#Conventional Lightning Arrester

[greenwirepowersolutions]

Let’s Discuss About the Best Lightning Manufacturer in India

The spark gap is open and the non-linear resistor's resistance is quite high, therefore the copper lightning arrester provided by the lightning arrester manufacturers in India

conducts no current. However, in the case of a lightning strike, the high voltage will cause the air insulation to break down, spark an arc, and cause the non-linear resistor's resistance to drop. Consequently, the surge can flow to the ground via a low-resistance path.

[true-power-limited]

True Power ‘Copper Bonded Lightning Arresters’ are manufactured with pure copper bonded over high tensile steel rods. The mast of these lightning Arrester remains the same as that of high conductivity copper like in ‘Copper Lightning Arrester’ while the holding rod is replaced by the Copper bonded rod.

The Copper bonded rod provides increased tensile strength and corrosive resistance to the lightning arrester rods. These rods are generally used for areas with high wind pressure and highly corrosive environments. They provide elongated life and the best protection in corrosive environments like coastal areas, areas with heavy rainfalls, and industrial areas with high salt content in their environment.

These Lightning arresters are usually recommended for small areas with fewer Lightning strikes like small homes, offices, warehouses, and other low-height structures. These are less reliable in comparison with advanced ‘Early streamer Lightning Arresters’ and they also protect less surrounding areas in their comparison.

Contact us:

Call us: 8318455691

Email us: seotruepower@gmail.com

Address: D 242, Sector 63 Rd, D Block, Sector 63, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301

For more information visit: https://www.truepowergroup.in/copper-lightning-arrester.html

True Power Earthings Private Limited

[johnypage95]

[midseo]

Earthing Solutions, Earthing Electrodes, GI Earthing Electrodes, Chemical Earthing Rod, Pune, India

We Are The Pune Based ISO Certified Chemical Earthing Manufacturer and Supplier of Earthing Solutions, Earthing Electrodes, GI Earthing Electrodes, Chemical Earthing Rod, Pune, India.

[gps-india]

Best Conventional Lightning Arrester Manufacturer and Suppliers.

GPS India is renowned as the best conventional lightning arrester manufacturer and supplier, providing top-notch solutions for lightning protection. Their expertise and dedication to quality have earned them a prominent position in the industry. Let's explore why GPS India is the go-to choice for conventional lightning arresters.

Why Choose GPS India for Conventional Lightning Arresters?

High-Quality Products

GPS India takes pride in manufacturing conventional lightning arresters using premium materials and advanced technology. Their products undergo stringent quality checks, ensuring they meet industry standards and offer optimal performance.

Comprehensive Range

With a wide variety of conventional lightning arresters to choose from, GPS India caters to diverse requirements. Whether it's for residential, commercial, or industrial applications, they have the right solution for every need.

Experienced Team

Backed by a team of skilled professionals, GPS India possesses a wealth of knowledge in the field of lightning protection. Their experts guide customers in selecting the most suitable lightning arrester for their specific installations.

Timely Delivery and Support

GPS India values customer satisfaction and emphasizes the timely delivery of products. Their customer support team is prompt and responsive, providing efficient assistance throughout the purchase process.

Positive Reputation

The positive reviews and feedback from satisfied customers reflect GPS India's commitment to excellence. Their track record of delivering reliable lightning protection solutions has earned them a loyal and happy clientele.

Conclusion

For the best conventional lightning arresters manufacturer, GPS India stands tall as the leading manufacturer and supplier. With a focus on high-quality products, a wide range of options, experienced professionals, timely delivery, and positive customer reviews, GPS India ensures robust and dependable lightning protection for all applications.

[anotherhumaninthisworld]

Élisabeth Lebas talking about Robespierre like he’s the Messiah or something compilation

[Edgar Degas] told me that, when he was a child, his mother one day took him to rue de Tournon to visit Madame Lebas, widow of the famous Convention deputy who, on 9 thermidor, killed himself with a pistol. When the visit was over, they withdrew with small steps, accompanied to the door by the old lady, when Madame Degas suddenly stopped, deeply overwhelmed. Letting go of her son's hand, she pointed at the portraits of Robespierre, of Couthon, of Saint-Just, that she had just noticed were hanging on the walls of the antechambre, and she couldn’t keep herself from crying out with horror: ”What! You still keep the faces of these monsters here!”  ”Be quiet, Célestine!” Madame Lebas cried out ardently, ”be quiet… They were saints!” Discours de l’Histoire prononcé à la distribution solennelle des prix du Lycée Jeanson-de-Sailly held by Paul Valéry on July 13 1932, cited in Robespierre ou les contradictions du jacobinisme (1978) by Albert Soboul.

I was able to converse, between 1838 and 1839, with a famous parrot who had been the friend of Robespierre. He belonged to Mme the widow Lebas, the wife of the famous Convention deputy who chose to die with Robespierre, and the mother of M. Lebas, Hellenist scholar, who died a few years ago. Mme widow Lebas, a very respectable woman, whom I had the honour of seeing often in her little house in Fontenay-aux-Roses, where she would make the sign of the cross when she pronounced the name Robespierre, adding these words: Saint Maximilien. As for her parrot, when one said "Robespierre", it replied Hats off! Hats off! It sang the Marseillaise with perfect diction and Ça ira like a Jacobin. It was — and perhaps, thanks to its diet of grain, still is — a sans-culotte parrot, the like of which can no longer be found. Mme Lebas recounted with great emotion how she had managed to save this precious psittacus  after Thermidor.  It had been seriously compromised.  After the arrest of Robespierre and Lebas, in the course of a long domiciliary inspection,  every time the name of Robespierre was pronouned the parrot would repeat its refrain, Hats off! Hats off! The government agents had grown impatient and were about to wring its neck, when Mme Lebas, as quick as lightning,  grabbed the bird, opened the window and set it free. The poor parrot flew from window to window, until it found a charitable person to open up for it; a few days later Madame Lebas was able to regain possession of this last friend left to her by Robespierre, the only one perhaps, besides his elderly mistress, who has remained faithful to his memory.  L’Union médicale: journal des intérêts scientifiques et pratiques, moraux et professionnels du corps médical (1861) volume 12, page 258-259.

Finally our providence, our good friend Robespierre, spoke to Saint-Just to engage him to let me depart with [him and Lebas], along with my sister-in-law Henriette. Élisabeth’s memoirs, cited in Le conventionnel Le Bas: d’après des documents inédits et les mémoires de sa veuve (1901), by Stéfane-Pol, page 131.

…If you had been informed of my residence, I would have been eager to tell you the truth. The good that you say of our martyrs is not too charged: they were the true friends of liberty; they lived only for the people, for their fatherland; but some monsters, in one day, destroyed everything; in one day they assassinated liberty. Yes, monsieur, a republican like you would have been happy to know those men, so virtuous on all accounts; they all died poor. Note written by Élisabeth a few years before her death regarding ”a work treating the revolution” (l’Histoire des Girondins?). Cited in Ibid, page 147.

[sgpowerproductspvtltd]

ESE lightning arrester supplier

Enhanced Streamer Emission (ESE) Lightning Arrester: A Game-Changer in Lightning Protection

Lightning strikes are a natural phenomenon capable of causing catastrophic damage to life and property. Protecting structures from such hazards has always been a critical engineering challenge. One of the advanced solutions in lightning protection technology is the Enhanced Streamer Emission (ESE) lightning arrester. This innovative device enhances the safety and efficiency of lightning protection systems, making it a preferred choice for industrial, commercial, and residential applications.

What Is an ESE Lightning Arrester?

An ESE lightning arrester is a modern, proactive device designed to intercept and safely dissipate lightning strikes. Unlike traditional lightning rods, which rely on passive interception, ESE arresters actively enhance their performance by emitting an early upward leader. This early leader increases the probability of capturing the lightning strike before it impacts other parts of the structure, effectively minimizing damage.

How Does It Work?

The working principle of an ESE lightning arrester is based on the early streamer emission technology. Here’s a simplified explanation:

Charge Accumulation: As a thunderstorm develops, the atmospheric electric field around the arrester intensifies.

Streamer Emission: When the electric field reaches a critical threshold, the ESE arrester emits an early upward leader (a streamer) toward the descending lightning leader.

Strike Interception: The early leader connects with the lightning leader at a higher altitude, ensuring the discharge is captured and safely diverted to the ground.

The key component of an ESE lightning arrester is the ionization system, which facilitates this early leader formation. The timing advance in leader formation is often referred to as the “ΔT” (time advance) value, which determines the arrester’s efficiency.

Advantages of ESE Lightning Arresters

Wide Coverage Area: ESE arresters offer a significantly larger protection radius compared to conventional lightning rods, reducing the number of devices required for a site.

Enhanced Safety: By intercepting lightning strikes earlier, ESE systems provide better protection to structures and occupants.

Durability and Reliability: Constructed with high-quality, corrosion-resistant materials, ESE arresters are designed to withstand harsh environmental conditions.

Cost-Effectiveness: The broader protection area and lower installation requirements lead to reduced costs for large-scale projects.

Compliance with Standards: Most ESE lightning arresters adhere to international standards, such as NF C 17–102, ensuring performance reliability.

Applications of ESE Lightning Arresters

ESE lightning arresters are widely used in various sectors, including:

Industrial Facilities: Protecting factories, warehouses, and power plants.

Commercial Buildings: Safeguarding malls, office complexes, and skyscrapers.

Critical Infrastructure: Ensuring the safety of airports, hospitals, and data centers.

Residential Projects: Offering protection to high-rise apartments and gated communities.

Outdoor Installations: Securing open spaces like sports arenas, parks, and monuments.

Installation and Maintenance

Proper installation and periodic maintenance are essential for the optimal performance of ESE lightning arresters. The device should be installed at the highest point of the structure, ensuring unobstructed access to lightning strikes. A professional lightning protection system designer must account for factors like the structure’s height, surrounding terrain, and risk assessment.

Maintenance typically involves inspecting the arrester and grounding system for any wear, corrosion, or damage, ensuring uninterrupted protection.

[rigearthing05]

Ensuring Safety with Chemical Earthing and Lightning Protection Systems

Comprehensive Earthing and Lightning Protection Solutions for Safe Installations

When it comes to ensuring the safety of your home or commercial building, proper earthing and lightning protection systems are essential. As a leading chemical earthing manufacturer, Rig Earthing provides top-notch products and services designed to keep your electrical systems safe from hazards. With a variety of earthing solutions, including GI earthing electrode and chemical earthing electrode, we are committed to delivering reliable and long-lasting grounding systems for all types of installations.

Why Chemical Earthing is Important

As a chemical earthing manufacturer, Rig Earthing understands the importance of using high-quality materials and advanced techniques to achieve efficient grounding. Chemical earthing involves using electrodes embedded in a conductive backfill compound that ensures low resistance and long-term stability. This makes chemical earthing particularly effective for installations in both residential and commercial buildings.

GI Earthing Electrode for Enhanced Safety

Our GI earthing electrode is designed to offer superior conductivity and durability. It is manufactured using high-grade galvanized iron, which helps in efficient dissipation of fault currents into the ground. Whether it’s for a large industrial facility or a small home, using a GI earthing electrode ensures that your electrical system is well-protected from potential hazards.

Complete Lightning Protection with Rig Earthing

In addition to earthing solutions, Rig Earthing also specializes in lightning protection systems. We offer a range of products to protect your building from the dangers of lightning, including lightning arrester systems and the more advanced ESE lightning arrester (Early Streamer Emission).

The ESE lightning arrester is a proactive solution that offers an extended area of protection by emitting an upward streamer before the lightning strikes. This makes it highly effective for larger buildings and open areas, where regular lightning arresters may not be as efficient.

Choosing the Right Lightning Protection System

When it comes to safeguarding your building, it’s essential to have a proper lightning protection system in place. Rig Earthing provides both conventional and ESE systems, ensuring that we meet all types of customer requirements. Whether you need a conventional lightning arrester for simple protection or an advanced system, we have you covered. Our conventional lightning arrester is a tried-and-tested solution, offering reliable protection against lightning strikes by directing the surge safely into the ground.

For buildings that require more comprehensive coverage, our building lightning arrester systems are designed to provide maximum safety. These systems ensure that any lightning strike is directed away from the structure, minimizing damage and protecting both the building and its occupants.

High-Quality Chemical Earthing Electrodes

When it comes to selecting the right earthing solution, our chemical earthing electrode offers unparalleled efficiency. Designed to provide consistent performance, these electrodes are used in various applications, from small homes to large-scale industrial complexes. At Rig Earthing, we ensure that each chemical earthing electrode is manufactured to the highest standards, ensuring long-term safety and durability.

Trustworthy Chemical Earthing Supplier

As a leading chemical earthing supplier, we understand the diverse needs of our customers. Whether you're looking for a custom earthing solution for your home or a large-scale industrial earthing system, Rig Earthing is the go-to source. We pride ourselves on being a reliable chemical earthing supplier, offering top-notch products that deliver safety and efficiency.

Why Choose Rig Earthing?

With years of experience in manufacturing and supplying earthing and lightning protection systems, Rig Earthing has built a strong reputation for delivering quality products. From the best GI earthing electrode to advanced ESE lightning arrester solutions, we offer a range of services that ensure optimal safety for your electrical installations. Additionally, our products come with warranties, ensuring long-term protection and peace of mind.

Conclusion

Choosing the right earthing and lightning protection system is crucial for ensuring the safety of your electrical installations. Whether you're looking for a chemical earthing manufacturer or need a reliable lightning protection system, Rig Earthing is here to provide expert solutions tailored to your specific needs. Visit Rig Earthing today to explore our full range of products and services designed to protect your home, business, or industrial site.

[ennobinfraasolution]

Understanding ESE Lightning Arresters: Advanced Protection for Modern Structures

Lightning is a natural phenomenon with the potential to cause significant damage to buildings, infrastructure, and even human life. With the growing complexity and value of modern structures, protecting them from lightning strikes is more crucial than ever. One of the advanced technologies in this domain is the Early Streamer Emission ESE lightning arrester. This article delves into what ESE lightning arresters are, how they work, and why they are increasingly becoming the preferred choice for lightning protection.

What is an ESE Lightning Arrester?

An ESE lightning arrester is an advanced type of lightning protection system designed to offer superior protection to structures. Unlike traditional lightning rods, which rely solely on passive interception, ESE arresters actively seek to initiate an upward leader earlier than a conventional rod would. This early emission increases the protected area and enhances the likelihood of safely directing the lightning discharge to the ground, minimizing the risk of damage.

The key component of an ESE arrester is its ionizing device, which generates an upward propagating streamer or leader upon detecting an approaching lightning strike. This leader travels upward from the arrester and intercepts the downward leader from the storm cloud, guiding the lightning safely to the ground. The process of early streamer emission allows the arrester to cover a larger area, providing protection to a broader radius compared to traditional methods.

How Does an ESE Lightning Arrester Work?

The operation of an ESE lightning arrester is based on the principle of early streamer emission. Here’s a breakdown of the steps involved in the process:

Detection of Electric Field: As a thunderstorm approaches, the electric field around the ESE lightning arrester begins to intensify. The arrester is equipped with a sensor that detects this increase in electric field strength.

Ionization and Leader Formation: Once the electric field reaches a critical level, the ionization device within the ESE arrester activates. This device emits ions into the atmosphere, creating an electrically charged path, known as a leader, that extends upward from the arrester.

Intercepting the Downward Leader: As the leader from the ESE lightning arrester ascends, it meets the downward-moving leader from the thundercloud. The earlier this interception occurs, the more effectively the lightning is guided safely away from the structure.

Safe Dissipation: Once the two leaders connect, a complete path is established for the lightning strike. The high-voltage discharge is then safely conducted to the ground, preventing damage to the protected structure.

The efficiency of the ESE system lies in its ability to initiate this process earlier than traditional lightning rods, thereby offering a larger protective radius and enhancing the safety of the area it covers.

Advantages of ESE Lightning Arresters

ESE lightning arresters offer several advantages over traditional lightning protection systems, making them an attractive choice for modern infrastructure:

Expanded Coverage Area: Due to the early emission of streamers, ESE arresters can protect a larger area. This expanded coverage means fewer arresters are needed to protect a given structure, reducing installation and maintenance costs.

Enhanced Safety: The early interception of lightning strikes by ESE arresters reduces the likelihood of side flashes and secondary effects, which can occur with traditional systems. This leads to increased safety for both the structure and its occupants.

Cost-Effective: While ESE arresters might have a higher initial cost than conventional lightning rods, their ability to cover a larger area often results in a lower overall cost for protecting large structures. Additionally, the reduced risk of lightning damage can lead to lower insurance premiums and repair costs.

Modern Aesthetics: ESE arresters are generally more compact and less obtrusive than traditional lightning rods, making them a better fit for modern architectural designs where aesthetics are important.

Compliance with International Standards: ESE systems are designed to comply with various international standards, ensuring that they meet stringent safety and performance criteria. This makes them a reliable choice for protecting critical infrastructure.

Applications of ESE Lightning Arresters

ESE lightning arresters are particularly suited for protecting large and complex structures, including:

Skyscrapers and High-Rise Buildings: Their ability to protect a larger area makes them ideal for tall buildings, where traditional systems might require multiple rods and complex installations.

Industrial Facilities: Factories, refineries, and other industrial sites often have large, open areas that need protection. ESE systems can cover these areas more efficiently than traditional methods.

Historical Monuments and Heritage Sites: ESE arresters provide the necessary protection without compromising the visual integrity of historical structures, which is crucial for preserving cultural heritage.

Sports Stadiums and Arenas: Large venues with expansive roofs benefit from the extensive coverage provided by ESE arresters.

Conclusion

As the demand for more efficient and comprehensive lightning protection solutions grows, ESE lightning arresters are emerging as a preferred option. Their ability to provide early interception, larger coverage, and enhanced safety makes them an invaluable asset in protecting modern infrastructure. Whether for tall skyscrapers, sprawling industrial facilities, or historic monuments, ESE lightning arresters offer the advanced protection needed to safeguard against the potentially devastating effects of lightning strikes.

[sgearthing12]

Ese lightning arrester manufacturer

The Role and Advancements of Early Streamer Emission (ESE) Lightning Arresters

Introduction

Lightning is a natural and formidable phenomenon that has fascinated and intimidated humanity for millennia. With the potential to cause devastating damage to structures, critical infrastructure, and lives, the need for effective lightning protection systems is paramount. One of the modern solutions in this field is the Early Streamer Emission (ESE) lightning arrester. This article delves into the functionality, benefits, and advancements of ESE lightning arresters in protecting structures from lightning strikes.

Understanding ESE Lightning Arresters

An Early Streamer Emission (ESE) lightning arrester is a type of lightning protection system designed to provide a preferred point for lightning to strike, thereby safeguarding buildings and other structures. ESE arresters operate by emitting an upward streamer at the onset of a lightning strike, which effectively intercepts the downward leader from the storm cloud. This proactive approach increases the likelihood of the lightning striking the arrester rather than the protected structure.

Mechanism of Action

The working principle of an ESE lightning arrester involves several key steps:

1. **Detection**: As a thunderstorm approaches, the ambient electric field around the arrester intensifies. 2. **Ionization**: At a critical electric field threshold, the ESE arrester emits an early streamer from its tip. This early streamer is a conductive path that extends upwards towards the storm cloud. 3. **Interception**: The early streamer from the ESE arrester competes with other potential streamers originating from nearby structures. 4. **Strike**: The descending leader from the storm cloud is attracted to the ESE’s early streamer, guiding the lightning strike directly to the arrester. 5. **Dissipation**: Once intercepted, the lightning current is safely conducted to the ground through the arrester’s down-conductor system.

Advantages of ESE Lightning Arresters

1. **Extended Protection Radius**: ESE arresters typically provide a larger zone of protection compared to traditional lightning rods. This is due to the early streamer extending the effective range of interception. 2. **Proactive Protection**: By emitting an early streamer, ESE arresters increase the chances of controlling where the lightning will strike, thereby enhancing the reliability of the protection system. 3. **Cost-Effective**: The broader protection radius means fewer arresters are needed to cover a large area, potentially reducing the overall cost of installation and maintenance. 4. **Aesthetic Integration**: ESE arresters are often more compact and less obtrusive than conventional systems, allowing for better integration with modern architectural designs.

Applications

ESE lightning arresters are widely used across various sectors, including:

- **Residential and Commercial Buildings**: To protect against structural damage and fire hazards. - **Industrial Facilities**: Particularly in industries where flammable materials are present, such as petrochemical plants. - **Telecommunications and Energy**: To safeguard critical infrastructure, such as cell towers, wind turbines, and substations. - **Historical Monuments and Cultural Sites**: Where the visual impact of traditional lightning rods would be undesirable.

Recent Advancements

Recent advancements in ESE technology include improvements in materials and design for enhanced durability and performance. Innovations such as smart monitoring systems are also being integrated, allowing for real-time assessment of the arrester’s condition and functionality.

Conclusion

Early Streamer Emission (ESE) lightning arresters represent a significant advancement in lightning protection technology. By offering proactive and extensive protection, they play a crucial role in safeguarding structures from the destructive forces of lightning. As technology continues to evolve, ESE lightning arresters are poised to become an even more integral part of our defense against one of nature’s most powerful phenomena.

[axisindia2023]

Exploring Lightning Arresters and Their Applications

A lightning strike is an awe-inspiring display of nature's power, but it can also wreak havoc on buildings and electrical systems in its path. Lightning arresters play a pivotal role in safeguarding against the destructive force of lightning. In addition to lightning arresters, other essential components of a comprehensive Lightning Protection System include cable glands and lugs. For top-notch quality and performance, consider renowned lug manufacturers in India, ensuring every aspect of your lightning protection setup meets the highest standards.

What are lightning arrestors?

Lightning Arresters are integral components of Lightning Protection Systems. They are designed to divert the immense energy of a lightning strike away from structures and electrical equipment.

Welcome to the realm of Lightning Arresters—a crucial component in the defense against nature's most electrifying force. In this article, we'll uncover the inner workings of these devices and explore their diverse applications, from shielding buildings to preserving the integrity of electrical systems. Let's journey through the fascinating world of Lightning Arresters and their indispensable role in safeguarding infrastructure.

These devices ensure that the electrical systems remain unharmed by providing a low-resistance path to the ground.

Two main types of lightning arresters are commonly used:

Conventional Lightning Arresters (Franklin rods)

These are simple yet effective devices consisting of long metallic rods, typically made of copper.

Installed at the highest points of structures, they intercept lightning strikes and channel the electric charge safely to the ground.

Suitable for smaller structures like residential buildings, they require additional components such as metallic conductors and earthing designs.

Early Streamer Emission (ESE) Lightning Arresters

ESE lightning arresters offer a more advanced solution for lightning protection.

Emitting charged particles provides a faster conductive point of discharge for lightning bolts, covering larger areas with greater efficiency.

These devices harness ambient electromagnetic energy during lightning events, offering a swift and effective means of grounding fault currents.

Let’s dive into the applications:

Lightning Arresters serve as the first line of defense against the formidable force of lightning, safeguarding structures and electrical systems from potential damage. Whether a conventional Franklin rod or an innovative ESE arrester, investing in robust lightning protection measures is essential for mitigating risks and ensuring infrastructure resilience against nature's fury.

Lightning arrestors are commonly installed on buildings, towers, and other structures to intercept lightning strikes and safely redirect the electrical charge to the ground. By providing a path of least resistance, they prevent damage to the structure and mitigate the risk of fire or structural failure.

Lightning arrestors are installed within electrical systems to safeguard sensitive equipment and components from the damaging effects of lightning-induced surges. By diverting excess electrical energy away from the system, they help prevent equipment malfunction, data loss, and downtime.

Final Thoughts

Partnering with reputable lightning arrestor manufacturers and suppliers is imperative for quality lightning arrester solutions. Look for trusted names in the industry, such as Axis, who offer reliable products and expert guidance on lightning protection strategies.

With robust lightning protection measures, structures can confidently weather the storm, keeping occupants safe and infrastructure secure against nature's unpredictable forces.

Axis India stands at the forefront as a premier cable gland manufacturer in India and supplier of lightning arrestors and a wide array of Electrical Components, serving clients across 80+ countries worldwide. Whether you're seeking a quote or expert consultation, our dedicated team is ready to assist you.

Visit our https://axis-india.com/contact-us/ section to connect with an industry expert today.

[greenwirepowersolutions]

Safeguard your Home with a Conventional Lightning Arrester for Home

If you live in a lightning prone region, then the electrical devices at your home is at a much higher risk than others. Natural electrical hazards like lightning might become detrimental for your home and yourself if your building is not equipped with any lightning protection equipment. If you have a lightning protection system in place of your home, any massive electrical surges caused by lightning or annoying hazards by faulty currents can be avoided with ease. Among the remarkable lightning protection gears for your home, a lightning arrester is an important part.

[true-power-limited]

True Power ‘Lightning Protection System’ is designed by qualified engineers with proven experience in designing and installing Lightning Protection Systems across PAN India in different environmental, climatic, and geographical conditions.

These Lightning Protection Solutions are designed on the latest software exclusively made for designing Lightning Protection Systems keeping in consideration several parameters like geographical location, surrounding area of the structure, number of thunder strikes per annum, structure’s height, the material structure is constructed of, area to be covered under protection, type of protection required, number of chemical earthing required, earthing strip’s size connecting lightning arrester and installed earthing in the ground, the material of earthing strip and many more.

A good lightning arrester with a poorly designed Lightning Protection System is of no use and cannot provide any protection, neither to the structure nor to the people living inside the structure. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to have a Lightning Protection System designed by competent and qualified authorities with enriched experience in delivering lightning protection systems.

Lightning Protection System includes Lightning arresters, mounting rods for installing lightning arresters over the rooftop, mounting clamps and other supporting accessories, earthing strips, clamps holding earthing strips, advance lightning counter, chemical earthing electrodes, backfill compound, pit cover, etc.

Contact us:

Call us: 8318455691

Email us:seotruepower@gmail.com

Address: D 242, Sector 63 Rd, D Block, Sector 63, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301

For more information visit: https://www.truepowergroup.in/lightning-protection-system.html

True Power Earthings Private Limited

[johnypage95]

Earthing Accessories India:-

Avenue Services And Suppliers is a leading Earthing material supplier in India, offering a wide range of high-quality products such as Earth pit covers, Earthing clamps in Lucknow, and various Earthing Accessories. We ensure reliable and safe solutions for your earthing needs. https://www.avenueearthings.com/earthing-accessories.html

[trishaelectrical]

We produce and offer premium Lightning Arrester Manufacturers In India. The International Quality Standards are followed in the design and development of every conventional spike lightning arrester. Our expertly constructed spike lightning arrester meets industry standards and is constructed from premium parts. A device intended to lessen the possibility of harm from lightning is a lightning arrester, also known as a lightning conductor or a lightning diverter. A ground terminal and a high-voltage terminal are common features of lightning arresters. For more information, Please visit the website.

Address - Flat No-1, 2nd Floor, Ramanand Market, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226020

Contact - +91 9559997347

Email ID - trishaelectricalpower@gmail.com

[anotherhumaninthisworld]

How aware/supportive were the CSP of the fusillades at Lyon?

The first letter to the CPS carrying any news about the repression in Lyon (Commune-Affranchie) that I’ve been able to find is dated November 7 1793, written and signed by Collot d’Herbois only. Fouché, he writes, has not arrived in the city yet:

[The Military Commission] has had several shot. The court is firmer, but its progress is slow; it had not yet done much.[…] The public spirit is null and always ready to turn in the opposite direction of the Revolution. Even the executions do not have the effect that one might have expected. The prolongation of the siege and the daily perils that everyone ran inspired a sort of indifference for life, if not quite contempt for death. Yesterday a spectator, returning from an execution, said: It's not that hard. What would I do to get guillotined? Insult the representatives. Judge how dangerous such arrangements would be in an energetic population. This is the state of things. New home visits this evening. They resulted in new arrests and three thousand more rifles, the number of those who have been returned currently being nine thousand. […] The mine will speed up demolitions, miners started work today. Within two days the buildings of Bellecour will be blown up. I will immediately go to wherever the means are practicable when it comes to the prohibited buildings. Public accusers will work faster. Yesterday, the tribunal started to go by three per day.

After this, the testimonies of executions follow each other in rapid succession:

…We have given the tribunals and commissions a very lively march. Yesterday, six guilty [persons] received death. A new tribunal will be set up in Feurs. The guillotine, necessary to consummate these judgments, was ordered yesterday and will be sent over without delay. The mine will hasten the demolitions. Letter from Collot d’Herbois to the CPS dated November 9, received  November 14

The shadow of Chalier is satisfied; those who dictated the atrocious order of his demise have been struck by lightning (ceux qui dictèrent l'arrêt atroce de son supplice sont frappés de la foudre) and his precious remains, collected by the republicans, have just been carried in triumph through all the streets of Commune-Affranchie. […] The people will be avenged; our severe courage will respond to its just impatience; the ground which was reddened with the blood of patriots will be turned upside down; everything that vice and crime had raised will be destroyed; and on the remains of this superb and rebellious city, which was corrupt enough to require a master, the traveler will see with satisfaction a few simple monuments, erected in memory of the martyrs of liberty, and scattered cottages in which the friends of equality will rush to come and inhabit, to there live happily with the benefits of nature. Letter from Fouché, Collot and Laporte to the Convention dated November 10

Convinced that there is nothing in this infamous city but he who was oppressed or put in irons by the assassins of the people, we are in defiance against the tears of repentance; nothing can disarm our severity. They felt it well, those who searched to startle you, those who have just extracted a decree of reprieve from you in favor of a prisoner; we are on the scene, you have invested your trust in us, and we have not been consulted. We must tell you, fellow citizens, indulgence is a dangerous weakness, capable of rekindling criminal hopes at the moment when they must be destroyed: we have provoked it towards an individual, we have provoked it towards all those of his species, in order to make the effect of your justice illusory; we do not yet dare to ask you for the report of your first decree on the annihilation of the city of Lyon, but we have done almost nothing so far to execute it. The demolitions are too slow, faster means are needed due to Republican impatience. The mind explosions and the devouring activity of the flame can alone express the omnipotence of the people; its will, like that of tyrants, cannot be stopped, it must have the effects of thunder. Letter from Collot d’Herbois and Fouché to the Convention dated November 16. It was read there on November 22 and published in the Moniteur on November 24.

It is important Lyon is no more, and that the inscription you suggested (Lyon made war on liberty; Lyon is no more) becomes a great truth. […] We have created two new tribunals to judge traitors; they are active in Feurs. The two who are here have gained more strength and activity since our arrival. Several times twenty culprits have suffered the penalty for their crimes on the same day. This is still slow for the justice of an entire people who must strike down all their enemies at once, and we will occupy ourselves with forging the lightning.  Collot d’Herbois in a letter to Robespierre, November 23

It is up to you, Couthon, to develop these ideas; I have already spoken to Robespierre about it. Consult with him to finish the decree concerning this commune which cannot exist without danger. It will be easy to make the dismissed population disappear, and to say with the truth: Lyon is no more. It is more urgent than ever to use great severity, so we are going to deploy it. We tried to excite new movements in the army and among the very large number of workers engaged in demolitions. […] The receivers, the organization of everything, the supervision of five to six departments, such is the daily work; and I am not speaking, as you see, of the revolutionary measures which are continually meditated upon, put into action, and which must consummate the great event of the destruction of this rebellious city, and the annihilation of all the traitors. Collot d’Herbois in a letter to Couthon, December 1

It is liberty that they wanted to assassinate by immolating Chalier; his executioners confessed to it before falling under the sword of justice. We heard from their own mouths that they died for their king, that they wanted to give him a successor. Judge the spirit that animated this corrupt city; judge the men who controlled it by their fortune or by their power; judge whether a reprieve can be granted with impunity. No indulgence, fellow citizens, no delay, no slowness in the punishment of crime, if you want to produce a salutary effect. Kings punished slowly, because they were weak and cruel; the justice of the people must be as prompt as the expression of their will. Letter from Collot and Fouché to the Convention, read there on December 1

Terror, salutary terror, truly is the order of the day here; it compresses all the efforts of the wicked, it strips crime of its clothes and its gold. Letter from Albitte, Laporte, Fouché and Collot, read at the Convention on December 16

We have revived the action of republican justice, that is to say, prompt and terrible as the will of the people. It must strike traitors like lightning, and leave only ashes. By destroying an infamous and rebellious city, we consolidate all the others. By putting the scoundrels to death, we ensure the life of all generations of free men. These are our principles. We demolish with cannons and mine explosions as much as possible. But you clearly feel that in the midst of a population of one hundred and fifty thousand individuals, these means encounter many obstacles. The popular ax had brought down twenty heads of the conspirators every day, and they were not frightened. Précy still lives, and his influence was felt more and more every day. The prisons were overflowing with his accomplices. We have created a commission as prompt as the conscience of true republicans who judge traitors can be. 64 of these conspirators were shot yesterday, in the same place where they fired on the patriots; 230 will today fall into the ditches where these execrable redoubts were established which vomited death on the Republican army. These great examples will influence doubtful cities. Letter from Collot d’Herbois to Robespierre’s host Maurice Duplay, December 5

But as can be seen, only the first and the last letter actually mention that shootings were part of the repression (and of the two, only the one to Maurice Duplay indicates that they were used against an excessive number of the condemned), opening the door to the possibility the CPS and the rest of Paris didn’t know about them at first. Such is the version of events presented by Barère in his memoirs, only he goes even further than that by claiming only Billaud-Varennes, who alongside Collot d’Herbois was in charge of the correspondence between the CPS and the representatives on mission, had known about the Lyon letters (with the presumed exception of the personal ones Collot sent Robespierre and Couthon). Barère writes he only learned about what was going on when reading a letter dated December 5 from the representative Ronsin that was also published in several journals, revealing that ”the guillotine and the shootings brought justice to more than 400 rebels. […] in a few days, the grapeshot fired by our gunners will have rid us, in a single instant, of more than 4000 conspirators.” Reading this letter, Barère writes he got in a hurry to warn the rest of his committee colleagues about what was happening in Lyon, resulting in Collot being recalled from there:

I knew not what occurred at Lyons, for Billaud alone was occupied with the correspondence of the representatives on missions. In the meantime I received through the post the dreadful proclamation issued at Lyons when the grape-shot firing was performed. This document was signed ”Ronsin, General.” I was told by the letter that these facts ought to be submitted by me to the committee, otherwise it would never know them and could not cure so much evil. After having read this proclamation, which was written in a barbarous style, I ran to the committee. At midnight, when the meeting commenced, I read the letter and the proclamation. The committee was unanimously indignant at it. They thought that Collot should come forward and give an account of the events at Lyons, and of the execution of the Convention’s decrees. Billaud wrote immediately to his friend Collot. The latter came to Paris in a few days, but, instead of coming to give his account to the committee, he left them ignorant of his arrival during the whole night. He saw but Billaud, who was also silent. At last he appeared at the Assembly at eleven o’clock, and begged the Assembly to hear the account of the work of the commissaires of the Convention who had been sent to Lyons for the execution of its decrees. It was thought that Collot, a member of the committee, had just come from it and had made his report to it. So he was heard, approved, applauded. The printing of his speech was voted. The Convention even went farther, it declared that the conduct of the representatives and commissaires sent to Lyons was good, and approved of it. Collot, proud of his success, and regarding the members of the committee, and myself especially, as his enemies, because he himself was very passionate, got the secretaries of the Convention to issue immediately a copy of the decree given in his favour and in favour of the other commissaries, his friend Ronsin included. Armed with this decree he appeared unexpectedly in the committee-room where we were deliberating. He advanced with blazing eyes and threatening attitude, and threw a terrifying glance on me. ”Read this decree,” said he. “The Convention knows my conduct, and has approved everything done by its commissaries and representatives at Lyons. I do not know why the committee recalls me, but I will answer the denunciations when necessary.” I thought those last words referred to me, and I replied: “I have read an atrocious proclamation signed by Ronsin. I would consider myself guilty of high treason to humanity if I did not send it to the committee as soon as it came to my knowledge. I have never denounced anyone. Billaud, who must have informed you, can say if I have pronounced your name. I have exposed Ronsin’s work. I have done my duty as a man and a citizen; I fear nothing.”

In the chapter Le Retour à Paris of Collot d’Herbois: légendes noirs et révolution (1995) Michel Biard does however throw a lot of doubt on the authenticity of Barère’s account. First off, no letter from the committee asking Collot to return can be found, and a letter written by his colleagues Fouché, Albitte and Laporte on December 4 does instead suggest Collot has left them for Paris on his own initiative, and not because he has been recalled. Such was also the version of the story presented by Collot in his defence one year later. Collot is also proven to have worked at the CPS (signing the same decree as Barère!) on December 19, a whole day before he read the report to the Convention Barère above claims is what announced his return.

The reason Collot left Lyon is according to Biard instead because he wanted to get there before a group of petitioners on their way to denounce the city’s repression apparatus. They presented themselves before the Convention on December 20, a session for which we know at least Couthon and Robespierre were present. The Moniteur reports that the spokesperson for the petitioners ”accuses the Revolutionary Commission of not following the judicial forms enough. He paints as an inhumanity, of which, he says, the most barbarous peoples do not compare to, the measure taken to shoot the condemned instead of destroying them by the ordinary instrument of public executions.”

One day later, December 21, Collot presented himself at the Jacobin club and gave his own account regarding Lyon, dismissing the petitioners as counterrevolutionaries but also admitting to the brutality with which some of the condemned had been executed:

One has examined with attention the way in which the counterrevolutionaries died; one likes to put forth that they didn’t die by the first blow… Well! Jacobins, did Chalier die by the first blow? If the aristocrats had triumphed, do you think the Jacobins would have perished by the first blow? And the Convention that would have been put outside the law by these scoundrels, would it have perished by the first blow? […] We had 200 of them struck down at once, and it is made a crime for us. […] The popular lightning strikes them, and like that of Heaven, it leaves only nothingness and ashes. 

The same evening (21 December) Collot also showed up at the Convention to there reveal the following:

Everything commanded an inexercisable and prompt severity, prescribed moreover textually by the decrees. The cannon was fired, only once, on 60 of the most guilty, of whom there was not a single one who had not bathed in the blood of the patriots.

Right after Collot’s intervention, the Moniteur reports that the Convention orders the printing of his report, ”too interesting to be subjected to the laws of analysis” and that it, like Barère writes in his memoirs, ”approves the measures taken by the representatives of the people in Commune-Affranchie.”

Assuming Barère was telling the truth at least when claiming only Billaud read the letters from Lyon describing the repression, here we have three testimonies from Lyon all mentioning the shootings which added together makes it for me is hard to believe the CPS member would have been kept in the dark about them from at least late December and forward. The idea is further complicated by the fact Collot returned to work at the committee after this.

Collot coming back from Lyon did however not mean the executions slowed down. According to Biard, around 3/4 of them were carried out after his departure, and it wasn’t until February 10 that the last shooting took place. The most detailed descriptions of the killings do however appear to end with Collot’s departure, I could at least not find any mentions of the shootings in letters gathered within Recueil des actes du comité de salut public, whether they be adressed to the Convention (letters dated December 24, December 27 (received January 1), February 13 and February 18) or the committee itself (letters dated dated December 11 (received December 19), (December 16 (received December 24), January 10 (received January 16), January 12 (received January 20). The last letter which reached the committee before Fouché was recalled (dated March 11 and received six days later) mentions that there still some exists some conspirators that need to be dealt with, but that “justice has soon completed its terrible course in this rebellious city” and that ”the feast of Equality” has been celebrated in the city two days earlier with much energy, leading Fouché to write that ”it is therefore not baseless that we dare to announce to you that the people of Commune-Affranchie shall soon deserve to be counted among the children of the Republic and return under its laws.”

As for the committee’s attitude, on January 8 we find two letters, both written by Robespierre, one telling the representative Albitte, who is on his way to leave Lyon for Paris, that before going there he ought to visit the departments of Mont-Blanc and Ain — ”better than any other you will be able to join to the measures taken by your colleagues in Commune-Affranchie those which are necessary to give the revolutionary government all the strength and activity that it must have in accordance with the law of 14 Frimaire.” The other letter is to Petitjean, representative to the Army of the Alpes, telling him that ”the representatives of the people in Commune-Affranchie, using the powers the surrounding departments have confused to them, have already carried out the purification of several administrations in the department of Allier. So consult with your colleagues by stopping by Commune-Affranchie. The instructions that Fouché acquired in relation to the department of Allier, where he resided for a long time, will be all the more useful to you because, animated by the same principles, the same effects must result from your common energy.”

Two days later, January 10 1794 we find a letter to Fouché, written and signed by Billaud-Varennes only, where the very first line is the following:

The Convention decreed on 1 nivôse that it approves of the orders and all the measures that you’ve taken in Commune-Affranchie, we have nothing to add to this statement.

Then finally, on January 29, a letter written by Collot d’Herbois and signed by him and Billaud-Varennes urges four representatives on mission ”to consult and correspond with your colleagues Fouché, Méaulle and Laporte, who are at Commune Affranchie. It would be a great benefit if, step by step, the representatives on mission in the Republic could establish an invariable unity of movements.”

The CPS decrees (don’t know why there’s two of them) recalling Fouché from Lyon, dated March 27, do not indicate the shootings have anything to do with it:

The Committee of Public Safety decides 1, that citizen Reverchon immediately travels to Ville-Affranchie to organise revolutionary government and that he, together with Méaulle, takes all the measures that the interests of the republic need. 2, that the representative Fouché immediately travels to Paris to give to the Committee of Public Safety the neccesary clarifications about the affairs in Ville-Affranchie 3, that all procedurs against the popular society in Ville-Affranchie, and especially against the patriots that were subjected to persecution under the reign of Précy and the federalistes, are suspended. The representative Reverchon and his colleges will severely persecute the enemies of the Republic, protect the true friends of the Republic, help the patriots in need and assure the triumph of liberty through a constant and inflexible energy.

The Committee of Public Safety, alarmed by the fate of patriots in Commune-Affranchie, considering that the oppression of a single one of them would be a triumph for the enemies of the Revolution and a mortal blow to freedom, orders that all proceedings against the Popular Society of Commune-Affranchie, and particularly against the patriots who were persecuted under the reign of the federalists and Precy, will be suspended: it further orders that the representative of people Fouché immediately travels to Paris to give to the Committee of Public Safety the neccesary clarifications about the affairs in Ville-Affranchie.

As for if there exists pieces provning the support/rejection of the repression for the individual CPS members as opposed to the committee as a whole, I only really know of Robespierre, for whom we have the following two secondary sources, one written in 1794 by Collot d’Herbois claiming Robespierre thought the repression hadn’t gone far enough, the other forty years later by Charlotte Robespierre claiming he was outraged by the bloodshed and the shootings in particular. Since for both authors, pushing an agenda of Robespierre as a good/bad guy was a bigger priority than the actual truth, I would say they more or less cancel each other out, though I would also add I think Collot’s version, in particular the part about Robespierre being worried about ”oppressed patriots,” matches slightly better with the things Robespierre is confirmed to have openly said regarding Lyon (1, 2, 3), as well as the decree recalling Fouché, written in his hand:

Robespierre murmured a lot about the forms that we had established in Lyon for the execution of decrees: he constantly repeated that there was no reason to judge the guilty when they are outlawed. He exclaimed that we had let the families of the condemned go free; and when the commission sent the Convention and the committee the list of its judgments, he was not in control of his anger as he cast his eyes on the column where the names of the citizens who had been acquitted were written. Unable to change anything in the forms of judgment, regulated according to the decrees and approved by the committee, he imagined another system; he questioned whether the patriots of Commune-Affranchie were not vexed and under oppression. They were, he said, because the property of the condemned being specially intended, by article IV of the decree of July 12, to become their patrimony, we had greatly reduced their claims, not only by not judging only a quarter of the number of conspirators identified by Dubois-Crancé on 23 Vendémiare, or designated by previous decrees, but also by establishing a commission which appeared willing to acquit two thirds, as it happened. Through these declamations Robespierre wanted to entertain the patriots of whom he spoke, with the most violent ideas, to throw into their minds a framework of extraordinary measures, and to put them in opposition with the representatives of the people and their closest cooperators: he made them understand that they could count on him, he emboldened them to form all kinds of obstacles, to only follow his indications which he presented as being the intentions of the Committee of Public Safety.  Défense de J-M. Collot, répresentant du peuple. Éclaircissemens nécessaires sur ce qui s’est passé à Lyon (alors Commune-Affranchie), l’année dernière; pour faire suite aux rapports des Répresentants du peuple, envoyés vers cette commune, avant, pendant et après le siège (1794)

It is known well enough in what way [Collot and Fouché] conducted themselves [in Lyon]; it is known that they made blood flow in torrents, and plunged the second city of the republic into fright and consternation. Robespierre was outraged by it. […] I was present for the interview that Fouché had with Robespierre upon his return. My brother asked him to account for the bloodshed he had caused, and reproached him for his conduct with such energy of expression that Fouché was pale and trembling. He mumbled a few excuses and blamed the cruel measures he had taken on the gravity of the circumstances. Robespierre replied that nothing could justify the cruelties of which he had been guilty; that Lyon, it was true, had been in insurrection against the National Convention, but that that was no reason to have unarmed enemies gunned down en masse.  Mémoires de Charlotte Robespierre sur ses deux frères (1834) page 123-124

As for the other CPS members, I’m far from an expert, or even familiar, with all of them, but at least in Biard’s words, excluding memoirs such as Barère’s, ”not a single serious [testimony] exists” showing they disapproved of the repression.