#August 1886

[chic-a-gigot]

L'Art et la mode, no. 36, vol. 7, 7 août 1886, Paris. Art et Chiffons. Bibliothèque nationale de France

[jack-the-sol]

The Death of John Laurens: A Summarized Account of August 26th and 27th, 1782

Sources and links to said sources will be listed at the end of this post in Chicago format. This post is purely for educational purposes and is not meant to be used in any research, citations, or criticism of other works or individuals. Please refer back to the list of sources if you intend to use this material in a similar fashion.

What happened on the evening of August 26th, 1782, and the morning following? This was the eve of the death of John Laurens and the events that would occur on the morning on the 27th would go on to be recognized as incomplete, like a puzzle missing some pieces. However, after some recent diving into the topic and looking into letters from Nathanael Greene, Mordecai Gist, and others describing Laurens’ “gallant fall”, I will be presenting a summary and compilation of this information to paint an unfortunate night in an incomplete fashion. There are still things that remain unclear to me, but this may provide some clarity on those who are unaware of what happened. 

To set the scene, Tar Bluff, the Combahee Ferry, and the Combahee River in South Carolina is a mix of two sets of scenery in the present day. Nearer to the river and the flatter land, it is thick marshland and difficult to travel through. This is why the ferry was so necessary and useful and likely why the British commandeered it. The drier land higher than the marsh was primarily deciduous and coniferous trees that covered muddy and sandy ground with leaves and pine needles. Today, the area is very dense and overgrown along the riverbanks due to the nature of the region and its climate. It is uncertain what the weather at the time of this engagement might have been, but by referring back to lunar calendars, it is deductible that the night of the 26th-27th was a waning gibbous; the moon would be mostly full but not entirely so and would continue to cast less light in the coming days. Furthermore, it is important to mention that the location that is mentioned that Laurens had been staying and later buried at was roughly thirty-seven miles from where the engagement against the Regulars occurred. Gist mentioned that the main encampment he had made was twelve miles north of Chehaw Neck and roughly fifty miles away from Greene's main headquarters outside of Charleston.

The British were commanded by Major William Brereton and reportedly one-hundred and forty men strong consisting of the British 64th Regiment and volunteers from the British 17th Regiment. The 64th Regiment had been in other engagements where Laurens was present also, including the battles of Brandywine and Germantown as well as the much later and much more influential Siege of Charleston in 1780. This was not the end of the 64th engaging against Laurens as they were reportedly at the Siege of Yorktown and surrendered with the body of men under General Cornwallis’s command. 

On the days leading up to the 27th, Gist remarked that an enemy fleet of British regulars had taken the command of the Combahee Ferry and both sides had been locked in a stalemate regarding the waters due to the circumstances: the Patriots could not engage the enemy due to the ships in the river, and the Regulars could not get their supplies north and across the Combahee because the Patriots were patrolling the area. Gist, with a combined might of over three-hundred men consisting of the 3rd and 4th Virginia Regiments under the command of Colonel Baylor, the Delaware Regiment, one-hundred infantry of the line commanded by Major Beall, the entirety of the command under Lt. Col. John Laurens, and all of which was under the command of General Gist. 

It’s important to mention before continuing that despite much research into the matter of Laurens’ illness on the evening and morning of the 26th and 27th, myself and other partners in researching [the esteemed @pr0fess0r-b1tch] could not find a reputable source mentioning directly that John Laurens was ill. Gregory D. Massey does not explicitly mention a source in his book, but instead says,

“From his sickbed, Laurens learned of Gist’s orders. He forwarded the latest news to headquarters and added a query…”

Other sources we found mentioned that many of the northern regiments and men were falling ill, even some doctors themselves, but there is not a primary source that lists that Laurens was sick or bedridden aside from Massey and the sources that pull from his accounts including the Wikipedia of Laurens and the American Battlefield Trust. Because of this oversight, I am choosing to redact the concept of Laurens’ illness until otherwise proven by a primary source whether it be a letter or other statements. 

Laurens was given the command of the men under Gist by General Greene and despite not being well-liked by the men who were formerly under Light Horse Harry Lee’s command, it was theoretically remedied by the intermediary of Major Beall. On the night of the 26th, Brigadier General Mordecai Gist recounted in a letter to Major General Nathanael Greene that “Lt. Col. Laurens arrived in the intermediate time, that solicited the direction and command at that post”, the post being that Gist had ordered an earthworks to be constructed at Chehaw Neck to “annoy their shipping on their return”. In the evening that Laurens took command and oversight, Gist sent fifty men to be under his command with some Matrosses and a Howitzer. Laurens, in command of these men, were stationed on the northern bank of the river. 

The commanding officer of the British, Major Brereton, evidently received information of this movement of the Howitzer to the earthworks within the day that such a motion was ordered. The quick intelligence may allude to an inside source that the British had or a matter of good reconnaissance, but Major Brereton left in the ships at two in the morning and “dropped silently down the river”, according to General Gist. These movements went undiscovered until four in the morning when patrols noticed and alerted the extended body led by Laurens. It is stated that the troops were then “put into motion to prevent their landing”. Gist then mentions that before he could arrive and defend the efforts, the British had successfully landed and engaged Laurens directly. The men scattered when Laurens fell, but Gist regathered them within the quarter mile, following which the enemy forces reboarded the boats and left. 

According to a Delaware Captain, William McKennan, under Laurens’ command, Laurens was “anxious to attack the enemy” before the main body and Gist’s reinforcements arrived. McKennan says,

“being in his native state, and at the head of troops…were sufficient to enable him to gain a laurel for his brow…but wanted to do all himself, and have all the honor.”

After Laurens had been injured in three other battles, Brandywine, Germantown, and Coosawatchie, and having his pride wounded at losses most notably the loss of Charleston in 1780, it would be understandable that he would be so willing to return to the fight for his nation after being detached and moved frequently in the later years of the war. McKennan’s account states in the same paragraph that Laurens was killed in the first volley of the attack by Brereton’s men. Some sources say that Laurens was upon a horse when he fell and was mortally wounded, but others suggest that he may have merely been standing in the enemy fire. All appear to agree that Laurens was one of the first victims of the enemy volleys. Whether he died upon the first impact is unknown, but his body was abandoned until Gist could regroup the men and return to the site to gather an understanding of who was killed and wounded in the action. 

Following the death of a notable officer, statesman, and diplomat, many men would come to regard Laurens as an incredibly accomplished and noteworthy young man and officer. Greene writes in an August 29th letter to General Washington,

“Colo. Laurens’s fall is glorious, but his fate is much to be lamented. Your Excellency has lost a valuable Aid de Camp, the Army a brave Officer, and the public a worthy and patriotic Citizen.”

In “The Delaware Regiment in the Revolution” where McKennan’s recollection of events can be found, it states,

“In the fall and death of Colonel John La[urens], the army lost one of its brightest ornaments, his country one of its most devoted patriots, his native State one of its most amiable and honored sons, and the Delaware detachment a father, brother, and friend.”

Gist’s letter to Greene on the day of the 27th says that “that brave and gallant officer fell, much regretted and lamented.” Alexander Hamilton, a fellow aide, close friend, and alleged lover, remarks in a letter to General Greene on October the 12th, 1782, over a month since Laurens’ passing,

“I feel the deepest affliction at the news we have just received of the loss of our dear and inestimable friend Laurens. His career of virtue is at an end. How strangely are human affairs conducted, that so many excellent qualities could not ensure a more happy fate? The world will feel the loss of a man who has left few like him behind, and America of a citizen whose heart realized that patriotism of which others only talk. I feel the loss of a friend I truly and most tenderly loved, and one of a very small number.” 

As for how his own father, Henry Laurens, reacted to the news, a pair of letters and brief segments from them may very well put it into perspective of how not only close friends, but a good number of men felt about the death of Laurens. On November 6th, 1782 from John Adams to Henry Laurens:

“I know not how to mention, the melancholly Intelligence by this Vessell, which affects you so tenderly.— I feel for you, more than I can or ought to express.— Our Country has lost its most promising Character, in a manner however, that was worthy of her Cause.— I can Say nothing more to you, but that you have much greater Reason to Say in this Case, as a Duke of ormond said of an Earl of Ossory. ‘I would not exchange my son for any living Son in the World.’”

In a return letter to Adams from Henry Laurens dated November 12th, 1782:

“My Country enjoins & condescends to desire, I must therefore, also at all hazards to myself obey & comply. Diffident as I am of my own Abilities, I shall as speedily as possible proceed & join my Colleagues. For the rest, the Wound is deep, but I apply to myself the consolation which I administered to the Father, of the Brave Colonel Parker. ‘Thank God I had a Son who dared to die in defence of his Country.’” 

~~~

I would like to send a huge thank you to @butoridesvirescens for instigating this rabbit hole that we went down and @pr0fess0r-b1tch for being my research partner and assisting in transcriptions. I appreciate the work done by both of them.

Sources 

“Combahee River .” Combahee River Battle Facts and Summary . Accessed February 20, 2024. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/combahee-river. 

“From Alexander Hamilton to Major General Nathanael Greene, [12 October 1782],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-03-02-0090. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 3, 1782–1786, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962, pp. 183–184.] 

“To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 29 August 1782,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-09304. 

“From John Adams to Henry Laurens, 6 November 1782,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-14-02-0013. [Original source: The Adams Papers, Papers of John Adams, vol. 14, October 1782–May 1783, ed. Gregg L. Lint, C. James Taylor, Hobson Woodward, Margaret A. Hogan, Mary T. Claffey, Sara B. Sikes, and Judith S. Graham. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008, pp. 25–26.] 

“To John Adams from Henry Laurens, 12 November 1782,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-14-02-0029. [Original source: The Adams Papers, Papers of John Adams, vol. 14, October 1782–May 1783, ed. Gregg L. Lint, C. James Taylor, Hobson Woodward, Margaret A. Hogan, Mary T. Claffey, Sara B. Sikes, and Judith S. Graham. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008, pp. 56–57.] 

Bennett, C. P., and Wm. Hemphill Jones. “The Delaware Regiment in the Revolution.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 9, no. 4 (1886): 451–62. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20084730. 

Cook, Hugh (1970). The North Staffordshire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's). Famous Regiments. London: Leo Cooper. 

George Washington Papers, Series 4, General Correspondence: Mordecai Gist to Nathanael Greene, with Copy; with Letter from William D. Beall on Casualties. 1782. Manuscript/Mixed Material. https://www.loc.gov/item/mgw431868/. 

Johnson, William. 1822. Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene, Vol. II: 339. 

Massey, Gregory D. 2015. John Laurens and the American Revolution. Columbia: University Of South Carolina Press. Pages 225-227. 

[mioritic]

Auguste Rodin (French, 1840-1917)

“Ovid's Metamorphoses”, ca. 1886

Musée Rodin

[rabbitcruiser]

In New York Harbor, President Grover Cleveland dedicated the Statue of Liberty on October 28, 1886.

Statue of Liberty Dedication Day

Statue of Liberty Dedication Day celebrates the Statue of Liberty, and commemorates the day on which it was dedicated in 1886. The idea for the statue was proposed by French historian Edouard de Laboulaye in 1865. France decided to build and give the statue to the United States to commemorate the centennial of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the alliance between the two countries during the Revolutionary War, and the friendship that continued afterwards. An agreement was made that the statue would be paid for by the people of France, and the pedestal on which it would stand would be paid for by Americans. The project was delayed because of lack of funds from both countries, especially the United States, but the money was eventually raised. French artist Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi designed the statue, and its support system was engineered by Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc and Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel—who shortly afterwards became famous for his work on the Eiffel Tower.

In June 1885 the statue arrived in New York City in 214 packing crates, and was reconstructed on Bedloe’s Island—which was renamed Liberty Island in 1956. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was dedicated. A red barge transported to the island those who wanted to see the event. President Grover Cleveland officiated, and a speech was given by Ferdinand de Lesseps, who was a French diplomat, and head of the Franco-American Union, a group that had been created in 1875 to facilitate the completion of the project. There was music and a gun salvo, and Bartholdi, the mastermind of the statue, was perched in the statue’s torch, and pulled a rope that removed the French flag from in front of Lady Liberty’s face, revealing it to the crowd.  That evening the torch was lit for the first time.

The statue stands 151 feet tall, and is made of a copper sheeting covering an iron framework.  Its pedestal is 154 feet in height, and is made of granite.  Besides holding a torch, Lady Liberty—who was based off of Libertas, the Greek god of freedom—holds a tablet in which the date July 4, 1776, is inscribed. The statue became an important symbol for immigrants, especially after nearby Ellis Island began processing them in 1892.  It was the first thing that they saw while entering New York Harbor, and many wrote home to their relatives in their home countries about it.  Emma Lazarus’ poem, “The New Colossus”, was eventually added to the pedestal, further cementing the relationship between immigrants and the statue.  It became a U.S. National Monument in 1924, and the National Park Service now oversees the whole island.  Today the statue stands as a universal symbol of freedom and liberty.

How to Observe

The best way to celebrate the day, is to visit the Statue of Liberty, or plan a trip to do so. A boat can be taken to Liberty Island, and the pedestal and crown of the statue can be explored.

Source

[bernar444]

"Un Repas de noces à Yport" (1886), oil on canvas | Albert Fourié | Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen.

[florencenesbit]

auguste rodin. eve after the fall. 1886.

details

[bobdobalina]

Auguste Toulmouche (1829–1890) Portrait of Rose Caron (1857–1930), French operatic soprano 1886

[cabinscreaking]

The Statue of Liberty was originally called Liberty Enlightening the world. Her sculptor was Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi,and Alexandre Gustavo Eiffel was the structural engineer. Construction began 1875 in Paris, and finished in 1884.

Lady Liberty arrived in New York Harbor 1885, but funds were needed to erect her. Her arm was in Madison Square Park at 23rd St.,and anyone could pay 50 cents to climb to the torch balcony. Finally having the money for completion, President Grover Cleveland was able to dedicate her on 10/28/1886.

The Statue of Liberty weighs 225 tons. She is 305 feet,6 inches tall overall (including base). Her waistline is 35 feet. The seven rays on her crown represent the continents. A feature that is not visible due to pedestal height are the broken shackles around her feet. They represent lady Liberty's freedom from oppression and control.

Below the hand and torch of the Statue of Liberty being built in a Paris studio around 1876. The other picture is of her arm in Madison Square Park.

[m-o-ustafa92]

حان الوقت للسفر إلى باريس الممطرة!

تعرض هذه اللوحة مشهداً صاخباً في الشارع، حيث يستخدم المعظم مظلّات ليحموا أنفسهم من المطر. على الجانب الأيمن، تنظر أم إلى إبنتيها وهما ترتديان أزياء مواكبة لموضة عام ١٨٨١ من أجل نزهة بعد الظهيرة. كما نرى سيدة تم ضبطها وهي تفتح مظلتها أو تغلقها، في إشارة إلى بدء المطر أو ربما توقفه قريباً.

ليس التركيز الأساسي للوحة في الوسط بل على اليسار، حيث يمكنكم رؤية شاب ذي لحية يبدو كأنه على وشك أن يوفر ملجأ لإمرأة تحمل صندوق قبعات. ومن المثير للإهتمام أنها لا ترتدي قبعة أو معطف واقٍ من المطر أو مظلة، وهو أمر غير معتاد بالنظر إلى الطقس. إنها مساعدة صانع قبعات أو خياطة ملابس نسائية صُورت من قبل سوزان فالادون، حبيبة رينوار، وفنانته، وموضوعه المتكرر، هي وإحدى الفتاتين على اليمين ذات التارة والعصا تنظران إلينا مباشرةً بينما بقية الناس منشغلين بأنشطتهم.

على الرغم من أن التكوين يبدو طبيعي، إلا أن زوايا المظلات مرتّبة بعناية لخلق أشكال هندسية ويمكنكم رؤية عناصر دائرية كصندوق قبعة المرأة وتارة الفتاة. تسود الألوان الزرقاء والرمادية اللوحة مع نمط من المظلات في الأعلى وملابس الأشخاص في الأسفل.

The Umbrellas

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

c. 1880-1886

[lionofchaeronea]

The Umbrellas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, between 1881 and 1886

[chic-a-gigot]

La Mode nationale, no. 17, 21 août 1886, Paris. No. 19. — Costume en lainage fantaisie. No. 20. — Toilette de faille. Bibliothèque nationale de France

No. 19. — Costume en lainage à damier loutre et martre. Première jupe plissée à larges panneaux. Seconde jupe, froncée à la ceinture, très relevée en éventail sur le côté pour former large pouf derrière. Corsage plat, avec revers et col en velours loutre, ouvrant sur un gilet en piqué blanc. Manches garnies de volants de dentelle.

No. 19. — Suit in otter and marten checkered wool. First skirt pleated with wide panels. Second skirt, gathered at the waist, very fanned out on the side to form a large pouf behind. Flat bodice, with otter velvet lapels and collar, opening onto a white pique waistcoat. Sleeves trimmed with lace flounces.

Métrage: 9 mètres d'étoffe en 1m,20 de large.

Chapeau paillasson relevé derrière, garni d'une touffe de plumes sur le sommet et d'une torsade de ruban écossais sur la passe.

Raised straw hat with a tuft of feathers on the top and a twist of Scottish ribbon on the pass.

—

No. 20. — Toilette de faille. Jupe très drapée ouvrant, sur le côté, sur une ruche de dentelle genre Chantilly. Long pouf retombant droit derrière. Corsage fermé du haut, ouvert du bas sur un gilet semblable. Manches bouffantes du haut, plates du bas, terminées par un nœud de ruban.

Capote ronde, garnie devant de ruban bouillonné, avec piquet de fleurs et coques sur la forme.

No. 20. — Faille dress. Very draped skirt opening, on the side, on a Chantilly lace ruffle. Long pouf falling straight back. Bodice closed at the top, open at the bottom on a similar waistcoat. Puffed sleeves at the top, flat at the bottom, finished with a ribbon bow.

Round hood, trimmed in front with bubbled ribbon, with flower spikes and shells on the shape.

[serenebluesims]

Lantern Plant Decors

Japanese lantern plant (hozuki) is commonly seen in Japan in August. I made two types of lantern plant decors for my sims.

Lantern plant in vase Decorative – plant, 17 simoleons LOD0 / LOD1 / LOD2: 2222 / 1886 / 1470 polygons

Dried lantern plant branches Decorative – plant, 17 simoleons LOD0 / LOD1 / LOD2: 2188 / 2059 / 1611 polygons

two swatches, base-game compatible my original meshes & textures

DOWNLOAD SFS or Mediafire

[northameicanblog]

Statue Of Liberty, New York, United States: The Statue of Liberty National Monument is a United States National Monument comprising Liberty Island and Ellis Island in the U.S. states of New Jersey and New York. It includes the 1886 Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) by sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and the Statue of Liberty Museum, both situated on Liberty Island, as well as the former immigration station at Ellis Island which includes the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital. Wikipedia

[rabbitcruiser]

The 7.0 Mw Charleston earthquake on August 31, 1886, affected southeastern South Carolina with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme); 60 people killed with damage estimated at $5–6 million.

[fashionlandscapeblog]

Auguste Rodin Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, 1886

Source

[life-imitates-art-far-more]

Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) "The Braid" (1886-1887) Oil on canvas