Changing OEM Requirements: To set their products apart from the competition and give customers more value, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are putting a greater focus on software-enabled features. Automakers are being pushed to innovate and deliver due to the increasing complexity of these criteria.

Hardware and Software Standardization: The industry is working to standardize hardware while allowing software developers more latitude to handle the increasing demand for software capabilities. A more simplified and effective method of designing vehicles is made possible by this division.

Software-Defined Vehicle Benefits

The introduction of SDV has several benefits, such as:

Updates sent over the air (OTA): SDVs allow OTA updates, which are comparable to software upgrades for smartphones, in contrast to typical recall procedures, which require customers to visit dealerships for updates. Telematics, entertainment systems, and even vital parts like powertrains and vehicle dynamics may be updated with ease thanks to these capabilities.

Personalized Driving Experiences: By gathering and analyzing enormous volumes of data from sensors, VCUs, and actuators, SDVs may give automakers insights specific to each car. Customer loyalty and happiness are increased by this customization.

New Revenue Streams for OEMs: OEMs can access new revenue streams through subscription-based services, customized features, and enhanced connectivity possibilities by utilizing the data and capabilities of SDVs.

Better Safety and Security: Real-time monitoring and changes are made possible by software, which guarantees that cars run as safely and efficiently as possible. Improved cyber security safeguards against such dangers as well.

Opportunities and Difficulties: Though switching to SDVs has several advantages, there are drawbacks as well that the sector needs to consider

Supply Chain and Business Model Modifications: In order to adapt to the move towards software-centric approaches, OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers must reconsider their supply chain partnerships and business models. This could entail implementing agile development techniques and establishing new alliances.

Upskilling the Workforce: A skilled workforce is necessary for the implementation of cutting-edge software tools and procedures. For their workers to have the requisite knowledge, automakers need to undertake training and development investments.

Cybersecurity Risks: The greater dependence on software also makes people more susceptible to hackers. Strong security procedures and creative solutions are needed to protect cars from these dangers.

Complexity of Project Management: Careful project management is necessary when creating and implementing new software features. Automakers need to make sure their roadmaps are successful and efficient in delivering value.

Although these challenges exist, numerous opportunities are available. New cybersecurity laws are being driven by high-security requirements, which will ultimately improve system integrity. OEMs must make strategic choices about whether to collaborate with specialized vendors, outsource particular domains, or build software internally. Every strategy has distinct benefits and fits with various corporate goals.

The Path Ahead

The potential of software-defined vehicles and their capacity to meet the demands of conventional software platforms hold the key to the automobile industry’s future. To fully realize the promise of SDVs, significant technology suppliers and newcomers must work together effectively.

By collaborating with top OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers, this shift creates opportunities for up-and-coming automotive software firms like Dorleco to establish themselves. These businesses have the potential to significantly influence how mobility develops in the future by providing all-inclusive software solutions.

Join together with Dorleco

At Dorleco, we specialize in offering cutting-edge software solutions that meet the needs of modern automotive systems. Our knowledge of everything from VCUs and CAN Keypads and CAN Display to cutting-edge EV software services allows us to spur innovation and support our partners’ success in a cutthroat market.

For your future smart car, are you searching for a comprehensive software package? To find out how we can help you realize your idea, send us an email at info@dorleco.com.

Conclusion

The automotive industry is undergoing a paradigm shift with the rise of software-defined vehicles. Automakers can reimagine the driving experience, produce better vehicles, and generate new revenue streams by embracing this transformation. Even though there are still obstacles to overcome, the future of the automotive industry is bright, with software propelling it to previously unheard-of levels of innovation and quality.

[timestechnow]

Renesas Electronics Corporation has announced a new automotive Intelligent #Power_Device (IPD). It will safely and flexibly control #power_distribution within vehicles. The device addresses the requirements of next-generation E/E (electrical/electronic) #architectures. The new RAJ2810024H12HPD is available in the small TO-252-7 package. Additionally, it reduces the mounting area by about 40% compared to the conventional TO-263 package product.

[dorleco]

VCU Communication Protocols for Smart Vehicles

April 18, 2024

by dorleco

with no comment

Autonomous Vehicle Technology

Edit

VCU Communication Protocols

Introduction

The rapidly evolving branch of automotive technology known as vehicle control units, or VCUs, has assumed the function of the brains of modern cars. These advanced electronic control units oversee and manage several vehicle systems to ensure maximum efficiency, security, and effectiveness.

One key component that makes VCUs function properly is their communication protocols to communicate with other parts of the vehicle and outside systems.

This blog will go over VCU communication protocols, their use in smart cars, and new concepts that may have an impact on future automotive communication.

The Function of Communication Protocols in VCUs

VCUs are the decision-makers in a vehicle; they gather data from various sensors and control modules and process it before sending commands to engines, actuators, and other components. To facilitate this smooth connection, VCUs rely on communication protocols, which act as a set of rules governing data transmission between various vehicle sections.

Communication protocols enable VCUs to make informed decisions about engine control, stability control, and other vehicle functions based on real-time sensor data, including wheel speed, engine temperature, and steering angle. By enabling connectivity with external systems like entertainment devices, GPS, and connected services, they also guarantee a well-integrated driving experience.

Typical VCU Protocols for Communication

In automotive applications, a variety of communication protocols are commonly used to enable VCU communication. Let’s have a look:

The Controller Area Network (CAN) is one of the automotive industry’s most widely used communication protocols. This reliable and strong link allows data to be transmitted between the numerous electronic control components in the car. CAN operates on a two-wire bus system and offers both high-speed and low-speed communication, making it suitable for a range of applications, such as powertrain control and infotainment systems.

The Local Interconnect Network (LIN) is an alternative communication protocol designed to provide slower data transmission within automobiles. Less important uses for it include window control, seat adjustment, and interior lighting. Because of its price and simplicity, LIN is the best choice for applications where a lot of bandwidth and real-time responsiveness are not required.

2. Flex Ray is a high-speed communication protocol that was created to satisfy the growing demands of complex automotive applications. It is appropriate for fault-tolerant real-time applications and safety-critical systems like adaptive cruise control and active suspension due to its greater bandwidth and fault-tolerant qualities.

3. Ethernet: As cars get increasingly networked and data-intensive, Ethernet is gradually finding its way into the automotive sector. The high bandwidth of Ethernet allows the numerous systems and devices within the car to connect seamlessly. It is possible to incorporate in-car entertainment, high-definition cameras, and advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS).

Protocols for VCU Communication: Problems and Advancements

Despite the significant advancements in VCU communication protocols, some difficulties remain to be addressed to meet the demands of the next generation of smart vehicles:

1. Security: As cars become more autonomous and networked, cyberattacks are increasingly likely to occur. To safeguard vehicle occupant privacy and safety, VCU communication mechanisms must be protected from potential threats. Robust authentication, intrusion detection, and encryption methods will be necessary to safeguard the integrity of data transferred between VCUs and external systems.

2. Scalability: As the number of electronic control units and sensors in cars rises, communication protocols must be able to grow accordingly. Future protocols must be able to handle the increasing volume of data while maintaining high dependability and low latency.

3. Standardization: The automobile sector involves a wide range of partners, including suppliers, technology companies, and manufacturers. Standardizing communication protocols among different automakers and car types will promote innovation and interoperability.

Future VCU Communication Protocols

The following trends will have a positive impact on the automotive industry, meaning that VCU communication protocols have a bright future ahead of them:

1. Adoption of Ethernet: Owing to its large bandwidth, Ethernet will be more prevalent in VCU communication. With the increasing prevalence of sophisticated sensor systems, in-car entertainment, and autonomous driving, Ethernet will provide the necessary infrastructure for seamless data transfer across many systems.

2. 5G Connectivity: The deployment of 5G networks will alter communication at VCU by enabling faster and more dependable data transmission. The low latency and high throughput of 5G will be advantageous for two real-time applications: autonomous driving and V2X (vehicle-to-everything) communication.

3. Time-sensitive applications such as autonomous driving and ADAS can benefit from Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN), an Ethernet advancement that aims to provide real-time capabilities. TSN’s ability to arrange and prioritize data packets will result in rapid and deterministic communication between diverse components.

Conclusion:

To sum up, VCU communication protocols enable efficient data transfer and system coordination, which are the basis of modern smart cars. As automobiles continue to advance with electrification, autonomous driving, and connected mobility, the necessity for scalable and dependable communication protocols cannot be overstated.

The deployment of TSN, the uptake of Ethernet, the deployment of 5G connections, and the seamless integration of cloud services will all have an impact on VCU’s communication landscape. VCUs will be crucial in determining the direction of the automobile industry and leading us toward a safer, more effective, and more connected future on the roads by fixing the issues and embracing these trends.

If you are seeking a trustworthy VCU supplier or would like to discuss possible partnerships for VCUs, email info@dorleco.com.

[dorleco]

VCU And Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V communication)

Introduction

Vehicle Control Units (VCUs) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication are two technology pillars transforming mobility as the automobile industry moves toward connected and autonomous vehicles. VCUs are the “brains” of contemporary automobiles, controlling various operations and facilitating the incorporation of cutting-edge automotive technologies. In the meantime, V2V communication makes it easier for cars to share data in real time, opening the door to safer roads and more effective transit systems.

This blog examines the importance of VCUs and V2V communication, as well as the underlying technology, integration difficulties, and revolutionary effects they will have on mobility in the future.

1. Vehicle Control Units’ (VCUs’) Development

A key component of contemporary automobile architecture is vehicle control units. Key vehicle functions, including the powertrain, braking, steering, and electronic systems, are coordinated and controlled by VCUs, which operate as potent microcontrollers.

Individual systems such as engine control, gearbox, and anti-lock braking were managed by distinct electronic control units (ECUs) in older automobiles. VCUs were created in response to the growing demand for more integrated systems brought about by linked and electrified automobiles. By combining the capabilities of several ECUs, these devices provide greater system connectivity, increased performance, and superior decision-making.

To provide sophisticated features like these, modern VCUs process data from sensors, cameras, radars, and GPS.

Adaptive cruise control.

Autonomous parking.

Electric vehicle energy management.

The evolution of VCUs reflects the increasing complexity of automotive systems, making them indispensable for innovations like V2V communication.

2. The Operation of V2V Communication

Wireless protocols are used in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication to transfer data. Vehicles can use this information to foresee possible hazards and take preventative action, such as alerting drivers to risky lane changes or abrupt braking.

Important information exchanged in V2V systems comprises:

Acceleration and speed of the vehicle.

Direction and position.

Cautions about potential hazards, such as obstacles or slick conditions.

Details of traffic flow and congestion.

By allowing cars to “speak” to one another, this network promotes cooperative driving and helps to make roadways safer overall.

3. VCU and V2V Communication Technologies

VCUs, or vehicle control units

Real-time operating systems, powerful software algorithms, and sophisticated processors are all features of VCUs. They gather and process data from various car parts, making it possible for:

making accurate decisions.

A quick exchange of information across car subsystems.

Improved driving efficiency and occupant safety.

DSRC, or dedicated short-range communication

One popular technology for V2V communication is DSRC. Low-latency communication, which is necessary for time-sensitive applications like collision avoidance, is supported by DSRC, which operates on a certain frequency. It guarantees:

Transferring data securely within a few hundred meters is possible. Minimal external network interference. Dependable operation in situations involving high speeds.

Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X)

C-V2X enables V2V communication by utilizing pre-existing cellular networks. It increases linked driving’s potential by making it possible for:

communication over a long distance.

Software updates that happen over the air.

Integration with more comprehensive V2X systems, such as communication between vehicles and pedestrians (V2P) and infrastructure (V2I).

4. VCUs’ Function in V2V Communication

As a centralized hub for receiving, analyzing, and acting upon V2V data, VCUs are essential to facilitating V2V communication.

How VCUs Improve V2V Communication

Data Processing: VCUs combine data from onboard sensors with incoming V2V data.

Decision-Making: VCUs make decisions, such as deploying emergency brakes or adjusting vehicle speed, based on processed data.

Data Security: By confirming messages, stopping spoofing, and guarding against online attacks, VCUs guarantee the integrity of V2V data.

To prevent a collision, for example, the VCU can instantly determine the best course of action and take action if a close car sends out a sudden braking alert.

5. Benefits of VCU-Enabled V2V Communication for Increased Safety

Vehicles can anticipate and respond to possible threats thanks to V2V communication. Among the examples are:

warnings of abrupt lane changes or braking.

Proactive strategies to prevent collisions, such as automated braking.

Enhanced Efficiency of Traffic

Vehicles that are connected can minimize traffic, optimize merging patterns, and coordinate their speeds. This results in:

increased fuel economy.

Reduced commute times.

Increased Emergency Coordination

Faster alerts to surrounding vehicles and emergency services are made possible by V2V communication in an emergency, guaranteeing prompt aid and reaction.

Intersection and Crossroad Safety

By synchronizing vehicle movements, even in the absence of traffic lights, V2V technology makes it easier to navigate through intersections.

6. Difficulties in Combining VCUs with V2V Communication

Despite its revolutionary potential, there are several obstacles to merging VCUs with V2V communication:

Standardization

Interoperability between automobiles made by various manufacturers is made more difficult by the absence of defined communication protocols. Working together throughout the industry is essential to creating universal standards.

Cyber security Concerns

V2V communication is sensitive to data breaches and cyberattacks. Strong encryption, authentication procedures, and frequent security updates are necessary to protect the system.

Development of Infrastructure

Significant investments in roadside devices, cellular networks, and associated infrastructure are necessary for a full V2V network. It is logistically challenging to deploy this at scale.

User Adoption

Drivers need to have faith in and adjust to V2V technology. To promote widespread acceptance, education and awareness campaigns are essential.

7. Practical Applications and Upcoming Opportunities

Several nations have started pilot projects to test V2V communication with VCUs. For instance:

The Department of Transportation has tested V2V technology in the United States, showing notable drops in traffic accidents. V2V characteristics are being incorporated into smart city projects in European countries. Prospects for the Future It is anticipated that transportation systems will be redefined by the merging of V2V with larger Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) networks. Among these developments are:

convoys of linked cars that drive themselves.

Smooth interaction with intelligent infrastructure to maximize traffic control.

Increased usage scenarios include conversations with pedestrians and cyclists (V2P).

Conclusion :

At the vanguard of the automobile industry’s change are vehicle control units and vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Advanced vehicle functionalities are made possible by VCUs, and V2V technology links automobiles in a networked environment, improving road safety and efficiency.

However, obstacles like standardization, cyber security, and infrastructure development must be overcome to realize this objective. To fully realize the potential of these technologies, cooperation between researchers, legislators, and automakers is essential.

Our specialty at Dorleco is creating state-of-the-art VCUs and software that meet the needs of contemporary mobility. Our experience guarantees that your vehicles are prepared for the future, from sophisticated VCU testing and validation to meeting battery-specific standards.

[dorleco]

BEVs and PHEVs: Differences and benefits

November 29, 2024

by dorleco

with no comment

Others

Edit

Introduction

The emergence of electric cars (EVs) has accelerated as the automotive industry continues its shift to a more sustainable future. Understanding the two main categories of electric vehicles — Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) — is crucial for many people when determining whether to buy an EV for the first time or upgrade an existing one. Both provide unique benefits and fulfill different purposes, so assessing which choice best suits your tastes and way of life is critical.

This thorough guide examines the distinctions between BEVs and PHEVs, dives into their benefits and drawbacks, and offers insights into how these vehicles are influencing transportation in the future.

What is a PHEV?

A hybrid car that combines an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor is known as a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). PHEVs have bigger batteries that may be charged using an external power source, like a home or public charging station, in contrast to conventional hybrids, which only use gasoline and regenerative braking.

Depending on the model, a completely charged PHEV can go short distances using only electricity, usually between 20 and 50 miles. There is no need to worry about running out of electricity on lengthy travels because the gasoline-powered engine smoothly takes over once the battery is exhausted.

Drivers who wish to enjoy the advantages of electric driving without worrying about a limited range will find PHEVs very tempting. Because of this, they’re a great option for people making the switch from gas-powered cars to electric ones.

Key Differences between BEVs and PHEVs

1. Power Source:

BEVs need to be charged externally because they are solely powered by electricity. By combining a gasoline engine and electric drive, PHEVs can switch between electric and hybrid modes.

2. Emissions:

Because BEVs do not have internal combustion engines, they emit no emissions. PHEVs emit emissions when they are in hybrid mode.

3. Range:

BEVs need charging facilities for longer travels, but they usually have larger all-electric ranges. While PHEVs can use gasoline for longer trips, they have limited electric ranges.

4. Infrastructure for Charging:

The availability of charging stations is crucial for BEVs, particularly when traveling long distances. Because PHEVs may transition to gasoline mode, they are less dependent on charging facilities.

5. Maintenance:

Due to having fewer moving parts, BEVs demand less maintenance. Both the internal combustion engine and the electric drivetrain of PHEVs need to be maintained.

Advantages of BEVs

1. Low Maintenance and Simplicity

Compared to conventional or hybrid cars, BEVs have fewer moving parts and a simpler mechanical design. They lower total maintenance expenses because they don’t need oil changes or other ICE-related maintenance.

2. Savings on expenses

In general, electricity is less expensive than gasoline, and owners of BEVs save a lot of money on fuel. The greater initial purchase price is frequently mitigated over the course of the vehicle’s lifetime by the total cost of ownership.

3. Environmental Benefits

Because BEVs have no tailpipe emissions, they are a great option for cutting down on air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. They also help lessen dependency on fossil fuels.

4. Quiet and Smooth Driving Experience

BEVs offer a smooth, vibration-free ride and instant torque, which enables rapid acceleration and a pleasurable ride.

5. Tax Incentives

Numerous BEV models are eligible for state and federal tax incentives, which lowers the cost of ownership even more.

The drawbacks of BEVs

1. Range Anxiety

Even with improvements in battery technology, BEVs’ range is still shorter than that of gasoline-powered cars. Drivers who are planning lengthy travels may become anxious as a result.

2. Charging Infrastructure

Many places still have a dearth of charging stations, which might be inconvenient for BEV users who don’t have access to charging at home or at work.

3. Higher Upfront Costs

Although this difference is increasingly narrowing, buying a BEV is typically more expensive than buying a conventional car or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.

Advantages of PHEVs

1. Convenience and Flexibility

The best of both worlds is provided by PHEVs, which use gasoline for longer trips and electricity for shorter ones. In addition to offering the advantages of lower emissions during electric operation, this removes range concerns.

2. Reduced initial expenses

Because of their smaller batteries, PHEVs are generally less expensive than BEVs, making them a more cost-effective way to enter the EV market.

3. Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure

Because PHEVs may function similarly to conventional hybrids in the absence of charging, they do not require a strong network of charging stations.

4. Faster Charging

Compared to BEVs, PHEVs require less time to charge because their batteries are smaller.

PHEV drawbacks

1. Higher maintenance expenses.

The drivetrains of PHEVs are more intricate, mixing ICE and electric motors. As a result, maintenance needs are higher than with BEVs.

2. Decreased Productivity

Because they use gasoline and emit emissions when in hybrid mode, PHEVs are less efficient than BEVs.

3. Greater Design

PHEVs become heavier and less aerodynamically efficient when an ICE and battery are combined.

Making the Choice: BEVs or PHEVs?

Several factors influence the decision between a BEV and a PHEV, including:

1. Driving Patterns

BEVs are more appropriate for short excursions, daily commutes, and metropolitan settings with easily accessible charging infrastructure. For people who regularly travel long distances or reside in places with few recharge facilities, PHEVs are perfect.

2. Environmental Factors

For people who value having zero emissions and a lower carbon impact, BEVs are the obvious choice. By lowering pollution while running on electricity and preserving the adaptability of a gasoline engine, PHEVs provide a middle ground.

3. Spending limit

Although BEVs are more expensive initially, they eventually cost less to maintain and operate. Although PHEVs are initially less expensive, their fuel and maintenance expenses may increase with time.

4. Availability of Charging

BEVs might be more useful for homeowners who have access to Level 2 chargers. For drivers without dependable access to charging infrastructure, PHEVs are a superior option.

Conclusion

An important step toward cleaner and more sustainable transportation is the increasing use of BEVs and PHEVs. PHEVs provide a useful compromise for individuals who are not yet prepared to fully adopt electric driving, even though BEVs are the best option for reaching zero-emission mobility.

Both kinds of vehicles are vital parts of a brighter future because they help to lower greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. The argument for electric vehicles will only get stronger as battery technology and charging facilities continue to progress.

The shift to electric vehicles, whether you choose a BEV or PHEV, is consistent with the larger objective of reducing climate change and promoting a more sustainable global community. At Dorleco, we’re dedicated to helping this shift by offering cutting-edge EV services and solutions to satisfy our clients’ various needs.

Ready to explore electric vehicles? Contact us at info@dorleco.com to learn more about how our cutting-edge EV technologies, products, and services can support your journey toward sustainable mobility.

[dorleco]

CAN Bus Vs RS485

November 27, 2024

by dorleco

with no comment

Autonomous Vehicle Technology

Edit

Introduction to CAN Bus Vs RS485

Communication protocols are essential in industrial and automation applications because they allow for smooth device interaction and effective data sharing. Two popular protocols in this area are the Controller Area Network (CAN) and Recommended Standard 485 (RS485). Each is appropriate for particular use instances due to its distinct features, benefits, and limitations. To help you choose the best protocol for your application, we will examine the distinctions between these protocols, as well as their advantages, disadvantages, and important uses in this post, CAN Bus Vs RS485.

What is the CAN Protocol?

To handle the growing complexity of communication within automobiles, Robert Bosch GmbH created the CAN protocol in the 1980s for automotive applications. Its qualities—like fault tolerance, real-time communication, and high reliability—have over time made it a popular option in a variety of other areas, such as industrial automation, medical devices, and aerospace.

Important CAN Protocol Features:

Bus-Based Communication: A CAN High (CANH) line and a CAN Low (CANL) line are used by the CAN protocol to function on a two-wire bus.

Message-Based Communication: Receiving devices can identify and prioritize messages since each one has a unique identity.

Collision detection and arbitration: This minimizes collisions and maximizes efficiency by guaranteeing that only one device transmits data at a time.

Operating Temperature: CAN endure temperatures ranging from -40°C to +85°C, allowing it to operate in harsh conditions.

Benefits of the CAN Bus:

High speed and Bandwidth: CAN is perfect for real-time communication in applications like robotics and engine management since it can transport data at up to 1 Mbps.

Multi-Master/Multi-Slave Communication: This facilitates effective device-to-device communication by allowing several devices to send and receive data over a single communication channel.

Fault Tolerance: Even in noisy situations, CAN’s strong error detection and repair methods guarantee dependable communication.

Scalability: The CAN bus provides flexibility for future growth by being easily scaled to suit different system sizes.

Robustness: The CAN bus can endure both electrical and physical stress because it was built for severe situations.

Limitations of the CAN Bus

1. Greater complexity and cost:

Compared to simpler protocols, the sophisticated features and greater data rates increase the complexity and cost of implementation.

2. Restricted Range:

Applications needing long-distance communication may find CAN unsuitable because it is normally only 40 meters at high speeds and 500 meters at reduced speeds.

3. No power supply:

Because the protocol does not provide a power supply, devices on the CAN bus must rely on their power sources.

4. Applications of the CAN Bus

Automotive: Electronic control units, in-car communication systems, and engine diagnostics are among automotive applications for the CAN Bus.

Aerospace: guidance, navigation, and control avionics systems. Industrial automation is the process of sensors, actuators, and controls communicating in real-time.

Medical Devices: Monitoring systems, infusion pumps, and ventilators that communicate.

Railways: Signalling, traction, and brake control systems.

What is RS485?

A point-to-point communication protocol called RS485 was created for automation and industrial systems that need to transmit data across vast distances. RS485 is a popular protocol for linking sensors, actuators, and controllers because of its ease of use, durability, and noise immunity.

Key characteristics of the RS485

Differential signals include their excellent noise immunity and low interference due to the usage of two wires with opposing voltages for data transmission. RS485 uses a master-slave paradigm in which a single device connects with several slaves while acting as the master. Long-Distance Communication: Able to send information up to 1200 meters away.

Benefits of RS485

Long-Distance Communication: RS485 is perfect for applications like building automation or industrial facilities where devices are dispersed across wide areas.

Multi-Point Communication: Multiple devices can effectively share a single communication line thanks to the protocol’s provision for multi-point connections.

Noise Immunity: Even in noisy settings, dependable communication is ensured by the differential signaling technique, which reduces the effects of electrical noise.

Low Cost: RS485 is a cost-effective solution because it only needs cheap parts and basic wiring.

Implementation Ease: RS485 requires no sophisticated hardware or software and is easy to use for simple automation requirements.

Limitations of RS485

1. Reduced Data Rate:

Compared to more recent protocols, RS485 has a lower data rate (up to 10 Mbps), which restricts its applicability for high-speed applications.

2. Restricted Bandwidth:

The quantity of data that can be sent concurrently is limited by the protocol’s bandwidth restrictions.

3. Half-Duplex Communication:

Only half-duplex communication is supported by RS485, which means that data cannot be delivered and received at the same time.

4. No Power Delivery:

RS485 devices need their power sources, just like CAN.

Applications of RS485

Industrial Automation Applications: Linking sensors, actuators, and controls in manufacturing facilities.

Building Automation: This includes managing air conditioning, lighting, and other infrastructure.

Security Systems: Communication between access control, alarms, and cameras is made possible by security systems.

Transportation: Applied to equipment monitoring, ticketing machines, and passenger information displays.

Energy Management: Energy management is keeping an eye on and managing a facility’s energy use.

Comparison: CAN Bus Vs RS485

Performance and Physical Features of CAN Bus Vs RS485

1. Physical Layer:

CAN signals by using a voltage differential between CANH and CANL. Two lines with balanced signals and a voltage differential are used by RS485.

2. Maximum Length of Cable:

While RS485 can reach up to 1200 meters, CAN only reach up to 500 meters.

3. Rate of Data Transfer:

While CAN only provides 1 Mbps, RS485 can reach up to 10 Mbps.

4. Error Handling:

Error detection and repair systems are integrated via CAN. For error handling, RS485 depends on additional hardware and software.

Conclusion

The particular needs of your application will determine whether to use RS485 or CAN Bus.

Select CAN Bus for:

fast, instantaneous communication. applications that require scalability and strong fault tolerance. Use in automotive, aerospace, or distributed control systems.

Select RS485 for:

Economical, long-distance communication. simpler, more durable applications, such as energy management or building automation. Engineers may ensure optimal performance and reliability in their systems by making well-informed judgments based on their understanding of the distinct features of each protocol. Both RS485 and CAN Bus have shown their value across a range of industries, and as technology advances, so does their usefulness.

Our specialty at Dorleco is providing state-of-the-art VCUs, CAN displays, and CAN keypads designed to take advantage of the sophisticated features of the CAN Bus for dependable, real-time communication in industrial automation, automotive, and aerospace applications. Our knowledge of EV Software Services includes the smooth integration of reliable RS485 protocols for long-distance, reasonably priced automation systems. Our fault-tolerant and scalable devices enable industries to operate accurately, efficiently, and creatively. For more intelligent networking solutions, collaborate with Dorleco.

[dorleco]

ECU vs VCU

November 26, 2024

by dorleco

with no comment

Autonomous Vehicle Technology

Edit

Introduction to ECU vs VCU

Vehicles are becoming extremely complex machines because of the automobile industry’s technological advancements. The Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) are two crucial parts that guarantee effective vehicle operation. These systems are crucial in enhancing a vehicle’s efficiency, performance, and safety. But they have varied functions and are designed for various kinds of cars. We shall examine the features, designs, advantages, and disadvantages of ECUs and VCUs in this blog post-ECU vs VCU, emphasizing their main distinctions.

What Is an ECU?

Overview

An automobile microcomputer called the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) is in charge of controlling a number of systems, most notably the engine. The ECU, sometimes referred to as the “brain” of the car, uses information from several sensors to regulate pollutants, engine performance, and fuel economy.

How Do ECUs Operate?

The ECU uses parts like these to function as a typical microcontroller:

Microprocessors (CPU): The central component of the ECU, microprocessors (CPU) manage commands and calculations.

Memory (ROM, RAM): Holds information and programming commands that control engine performance.

Input/output Interfaces (I/O) and Analog-to-Digital Converters (A/D): Transform sensor signals into useful information for engine modifications.

Key Functions of an ECU

Engine Management: Engine management uses sensor data, including engine temperature, speed, and crankshaft position, to modify the air-fuel ratio and ignition timing.

Emission Control: Ensures adherence to environmental regulations by monitoring and controlling exhaust emissions.

Fuel Efficiency: Reduces fuel consumption by optimizing engine functions.

Auxiliary Functions: ECUs can occasionally be used to control shift points in transmissions or braking (ABS systems).

ECU Durability and Design

The robust performance is a design feature of modern ECUs. They are robust and dependable in severe automotive applications since they can withstand vibrations below 1000 Hz, work in the voltage range of 6.5 to 16V, and use little current (0.015 to 0.1A).

What Is a VCU?

Overview

Specifically made for hybrid and electric cars, the Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) acts as the main controller for the power, battery, and other subsystems, guaranteeing peak performance and efficiency.

How Do VCUs Operate?

The VCU collects information from sensors, including

The position of the brake and accelerator pedals determines driver inputs.

Battery State: Tracks temperature, charge level, and voltage.

Vehicle State: Monitors overall performance, gear position, and speed.

Based on this data, the VCU:

Controls the flow of power to the battery and electric motor.

Maximizes range by optimizing energy use.

Controls auxiliary systems, such as entertainment and air conditioning.

Key Functions of a VCU

Battery Management: A VCU battery management system’s primary duties include ensuring safe cycles of charging and draining to extend battery life.

Energy Efficiency: By maximizing power consumption, it increases driving range. Thermal management keeps the battery, motor, and other parts from overheating.

Regenerative Braking: Recharges the battery by recovering energy while braking.

System protection and diagnostics: detect issues and prevent overcharging or overheating.

Advantages and disadvantages of ECU vs VCU

Advantages of ECU

Better Engine Performance: Enhances engine performance by optimizing ignition timing and the air-fuel mixture. Wide Availability: Found in many cars that run on conventional fuel, making repairs and replacements simple. Low Cost: Manufacturing and maintenance are kept at a reasonable level by the straightforward design.

ECU’s disadvantages

Restricted Functionality: Only engine and emission control are addressed.

EV incompatibility: unsuitable for automobiles with electric propulsion systems.

Limited Data Processing: In contrast to contemporary control units, it processes less amount of sensor data.

Advantages of VCU

Improved Energy Efficiency: Enhances EV range by optimizing power systems.

Advanced Features: Facilitates battery optimization, thermal control, and regenerative braking.

Future-Ready: Compliant with hybrid and electric cars, supporting the industry’s electrification trend.

Drawbacks of VCU

Increased Costs: It is more costly due to its intricate design and functionality.

Limited Availability: Only found in EVs and hybrids, necessitating specific replacement and service needs.

Complex Diagnostics: Advanced knowledge is needed for maintenance and troubleshooting.

Key Differences between ECU vs VCU

FeatureECU (Electronic Control Unit)VCU (Vehicle Control Unit)Vehicle TypeConventional fuel vehicles electric and hybrid vehiclesPrimary FunctionManages engine performance manages battery and power systems sensor InputsEngine-related sensors (e.g., oxygen, throttle)EV-specific sensors (e.g., battery voltage, brake pedal)Energy EfficiencyFocuses on emissions, not energyOptimizes energy use for an extended rangeCapabilitiesSimple engine management advanced features like regenerative braking and thermal management-compatibility conventional vehicles only suitable for hybrid and electric vehicles

The Future of Vehicle Control Units

The VCU is set to become increasingly important as the automobile sector continues its transition to electrification. It is the go-to option for contemporary cars due to its sophisticated features and versatility. For conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, the ECU will continue to be essential, but as EV use increases, demand for it may decline.

Conclusion

For car fans, technicians, and industry experts, knowing the distinctions between ECU vs VCU is essential. Although both are essential to the running of a vehicle, there are considerable differences in their functions, sensor inputs, and applications.

For traditional cars, the ECU is excellent at controlling emissions and engine performance while providing simplicity and affordability. On the other hand, the VCU is the engine that drives electric and hybrid cars, guaranteeing increased functionality, energy efficiency, and compatibility with emerging technology.

The VCU is anticipated to become the industry standard for vehicle control as automotive technology advances, demonstrating the sector’s dedication to sustainability and innovation.

At Dorleco, we specialize in providing cutting-edge Vehicle Control Units (VCUs), CAN Displays, CAN Keypads, and EV software services designed to meet the demands of modern automotive innovation. With a focus on electrification and advanced vehicle systems, our VCUs ensure optimal battery management, energy efficiency, and system integration for electric and hybrid vehicles. Leveraging our expertise in both traditional ECUs and advanced VCUs, we empower automotive manufacturers to enhance performance, efficiency, and sustainability. Headquartered in Farmington Hills, MI, with global branches, Dorleco delivers reliable, future-ready solutions that redefine vehicle control and efficiency. Innovate your drive with Dorleco!

[dorleco]

Comprehending The EV Infrastructure

November 25, 2024

by dorleco

with no comment

Others

Edit

Introduction

The global automotive industry is changing thanks to electric vehicles (EVs), which provide a means of achieving sustainable mobility and lower carbon emissions. The need for a dependable, easily accessible, and effective infrastructure to facilitate the growing adoption of EVs has grown more pressing. To facilitate a seamless transition to electric transportation, this article examines the development of EV infrastructure, its present state, its obstacles, and the cooperative efforts needed.

The Early Days of EV Infrastructure

Electric automobiles are hardly a novel idea. Electric vehicles (EVs) were first presented more than 130 years ago as an alternative to gas-powered and steam-powered vehicles. Despite being innovative at the time, their restricted speed and range prevented them from being widely used. Internal combustion engines (ICEs) that run on gasoline, on the other hand, have advanced quickly and are more dependable and efficient.

EVs were severely harmed by the affordability that Henry Ford’s mass production of the Model T in 1908 brought forth. Gasoline cars, which were faster and less expensive, had largely replaced electric vehicles by 1935. But the late 20th-century oil crises renewed interest in EVs, paving the way for their ultimate comeback.

Reviving EV Infrastructure Interest: From Crisis to Innovation

Government programs like the 1976 Electric Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Act were prompted by the energy crises of the 1960s and 1970s, which highlighted the vulnerability of reliance on foreign oil. The development of EVs was further accelerated by the environmental movement of the 1990s, which was sparked by new federal laws and policies, including the Clean Air Act Amendment and California’s emissions limits.

An important turning point in EV history was the 1997 release of the Toyota Prius. The Prius was the first hybrid vehicle to be mass-produced, showcasing the possibilities of fusing gasoline and electric technologies. Tesla’s 2006 introduction of a high-end electric sports vehicle with a range of more than 200 miles confirmed EVs’ feasibility and opened the door for widespread use.

Establishing a Network of Charging Stations:

An Essential Part of EV Infrastructure

One of the major challenges to widespread EV adoption has been the development of charging infrastructure. In the early 2000s, public charging stations were scarce. However, thanks to significant investments from governments, automakers, and private companies, charging networks have expanded rapidly.

Types of Charging Stations

Level 1 chargers are appropriate for overnight charging and use common household outlets.

Level 2 chargers, which are frequently found in homes, offices, and public areas, allow faster charging but require certain equipment.

DC fast chargers can offer a significant charge in a matter of minutes, making them ideal for long-distance travel.

Key Components of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station:

An EV charging station relies on advanced electrical controls and components to ensure safety, efficiency, and reliability. Key components include:

Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs): Guard against short circuits and overloads.

Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCBs): Ensure safety in adverse weather conditions.

Disconnect switches: Allow safe disconnection during maintenance.

Surge Protection Devices: Protect sensitive equipment from overvoltage and lightning surges.

Energy Meters: Monitor energy consumption for commercial charging.

Contactors: Enable controlled power delivery to EVs.

Wiring components include terminal blocks, wire ducts, and DIN rails for streamlined assembly.

These parts give a charging station its structural integrity and allow it to provide users with safe and efficient service.

Opportunities and Difficulties in the Development of EV Infrastructure

1. Grid Stability and Capacity

The current electrical system faces a serious challenge from the increasing number of EVs. The grid needs to adjust to accommodate the growing number of charging stations, especially during peak hours. It is imperative to make investments in grid upgrading, which includes integrating renewable energy sources.

2. Compatibility and Standardization

EV adoption is made more difficult by charging networks’ lack of uniformity. Hardware-agnostic suppliers like Amp Up and EV Connect give customers more flexibility, while proprietary solutions like Charge Point offer integrated systems. It will be essential to strike a balance between open standards and proprietary innovation.

3. Urban vs. Rural Accessibility

Infrastructure for charging has rapidly expanded in urban areas, but rural areas are still underserved. To guarantee fair access to EV technology, this gap must be closed.

4. Public-Private Collaboration

Governments, utilities, automakers, and private businesses must work together to build a comprehensive charging network. Collaborative efforts are crucial, as seen by initiatives like the $7.5 billion investment made under the Build Better Act to establish a nationwide network of EV chargers.

5. Market Expansion and Prospects

In 2020, the US market for EV charging infrastructure was estimated to be worth $2.08 billion, and between 2021 and 2028, it is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 39%. Significant funding for EV infrastructure and grid resilience is provided by federal investments like the $1.85 trillion Build Back Better Act, underscoring the industry’s potential for expansion.

6. Innovations in Technology

Additionally propelling the EV market ahead are developments in battery technology. Department of Energy-sponsored research has improved battery lifespan and energy density while resulting in considerable cost reductions. A wider range of people may now afford EVs thanks to these advancements.

7. Towards a Sustainable Future

One important step in lowering carbon emissions and halting climate change is using EVs. In 2012, President Obama started the EVs Everywhere Grand Challenge to make EVs as affordable as gas-powered cars by 2022. Even though there are still obstacles to overcome, EV adoption is clearly on the rise.

8. The Role of Charging Networks

Conclusion

Electric vehicles are the foundation of a sustainable transportation future of EV infrastructure, not just a fad. However, the creation of a strong charging infrastructure, grid upgrading, and cross-sector cooperation are necessary for this transition to be successful. An increasingly sustainable and clean future is becoming a reality as EV technology develops and charging infrastructure grows. We can guarantee that EVs propel us toward a more environmentally friendly future by making infrastructural investments and tackling obstacles.

Dorleco is at the forefront of advancing electric mobility with its cutting-edge automotive solutions. Our products, including high-performance Vehicle Control Units (VCUs), intuitive CAN Displays, and durable CAN Keypads, are engineered to optimize the functionality and safety of EVs. Complementing these hardware solutions, our robust EV Software Services empower seamless integration and enhanced performance, meeting the demands of modern electric vehicles. As the EV ecosystem grows, Dorleco is committed to delivering innovative, reliable, and scalable solutions that align with the industry’s needs for smart infrastructure and sustainable mobility. Choose Dorleco to drive the future of electric mobility.

[dorleco]

Strategies to Extend Your EV Battery Longevity

November 22, 2024

by dorleco

with no comment

eMOBILITY CONTROLS

Edit

Introduction

Electric vehicles (EVs) have revolutionized the automotive industry, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. While EVs have fewer moving parts and require less maintenance, their battery is a critical and costly component, accounting for up to 25% of the vehicle’s overall cost. Given its importance, extending the lifespan of an EV battery is vital for maintaining the car’s value, range, and long-term functionality.

This guide will explore the factors that influence EV battery degradation, why battery capacity matters, and practical strategies to maximize your EV battery longevity.

Why is EV battery longevity Important?

The efficiency and real-world range of an electric vehicle are affected by its battery capacity, which is expressed in kilowatt-hours (kWh). The majority of EV batteries have a kWh value between 30 and 100, with a higher kWh rating indicating a greater driving range. The Tesla Model S, for example, has larger-capacity batteries that provide better performance and a longer range.

An EV battery's longevity useful range and resale value are greatly impacted by the degree of battery capacity depreciation that occurs over time owing to a variety of circumstances. EV batteries typically lose 2.3% of their initial range every year. Batteries rarely fail suddenly, yet they may lose their capacity to hold a full charge.

The majority of EV manufacturers provide battery pack warranties, which usually range from 8 years to 100,000 miles. Certain manufacturers, such as Tesla, extend this warranty to 150,000 miles with a 70% battery capacity retention guarantee. Understanding and maintaining battery capacity is essential to maximizing the usefulness and effectiveness of your EV.

Factors Affecting EV Battery Longevity

1. Time

EV batteries naturally deteriorate over time as a result of chemical conversations, just like any other battery. The battery’s cells decrease efficiency even while not in use, which impacts overall performance.

2. The temperature

The ideal operating temperature for lithium-ion batteries is room temperature. Degradation occurs more quickly when cells are exposed to extremes of heat or cold because these conditions speed up internal chemical reactions. When parked or in operation, prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures may significantly reduce battery life.

3. Charge Cycles

An EV battery goes through a charge cycle each time it is charged and drained. These cycles gradually reduce the battery’s capacity to retain a charge. This process becomes quicker by rapid charging because of the high energy intake and heat generation.

How EV Battery Longevity Work

Thousands of lithium-ion cells make up EV battery packs, which store energy to run the electric motor. When the car is plugged in, these cells are charged, and when it is in motion, they are discharged. The battery’s lifespan is impacted by the charging and discharging processes, with rapid charging adding to the stress.

Battery management systems are found in the majority of modern EVs to guard against overcharging, over-discharging, and overheating. But to guarantee the best possible battery performance and longevity, owners must also follow best practices.

The Best Ways to Increase EV Battery Longevity

1. Reduce Your Exposure to High Temperatures

Avoid subjecting your EV to extremes of temperature while it is parked. A steady temperature can be maintained by parking in a garage or in the shade. The thermal management system can operate on grid power rather than depleting the battery when you plug it in while your car is parked.

2. Refrain from deep draining or fully charging the battery.

Your battery’s longevity can be greatly increased by maintaining a level between 20% and 80%. Although battery management mechanisms in contemporary EVs guard against overcharging, a reasonable charge range is still advised for best results.

3. Limit the Use of Fast Chargers

Despite their convenience, DC fast chargers put a lot of load on the battery and produce a lot of heat. Frequent use of quick charging can eventually cause the battery’s capacity to decrease. For everyday use, choose Level 2 chargers; save fast charging for urgent situations.

4. Maintain an Optimal State of Charge for Storage

Make sure the battery is charged to roughly 50% if you intend to leave your EV in storage for a long time. When left unused, a battery that is completely charged or discharged deteriorates more quickly. For extended periods of inactivity, certain EVs, such as the Tesla Roadster, have a “storage mode” that keeps the battery at its ideal level.

5. Drive Sensibly

Fast acceleration and forceful braking are examples of aggressive driving techniques that can quickly deplete the battery and produce extra heat. Battery life can be extended by keeping a constant pace and avoiding sudden acceleration and braking changes.

6. Avoid Nightly Charging to 100%

It is not required and may put stress on the battery to charge your EV to 100% every night. For everyday use, keep charging to 80% unless you require the entire range.

7. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines.

Specific charging, operating, and maintenance guidelines can be found in your EV owner’s manual. Following the manufacturer’s guidelines assures optimal battery performance and avoids voiding warranties.

Advancements in EV battery longevity Technology

The EV sector is always developing to increase battery efficiency and longevity. Tesla, for example, is developing a “million-mile battery” that will live longer than the vehicle. Advances in battery chemistry, such as solid-state batteries, promise increased energy density, faster charging periods, and better thermal stability.

Modern EVs also have features such as liquid-cooled battery thermal management systems to keep operating temperatures at optimal levels. These innovations reduce degradation and improve overall performance, making electric vehicles more reliable and efficient than ever before.

The Economic and Environmental Impacts of EV Battery Longevity

EV battery longevity is not only financially profitable but also environmentally responsible. Longer-lasting batteries require fewer replacements, saving EV owners money and reducing waste. Furthermore, enhanced battery performance increases vehicle efficiency, lowering the carbon footprint associated with energy usage.

Conclusion

As the number of electric vehicles grows, understanding and implementing ways to improve battery life becomes increasingly crucial. EV owners can considerably extend the life of their batteries by limiting exposure to severe temperatures, avoiding quick charging, maintaining an ideal level of charge, and driving carefully.

Most EVs may travel over 200,000 miles on their original battery packs with proper maintenance and following manufacturer recommendations. As battery technology advances, the future of electric mobility seems more efficient, affordable, and sustainable.

Dorleco is dedicated to providing EV owners with the tools and knowledge they need to optimize their vehicles’ performance and lifetime. Discover more insights and solutions by exploring our VCU products, CAN Displays, CAN Keypads and EV software services.

Drive intelligently. Recharge responsibly. Increase the lifespan of your electric vehicle battery for a brighter tomorrow!

[dorleco]

Understanding Battery Management System (BMS)

November 13, 2024

by dorleco

with no comment

eMOBILITY CONTROLS

Edit

Introduction

The technology underlying electric cars (EVs) is developing quickly and increasing in popularity. The Battery Management System (BMS) is vital to any energy storage, renewable energy, or electric vehicle system. By keeping an eye on and controlling many facets of the battery’s condition and operation, a BMS guarantees the battery pack’s best performance, longevity, and safety. We will explore the fundamental ideas of BMS in this blog, including its operation, its main components, and the range of tasks it carries out.

What is a Battery Management System?

An electrical device called a Battery Management System (BMS) monitors and controls a rechargeable battery to ensure it runs within safe bounds. It is crucial for high-power applications, such as EVs, HEVs, renewable energy systems, and others, where battery life, safety, and efficiency are top concerns. In essence, the BMS serves as the battery pack’s brain, constantly monitoring its condition, preventing it from going beyond its safe bounds, and keeping it in top condition.

Why is BMS Crucial for EVs?

The battery functions as the primary power source in EVs. Because of its great importance, each cell in the pack needs to function at its best. A battery that is not properly maintained may overheat, lose its balance, degrade more quickly, or even provide safety risks such as thermal runaway. Consequently, the BMS of an EV is required to:

Increased Safety: Prevents issues like short circuits, overcharging, and over-discharging that could result in overheating or fires.

Extended Battery Life: Reduces battery deterioration by optimizing usage conditions.

Optimize Range: Assures that the battery operates at its maximum capacity, allowing the car to reach its ideal driving range.

Monitor Health: Keeps track of the battery’s condition and notifies users when maintenance or replacements are required.

How Does the Battery Management System Operate?

Fundamentally, a BMS gathers information from the battery pack, evaluates it, and then complies with the rules. Let’s overview in more detail:

Data Collection: Cell voltage, current, temperature, and occasionally other parameters like state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) are all continuously monitored by the BMS.

Data Processing and Analysis: To ascertain the battery’s present state, the data is analyzed after it has been gathered. For example, the BMS can determine whether the battery is getting close to dangerous operating conditions by examining voltage and temperature information.

Making Decisions: To maintain a consistent condition, the BMS makes decisions based on its analysis about whether to modify current flows, activate cooling devices, or balance the battery pack’s cells.

Action: The BMS takes action, such as lowering power flow, activating heating/cooling systems, or notifying the user, if conditions deviate from safe bounds.

Essential Components of a Battery Management System

Generally speaking, a Battery Management System consists of several crucial parts, each with a distinct purpose. Let’s examine the primary components of a typical BMS in more detail:

1. Circuit for Cell Monitoring and Balancing

Cell Voltage Monitoring: Prevents overcharging or over-discharging by measuring the voltage of individual cells. Maintaining voltages within safe bounds is essential to extending battery life and avoiding thermal problems since batteries are sensitive to changes in voltage.

Cell Balancing Circuit: The cell balancing circuit makes sure that every cell in a battery pack has the same amount of charge. Because weaker cells deteriorate more quickly than others, imbalances can result in decreased battery life and performance. Balancing circuits distribute the charge among the cells to maintain equal charge levels in the battery pack.

2. Temperature Sensors:

Temperature monitoring is crucial since extremes in temperature can impair battery performance or potentially pose safety hazards. Thermistors or other temperature sensors are commonly used by a BMS to monitor battery pack temperatures and make sure cells are within ideal limits.

3. Current Sensors:

These sensors gauge how much current flows into and out of the battery pack. In addition to preventing overcurrent scenarios that could harm the battery or associated devices, this data is essential for determining SOC and SOH.

4. Microcontroller Unit (MCU)

The BMS’s central processing unit, the Microcontroller Unit (MCU), is in charge of executing algorithms, storing information, and making choices depending on the data that is monitored. It notifies the user, carries out directives such as cell balance, and interacts with other systems or vehicle controls.

5. Communication Interface:

The Battery Management System can communicate with other systems, including the vehicle control unit (VCU) in electric vehicles, by using a communication interface. CAN bus, I2C, and SPI are examples of common communication protocols that enable data exchange for smooth system integration.

6. Safety and Protection Circuitry:

Protection circuitry, which includes features like under-voltage, short-circuit, and overcurrent protection, makes sure the battery runs safely. As a final resort, these circuits guard against disastrous malfunctions.

Essential Features of a Battery Control System

A BMS performs several vital tasks to preserve the safety and health of batteries. Here is a detailed examination of each of these roles:

1. Estimation of State of Charge (SOC)

SOC estimate displays the battery’s current charge level as a percentage of its overall capacity. Understanding the SOC is crucial for both energy management and EV range prediction. Temperature and aging can make SOC calculation difficult, which is why BMS algorithms frequently use techniques like open-circuit voltage measurement or Coulomb counting to provide precise estimates.

2. State of Health (SOH) Monitoring:

SOH evaluates the general health and remaining lifespan of a battery. It considers things like capacity fading, degradation patterns, and cell resistance. SOH monitoring aids in long-term performance and cost savings by assisting users in determining when maintenance or replacements are required.

3. Cell balancing

As previously stated, cell balancing makes sure that every cell in a battery pack keeps the same amount of charge. Longer battery life and improved efficiency are made possible by this procedure, which stops weaker cells from affecting the performance of the entire pack.

4. Thermal Management:

Because batteries are temperature-sensitive, their lifespan and performance can be impacted by both high and low temperatures. By monitoring cell and pack temperatures and turning on heating or cooling equipment as necessary, a BMS manages thermal management. To maintain peak performance under a variety of circumstances, advanced BMS systems in EVs frequently incorporate temperature management.

5. Protection against Overcharge and Over-Discharge

If a battery cell is overcharged or over-discharged, it may cause irreparable harm, safety hazards, or decreased performance. Cell voltages are continuously monitored by the BMS, which will lower charging rates or cease charging completely if voltages rise above acceptable bounds.

6. Current Regulation:

To keep the battery’s current within acceptable bounds, the Battery Management System controls how much current enters and exits the battery. To avoid overcurrent situations, which can harm battery cells and other system components, this safeguard is crucial.

7. Diagnosis and Communication

A lot of Battery Management Systems have diagnostic features that allow them to log information like operational temperatures, charge cycles, and trends over time. Furthermore, the BMS can convey data and warnings to other systems via communication interfaces, facilitating remote diagnostics and monitoring.

Challenges in BMS Design and Development

Several obstacles must be balanced to create a dependable and effective BMS:

Variability in Battery Chemistry: Different chemistries have different tolerances for voltage, current, and temperature (e.g., lithium-ion, lithium-iron-phosphate). A BMS needs to be customized for the particular battery chemistry.

Environmental Considerations: Particularly in automotive applications, BMS systems must function in a range of temperature, humidity, and vibration situations.

Financial Restrictions: The price of integrating premium sensors, circuits, and processors into a BMS must be weighed against the battery pack’s total cost.

Accuracy in SOC/SOH prediction: Due to variables including temperature, cell aging, and usage patterns, it can be challenging to obtain accurate SOC and SOH readings, which are crucial for user confidence and range prediction in EVs.

Future Trends in BMS Technology

With advancements aimed at boosting efficiency, safety, and accuracy, BMS technology has a promising future. Among the major themes are:

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: By learning from usage patterns, AI-powered BMS algorithms can enhance SOC and SOH estimations as well as predictive maintenance.

Solid-State Battery Compatibility: BMS technology will need to advance to accommodate various operating conditions as solid-state batteries proliferate.

Improved Connectivity and IoT: Real-time data sharing, remote diagnostics, and software updates are made possible by cloud connectivity and IoT integration, which can increase battery life and enhance user experience.

Conclusion

In applications like electric automobiles, battery management systems are essential for guaranteeing the performance, lifespan, and safety of contemporary battery packs. BMS technology will keep developing, providing more safety features, efficiency, and integration as battery technology advances and the need for energy storage solutions grows. BMS technology will become increasingly important in enabling a sustainable future as it advances in sophistication. The BMS is unquestionably the unsung hero behind the scenes, whether it is facilitating EVs’ increased range on a single charge or handling the intricate requirements of renewable energy storage.

Discover how electric vehicle performance will develop in the future with Dorleco’s top-tier automotive solutions! Our blog on Battery Management Systems (BMS) delves into the core of EV innovation, including information on battery longevity, safety, and efficiency — all of which are essential in the rapidly changing EV market of today. At Dorleco, we provide CAN Keypads, CAN Displays, and high-performance Vehicle Control Units (VCUs) for dependable and easy integration with your EV systems. We provide full solutions that maximize performance, minimize downtime, and improve the EV experience when combined with our extensive EV Software Services. Dorleco provides the technologies and know-how to assist you speed up your transition to the future of electric mobility, whether your goal is increasing battery efficiency or EV safety.

Visit us at Dorleco and learn how our cutting-edge solutions can power your next EV project.

[dorleco]

Domain Controllers in Automotive Applications

November 5, 2024

by dorleco

with no comment

eMOBILITY CONTROLS

Edit

Introduction

In automotive applications, Domain Controllers are a specialized computer that manages a set of vehicle functions within a specific area, or domain. Functional domains that typically need a domain controller require substantial computing power and are connected to numerous input/output (I/O) devices. Examples include active safety, user experience, and body and chassis functions.

Radars, cameras, and other sensors around the car provide inputs to an active safety domain controller, which then uses that data to build a model of the surroundings. Based on what the model indicates, software programs in the domain controller subsequently decide “policy and planning” what the vehicle should do. For instance, based on pre-set regulations, the software may use sensor-generated images to identify a pedestrian who will cross the road and trigger the car to either apply the brakes or warn the driver.

Types of Domain Controllers in Vehicles

According to their functional domain, domain controllers in the automotive sector usually fall into one of several major categories:

Powertrain Domain Controller: In charge of controlling the car’s engine, gearbox, and additional propulsion and power systems. These controllers are essential for maximizing performance, emissions, and fuel economy. Powertrain domain controllers regulate the motor, battery, and energy flow in electric cars.

Chassis and Body Domain Controller: These controllers regulate the vehicle’s body features like door locks, climate control, and lighting as well as its physical dynamics like steering, braking, and suspension. The vehicle’s comfort and safety are enhanced by chassis and body domain controllers.

Active Safety Domain Controller: Made to interpret information from radar, cameras, and sensors to make safety judgments in real-time. This domain controller is crucial for features like adaptive cruise control, automated emergency braking, and lane-keeping because it builds a model of the environment around the car.

Information entertainment and user experience Domain controllers are in charge of the infotainment system, instrument cluster, and other controls that interact with passengers, such as the navigation and climate systems. These controllers facilitate functions that improve the user’s engagement with the car, resulting in a smooth and joyful experience.

Why are Domain Controllers Essential?

Several factors are driving the growing use of domain controller in automobiles:

Complexity Reduction: As cars get more features, there are more electronic control units (ECUs), which makes the wiring system more complex. By combining many ECUs into a single, central controller, domain controllers simplify the wiring harness of the car and increase durability.

Increased Processing Capacity: As automobile technology has developed, cars now need a significant amount of processing power. The power required to manage complicated activities, such as processing radar data for active safety features or operating high-definition graphics for infotainment systems, is provided by domain controllers, which are tuned for certain functions.

Reduced Manufacturing Costs: Automakers can reduce costs related to components, wiring, and software development by reducing the number of ECUs by combining various functions into a single controller. Because fewer ECUs need to be integrated and deployed, domain controllers also expedite the production process.

Software Update Facilitation: Continuous enhancement of vehicle performance and features is made possible by over-the-air (OTA) software upgrades, which are made possible by a centralized controller configuration. As manufacturers remotely send out new features and safety improvements, OTA updates are becoming more and more valuable.

Domain Controllers and the Evolution of E/E Architecture

Because they enable further centralization and standardization of vehicle functions, domain controllers are fundamental to the development of automotive electrical/electronic (E/E) architecture. Conventional E/E designs are made up of dispersed ECUs that are each in charge of a certain task and are located throughout the car. But as car technology has developed, this model has grown unwieldy, necessitating a more efficient strategy.

Functions can be organized into discrete domains with domain controller, each of which is controlled by a strong controller. This is a big step toward a centralized computing model, in which almost all vehicle operations are managed by one or more powerful computers. It is anticipated that manufacturers will keep combining domain controller into a single computing platform in the future, which would streamline the design of the car, cut down on wire, and improve processing power.

Smart Vehicle ArchitectureTM (SVA), which aims to create a centralized E/E architecture based on domain controllers and central computer units, is a well-known illustration of this approach. Increased connection, enhanced energy efficiency, and scalable software-driven features — all crucial for electric and driverless cars — are made possible by this strategy.

Key Domains Controlled by Domain Controllers

1. Active Safety

Perhaps the most important component in modern automobiles, particularly those advancing toward greater degrees of autonomy, is the active safety domain controller. A variety of sensors located throughout the car, including as cameras, radars, and LiDAR, provide data to active safety controllers. The controller makes decisions about safety-related activities by using this data to build a model of the vehicle’s environment.

For example, the system may automatically apply the brakes or notify the driver if it detects a pedestrian in the route of the car. Features like adaptive cruise control, blind-spot identification, and lane departure warning depend on this domain controller.

2. User Experience

Domain controller oversee in-cabin amenities like the infotainment system, climate control, and digital instrument clusters in the context of user experience. To provide a seamless user experience, this domain controller works with a variety of input/output devices, including touchscreens, audio systems, and reconfigurable displays.

User experience domain controllers make it possible to seamlessly integrate cell phones, cloud services, and sophisticated voice and gesture controls with the trend toward linked and personalized automobiles. They enable automakers to provide a customized driving experience that can be adjusted to suit each customer’s tastes.

Chassis and body suspension, braking, steering, lighting, and door control are among the structural and motion-related operations managed by the body and chassis domain controller. Because it allows for precise control over the vehicle’s physical characteristics, this domain improves comfort and safety. For example, it can activate adaptive headlight systems that change according to steering angle and speed, or it can modify the suspension according to road conditions to improve ride quality.

The advantages of domain controllers

The following advantages of domain controller make them very appealing to automakers:

Better Performance: Automakers can enhance processing speed and performance by optimizing hardware and software for certain activities through the use of domain-specific controllers.

Cost-effectiveness: By lowering the number of separate ECUs, domain controllers contribute to lower production, wiring, and system integration expenses. Scalability: Due to its capacity to adapt to changing software requirements, domain controllers facilitate the addition of new features and upgrades.

Enhanced Security: As cars become more interconnected, safeguarding data and managing cyber security threats becomes more crucial. This is made possible by fewer, centralized computing nodes.

Challenges and Considerations

Although domain controllers have many benefits, there are drawbacks as well:

High Development Costs: A substantial investment is needed to create domain controllers with adequate processing power and resilience.

Complex Integration: In a vehicle with several systems, it can be difficult for domain controllers to connect across multiple domains with ease.

Heat Management: Domain controllers produce a lot of heat when they perform more computing duties, which calls for sophisticated thermal management solutions.

The Future of Domain Controllers

Domain controllers will play an increasingly important role as the automotive industry moves toward electrified and fully driverless vehicles.

Domain controller will likely be combined into centralized, high-performance computing systems that can handle several domains at once in the upcoming years.

By streamlining the architecture and enabling quicker development cycles, this approach will open the door for “vehicle computers” that manage almost all vehicle tasks. Advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS), AI-driven features, and connected automobile services will all be made possible by such centralized infrastructures.

Domain controllers are a crucial stage in the progression of the automotive industry toward complex E/E architectures. Domain controller contribute to the development of future automobiles by centralizing operations, increasing processing capacity, and facilitating a scalable platform.

Connect with us to learn more about domain controllers and explore our EV software services, including VCUs, CAN Keypads, CAN Displays, and more. For details, contact info@dorleco.com.

[dorleco]

FCEVs or BEVs-The Future of Mobility

Introduction

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and its adverse impacts on the environment have emerged as major catalysts for innovation as manufacturers increasingly rely on alternative energy sources to power their vehicles. Both battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are among the most promising options for environmentally friendly transportation. These two technologies seek to meet the increasing demands for mobility, increase efficiency, and solve sustainability issues. However, considering issues like limited lithium sources and developing fuel cell capabilities, there is still disagreement about which of these technologies should be prioritized.

This blog examines the FCEVs or BEVs controversy, weighs the benefits of each, and predicts which technology will likely rule certain areas of the transportation industry.

The Connection between FCEVs or BEVs

The idea that fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries are competing technologies is a prevalent misunderstanding in the FCEVs or BEVs debate. In actuality, these two systems work well together and provide a range of answers to the efficiency and sustainability issues the automobile sector faces. The future of transportation will probably be defined by the coexistence of these two technologies, which are essential parts of electric mobility solutions.

BEVs require lithium-ion batteries, but fuel cells work by a chemical redox reaction in which hydrogen combines with oxygen to create water and energy. Fuel cells are becoming a serious option, especially for applications that call for lighter powertrains and greater range. Battery and fuel cell technologies will work in tandem to solve certain mobility issues rather than taking the place of one another.

Current Issues in the Market

Range and payload capacity are two of the most important issues when it comes to sustainable mobility, especially in the heavy-duty transportation industry. The normal range of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) on a single fuel tank is 400 miles, which is a common benchmark for efficiency.

However, this range requirement has not yet been fully met by FCEVs or BEVs, particularly when significant payloads are involved:

Limitations of the battery:

Because BEV batteries are often heavy, the vehicle’s load and, thus, its energy usage are increased.

For example, the Hummer EV’s battery weighs nearly as much as a small car like the Honda Civic. Such a big battery weight reduces cargo capacity and energy efficiency.

The Emergence of Fuel Cell Technology:

Although they are still in their infancy, fuel cell systems provide lighter powertrains and a higher energy density.

Infrastructure, storage, and manufacturing of hydrogen are very expensive and undeveloped.

Because laws frequently regulate the maximum axle weight, these trade-offs become crucial in heavy-duty applications. To comply with weight regulations, designers are compelled to decrease battery size, which consequently diminishes range. Because of this restriction, automakers are now concentrating on BEV economy versus performance trade-offs.

FCEVs or BEVs: A Comparative Overview

To better understand the strengths and weaknesses of each technology, the following table summarizes key performance factors:

CriteriaFCEVs (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles)BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles)RangeLonger range; ideal for heavy-duty applicationsLimited range, especially for heavy loadsRefueling/Charging TimeQuick refueling (5–10 minutes)Longer charging times (30 minutes — 2 hours)Energy DensityHigh energy density; lightweight powertrainLower energy density; heavier battery weightInfrastructureLimited hydrogen fuelling infrastructureThe growing network of charging stationsCostExpensive due to hydrogen production & storageRelatively lower, but battery costs are highDynamic PerformanceLess dynamic; ideal for static energy supplyExcellent dynamic performanceApplicationsBest for long-distance and heavy-duty transportIdeal for short-range, light-duty vehiclesEnvironmental ImpactEmissions-free but energy-intensive hydrogen productionEmissions-free but lithium mining is resource-intensive

2. Payload and Range

Payload capacity and range are important considerations in long-distance and commercial transportation. In this regard, FCEVs are superior because:

The lighter weight of the fuel cell powertrain allows for a higher carrying capacity.

Greater range is made possible by FCEVs’ increased energy storage capacity without significantly increasing vehicle weight.

The weight of high-capacity batteries, on the other hand, limits the payload and range of BEVs. Because of this trade-off, FCEVs are a more desirable option for heavy-duty commercial vehicles, logistics, and long-distance transportation.

3. Infrastructure and Cost

The high expense of producing, storing, and developing infrastructure for hydrogen poses a barrier to the broad adoption of FCEVs. The infrastructure for hydrogen refueling stations is still lacking, and producing hydrogen fuel requires a lot of energy.

BEVs, on the other hand, profit from a growing network of EV charging stations and continuous improvements in battery technology, which are bringing down prices over time. However, a long-term issue with BEV scalability is the limited availability of lithium.

Which Technology Is Better, FCEVs or BEVs?

Instead of considering FCEVs or BEVs as rival technologies, the discussion should focus on determining which option best meets a particular set of transportation requirements:

For short-distance passenger travel and urban transit, battery electric vehicles, or BEVs, are perfect.

Heavy-duty and long-distance applications, where rapid recharging, extended range, and high payload capacity are essential, are ideal for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs).

While BEVs are more appropriate for private automobiles, taxis, and smaller delivery vehicles, FCEVs are especially attractive for commercial vehicles, buses, and trucks. When combined, these technologies can meet the many needs for environmentally friendly transportation.

Dorleco’s BEV and FCEV Development Initiatives

At Dorleco, we acknowledge the significance of both BEVs and FCEVs influencing the direction of transportation in the future. Our development work is concentrated on producing reliable software for fuel cell and battery systems, such as:

Balanced Cell Algorithms

employ sophisticated balancing procedures to maximize battery longevity and performance.

Estimating SOC using Kalman Filters

For dependable energy management, an accurate State of Charge (SOC) estimate is essential.

Control and Thermal Modelling

Ensuring effective fuel cell and battery heat management.

Integration of Fuel Cell Controller and BMS Controller

CAN architecture integration for smooth performance and communication.

Validation and Verification of Batteries

Carrying out thorough testing on charging and discharging to confirm the dependability and effectiveness of the system.

Quick Control Prototyping

Use raptured tools to design systems and prototypes quickly.

At Dorleco, our team is committed to developing both technologies to satisfy changing consumer needs and environmental objectives. We provide specialized solutions that support both BEVs and FCEVs by fusing our knowledge of software development and system modeling.

Contact us at info@dorleco.com for additional details on our EV software services and VCU products, CAN Keypads, and CAN Displays. Let us assist you in reaching your objectives for sustainable mobility.

Conclusion

Two different but complementary strategies for sustainable mobility are highlighted by the FCEVs or BEVs discussion. FCEVs are viable options for heavy-duty and long-distance transportation, whereas BEVs are expected to rule light-duty and urban applications. Automakers can solve present issues and quicken the shift to a cleaner, more efficient future by utilizing the advantages of both technologies.

Our goal at Dorleco is to use cutting-edge software development and system integration to propel innovation in FCEV and BEV solutions. By working together, we can use efficient and sustainable technology to influence how people move in the future.