#šar

[coffeenuts]

[travelella]

Šar Mountains, North Macedonia

Kristijan Arsov

[inspofromancientworld]

King of the Universe

By Marie-Lan Nguyen - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=725195

King of the Universe, King of Everything, King of Totality, King of All, or King of the World (Sumerian: lugal ki-sár-ra or lugal kiš-ki, Akkadian: šarru kiššat māti, šar-kiššati or šar kiššatim) was a commonly used title by those kings who were powerful in ancient Mesopotamia. Later, it was applied to the Abrahamic God to show that He held dominion over everything, even the greatest kings or conquerors before or after.

By Ciudades_de_Sumeria.svg: Cratesderivative work: Phirosiberia (talk) - Ciudades_de_Sumeria.svg, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13255857

The Sumerians viewed their city Kish (𒆧𒆠) was the center of the universe so the title originally meant simply the king of the city of Kish. In the Sumerian Flood myth, kingship was granted in Kish after the flood. The Akkadians adopted the title, though the meaning shifted to 'King of the Universe', making the primacy of Kish's king over Sumer to it's logical conclusion, even when the seat of kingship moved from Kish.

Sargon of Akkad, who reigned from about 2334-2284 BCE, was the first king we have records using the title. Not every king used the title and there's some evidence that it had to be earned through great acts. The last king to use it was the Seleuchid king Antiochus I, who reigned from 281-261 BCE.

CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1084105

The cities of Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Umma, and Kish were engaged in a game of sorts of trying to build up an empire so that the king of that city-state could gain more and more prestigious titles until this game gave rise to the desire to rule over everything, or as much as they could manage. As the Sumerians saw Mesopotamia as the whole of the world, they fought to the farthest corners of the world: Susa, Mari, Assur and other far flung cities between the Persian Gulf (the lower sea) and the Mediterranean (the upper sea). This change happened around 2450 BCE. Lugalannemundu, king of Adab, likely a legendary king, was the first who is said to have completed the game and claimed to have 'subjugated the Four Corners'. The second to have completed the game was Uruk's king Lugalzaggesi, who claimed to rule everything between the upper and lower sea and adopted the title 'King of the Land' (Sumerian: lugal-kalam-ma).

Because their mythology assigned Kish such a grand position, kings who were good at empire building began to claim the title, whether they ruled there or not, to show they had the right to rule over Sumer. One didn't even need to actually be a king, just good at winning battles and building cities, to claim the title.

By Unknown artist - Jastrow (2006), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53024

Sargon started his political career as cupbearer to Ur-Zababa, who did rule Kish. He survived an assassination attempt somehow, then claimed the throne, using the title šar kiššatim (King of Kish or King of the Universe) even when he moved the capital to Akkad. He also used the title šar māt Akkadi, King of Akkad primarily as his empire grew. His successors were fond of the title šar kiššatim, though, especially Naram-Sin, who reigned from 2254-2218, who expanded it to 'King of the Four Corners and the World'.

By Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73606367

After the conquest of Mesopotamia by Alexander the Great, the Seleucid emperors took over the area and acted as a Greek state rather than a fully independent and free empire. Though the last time the title was used in cuneiform was 300 years before, Antiochus I used the title, as well as 'King of Kings' or "Great King' as they were common Babylonian titles.

By Maur - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12013124

Beginning with the reign of Esarhaddon (681-669 BCE), he used the title for himself, but also applies it to Sarpanit, Babylon's patron deity, though it would be better translated as 'Queen of the Universe'. In Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, the title applies exclusively to their singular God with Jewish blessings beginning 'Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha`olam…' (Blessed are you, Lord our God, King of the Universe…) and the Islamic Quran referring to God as 'rabbil-'alamin' ('Lord of the Universe') in its first chapter.

[tt-squid]

what i find really cool is that in the 'three stars each' texts, and expanded MUL.APIN (𒀯𒀳) tables, each constelation starts with 'mul' (𒀯) such as tarus (𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾)*

but! more importantly for this discussion, the pleiades cluser (which is coincidently a part of the tarus constelation) is written simply as MUL.MUL, or: 𒀯𒀯

𒀯𒀯 has been translated to mean 'star cluster', 'many stars' or 'star of stars' depending on whose translating the text, a fact of which i could find absolutley no sources to very much to my immense annoyance but im going to keep trying at that

its also one of the closest star clusters to earth

and, just to get on the same page, the pleiades cluster, also called the seven sisters, and, for me at least, its one of the first things you learn to pick out in the night sky

just looking at it normally you can only tend to see six stars in the cluster, but on really clear nights you can even see the seventh brightesst star as well and its fucking beautiful

but anyway! back to the cuneiform!

𒀯𒀯 (MUL.MUL), or more specifically just the singular 𒀯 (MUL) is the determinative used when noting stars and planets (and star clusters) which is made up of the sign 𒀭 but just there three times

now, the sign 𒀭 is a sumerogram for either AN or DINGIR depending on your translation, but essentially equates to meaning a range of words from 'sky', to 'god/goddess'

an example of this is with Anu (𒀭𒀭) in Akkadian or Anum/An (𒀭) in Sumerian. Anu/Anum/An has a passive 'king of the gods' sort of role who is a divine representation of the sky (seeing the links?)

that example might be a biiiit too pointed actually hangon :,

Ki (𒀭𒆠) is a Sumerain goddess, sometimes depicted as a queen of 𒀭𒀭, sometimes as a sister idk it gets confusing with all the different translations. anyway 𒀭𒆠 also has the '𒀭' (DINGIR) character that preceedes her name like the other gods, which is followed by the sumerogram '𒆠' (KI) which is translated into meaning 'earth'/'land'/etc. which makes sense when you consider she is mostly translated into and described as being an 'earthly' goddess.

anyway, Ki (𒀭𒆠) ends up marying her oldest son Enil (𒀭𒂗𒆤), likened as a god of wind/air etc, who is an Anunnaki (𒀭𒀀𒉣𒈾)? but all this to say thats one of the stories of how plants and animals came about on earth

a bit less of a confusing example is probably 𒀭𒊹 (AN.ŠAR). His name contains the character 𒀭 as well as the character 𒊹 (ŠAR). 𒊹 looks a bit ominous cause its so big and just all consuming of the space which makes sense when translated to mean 'totality'

(𒊹 can also mean 3,600 - it all depends on the context though)

𒀭𒊹 is described as being a primordial god, and occupies the same role as 𒀭𒀭. sometimes 𒀭𒊹 is described/written/translated as 𒀭𒀭's father? sometimes not? idk tracking the relations of gods to eachother is hard to follow through all the different translations lol

but anyway when you have 𒀯𒀯 denoting a star cluster made up of 6 relatively easy to distinguish individual stars, you know some part of me doesnt exactly think thats a coincidence

and anyway i cant exactly remember where i was going with this whole bit of text but anyway the pleiades cluster is one of the most beautiful things in the sky (at least in the northern hemisphere, cause i cant lie, the coal sack nebula and magellanic clouds are sick as fuck but you guys dont get them up there)

*this is where i realised that tumblr is not going to let me do superscript rip x_x anyway u should go read the wikipage on babylonian star catalogues its a p good summary and has better translation lol

[valarhalla]

Ilatni zumrīšu! Aššum uzzāt Aḫilēas zumrīm, mār Pelēas- Our goddess sing! of the rage of achilles, son of Peleus

Uzzātum napḫātum, ša eli Aḫênī šērtam emēdum- Kindled rage, that which upon the Achaeans imposed punishment

Ana er���et lā tārim qarrādī mādūtim napištišunu iṭrud- To the land of no return many heroes their lives she sent

Imrû ana kalbī u iṣṣurātim uwwīšunūti- fattening fodder for dogs and birds she made them become,

Kiam erištam ša Zēas ippaqid- in this way the desire of Zeus was delivered,

Ištu ūmim kī uptarrisū- from the day when they parted

Mār Atrēas, šar awīlim, u Aḫilēas eršum- Atreus’ son, king of men, and clever Achilles.

The opening lines of the Iliad in Akkadian/Ancient Babylonian. (Roughly translated from the English, not the Greek because I don't know any).

[garland-on-thy-brow]

Originally Demotic wsjr-ḥp, ("Osiris-Apis"), the name of the deity is derived from the syncretic worship of Osiris and the bull Apis as a single deity under the Egyptian name wsjr-ḥp. This name was later written in Coptic as ⲟⲩⲥⲉⲣϩⲁⲡⲓ Userhapi; Greeks sometimes used an uncommon form Sorapis (Koinē Greek: Σόραπις), slightly closer to the Egyptian name(s). The earliest mention of a "Sarapis" occurs in the disputed death scene of Alexander (323 BCE),[6] but it is something of a mixup: The unconnected Babylonian god Ea (Enki) was titled Šar Apsi, meaning "king of the Apsu" or "the watery deep",[b] and Ea as Šar Apsi seems to be the deity intended in the description of Alexander's death. Since this "Sarapis" had a temple at Babylon, and was of such importance that only Sarapis is named as being consulted on behalf of the dying king, Sarapis of Babylon appears to have radically altered perceptions of mythologies in the post-Alexandrian era. His significance to the Hellenic psyche, due to the mention in the story of Alexander's death, may have also contributed to the choice of the similar-sounding Osiris-Apis as the chief Ptolemaic god, even if the Ptolemies understood that they were different deities. [...] According to Plutarch, Ptolemy stole the cult statue from Sinope in Asia Minor, having been instructed in a dream by the "unknown god" to bring the statue to Alexandria, where the statue was pronounced to be Serapis by two religious experts. One of the experts was of the Eumolpidae, the ancient family from whose members the hierophant of the Eleusinian Mysteries had been chosen since before history, and the other was the scholarly Egyptian priest Manetho, which gave weight to the judgement both for the Egyptians and the Greeks.

- Wikipedia on Serapis

Help. Everything about this is crazy.

[brbljivica]

Milica Špadijer - Šar-planina

[stumbleimg]

Sunrise, Šar planina, Balkans [OC] [5472x3648]

[urlasage]

÷

               ·

𒀭𒀀𒉣𒈾 ANUNNAKI   ·    

                                ·

                  šakkanakki Bābili · King of Babylon ·

                                     ·

                       ·                         ·

                                Sumu-abum

Sumu-la-El                                 Sabium 

                               Apil-Sin

Sin-Muballit                             Hammurabi

                            Samsu-iluna

Abi-Eshuh                                    Ammi-Ditana

         Ammi-Saduqa            Samsu-Ditana

 Dynasty I   · Amorite ·   1894–1595 BC

                      .                               .

                                     .

Ilum-ma-ili                                        Itti-ili-nibi

                            Damqi-ilishu

Ishkibal                                            Shushushi

                              Gulkishar

DIŠ-U-EN                                     Peshgaldaramesh

                          Ayadaragalama

Akurduana                                    Melamkurkurra

                             Ea-gamil

Dynasty II · 1st Sealand · 1725–1475 BC

                                     ·                      

                   ·                                       ·

                   ·                                          ·

                                  Gandash

Agum I                                             Kashtiliash I

Abi-Rattash                                    Kashtiliash II

                            Urzigurumash

Agum II                                             Harba-Shipak

                               Shipta'ulzi

Burnaburiash I                                Ulamburiash

                                                         Kashtiliash III

Agum III

                            Kadashman-Sah

Karaindash                                    Kadashman-Harbe I

                                 Kurigalzu I

Kadashman-Enlil I                        Burnaburiash II

                              Kara-hardash

Nazi-Bugash                                   Kurigalzu II

                             Nazi-Maruttash

Kadashman-Turgu                        Kadashman-Enlil II

                                 Kudur-Enlil

Shagarakti-Shuriash                    Kashtiliash IV

                           Enlil-nadin-shumi

Kadashman-Harbe II                        Adad-shuma-iddina

                                  Adad-shuma-usur

Meli-Shipak

                              Marduk-apla-iddina I

                                                              Zababa-shuma-iddin

 Enlil-nadin-ahi

          Dynasty III ·  Kassite ·  1729–1155 BC

                               .                            .

                                              .

                                              ·

                      ·                                                ·

                           Marduk-kabit-ahheshu

Itti-Marduk-balatu                             Ninurta-nadin-shumi            

                                                       Nebuchadnezzar I

Enlil-nadin-apli                                      Marduk-nadin-ahhe

        Marduk-shapik-zeri                  Adad-apla-iddina

                Marduk-ahhe-eriba           Marduk-zer-X

                                Nabu-shum-libur

              Dynasty IV  ·  2nd Isin   ·     1153–1022 BC

                   ·                                                                ·

                                     ·                           ·

                                                  ·

                                     Simbar-shipak

Ea-mukin-zeri                                           Kashshu-nadin-ahi

                                                   .

          Dynasty V  ·  2nd Sealand  · 1021–1001 BC

                        ·                                                  ·

    ·                                                                                            ·

Eulmash-shakin-shumi                         Ninurta-kudurri-usur I     

                                  Shirikti-shuqamuna

                 Dynasty VI · Bazi · 1000–981 BC

                                                                                                         ·

                                         ·                       ·

                                                    ·

                                      Mar-biti-apla-usur

                 Dynasty VII · Elamite · 980–975 BC

                                                     ·

                        ·                                                       ·

                                                       ·

                  ·                                                                            ·

Nabu-mukin-apli                                                          Ninurta-kudurri-usur II

                Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina               Shamash-mudammiq

Nabu-shuma-ukin I                                                Nabu-apla-iddina

Marduk-zakir-shumi I                                   Marduk-balassu-iqbi

                                            Baba-aha-iddina

.

.

.

                                          at least 4 years

                                Babylonian interregnum

Ninurta-apla-X                                                        Marduk-bel-zeri

Marduk-apla-usur                                          Eriba-Marduk

Nabu-shuma-ishkun                                      Nabonassar

Nabu-nadin-zeri                                                      Nabu-shuma-ukin II

                         Dynasty VIII ·  E · 974–732 BC

                                       ·                                        ·

                                                             ·

                                                               ·

                                                                ·

Nabu-mukin-zeri                                              Tiglath-Pileser III

Shalmaneser V                                                Marduk-apla-iddina II

Sargon II                                                                        Sennacherib

Marduk-zakir-shumi II                                              Marduk-apla-iddina II

Bel-ibni                                                                        Aššur-nādin-šumi

Nergal-ushezib                                            Mushezib-Marduk

Sennacherib aka Sîn-ahhe-erība

Esarhaddon aka Aššur-aḫa-iddina

                                                                                   Ashurbanipal

Šamaš-šuma-ukin

Aššur-bāni-apli                                                      Sîn-šumu-līšir

                                                                           Sîn-šar-iškun

                   Dynasty IX · Assyrian · 732–626 BC

                                      .                        .

                                                           .

                                                                     .

                                              Nabopolassar

                                            Nabû-apla-uṣur

Nebuchadnezzar II Nabû-kudurri-uṣur

                                                                          Amēl-Marduk

Neriglissar

Nergal-šar-uṣur

                                          Lâbâši-Marduk

                                                                                      Nabonidus                                                                             

                                                                                     Nabû-naʾid

                 Dynasty X · Chaldean · 626–539 BC

                                      .                            ·

                                      .                           ·

                                      .                           ·

                                      .                           ·

                                      .                           ·

                                      .                           ·

Cyrus II the Great · Kuraš · 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš · 

Cambyses II ·  Kambuzīa ·

Bardiya · Barzia ·

Nebuchadnezzar III · Nabû-kudurri-uṣur ·

·

Darius I the Great · Dariamuš · 1st reign

·

Nebuchadnezzar IV · Nabû-kudurri-uṣur

Darius I the Great · Dariamuš · 2nd reign

·

Xerxes I the Great · Aḫšiaršu · 1st reign

·

Shamash-eriba · Šamaš-eriba

Bel-shimanni · Bêl-šimânni

·

Xerxes I the Great · Aḫšiaršu · 2nd reign

·

Artaxerxes I · Artakšatsu

Xerxes II

Sogdianus

Darius II

Artaxerxes II

Artaxerxes III

Artaxerxes IV

Nidin-Bel

Darius III

Babylon under foreign rule · 539 BC – AD 224

                   Dynasty XI · Achaemenid · 539–331 BC

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                          ·.                           ·

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Alexander III the Great     ·     Aliksandar

Philip III Arrhidaeus           ·       Pilipsu

Antigonus I Monophthalmus         ·       Antigunusu

Alexander IV                        ·            Aliksandar

Dynasty XII  · Argead ·  331–305 BC

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                            ·.

Seleucus I Nicator     ·   Siluku

Antiochus I Soter   ·   Antiʾukusu

Seleucus · Siluku

Antiochus II Theos · Antiʾukusu

Seleucus II Callinicus · Siluku

Seleucus III Ceraunus · 

Antiochus III the Great · Antiʾukusu

Antiochus · 

Seleucus IV Philopator · Siluku

Antiochus IV Epiphanes · 

Antiochus

Antiochus V Eupator

Demetrius I Soter

Timarchus

Demetrius I Soter

Alexander Balas

Demetrius II Nicator

Dynasty XIII · Seleucid ·  305–141 BC

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Mithridates I

                                         ��Phraates II

Rinnu

Antiochus VII Sidetes

                                           Phraates II

Ubulna

Hyspaosines

Artabanus I

Mithridates II

Gotarzes I

Asi'abatar

Orodes I

Ispubarza

Sinatruces

Phraates III

Piriustana

Teleuniqe

Orodes II

Phraates IV

Phraates V

Orodes III

Vonones I

Artabanus II

Vardanes I

Gotarzes II

Vonones II

Vologases I

Pacorus II

Artabanus III

Osroes I

Vologases III

Parthamaspates

Vologases IV

Vologases V

Vologases VI

Artabanus IV

Dynasty XIV · Arsacid ·  141 BC – AD 224

·   9 centuries of Persian Empires ·  until AD 650

Trajan  in AD 116

mid-7th-century    Muslim Empire

                          ·.

                          ·.

                          ·.

               1921 Iraqi State

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                          ·.

1978 · 14th of February · Saddam Hussein

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2009 · May · the provincial government of Babil

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so many kings

and just one queen

                                       semiramis 

                                                              ··                        · 

              ·                        SEMIRAMIS                       ·

                                                    ··

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.

····  Βαβυλών ··· ΒΑΒΥΛΩΝ ····

Babylonia 

Gate of the Gods

بابل Babil 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 · 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 · 𐡁𐡁𐡋 ·  ܒܒܠ ·  בָּבֶל 

Iraq ·  55 miles south of Baghdad

near the lower Euphrates river

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[dustenpollemans]

Onontdekte wandelroutes in Macedoniës natuur

Van de uitgestrekte bossen in het Mavrovo Nationaal Park tot de verborgen valleien van de Šar-gebergte, deze regio is een ware schatkamer voor liefhebbers van ongerepte natuur. De uiteenlopende klimaten zorgen voor verrassende microhabitats, perfect voor avonturiers op zoek naar authentieke, onaangetaste wandelbelevenissen. Maar waarom zijn deze paden nog steeds onbekend en wat maakt ze zo…

[oglasavanje]

Mops i Šar pei

[travelella]

Šar Mountains, North Macedonia

Kristijan Arsov

[jebiga214]

Swän

Jag hade behövt dig som vän helt ärligt.. Jag känner dig och förstår dig. Du lånade hundringar som du behövde och jag ställde upp utan att blinka. Jag hade behövt ditt stöd, ditt resonemang och dina konkreta synvinklar.

Jag menar allt handlar väl om Ge & Få? För den som bara tar utan att ge tappar färg o blir grå.

Så om du lyssnar på, vad jag nu säger bro; är BARA:

FUCKING SKÄRP DIG, FORTSÄTT ÄKTA. ÄR DET TUNGT I HJÄRTAT, SÅ SNÄLLA BARA BERÄTTA.

Annars fuck it, jag e jugge o jag skiter i dina rundpel

Jag är äkta Šar Planinac och du en inavlad skallig pudel.

Folk verkar inte fatta att det här med att helt spontant rappa är ofta det jag velat säga till min pappa.

Jebiga, livet e fuckt up..

/M.Jajic

[krusebruce]

North Macedonia

Wheat, tobacco leaves and opium poppy fruits and embroidery of traditional folk weaving. In the center is a lake and sunrise. The sunrise represents freedom and the mountains represent the šar mountains with the peak Mount Korab. The river vardar and the lake Ohrid. The poppy was brought by the ottomans during thr 19th century.

[radiogornjigrad]

Alber Kamus i Rene Charu

Iz prepiske, Alber Kami i Rene Šar Albert Camus o Renéu Charu Pjesniku kakav je René Char na nekoliko stranica nije moguće izraziti sve što mu dolikuje, no možemo ga barem situirati. Neka djela zaslužuju da – premda bez podrobnosti – iskoristimo svaku priliku za izražavanje zahvalnosti koju im dugujemo. I veseo sam da mi ovo njemačko izdanje mojih najdražih pjesama nudi priliku reći da Renéa…

[47015741]

Walking above the clouds. Šar planina, Macedonia