#Cleopatra the alchemist

[potnialabyrinthoio95]

Cleopatra the Alchemist (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα; fl. c. 3rd century AD) was a Greek alchemist, writer, and philosopher. She experimented with practical alchemy but is also credited as one of the four female alchemists who could produce the philosopher's stone. Some writers consider her to be the inventor of the alembic, a distillation apparatus. She appears to have been active in Alexandria in the 3rd century or 4th century A.D. She is associated with the school of alchemy typified by Mary the Jewess and Comarius. These alchemists used complex apparatus for distillation and sublimation.

Art by Sato Futaba author of the historical mangas "Utae, Erinna!" and "Anna Komnene"

[iorbitmyheart]

Your fantasy 🌊🌺💋

︶⊹︶︶୨୧︶︶⊹︶✦ . 　⁺ 　 . ✦ . 　⁺ 　 . ✦ ୧‿̩͙ ˖︵ ꕀ⠀ ♱⠀ ꕀ ︵˖ ‿̩͙୨

[annachum]

Not every lady is a warrior, and that's okay

Snow White isn't a warrior - she is a lady diplomat, and later ruler And that's okay

Cinderella isn't a warrior - she is a lady, artist, and later ruler, and that's okay

Aurora isn't a warrior - she is a lady, diplomat and later ruler. And that's okay

Jane Bennet isn't a warrior - she is a lady and artist. And that's okay

Meg March isn't a warrior - she is a homemaker, artist and lady. And that's okay

Hurrem Sultan isn't a warrior - she is a lady, diplomat, ruler and strategist. And that's okay

Lucrezia Borgia isn't a warrior - she is a lady, cultural patron and diplomat. And that's okay

Maid Marian isn't a warrior - she is a lady, cultural patron and diplomat. And that's okay

Cleopatra VII isn't really a warrior - she is a lady, alchemist and ruler. And that's okay

Scheherazade isn't really a warrior - she is a lady, storyteller, ruler and diplomat. And that's okay

Laura Vlahos ( Clint Barton's wife ) isn't a warrior - she is a medic. And that's okay

Cosette isn't a warrior - she is a lady and artist. And that's okay

Queen Guinevere isn't really a warrior - she is a lady, strategist, cultural patron and ruler. And that's okay

Millie ( 7 Brides ) isn't a warrior - she is a homemaker and agriculturalist. And that's okay.

Christine Daae isn't a warrior - she is a performing artist and lady. And that's okay

Duchess ( Aristocats ) isn't a warrior - she is a lady, socialite and musician. And that's okay

Lady Jocelyn ( A Knight's Tale ) isn't a warrior - she is a lady and diplomat. And that's okay

Padme Amidala isn't really a warrior - she is a lady, ruler, diplomat and politician. And that's okay.

A lady can be impressive even without swinging a weapon

[hellish-npts]

Alchemy ID Pack

Pt: Alchemy ID Pack /end pt

Pfp mask by me // Image

Names: Alchemy, Apollo, Artephius, Aur, Aurora, Aurum, Basil, Cleopatra, Copper, Crocus, Curtis, Gold, Goldie, Goldy, Helio, Iron, Issac, Izumi Lead, Mercury, Nemean, Newton, Rosaura, Savanna, Silver, Sovanna, Tin

Pronouns: al/alchemy, alchemy/alchemys, char/charcoal, charcoal/charcoals, chem/chemicals, chemical/chemicals, copper/coppers, gold/golds, heraldic/heraldics, iron/irons, lead/leads, mercury/mercurys, silver/silvers, tin/tins, toxic/toxics, transform/transforms, ⚗️/⚗️s, 🪙/🪙s

Titles: prn who studies / preforms alchemy, prn who transforms metal to gold, prn who works with metals, the alchemist, the chemist, the sorcerer, the witch, prn who is a sorcerer, prn who loves gold, prn that studies the elements / metal

Genders: Alchimagiworldgender, Alchemapprentia, Genderalchemist, Y/nalchemist, Alchemist System, Royalchemic, Prialchemic, Alchemicesse, Aur, Aren, Aeris, Fera, Lan, Mera, Sana, the Alloy Alignment System in general

Other ids: Alchemist Occuden, Interdimensional Chemist Occuden, Invigoldpile,

Text in bold is Names, Pronouns, Titles, Genders, and Other ids rrespectively

Requested by Anon

Tagging @id-pack-archive

[sporesdoingart]

sporeling oc :)

this is cleopatra (she/her)! her backstory is that she was a dragon hybrid (specifically the wingless east asian inspired variant so she didn’t have wings to begin with) who was on a ship that got taken over by a storm. she washed up half dead at the shores of the mushroom island, and mother spore saved her and took her in!

because she was originally a dragon hybrid she still has some magic (weaker fire magic) and she is also a very talented alchemist!

she’s pretty nice and definitely the “mother” of the group, but also won’t hesitate to go batshit and is very sarcastic at times

she likes annoying HEP, having tea with mother, and particularly bugging the mayor.

she also may or may not have an unattainable crush on false (which definitely gets in the way of annoying HEP sometimes)

anywho sporelings au is by @sporelings-au (i also just realized that my username fits really well with this lmao)

[whocookedthelastsupper]

“The work of many gifted women known to history by name is a salutary reminder that, as the majority of the human race, women have always commanded over half of the sum total of human intelligence and creativity. From the poet Sappho, who in the sixth century B.C. was the first to use the lyric to write subjectively and explore the range of female experience, to the Chinese polymath Pan Chao (Ban Zhao), who flourished around A.D. 100 as historian, poet, astronomer, mathematician and educationalist, the range is startling. In every field, women too numerous to list were involved in developing knowledge, and contributing to the welfare of their societies as they did so: the Roman Fabiola established a hospital where she worked both as nurse and doctor, becoming the first known woman surgeon before she died in A.D. 399.37 In various fields, too, women emerged not simply as respected authorities, but as the founding mothers of later tradition: Cleopatra, "the alchemist of Alexandria," an early chemist and scholar, was the author of a classic text Chrysopeia (Gold-making), which was still in use in Europe in the Middle Ages, while the Chinese artist Wei Fu-Jen, working like Cleopatra in the third century A.D., is still honored today as China's greatest calligrapher and founder of the whol school of the art of writing.”

-Rosalind Miles; Who Cooked The Last Supper?; The Women’s History of the World

[vanilla-cigarillos]

Women in Alchemy

Like many aspects of history, woman have been widely removed from the narrative of alchemy’s history. However, this false narrative hides the extraordinary impact that female figures had in the world of alchemical practices.

Michael Maier (German physician and counsellor to Rudolf II Habsburg, a notable alchemist) named women who were able to create the famed Philosopher’s Stone. 

Mary the Jewess

A.k.a. Mary the Prophetess or Maria the Copt; Mary the Jewess was an early alchemist who became known from the works of Zosimos of Panopolis (Greco-Egyptian alchemist). On the basis of this work, Mary the Jewess lived between the first and third centuries A.D. in Alexandria. She is noted as one of the first alchemical writers, with her works not being dated later than the first century.

Mary is credited with the invention of multiple kinds of chemical apparatus, and is considered the first true alchemist of the Western world. She believed that metals had two different genders, and that if you were to join these two together a new entity could be made.

Axiom of Maria

One becomes two, two becomes three, and out of the third comes one as the fourth

Carl Jung notably used this axiom as a metaphor for individuation, and wholeness.

Inventions

Tribikos

An alchemical still (alembic) with three arms used to obtain substances purified by distillation

Still used today in chemistry labs

Kerotakis

Device used to heat substances used in alchemy, as well to collect vapors

Bain-marie

A.k.a. “Mary’s bath”

Limits the maximum temperature of a container and its contents to the boiling point of a separate liquid (essentially, it is a double boiler) 

Cleopatra the Alchemist

A Greek alchemist and philosopher active in Alexandria during the 3rd or 4th century A.D. It’s notable that this is not Cleopatra VII, rather this is a pseudonym for an unknown author (or even a group of authors). Despite her hidden identity, Cleopatra the Alchemist is a foundational figure in alchemy, her influence perhaps even pre-dating Zosimos of Panopolis.

Cleopatra the Alchemist is most noted for the Chrusopoeia of Cleopatra, a lone sheet document containing only symbols, drawings and captions. Examples of the imagery seen are the Ouroboros, an inscription saying:

One is the Serpent which has its poison according to two compositions, and One is All and through it is All, and by it is All, and if you have not All, All is nothing.

There are also drawings of “dibikos”, an instrument similar to a kerotakis.

Another is a symbol of the eight-banded star, and many believe the drawing of these star symbols and the crescent shapes above them are a depiction of turning lead into silver.

Paphnutia the Virgin

Living around the time of 300 C.E., Paphnutia was an Egyptian alchemist referred to in the letters between Zosimos of Panopolis and his sister, Theosebeia (also assumed to be an alchemist). Within these letters, Zosimos criticizes his sister for associating with Paphnutia, someone he considered to be uneducated and incorrect in her practice of alchemy. 

Little else is known about her, aside from the possibility that she could have also been a priestess. It’s also theorized that she was connected to a school of alchemy that competed with that of Zosimos.

[adrianastrix]

So! The Chrysopoeia of Victoria Harvey is a comic that I already started in Portuguese (if you want to see its prologue, it's here) about those small adorable pests above: from left to right, Victor "Vic" Harvey, Cristóvão "Chris" de Sá, Zico Fernandes, Natalie Smith and Anne Louise Saint Anne, as they go to magic school and grow up, come of age, stumble on mysteries about the school founders, fangirl over old-timey swashbuckling comic characters and navigate the complicated word that will lead to their world's version of the Second World War.

The plot is mostly centered on Vic, hence why it's her on the title.

"But Adriana, the title says 'Victoria' and your character lineup says 'Victor'."

Well, the title of the comic is a play on the artifact known as "the chrysopoeia of Cleopatra", a manuscript with a single page detailing Cleopatra's (the alchemist, not the queen) recipe for producing gold ('chrysopoeia' means 'the making of gold'). Vic lives in the aptly named Alchemy Village and the whole comic is structured around the making of the Philosopher's Stone (the first step of a classic chrysopoeia). I'll tell more about it as I publish the episodes.

I'll let you guys decide why I'm giving the comic a title about a multi-step complex process of turning things into better things and, eventually, into the bestest thing possible.

This is what I've been mostly doodling about, so now you guys know enough to not be TOO out of depth.

Welcome to De Garoustés School of Magic Fundamentals. It'll be fine. Probably. Eventually.

[inspiredrawaw]

Guess whooose back on their alchemy bullshit again with 17 tabs open in google about alchemy

Such as how it is believed that the ourobourous in alchemy is a symbol for gold making because of the word chrysopoeia being written next to a symbol of an ourobourous in a manuscript written by Cleopatra the alchemist (not the Egyptian Queen someone different) the manuscript being known as Chrysopoeia of Cleopatra

She is also 1 of 4 female alchemist who is believed to have produce a philosophers stone

With chrysopoeia meaning artificial gold making

[hiding1ntheforest]

Notes on Symbology: Mercury, Life And Death

Mercury is an element that has long fascinated me, particularly due to it’s metaphysical significance and what it represents. This element has captivated alchemists from ancient Egypt to medieval Europe. Mercury was the prima materia- the progenitor of all other metals. Referred to as quicksilver, it was used for transmutation and became a crucial element in the science of practical alchemy. Mercury is represented by the astrological symbol for the Roman god of the same name.

Alchemical symbol for Mercury.

For me, the element of mercury is a Wodenic symbol. The symbol itself depicts the horned god. Archaeological findings often portray Woden with two horns protruding from his head. These horns may signify Woden’s ravens, Hugin and Munin, who represent memory and thought. In spiritual alchemy, mercury has long been associated with the spirit and mental capabilities including intelligence, wisdom, memory, and creativity. Amongst the Romans, Mercury has been depicted donning a winged helmet. Mercury journeyed throughout the many realms, especially the underworld. The element could easily transform into a liquid or solid. To the ancient alchemists, this represented life and death. Additionally, mercury corresponds to the lungs. Mercury signifies the breath of life, which Woden gifted to the first man and woman, Askr and Embla.

Anglo-Saxon Woden pendent, 6th century AD.

In alchemical manuscripts, snakes are symbolic of mercury. A particularly notable symbol of the Roman god Mercury is the caduceus, a staff with two snakes wrapped around it. Furthermore, the caduceus is present in the alchemical symbol of mercury. Cleopatra the Alchemist illustrated an ourboros to represent the philosopher’s stone. The ourboros represents the never ending cycle of life, death, and rebirth. In Germanic mythology, the midgard serpent, Jormungandr, is wrapped around the world biting it’s tail.

Coin featuring the caduceus, Turkey, 1st century AD.

Cleopatra the Alchemist’s ourboros, 3rd century AD.

So, in general, what does mercury represent? Mercury is the journey of life and death. It is creation, our origin point, the very beginning. I connect mercury to the ginnungagap, the void that existed before the cosmos. The void exists between the realm of fire and the realm of ice, reminding me of the cold and hot extraction methods used to produce mercury from cinnabar. Mercury is the unification of opposites- life and death, hot and cold, liquid and solid. Moreover, it is the power of one’s mind. The thirst for knowledge, deep contemplation, and generative creativity are all found within mercury. The element is the beginning, the end, and the voyage in between. It is our first breath and the final breath that escapes us. It is the horned god, the allfather, divine wisdom.

Ulrich Ruosch Manuscript, Switzerland, 1680.

[genderqueerswagfight]

Who is in the bracket. I need to project on to my blorbos.

here's a list of everyone who will be in the bracket, NOT in order because i lost my bracket and have to remake it, but these are all the players im putting out on the field

Klavier Gavin (Ace Attorney)

Tachibana Hinata (Fabiniku)

Loid Forger/Twilight (Spy x Family)

Juno Steel (The Penumbra Podcast)

Iruma (Mairimashita! Iruma-kun)

Kashima Yuu (Gekkan Shoujo Nozaki Kun)

Magnus Bane (Shadowhunters TV 2016)

Viola/Cesario (Twelfth Night)

Rem (Death Note)

 Double Trouble (She-Ra and the Princesses of Power)

 Garnet (Steven Universe)

Godot (Ace Attorney)

 Alex Fierro (Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard)

 Fiona (Shrek)

 Adrien Agreste (Miraculous Ladybug)

 Howl Jenkins Pendragon (Howl's Moving Castle)

 Fujimoto (Ponyo)

 Aziraphale and Crowley (Good Omens)

 Jonathan Sims (The Magnus Archive)

 Francois (Dr. Stone)

 Kirby (Nintendo)

 Nanamine Sakura (Toilet Bound Hanako Kun)

 Luna (Vanitas no Carte)

 Kenjaku (Jujutsu Kaisen)

 Jessie and James (Pokemon)

 Loki (Norse Mythology)

 Luz Noceda (The Owl House)

 Neo Metal Sonic (Sonic)

 Khensu (Cleopatra in Space)

 Vinnie Dakota (Milo Murphy's Law)

 Avery (Pokemon Shield)

 Mikitaka (JoJo's Bizarre Adventure)

 Bugs Bunny (Warner Bros)

 Maxwell Klinger (M*A*S*H)

 Whisper (Yokai Watch)

 Batsubami Rei (Kakegurui)

 Yuka Ayukawa (Blue Period)

 Stacey (Kikai Sentai Zenkaiger)

 Mizuki Akiyama (Project Sekai)

 Deidara (Naruto)

 Scarecrow (The Wizard of Oz)

 Chris (Thomas Was Alone)

 Testament (Guilty Gear)

 Envy (Fullmetal Alchemist)

 Kuranosuke Koibuchi (Princess Jellyfish)

 Link (Legend of Zelda)

 Yoo Joonghyuk (Omniscient Reader's Viewpoint)

 Aoi Kureha (Paradox Live)

 Mae Borowski (Night in the Woods)

 Phosphophyllite (Houseki no Kuni)

 Kyza (Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn)

 Idia Shroud (Twisted Wonderland)

 Lake (Infinity Train)

 Winston Bishop (New Girl)

 Mr. Finch (Person of Interest)

 Nightshade (Transformers: Earthspark)

 Callum (Subway Surfers)

 Haruhi Fujioka (Ouran High School Host Club)

 Haruka Tenou (Sailor Moon)

 HiMERU (Ensemble Stars)

Wataru Hibiki (Ensemble Stars)

 The Toy Soldier (The Mechanisms)

 Kris, Frisk, and Chara (Undertale/Deltarune)

Teruki Hanazawa (Mob Psycho 100)

again these are NOT IN ORDER! the actual bracket should be out ugh. whenever i have time to remake it. if u have any complaints abt any of the characters pls tell me bc i probably wont do anything about it but i love drama

[douglysium]

GudaGuda Style Practice

I wanted to practice my line quality and drawing in the GudaGuda style so I drew a bunch of different Fate ocs in the GudaGuda style. This was my first time doing this and it was very experimental so I apologize if anybody’s characters look wonky. I definitely would have done some differently in hindsight.The characters in order of appearance and with each creator’s Twitter @’s are-

@Omegazplayer- Amelia https://docs.google.com/.../1bQDTIGhLzoVu2e9uMWn2Za9.../edit

@mochio_bonio- Hang Tuah https://docs.google.com/.../12mjNkmjnhIIeLgGRvSlVVLh.../edit

@corvusium- b̶n̶y̶ Krypton https://toyhou.se/15126317.master-krypton

@alioathereal- Ana https://twitter.com/alioath.../status/1632601560579465216...

@yuki_setsura- Anita https://docs.google.com/.../1_Sy20u2ofNnUYo6NLssMH1X.../edit

Shout out to Setsu’s hijab tutorial: https://twitter.com/yuki.../status/1634435595194998784... 

@IketheNinja14- Cleopatra(The Alchemist not the pharoh) https://docs.google.com/.../1Cr69DeCq49w5h1UshoUwmsM.../edit 

Me- Shaka Zulu https://docs.google.com/.../1F1eWTJZItB1gibCdiDrRFYr.../edit

Me- Yasuke https://docs.google.com/.../1M7V-XS0S_hePGtpLHY3abI.../edit

@Gibger28- Tlahuicole https://twitter.com/Gibger28/status/1240531943290093569

[myckicade]

I should have been in bed nearly two hours ago, but this thing is haunting me.

I'm going to repeat some points I've already posted, but some things bear repeating.

That was the worst series finale I have ever seen. I thought the finale of Preacher was an ugly little fiasco. My word. It will be hard to top this one! Holy frickle-dickles.

(The X-Files, Supernatural, Fullmetal Alchemist... I'm used to pain, but this tempted me to break out the Jack Daniels).

So, yeah. Ding-dong, the cunt bag... -s are all dead? What was the fucking point of that? EZ, completely expected, especially when it was said, 'We've all been talking'. It was a bit of a push for the poetic, that EZ would pull a Mark Antony quote, then get Julius Caesared. (I feel like I made a comment about that last season, but it might have been a verbal conversation). Anywho. I just don't understand the point of the rest. (After a few hours of sleep, I might be able to gather what they were going for, but we shall see). Taking out Bottles, of all people...

I see some fix-it fics in my future. Some out of spite.

I liked Potter in Sons. I did. He was responsible for his share of shit, but his character was well-written. They ruined him in Mayans, so hard. He's come across half-crazed, and tipping off his axis. I'm so disgusted that he's still walking around, King of the Fucking Hill. If ANYONE needed to catch a bullet - aside from EZ - it was old Pot-Ash.

*ahems*

I'm actually really mad that Emily got her way, too. Not just because of Miguel, but because of the utterly simplistic way it went down. (Let's face it, that wasn't a terribly inventive plot she cooked up). Killing Miguel was just the quick way to tie up another useless loose end, leaving the Gallindo family no different than the rest of the story.

Fucking. Pointless.

List of Other Pointless Things Bugging Me:

* Letty's rage. Don't get me wrong, I'm over the damned moon that she and Sally are in the clear. But, that Letty found Sally, and the bloody trailer, and just... abandoned everything? C'mon.

* Bringing Taza back. Again, y'all know I was ELATED to see the bastard, but not to get him on-screen again?? I find solace in the fact that I didn't have to watch him die.

* Angel spotting the pictures and letters in Miguel's hand during Felipe's funeral. I had hope, and it went NOWHERE. As expected. As usual.

* Sofia's pregnancy, and death. I assume the pregnancy was to make her pointless death more tragic, but it was still a waste of time. (Bitch is no Cleopatra). If EZ had found out? Yeah, maybe. I know the broad was a loose end, too. No question. Had to eradicate (nearly) all that was EZ's. It was just the same writing as the rest of the season:

Sloppy, and lazy.

* The war. That wasn't a war. That was a bunch of kids taking turns beating each other up on their way home from school.

* The pipeline. There was no fixing that shit, and we spent the bulk of the FINAL MOTHERFUCKING SEASON on it.

There's more, but my brain aches for rest.

A Couple of Things I Enjoyed:

* Marcus getting the chance to be a good father. It was nice, given his relationship with Jax Teller. He saw a father lose it all, and now he's getting to have it all. Bonus Dad Points for doing the skin-to-skin contact with the baby. That was just beautiful. ❤️.

- It was also a reminder to keep at the birth control. 🤣. When Marcus started talking about not getting to see his son's children, I got to thinking about how the guy I'm seeing is two-and-a-half decades older than me, and... Yeah. Math, indeed. You didn't need to know that, but there it is!

* That was a nice chat on the bridge. It was. Brought me back to my own childhood, and moments where I had to stay strong to protect my own brother. Solid, believable stuff, right there.

Dude. Was that really all that I enjoyed?

Fuck the J.D. It's time for the Jose Cuervo.

Catch y'all on the fic side.

-Mycki

[o-craven-canto]

You know, now I kinda want to make a list of every individually identified character in Hell. Circle by circle, counting only human damned souls (* marks people that are said to be destined for that circle):

Antinferno, the neutrals Unnamed figure traditionally identified with Pope Celestine V (Italian)

Circle I or Limbo, the virtuous pagans Ooh boy. Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Lucan, Julius Caesar, Lucius Brutus, Lucretia, Julia, Martia, Cornelia, Cicero, Linus(ancient Romans, I guess you could consider them Italians) Camilla, Latinus, Lavinia (pre-Roman Italians) Homer, Electra, Aristoteles, Socrates, Plato, Democritus, Diogenes, Anaxagoras, Thales, Empedocles, Heraclitus, Zeno, Dioscorides, Orpheus, Euclid, Ptolemy, Hippocrates, Galen (Greeks) Hector, Aeneas, Penthesilea (Trojans) Saladin (Kurdish) Seneca (Hispanic) Avicenna (Persian) Averroes (Arab)

Circle II, the lustful Semiramis (Babylonian) Dido (Carthaginian) Cleopatras, Helen, Achilles (Greek) Paris (Trojan) Tristan (Cornish) Paolo Malatesta, Francesca da Rimini (Italian)

Circle III, the gluttonous "Ciacco" ("hog") (Italian)

Circle IV, the greedy and the spendthrifts (none named)

Circle V, the wrathful and the slothful Filippo Argenti (Italian)

Circle VI, the heretics Farinata degli Uberti, Cavalcante dei Cavalcanti, Ottaviano degli Ubaldini (Italian) Frederick II Hohenstaufen (German)

Circle VII/1, the murderers robbers, and tyrants Alexander [the Great, or of Thessaly], Dionysius of Syracuse, Pyrrhus (Greek) Sextus Pompeus (Roman) Ezzelino da Romano, Obizzo d'Este, Riniero da Corneto, Riniero de' Pazzi (Italian) Guy de Montfort (English) Attila (Hunnish)

Circle VII/2, the suicides and wasters Pier delle Vigne, Lano da Siena, Jacopo da Sant'Andrea, unnamed Florentine (Italian)

Circle VII/3, the blasphemers, sodomites, and usurers Capaneus (Greek) Brunetto Latini, Francesco d'Accorso, Andrea de' Mozzi, Guido Guerra, Tegghiaio Aldobrandi, Iacopo Rusticucci, member of family Gianfigliazzi, member of family Obriachi, Reginaldo Scrovegni, *Vitaliano del Dente, *Giovanni di Buiamonte (Italian) Priscian (North African)

Circle VIII/1, the panderers and seducers Venedico Caccianemico (Italian) Jason (Greek)

Circle VIII/2, the flatterers Alessio Interminelli (Italian) Thais (Greek)

Circle VIII/3, the simoniacs Pope Nicholas III, *Pope Boniface VIII (Italian) *Pope Clement V (French)

Circle VIII/4, the witches and fortunetellers Amphiaraus, Tiresias, Manto, Euripylus, Calchas (Greek) Aruns (Etruscan) Michael Scot (Scottish) Guido Bonatti, Benvenuto Asdente (Italian)

Circle VIII/5, the corrupt officials Elder of Santa Zita, frate Gomita, Michele Zanche (Italian) John Paul of Navarre (Spanish)

Circle VIII/6, the hypocrites Frate Catalano, frate Loderingo (Italian) Caiaphas (Jewish)

Circle VIII/7, the thieves Vanni Fucci, Cianfa Donati, Agnello Brunelleschi, Buoso Donati, Puccio Sciancato, Francesco dei Cavalcanti (Italian)

Circle VIII/8, the false advisors Ulysses, Diomedes (Greek) Guido da Montefeltro (Italian)

Circle VIII/9, the sowers of discord Mohammed (Arab) *Fra Dolcino, Pier da Medicina, Mosca dei Lamberti, Geri del Bello (Italian) Curio (Roman) Bertran de Born (English)

Circle VIII/10, the perjurers, forgers, and alchemists Griffolino d'Arezzo, Capocchio da Siena, Gianni Schicchi, Mastro Adamo, Guido Guidi (Italian) Myrrha, Sinon (Greek) Potiphar's wife (Egyptian)

Circle IX/1 or Caina, the traitors of family Count of Mangona 1, count of Mangona 2, Vanni de' Cancellieri, Sassolo Mascheroni, Camicione de' Pazzi, *Carlino de' Pazzi (Italian) Mordred (Welsh) [implicitely, from the place's name: Cain (undefined nationality)]

Circle IX/2 or Antenora, the traitors of homeland Bocca degli Abati, Buoso da Duera, Tesauro dei Beccheria, Gianni dei Soldanieri, Tebaldello Zambrasi, archbishop Ruggieri, count Ugolino (Italian) Ganelon (French) [implicitely, from the place's name: Antenor (Trojan)]

Circle IX/3 or Ptolomaea, the traitors of guests Frate Alberigo, Branca Doria (Italian) [implicitely, from the place's name: Ptolemy XIII (Greek)]

Circle IX/4 or Judecca, the traitors of lords Judas (Jewish) Marcus Brutus, Cassius (Roman)

something ive noticed while reading dantes inferno is that there seems to be a lot of italians in hell

[modernerrors]

 Upbringing forms, in us, the security and confidence that enables;      OR the insecurity and self-loathing that disables us - from living life to the FULL.

Just to remind ourselves that it is, and has always been UPBRINGING, and NOT historicity that enabled women to choose different lifestyles

There is a continued resistance to the understanding of the power of upbringing.

People want NEW theories, NEW ideas - look at 2 Timothy 3:6-7

So much documentation to show that the generalisation of PATRIARCHY is a lie.  Yet we do need Patriarchs MORE than we need Matriarchs.  

This era is definitely the AGE OF MATRIARCHY and UNEMPOWERED MEN, and anarchy is rife.

TO discover the Scriptural and freeing precept for upbringing, read 1 Timothy 3

FIND THE TRUTH IN SCRIPTURE:

2 Timothy 3

Amplified Bible, Classic Edition 3 But understand this, that in the last days will come (set in) perilous times of great stress and trouble [hard to deal with and hard to bear]. ... 4 [They will be] treacherous [betrayers], rash, [and] inflated with self-conceit. [They will be] lovers of sensual pleasures and vain amusements more than and rather than lovers of God. ... 6 For among them are those who worm their way into homes and captivate silly and weak-natured and spiritually dwarfed women…. 7 [These weak women will listen to anybody who will teach them]; they are forever inquiring and getting information, but are never able to arrive at a recognition and knowledge of the Truth.

1 Timothy 3

Amplified Bible, Classic Edition

3 The saying is true and irrefutable: If any man [eagerly] seeks the office of bishop (superintendent, overseer), he desires an excellent task (work). ... 4 He must rule his own household well, keeping his children under control, with true dignity, commanding their respect in every way and keeping them respectful. 5 For if a man does not know how to rule his own household, how is he to take care of the church of God? 6 He must not be a new convert, or he may [develop a beclouded and stupid state of mind] as the result of pride [be blinded by conceit, and] fall into the condemnation that the devil [once] did. ... 11 [The] women likewise must be worthy of respect and serious, not gossipers, but temperate and self-controlled, [thoroughly] trustworthy in all things. 12 Let deacons be the husbands of but one wife, and let them manage [their] children and their own households well.

Internet lists of women who were given the steps to grow in the area they chose - NO militant behaviour necessary …

Just LOTS and LOTS and LOTS of women all through the ages!

Lavinia Fontana (1552-1614) is widely considered the first woman in Western art history to be Aemilia (c. 300 CE–363 CE), Gallo-Roman physician

Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), woman astronomer in Ancient Greece

Agnodike (4th century BCE), first woman physician to practise legally in Athens

Andromache (mid-6th century), Egyptian physician

Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), Greek natural and moral philosopher

Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist

Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician

Aurelia Alexandria Zosime, Ancient Roman physician

Chun Yuyan (1st century BCE), Chinese obstetrician and gynaecologist

Cleopatra the Alchemist (c. 3rd century CE), wrote the alchemical book, Chrysopoeia, or "gold-making"

Damo (6th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher

Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece

Eccello of Lucania (5th or 4th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher 

Echecratia the Philiasian (5th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher

Elephantis (1st century BCE), Greek physician

Enheduanna (c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet

Fabiola (died 399 CE), Roman physician

Fang (first century BCE), Chinese chemist

Favilla (2nd century), Roman physician

Gargi Vachaknavi (7th century BCE), Indian philosopher

Gu Bao (4th century), Chinese physician

Hypatia (370–415 CE), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt 

Laïs (c. 1st/2nd century BCE), midwife

Lais of Corinth, Ancient Greek physician

Leoparda (4th century CE), gynaecologist

Macrina (4th century CE), Greek physician and nun

Marcella (4th century CE), Roman healer 

Mary the Jewess (1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist 

Melissa (3rd century BCE), Greek philosopher

Metrodora (c. 200–400 CE), Greek physician and author

Minucia Asste, Ancient Roman physician

Myia (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher

Nicerata (c. 5th century), physician and healer

Occello of Lucania (4th or 5th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher and mathematician 

Olympias of Thebes (1st century BCE), Greek midwife

Origenia (2nd century CE), Greek healer 

Pao Ku Ko (3rd century CE), Chinese chemist

Paphnutia the Virgin (c. 300), Egyptian alchemist

Paula (347–404 CE), Roman healer 

Perictione (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher, mother of Plato

Panthea, Ancient Greek physician, wife and colleague of Glycon

Philinna of Thessaly, Ancient Greek physician

Peseshet, Egyptian physician (Fourth Dynasty)

Pulcheria (5th century CE), healer

Pythias of Assos (4th century BCE), marine zoologist

Restituta (1st century), Ancient Roman physician 

Salpe (1st century BCE), Greek midwife

Sotira (1st century BCE), Greek physician 

Tapputi-Belatekallim (First mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE), Babylonian perfumer, the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process

Terentia Prima, Ancient Roman physician

Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician

Thelka, Iranian 

Theosebeia (4th century CE), healer

Yi Jia (2nd century BCE), Chinese physician

Middle Ages

Herrad of Landsbert

Abella (14th century), Italian physician

Adelle of the Saracens (12th century), Italian physician

Adelmota of Carrara (14th century), Italian physician

Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th century), Muslim nurse

Maesta Antonia (1386–1408), Florentine physician

Ameline la Miresse (fl. 1313–1325), French physician

Jeanne d'Ausshure (d. 1366), French surgeon

Brunetta de Siena (fl. 15th century), Italian-Jewish physician

Hildegard of Bingen (1099–1179), German natural philosopher

Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specialising in the plague buboes

Gentile Budrioli (?-1498), Italian astrologer and herbalist

Constanza, Italian surgeon,[9] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.

Denice (fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon

Demud (fl. ca. 13th century), German physician

Dobrodeia of Kiev (fl. 1122), Byzantine physician

Dorotea Bucca (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine

Constance Calenda (15th century), Italian surgeon specialising in diseases of the eye

Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1376), Jewish-Sicilian physician

Caterina of Florence (fl. 1400s), Florentine physician

Jeanne de Cusey (fl. 1438), French barber-surgeon

Antonia Daniello (fl. 1400), Florentine-Jewish physician

Clarice di Durisio (15th century), Italian physician

Fava of Manosque (fl. 1322), French-Jewish physician

Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician

Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra (15th century), Catalan physician

Maria Gallicia (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon

Bellayne Gallipapa (fl. 1380), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician

Dolcich Gallipapa (fl. 1384), Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician

Na Pla Gallipapa (fl. 1387), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician

Sarah de St Giles (fl. 1326), French-Jewish physician and medical teacher

Alessandra Giliani (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist

Rebecca de Guarna (fl. 1200), Italian physician

Magistra Hersend (fl. 1249–1259), French surgeon

Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.

Isabiau la Mergesse (fl. 1292), French-Jewish physician

Floreta La-Noga (fl. 1374), Aragonese physician

Helvidis (fl. 1176), French physician

Keng Hsien-Seng (10th century), Chinese chemist

Li Shao Yun (11th century), Chinese chemist

Stephanie de Lyon (fl. 1265), French physician

Guillemette du Luys (fl. 1479), French royal surgeon

Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician,[9] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.

Margherita di Napoli (late 14th century), Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt-am-Main

Mercuriade (14th century), Italian physician and surgeon

Gilette de Narbonne (fl. 1300), French physician

Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon

Francisca da Romana, Napolitan physician

Dame Péronelle (1292–1319), French herbalist

Peretta Peronne, also called Perretta Petone (fl. 1411), French surgeon

Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician

Trota of Salerno (fl. 1090), Italian physician

Marguerite Saluzzi (fl. 1460), Napolitan licensed herbalist physician

Sara de Sancto Aegidio (fl. 1326), French physician

Juana Sarrovia (fl. 1384), Barcelona, Spanish physician

Shen Yu Hsiu (15th century), Chinese chemist

Sun Pu-Eh (12th century), Chinese chemist

Raymunda da Taberna, licensed Napolitan surgeon

Théophanie (fl. 1291), French barber surgeon

Trotta da Toya (f. 1307), Napolitan physician

Polisena da Troya (fl. 1335), licensed Napolitan surgeon

Margarita da Venosa (fl. 1333), licensed Napolitan surgeon, who studied at the University of Salerno[14] She was considered a noteworthy practitioner and counted Ladislaus, king of Naples, as a patient.

Francisca di Vestis (fl. 1308), Napolian physician

Zhang Xiaoniang (11th century), Chinese physician

16th century

Sophie Brahe portrait

Maria Andreae (1550–1632), German pharmacist

Marie de Brimeu (1550–1605), Flemish botanist

Sophia Brahe (1556–1643), Danish astronomer and chemist

Isabella Cortese (fl. 1561), Italian alchemist

Helena Magenbuch (1523–1597), German pharmacist

Loredana Marcello (died 1572), Venetian botanist

Elizabeth Moulthorne (fl. 1593), English barber-surgeon

Tarquinia Molza (1542–1617), Italian natural philosopher

Catherine de Parthenay (1554–1631), French mathematician

Elinor Sneshell (fl. 1593), English surgeon

Agatha Streicher (1520–1581), German physician

Caterina Vitale (1566–1619), Maltese pharmacist and chemist

Tan Yunxian (1461–1554), Chinese physician

17th century

Margaret Cavendish

Anna Åkerhjelm (1647–1693), Swedish traveller and archaeologist

Ann Baynard (1672–1697), British Natural philosopher

Aphra Behn (1640–1689), British translator of an astronomical work

Martine Bertereau (1600–fl.1642), French mineralogist

Agnes Block (1629–1704), Dutch horticulturist

Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine (1618–1680), German natural philosopher

Louise Bourgeois Boursier (1563–1636), French obstetrician

Titia Brongersma (1650–1700), Frisian archaeologist, poet

Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), natural philosopher

Marie Crous (fl. 1640), French mathematician

Maria Cunitz (1610–1664), Silesian astronomer

Jeanne Dumée (1660–1706), French astronomer

Maria Clara Eimmart (1676–1707), German astronomer

Marie Fouquet (1590–1681), French medical writer

Eleanor Glanville (1654–1709), English entomologist

Elisabeth Hevelius (1647–1693), Polish astronomer

Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), naturalist

Marie Meurdrac (c. 1610–1680), French chemist and alchemist

Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684), Italian mathematician and the first female PhD

Marguerite de la Sablière (c. 1640–1693), French natural philosopher

Jane Sharp (fl. 1671), British obstetrician

Justine Siegemund (1636–1705), German obstetrician

Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (1630–1715), English botanist

Elizabeth Walker (1623–1690), British pharmacist

18th century

Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville

Portrait of Émilie du Châtelet by Maurice Quentin de La Tour

Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), Italian mathematician 

Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville (1720–1805), French anatomist

Madeleine-Françoise Calais (circa 1713 - fl. 1740) French dentist.

Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen (1751–1827), German astronomer

Maria Angela Ardinghelli (1728–1825), Italian mathematician and physicist

Sarah Sophia Banks (1744–1818), British natural history collector

Giuseppa Barbapiccola (c. 1702–1740), natural philosopher, translator

Jeanne Baret (1740–1807), French circumnavigator and botanist

Laura Bassi (1711–1778), Italian physicist

Marie Marguerite Bihéron (1719–1795), French anatomist

Celia Grillo Borromeo (1684–1777), Italian natural philosopher

Jacoba van den Brande (1735–1794), Dutch founder of first all-female science academy

Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1808), Swedish inventor

Margaret Bryan (c. 1760–1815), British natural philosopher

Elsa Beata Bunge (1734–1819), Swedish botanist

Lydia Byam (fl. 1797–1800), naturalist

María Andrea Casamayor (1700–1780), Spanish mathematician

Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749), French mathematician and physicist 

Maria Medina Coeli (1764–1846), Italian physician

Jane Colden (1724–1766), American biologist

Rosalie de Constant (1758–1834), Swiss naturalist

Angélique du Coudray (1712–1794), French midwife

Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician

Catharina Helena Dörrien (1717 – 1795), German botanist

Eva Ekeblad (1724–1786), Swedish agronomist

Hannah English Williams (died 1722), collector of natural history in the American British Colonies

Dorothea Erxleben (1715–1762), German physician

Charlotta Frölich (1698–1770), Swedish agronomist and historian

Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794), British chemist

Lucia Galeazzi Galvani (1743–1788), Italian physician

Sophie Germain (1776–1831), elasticity theory, number theory

Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi (1760–1830), Italian botanist

Catherine Littlefield Greene (1755–1814), American inventor

Salomée Halpir (1718-fl. 1763), Lithuanian oculist

Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German-British astronomer 

Catherine Jérémie (1664–1744), French-Canadian botanist

Christine Kirch (1696–1782), German astronomer

Margaretha Kirch (1703–1744), German astronomer

Maria Margarethe Kirch (1670–1720), German astronomer[1]: 157 

Marie Lachapelle (1769–1821), French midwife

Marie-Jeanne de Lalande (1760–1832), French astronomer

Marie Paulze Lavoisier (1758–1836), French chemist and illustrator

Nicole-Reine Lepaute (1723–1792), French astronomer

Elisabeth Christina von Linné (1743–1782), Swedish botanist

Martha Daniell Logan (1704–1779), American horticulturist

Eliza Lucas (1722–1793), American agronomist and indigo dye pioneer

Maria Lullin (1750–1831), Swiss entomologist

Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791), British social scientist

Anna Morandi Manzolini (1716–1774), Italian physician and anatomist

Marie Le Masson Le Golft (1750–1826), French naturalist

Sybilla Masters (1675–1720), patent for a corn mill

Lady Anne Monson (1726–1776), English botanist

Maria Petraccini (1759–1791), Italian anatomist and physician

Zaffira Peretti (fl. 1780), Italian anatomist and physician

Claudine Picardet (1735–1820) French chemist, mineralogist and meteorologist

Louise du Pierry (1746–1807), French astronomer

Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon (1724–1767), French mathematician

Faustina Pignatelli (1705–1785), Italian physicist

Anna Barbara Reinhart (1730–1796), Swiss mathematician

Cristina Roccati (1732–1797), Italian physics teacher

Jane Squire (bap. 1686 – 1743), English mathematician

Clotilde Tambroni (1758–1817), Italian philologist and linguistic

Petronella Johanna de Timmerman (1723–1786), Dutch scientist

Wang Zhenyi (1768–1797), Chinese astronomer

19th century

Anthropology

Maria Czaplicka (1884–1921), Polish cultural anthropologist

Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838–1923), American ethnologist

Johanna Mestorf (1828–1909), German prehistoric archaeologist

Margaret Murray (1863–1963), British anthropologist

Clémence Royer (1830–1902), French anthropologist

Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932), American geographer

Praskovja Uvarova (1840–1924), Russian archaeologist

Archeology

Cornelia Horsford (1861– c. 1941), American archaeologist

Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839), British archaeologist

Zsófia Torma (1832–1899), Hungarian archaeologist, paleologist, anthropologist

Astronomy

Annie Jump Cannon, 1922 Portrait

Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer

Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer

Agnes Mary Clerke (1842–1907), British astronomer

Florence Cushman (1860–1940), American astronomer

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900–1979), American astronomer and astrophysicist

Williamina Fleming (1857–1911), Scottish/American astronomer

Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German astronomer active in England

Margaret Lindsay Murray Huggins (1848–1915), British astronomer

Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921), American astronomer

Annie Russell Maunder (1868–1947), Irish astronomer

Antonia Caetana Maury (1866–1952), American astronomer

Maria Mitchell (1818–1889), American astronomer

Isis Pogson (1852–1945), British astronomer

Caterina Scarpellini (1808–1873), Italian astronomer

Sarah Frances Whiting (1846–1927), American astronomer and physicist

Mary Watson Whitney (1847–1921), American astronomer

Anna Winlock (1857–1904), American astronomer

Biology or natural history

Mary Anning

Frances Acton (1793–1881), British botanist

Elizabeth Cary Agassiz (1822–1907), American natural historian

Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer

Mary Anning (1799–1847), British natural historian

Emily Arnesen (1876–1928), Norwegian zoologist

Anna Atkins (1799–1871), British botanist

Harriet Henrietta Beaufort (1778–1865), British botanist

Isabella Bird Bishop (1831–1904), British natural historian

Priscilla Susan Bury (1799–1872), English botanist

Albertina Carlsson (1848–1930), Swedish zoologist

Mary Agnes Meara Chase (1869–1963), American biologist

Cornelia Clapp (1849–1934), American zoologist

Anna Botsford Comstock (1854–1930), American natural historian

Clara Eaton Cummings (1855–1906), American botanist

Eunice P. Cutter (1819-1898), American author of anatomy textbooks

Lydia Maria Adams DeWitt (1859–1928), American pathologist

Mary Cynthia Dickerson (1866–1923), American herpetologist, museum curator and writer

Amalie Dietrich (1821–1891), German natural historian

Alice Eastwood (1859–1953), American biologist

Rosa Smith Eigenmann (1858–1947), American biologist

Olga Fedtschenko (1845–1921), Russian botanist

Maria Elizabeth Fernald (1839–1919), American entomologist

Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti (1799–1879), Italian botanist

Susanna Phelps Gage (1857–1915), American embryologist and comparative anatomist

Lilian Jane Gould (1861–1936), British biologist

Amelia Griffiths (1768–1858), British phycologist

Marian E. Hubbard (1868–1956), American zoologist

Agnes Ibbetson (1757–1823), English vegetable physiologist

Susan Hallowell (1835–1911), American botanist

Gabrielle Howard (1876–1930), British plant physiologist

Ellen Hutchins (1785–1815), Irish botanist

Ida Henrietta Hyde (1857–1945), American biologist

Maria Elizabetha Jacson (1755–1829), English botanist

Alice Johnson (1860–1940), English zoologist

Józefa Joteyko (1866–1928), physiologist, psychologist, pedagogist

Josephine Kablick (1787–1863), botanist

Helen Dean King (1869–1955), American biologist

Phoebe Lankester (1825–1900), British botanist

Marie-Anne Libert (1782–1865), Belgian botanist and mycologist

Friederike Lienig (1790–1855), German-Baltic entomologist

Elizabeth Eaton Morse (1864–1955), American mycologist/cryptogamist

Katharine Murray Lyell (1817–1915), British botanist

Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist

Olive Thorne Miller (1831–1918), American natural historian

Maria Gugelberg von Moos (1836–1918), Swiss botanist

Margaretta Morris (1797–1867), American entomologist

Mary Murtfeldt (1848–1913), American biologist

Eleanor Anne Ormerod (1828–1901), British biologist

Edith Marion Patch (1876–1954), American biologist

Maria Louisa Pike (d. 1892), American naturalist

Beatrix Potter (1866–1943), British mycologist

Mary Jane Rathbun (1860–1943), American marine biologist

Margaretta Riley (1804–1899), British botanic

Caroline Rosenberg (1810–1902), Danish botanist

Ethel Sargant (1863–1918), British biologist

Hazel Schmoll (1890–1990), American botanist working on plant life in Colorado

Lilian Sheldon (1862–1942), English zoologist

Alexandra Smirnoff (1838–1913), Finnish pomologist

Annie Lorrain Smith (1854–1937), British lichenologist and mycologist

Emilie Snethlage (1868–1929), German-Brazilian naturalist and ornithologist

Nettie Stevens (1861–1912), American geneticist 

Jantina Tammes (1871–1947), Dutch botanist and geneticist

Charlotte De Bernier Taylor (1806–1863), American entomologist

Mary Treat (1830–1923), American naturalist

Anna Vickers (1852–1906), marine algologist

Jeanne Villepreux-Power (1794–1871), French marine biologist

Anna Maria Walker (c. 1778–1852), Scottish botanist

Elizabeth Andrew Warren (1786–1864), Cornish botanist

Mary Anne Whitby (1784–1850), English breeder of silkworms

Mary Pirie (1822–1885), Scottish botanist

Chemistry

Ida Freund

Vera Bogdanovskaia (1868–1897), Russian chemist

Ida Freund (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the UK

Louise Hammarström (1849–1917), Swedish chemist

Edith Humphrey (1875–1978), probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry

Julia Lermontova (1846–1919), Russian chemist 

Laura Linton (1853–1915), American chemist 

Rachel Lloyd (1839–1900), American chemist 

Adelaida Lukanina (1843–1908), Russian physician and chemist

Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist

Frances Micklethwait (1867–1950), British research chemist

Muriel Wheldale Onslow (1880–1932), British biochemist

Marie Pasteur (1826–1910), French chemist and bacteriologist

Mary Engle Pennington (1872–1952), American chemist

Agnes Pockels (1862–1935), German chemist

Vera Popova (1867–1896), Russian chemist

Anna Sundström (1785–1871), Swedish chemist

Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), American industrial and environmental chemist

Margarete Traube (1856–1912), German-born chemist who lived in Italy

Anna Volkova (1800–1876), Russian chemist

Martha Annie Whiteley (1866–1956), English chemist and mathematician

Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova (died 1914), Russian chemist

Engineers

Mary Dicas (fl. 1800–1815), maker of scientific instruments

Emily Roebling (1844–1903), American civil engineer

Geology

Florence Bascom (1862–1945), American geologist

Etheldred Benett (1776–1845), British geologist

Mary Buckland (1797–1857), British paleontologist and marine biologist

Margaret Crosfield (1859–1952), British paleontologist and geologist

Maria Gordon (1896–1939), Scottish geologist

Mary Emilie Holmes (1850–1906), American geologist and educator

Charlotte Murchison (1788–1869), Scottish geologist

Elizabeth Philpot (1780–1857), British paleontologist

Inventors

Tabitha Babbitt (1779–1853), American inventor and tool maker

Mary Brush (fl. 1815), American inventor

Martha Coston (1826–1904), American inventor

Ellen Eglin (1849–fl. 1890), American inventor

Caroline Eichler (1809–1843), German inventor, instrument maker and prostheses designer.

Hanna Hammarström (1829–1909), Swedish inventor

Mary Kies (1752–1837), American inventor

Margaret E. Knight (1838–1914), American inventor, first woman awarded a U.S. patent

Huang Lü (died 1829), Chinese optic inventor

Mathematics

Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (Ada Lovelace)

Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891), Russian mathematician (partial differential equations, rotating solids, Abelian functions)[1]: 162 

Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace (1815–1851), British mathematician

Emilie Martin (1869–1936), American mathematician

Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), British statistician and nurse

Emmy Noether (1882–1935), German mathematician

Microbiology

Alice Catherine Evans (1881–1975), American microbiologist

Medicine

Rachel Alcock (1862–1939), British physiologist

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836–1917), British physician 

Hedda Andersson (1861–1950), Swedish physician

Lovisa Årberg (1801–1881), first woman doctor and surgeon in Sweden

Amalia Assur (1803–1889), Swedish dentist

Sara Josephine Baker (1873–1945), American doctor (child hygiene pioneer)

Chandramukhi Basu (1860–1944), Indian physician

Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910), American physician 

Emily Blackwell (1826–1910), American physician

Marie Boivin (1773–1841), French writer on obstetrics

Elizabeth D. A. Cohen (1820–1921), American physician, first female physician in the state of Louisiana

Rebecca Cole (1846–1922) American physician, by 1867 she was the second African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States

Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831–1895) American physician, by 1864 she was the first African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States

Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician

Marie Durocher (1809–1893), Brazilian obstetrician, midwife and physician

Enriqueta Favez (c. 1791–1856), Swiss physician and surgeon

Rosalie Fougelberg (1841–1911), Swedish dentist

Rupa Bai Furdoonji, Indian physician who was the world's first female anaesthetist

Kadambini Ganguly (1861–1923), Indian physician

Johanna Hedén (1837–1912), Swedish midwife, feldsher and barber

Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929), Dutch physician

Maria Jansson (1788–1842), known as Kisamor, Swedish physician

Sophia Jex-Blake (1840–1912), British physician

Anandi Gopal Joshi (1865–1887), Indian physician

Mary Poonen Lukose (1886–1976), Indian gynaecologist

Emmy Rappe (1835–1896), Swedish nurse

Martha Ripley (1843–1912), American physician and suffragist

Varvara Kashevarova Rudneva (1844–1899), Russian physician

Florence R. Sabin (1871–1953), American medical scientist

Ellen Sandelin (1862–1907), Swedish physician and teacher of physiology

Regina von Siebold (1771–1849), German physician and obstetrician

Charlotte von Siebold (1788–1859), German physician and gynaecologist

Anna Stecksén (1870–1904), Swedish pathologist

Lucy Hobbs Taylor (1833–1910), American dentist

Isala Van Diest (1842–1916), first female medical doctor and female university graduate in Belgium

Catharine van Tussenbroek (1852–1925), Dutch gynecologist

Mary Walker (1832–1919), American surgeon

Karolina Widerström (1856–1949), Swedish physician

Thora Wigardh (1860–1933), Swedish physician

Marie Elisabeth Zakrzewska (1829-1902), Polish-American physician

Nuclear physics

Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist

Physics

Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923), British physicist 

Mileva Einstein-Maric (1875–1948), Serbian/Swiss physicist

Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860–1944), American physicist

Mary Somerville (1780–1872), British physicist, polymath 

Eunice Newton Foote (1819–1888), American inventor and physicist who first discovered rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels 

Psychology

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), American psychologist

Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930), American psychologist

Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939), American psychologist

Anna Freud (1895–1982), Austrian-British psychoanalyst

Science education

Jane Webb Loudon (1807–1858), Writer of introductory gardening books

Jane Marcet (1769–1858), Writer of introductory science books

Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884), American science educator

Josephine Silone Yates (died 1912), American chemistry professora professional artist.

Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) was the first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (9 June 1836 – 17 December 1917) was an English physician She is known for being the first woman to qualify in Britain as a physician and surgeon

Edith Clarke is the very first female engineer. Born in 1883.

Women do NOT need empowering.

Some mothers have disempowered their sons.

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SKINCARE THROUGH THE YEARS

Introduction:

Welcome to our journey through time, where we'll explore the fascinating evolution of skincare practices from ancient civilizations to the modern age. Throughout history, people have sought ways to care for their skin, using ingredients from nature and advancements in science. Join us as we uncover the secrets behind radiant skin and the remarkable transformations in skincare over the centuries.

Ancient Beauty Wisdom:

In the ancient world, skincare was a blend of art, culture, and tradition. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used natural ingredients like honey, olive oil, and clay to cleanse and moisturize their skin. They believed in the power of botanical extracts and herbs to enhance their beauty. From Cleopatra's milk baths to Greek olive oil massages, ancient skincare rituals were steeped in luxury and sophistication.

Medieval to Renaissance Remedies:

During the medieval and Renaissance periods, skincare took on a mystical and alchemical flair. Herbal concoctions and floral waters were popular remedies for maintaining healthy skin. Alchemists experimented with botanical extracts and minerals to create elixirs and potions believed to restore youth and vitality. Skincare was intertwined with medicine and spirituality, reflecting the holistic approach to health and beauty during this time.

The Birth of Modern Skincare:

With the dawn of the industrial age, skincare underwent a dramatic transformation. Synthetic ingredients and mass production revolutionized the beauty industry. From the introduction of cold creams to the discovery of vitamin A derivatives, skincare entered a new era of innovation and accessibility. Scientific advancements paved the way for sunscreen, anti-aging creams, and a plethora of beauty products that promised youthful, glowing skin.

Beauty in the 21st Century:

In the 21st century, skincare has become a fusion of tradition and technology. The rise of natural and organic skincare reflects a growing awareness of environmental sustainability and personal wellness. Skincare enthusiasts embrace multi-step routines inspired by Korean beauty rituals, while others turn to high-tech gadgets and apps for personalized skincare solutions. From serums to sheet masks, the options for achieving radiant skin are endless in today's beauty landscape.

Looking Ahead: The Future of Skincare:

As we peer into the future, the possibilities for skincare are boundless. Advances in science and technology promise breakthroughs in personalized skincare and anti-aging treatments. The emphasis on sustainability and ethical sourcing will continue to shape the skincare industry, driving innovation and accountability. Whether it's harnessing the power of the microbiome or unlocking the secrets of gene-based skincare, the future of skincare holds exciting prospects for beauty enthusiasts worldwide.

Conclusion:

As we conclude our journey through the history of skincare, we're reminded of the timeless quest for healthy, radiant skin. From ancient beauty rituals to modern marvels of science, the evolution of skincare is a testament to human ingenuity and the enduring pursuit of beauty. Whether you're a fan of natural remedies or cutting-edge technology, there's a skincare routine for everyone to discover and enjoy. So here's to embracing the past, present, and future of skincare, and to achieving the glowing complexion of your dreams.