#zygomorphic flowers

[trendynewsnow]

The Enigmatic Beauty of Orchids in Papua New Guinea

Orchids are fascinatingly zygomorphic, meaning that if you were to split their flowers in half from top to bottom, you would find that each side mirrors the other symmetrically, much like the features of a human face. This unique characteristic might explain the intense passion these blooms evoke among botanical enthusiasts worldwide. Ranging from extravagant and flamboyant to elegant and…

[mountrainiernps]

Landscape Language

Zygomorphic (adj) – flower that divides along an axis into mirror-like parts

Also known as bilateral symmetry, zygomorphic flowers have an irregular flower structure that can be divided into mirrored halves. Classic examples are members of the orchid family, such as the Calypso orchids found in Mount Rainier National Park. Calypso orchids have a crown of five petals and a slipper-shaped lower lip that forms a mirror image if you imagine a vertical axis splitting the flower in half. In addition to the 15 orchid species found in the park, other examples of zygomorphic wildflowers include monkeyflowers and penstemons.

NPS Photo of Calypso orchids in the Longmire area, April 2016. ~kl

[oliversrarebooks]

@ vocab anon

botany student here and I'm pretty sure "zygomorphic" specifically refers to flower identification (contrasting actinomorphic, referring to "circular" flowers

I think vocab anon might be cursed to only learn new vocabulary words if they use them in a sentence related to tumblr vampire whump.

[pnwnativeplants]

Photo and write up by Lawrence Smith

"Calypso Orchid (Calypso bulbosa)

This plant is hermaphrodytic (dual sexed), as well as being zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical). Germination only takes place when coming into contact with a certain type of mycorrhizal root fungus. Also, this plant is unusual, because it occupies only a single genus/species. And I kind of like the fact that they bear only one leaf. What an oddball…a beautiful plant.

This guy/girl was residing at about 3400 feet on the way up Mount Elk Lick out of the Duckabush Valley. Don't see them up as often up at that elevation. However, as I'm sure most of the group members here know, it's ubiquitous in our area.

Ended up laying out my foam pad and observing this up close for quite a long time before the Earth rotated enough to give me a clean shot in decent indirect sunlight. I didn't mind at all, as the hillside was steep and long, and I needed the breather.

My "laying around" for a while, waiting for the sun, paid off in a nicely lit closeup which allowed the different colors to really show off.

If you look closely, you can see the startling color range, including the gorgeous purple colored part of the stem where it arches down to the flower.

The whole plant is sensual looking, and I'm betting Georgia O'Keefe would have loved to create a painting from this flower, since she was famous for her paintings of orchids in general.

Provia transparency film"

[i-should-have-studied]

Mod 2 Botany Sem End

Fabaceae - Pea Family

Classification: Spermatophyta Angiosperms Dicotyledons Polypetalae Calyciflorae Rosales Fabaceae

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Derivation of Classification:

Spermatophyta: Seed bearing plants.

Angiosperms: Seeds enclosed within a fruit.

Dicotyledons: 1) Tap root system 2) Dorsiventral leaves 3) Reticulate venation 4) Mostly pentamerous flowers 5) Seed with two cotyledons

Polypetalae: 1) Perianth present; differentiated into calyx and corolla 2) Petals free

Calyciflorae: 1) Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic 2) Hypogynous, perigynous, or epigynous 3) Cup shaped thalamus called calyx tube may be present 4) Stamens 10-many, inserted on the calyx tube 5) Monocarpellary gynoecium with marginal placentation

Rosales: 1) Leaves alternate and stipulate 2) Flowers bisexual 3) Actinomorphic or zygomorphic 4) Monocarpellary

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Family:

Distribution: This family includes 600 genera and 12800 species, cosmopolitan distribution.

Habitat: Terrestrial mesophytes. Exceptions: Aeschynomene - hydrophyte Alhagi maurorum - xerophyte

Habit:

Mostly herbs - Pisum spp., Medicago

Few shrubs - Tephrosia, Crotolaria

Some trees - Butea frondosa (aka flame of the forest), Erythrina

Some herbaceous stem climbers/twiners - Dolichos, Clitoria.

Herbaceous tendril chambers - Pisum spp, Lathyrus spp.

Root System: Tap root system with bacterial nodules. These plants are used in crop rotation and as green manure.

Stem: Aerial, erect or climbing, strong or weak, solid, branched, herbaceous or woody, cylindrical or angular, smooth or hairy.

Leaves: Alternate, mostly compound

Unipinnately compound - Clitoria, Tephrosia, Pisum.

Pinnately trifoliate - Dolichos

Palmately trifoliate - Crotolaria

Simple - Crotolaria retusa

Stipulate or Exstipulate, stipules are foliaceous in Lathyrus and Pisum. They take on the function of photosynthesis.

In Pisum the terminal leaflets are modified into tendrils.

In Lathyrus the entire leaf is modified into tendrils.

In Dolichos and Clitoria the leaflets are stipelate.

Leaf is petiolate, pulvinous leaf base, leaflets – ovate, oblong, margin entire, apex acute, obtuse or retuse, pinnately reticulate venation.

In Desmodium gyrans (Indian telegraph plant) the central leaflets exhibit autonomous movements in response to variation in temperature.

Inflorescence: Axillary or terminal, racemose – simple raceme, solitary in Cicer.

Flower: Bracteate, pedicellate, bracteolate (Crotalaria, Clitoria) or ebracteolate (Dolichos, Tephrosia), actinomorphic, zygomorphic, complete, bisexual, hypogynous, pentamerous.

Calyx: 5 sepals, gamosepalous, valvate aestivation and persistent, odd sepal anterior in position.

Corolla: 5 Petals, polypetalous, papilionaceous corolla or butterfly shaped.

The large outermost posteriorly placed petal is called standard/vexillum; it overlaps the two median lateral petals called wings/alae; which in turn overlaps two antero-lateral petals called keel/carina.

Descendingly imbricate aestivation or vexillary.

Androecium: Ten Stamens,

Mostly diadelphous - Tephrosia, Dolichos and Clitoria.

Crotolaria: five long and five short, monoadelphous condition,

Dalbergia spp: 9 stamens, monoadelphous.

Anthers are dithecous, introrse, basifixed, or dorsifixed.

Gynoecium: Simple, monocarpellary. Ovary superior, long cylindrical (Pisum) or laterally compressed (Crotolaria).

Gynophore may be present. Style long, terminal but at the base in Crotolaria it bends ends in hairy stigma.

Fruit: Legume or pod

Seed: Seeds are endospermic

Floral Formula:

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Economic Importance:

Most of the crops are used as fodder for cattle.

Pulses: Pisum sativum - Garden pea, Glycine max - Soybean

Vegetables: Phaseolus vulgaris - Kidney bean

Oils: Arachis hypogea - Groundnut

Timber yielding: Dalbergia latifolia – Indian Rosewood,

Indigofera tinctoria – the leaves yield indigo dye used in dyeing and printing cotton and rayon and pigments for paints and ink.

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Embryology in Relation to Taxonomy

Schnarf, a German embryologist, studied the role of embryology in 1931.

The angiosperm embryological characters of importance are: anatropous, double fertilization, triple fusion, post fertilized triploid endosperm, and dicot or monocot conditions.

Embryology in relation to taxonomy can be observed at three levels: above family level, at family level, and at generic level.

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Above Family Level

1) Caryophyllales

Commonly known as centrospermae

Have trinucleate pollen

Bitegmic crassinucellate ovule

Curved and peripheral embryo

Perisperm with or without endosperm.

2) Helobia

Have helobial type of endosperm

-(a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern.)-

3) Gentinales

Lack of integumentary tapetum

Have nuclear endosperm

Buddleiaceae and Oleaceae have integuments and cellular endosperm

4) Orchidales

Have an undifferentiated embryo

Very little to no endosperm

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At Family Level

1) Podostemaceae

Includes perennial aquatic herbs with unique embryo features such as:

Pseudo embryo sac

Bisporic type of embryo sac

Pollen grain in pairs

Tenuinucellate bitegmic ovule

Presence of suspensor

2) Onagraceae

-(THe one where the megaspore divides one less time, only forming 4 nuclei instead of 8)-

Monosporic 4 nucleate, oenothera type embryo sac (with the exception of trapa)

Embryo sac derived from micropylar megaspore of tetrad

Only egg apparatus, 2 synergids, and one polar nucleus form.

Antipodals and one polar nucleus absent.

3) Cyperaceae

Microspore mother cell only gives one funtional microspore

4) Loranthaceae

Actually has 2 sub families, Loranthoideae and Viscoideae

i) Loranthoideae - Triradiate pollen - Polygonum embryo sac - Composite endosperm - Presence of suspensor - Polyembryony

ii) Viscoideae - Spherical pollen - Allium type embryo sac - Non-composite endosperm - Absence of suspensor - Polyembryony - The subfamilies have recently changed to Loranthaceae and Viscaceae respectively

At Generic Level

1) Trapa

Kept under Onagraceae (B&H) and Trapaceae (Englerian)

Evidence for both: -(????)-

2) Paeonia

Used to be included in Ranunculaceae (characters not present), now in Paeoniaceae

Generative cells are longer and elongated

Embryo sac long and narrow

Seed coat is massive

Germination epigeal

3) Exocarpus (Previously Santalaceace)

Initially placed in Exocarpaceae (under gymnosperms) due to the presence of naked ovules and pollen chamber.

But later it was confirmed to be Santalaceae due to the:

Presence of angiospermic flowers

Polygonum embryo sac

Cellular endosperm

And transverse division in zygote

4) Butomus

Polygonum embryo sac

Other genera of the family Butomaceae process Allium type embryo sac

With the exception of Butomus, all other genera have been transferred to Alismataceae

I'm failing

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Cytotaxonomy

Cytology in relation to taxonomy

The application of cytological data in solving taxonomic problems.

The characteristics of the chromosomes, which have proved to be of taxonomic value include: - Chromosome number - Chromosome size - Chromosome morphology - Chromosome behavior

Chromosome Number: - The chromosome no. is constant and same in all individuals of a species. - It is used as a confirmative property to distinguish a species from members of other species. - Can be divided into: - Separation at species level - Separation at interspecific level - Separation at generic level - Separation at family level - Ex: Monotropa hypoptiys and Monotropa hypophegea are two difference species that are morphologically similar, but they are separated on the bases of chromosome no. - M. hypopitys is hexaploid (2n=48) - M. hypophegea is diploid (2n=16) - It is usually seen that closely related plants, like the different species of a genus, show chromosome numbers with reveal an arithmetic relation with one another.

Aneuploids: - Plants with basic no of chromosome with some addition or deletion of a few chromosomes. - Monosomics: 2n-1, like in Datura - Nullisomics: 2n-2, like in Triticum - Tricomics: 2n+1, like in Wheat - Tetrasomics: 2n+2 chromosome

Chromosome Size: - It has already been discovered that evolutionary development involves in addition to alterations in chromosome number - Ex: Cytologically, Cyclea and Cissampelos are seen to be based on 12, while Stephania shows n=13. It is seen that the number n=13 is characteristic of the tribe Cocculeae, which further shows chromosomes of small size. - Large chromosomes, low chromosome no., and symmetrical karyotype represents a primitive status. - Small chromosomes, high chromosome no., and extreme asymmetry indicates advancement.

Chromosome Morphology: - Karyotype of plants is now very useful for the classification of some plants. - Monocotyledons have larger chromosome no. than dicot. - Woody plants have smaller chromosome no. than herbs. - The position of centromere and satellite is considered in classification: - ex 1: Human chromosomes are divided into 7 groups and sex chromosomes: - ex 2: Also, the shape of metaphase chromosome is considered for classification.

Chromosome Behavior - It provides clues about the cause of sterility and fertility among populations - Structural difference in the paternal chromosome is the main cause for the sterility - If the two sets of paternal chromosomes are homologous, the plants seem to be fertile.

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Significance of Cytotaxonomy:

The role of cytotaxonomy is very important in taxonomic studies.

Cytotaxonomy is more significant, the process is dealing with the comparative study of chromosome and with this method minute variation among the individuals can be detected.

DNA is present in the every chromosome and the variations in each DNA are responsible for the variation among the individuals, species, genus and everything.

When the differences of physiological variations are too less among the individuals of same species and other higher taxa, Cytotaxonomy is a part of taxonomic biology that deals with the classification of organisms.

Cytotaxonomy classifies these organisms based on their function and cellular (DNA) structure. As the cytologic data are directly derived from nucleus, the seat of hereditary material, they may be used for understanding the evolution and relationships of population.

The characteristics of karyotypes are taxonomically useful where the individual chromosomes are large enough for detailed microscopic observation.

In this branch, another useful taxonomic character is the position of centromere. Meiotic behavior may show heterozygosity of in versions. This may be constant for a taxon, offering further taxonomic evidence.

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Chemotaxonomy

The chemical constituents of plants differ from one species to another

They are restricted to certain taxa, making them valuable characters for plant classification.

The classification of plants on the basis of chemical contents is called chemotaxonomy or chemical taxonomy.

The following chemicals are present in plants and accounted for classification:

- Non-protein amino acids

- Phenolics

- Betalins

- Alkoloids

- Terpenoids and Steroids

- Crystals

- Immunological reactions

1) Non-protein Amino Acids

There are 300 non-protein amino acids in plants

Some are restricted to certain groups alone

They are used to classify and distinguish the taxa from others

Ex: Lathyrine in genus Lathyrus

Ex: add one more

2) Phenolics

Derivatives of phenolic compounds

Plants are classified on the basis of specific phenolic compounds.

Ex: Flavonols and methoxy cinnamic acid - herbaceous plants

Ex: Leucoanthocynin - woody plants.

3) Betalins

Derivatives of phenols serving as pigments.

They are present in only 10 families.

Ex: The position of the family Cactaceae was disputed for many years, but on the basis of the presence of betalins, it's position in centrospermae has been confirmed.

4) Alkaloids

Nitrogen containing compounds with a heterocyclic ring.

There are about 5000 different alkaloids in angiosperms.

They are used as a source for plant classification.

Ex: Lupin - Fabaceae

Ex: Tropane - Solanaceae

Ex: Morphine - Papaver somnifer

5) Terpenoids and Steroids

Terpenoids are unsaturated hydrocarbons derived from isoprenes

Ex: Carotenoids, iridoids

Steroids are saturated hydrocarbons with four rings in their structure

Ex: Cucurbitins present in Cucurbitaceae

6) Crystals yay

Some plants have raphide crystals in different parts of their body.

The forms of crystals are used to some extent in the classification of plants.

Ex: Presence and absence of raphides are used in the grouping of plants in the family Rubiaceae

Calcium oxalate crystals are present in the ovary walls of the members of Asteraceae.

7) Immunological Reactions

The storage protein or pollen protein is injected from the plant body to a test animal (usually a mouse or rabbit)

The test animal produces antiserum against the protein

The antiserum is mixed with the plant extract to detect the precipitate formed by antigen-antibody reaction.

The nature and amount of precipitate indicate the relationship of the protein to the plant.

High rate of precipitation indicates closeness of the plants.

Low rate shows that the plants are not related.

This type of study is called serotaxonomy.

Ex: Closeness of Delphinium to Aconitumis has been confirmed by serological studies.

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Numerical Taxonomy

Numerical taxonomy or taximetrics is taxonomy which uses mathematical methods to find similarities and differences.

It is based oh phenetic evidences (phenotype) published by Sokal and Sneath in 1963.

Basic aspects:

I) Construction of Taxonomic Groups: - Individuals are selected and their characters are spotted - There is no limitation in the number of characters. - The greater the number, the better the approach (at least 100 characters) - General character analysis

II) Discrimination of Taxonomic Groups: - When groups show a overlapping of characters. - The discrimination between them is done by analysis technique

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Construction of Taxonomic Groups:

Phenetics: - Based on the similarities between phenetic characters - There is no idea of ancestral relationship - Taxa are connected at different levels according to the overall similarity in the form of a tree diagram called phenogram.

Cladistics: - Based on the relationship between individuals to evolutionary history. - There is a common ancestry - The taxa re connected in a tree called a cladogram.

There are 5 steps in the construction of taxonomic groups: i) Operational Taxonomic Units ii) Unit Characters or Attributes iii) Selection of Unit Characters iv) Estimation of Similarity v) Similarity Matrix

1) Operational Taxonomic Units:

Can be written as OTUs

The basic unit of study in numerical taxonomy

Can be individual, species, genus, family, order, or class based.

OTU is not comparable to formal taxonomic units

Comparison made only with equal rank - Genera are compared with different species - Family with different genera

2) Unit Characters or Attributes:

Characters used in numerical taxonomy are called unit characters

According to Sokal and Sneath 1963- “Taxonomic character which exists in one or more states”

Only the presence or absence of phenetic characters are considered.

Divides into two types:

a) Binary Characters: - Unit characters with two contrasting states - Ex: Presence or absence of trichomes - Ex: Fruits dehiscent or indehiscent - Positive Characters can be denoted as + or 1 - Negative Characters can be denoted as - or 0 - Missing characters are denoted as NC (no comparison)

b) Multistate Characters: - Characters in more than 2 states - Characters coded into number of states: i) Qualitative Multistate Characters: - They contain 3 or more contrasting forms, ex: flower color. - They are analyzed by converting them into a series of binaries. ii) Quantitative Multistate Characters: - Measures size on a continuous scale, ex: Length of leaf/height of plant.

3) Selection of Unit Characters:

According to Sneath & Sokal:

They should come from all parts of an organism

Belong to all stages of the life cycle of organism

Variable characters within the group used

Attention is given to characters related to morphology, physiology, ecology, and the distribution of organism

All characters are given equal value

4) Estimation of Similarity

The resemblance between a pair of OTUs

Similarity- % of characters in which they agree

Dissimilarity- % of characters they do not agree

Can be calculated with:

a) The Coefficient of Association (S):

The number of possible different combination of matches and mismatches of characters of 2 OTUs in a conventional 2x2 table:

b) Coefficient of Correlation (r):

c) The Measurement of Taxonomic Distance between OTUs (d):

5) Similarity Matrix

Simple matching indices found for all OTUs

Similarity arranged in a test table

10x10 similarity matrix for 10 OTUs

3 clusters can be regarded as three phenons

Group of similar organism by numerical method are phenos

Phenos are arranged in phenogram or dendrogram

Since this process of rearrangement is based on visual inspection, it is difficult to achieve with more than 10 OTUs.

Sokal and Sneath described shaded similarity matrices

The range of similarity is indicated by squares with different densities of shading

Advantages: - Helps in interpretation of wide range of data - Gives better classification - Re-interpretation possible

Disadvantages: - Selection of characters can be difficult - Numerical species recognized by this method are unacceptable

[23rdhunter]

Animals

Book titles

Countries

Dogs

Exercises

Foods

Games

Horrors (Alternatively: Home features)

Islands

Jokes

Kindnesses (like a gratitude journal type thing)

List of lists (like this one)

Movies

Names

Organizations

Phone numbers

Quotes

Recipes

Sounds/songs

True things

Unknown things (might not be effective for this purpose. Alternatively: uniforms, universities, or things that are ubiquitous)

Vegetation

Wishes (Alternatively: warbler species)

X words that start with this letter

Years in which you can name a historical event

Zippo lighter styles (Alternatively: animals of the zodiac; things that zoom; zygomorphic flowers)

Soliciting suggestions

To attempt to make my brain slow down and stop racing at a million miles an hour at night the past few days I've tried playing the name a thing for each letter of the alphabet game and it seems to help a little bit - if not to help me sleep, then at least to make my mind slow down.

But it can be hard to think of categories. Doesn't have to be a one for each letter thing, it could be name ten Xs or something. Any suggestions are welcomed for ideas!

[240bravotommy-blog]

Self Loathing

Venom pulses through my veins and I am toxic to the touch.

I cover my head to toe in clothes because my skeletons lie with me.

If I could pry my heart from its cage I’d through it to the dirt.

Zygomorphic between the legs and it tastes as it sounds.

My shadows are my stalkers.

My eyes are my killers.

May my concealment equate to you being oblivious.

[rabbitcruiser]

Lake Molkomssjön, Sweden (No. 2)

The reddish stems of this herbaceous perennial are usually simple, erect, smooth, 0.5–2.5 m (1½–8 feet) high with scattered alternate leaves. The leaves are spirally arranged, entire, narrowly lanceolate, and pinnately veined, the secondary leaf veins anastomosing, joining together to form a continuous marginal vein just inside the leaf margins.

The inflorescence is a symmetrical terminal raceme that blooms progressively from bottom to top, producing a gracefully tapered shape. The flowers are 2 to 3 cm in diameter, slightly asymmetrical, with four magenta to pink petals and four narrower pink sepals behind. The protruding style has four stigmas. 

The upright, reddish-brown linear seed capsule splits from the apex and curls open. It bears many minute brown seeds, about 300 to 400 per capsule and 80,000 per plant. The seeds have silky hairs to aid wind dispersal and are very easily spread by the wind, often becoming a weed and a dominant species on disturbed ground. Once established, the plants also spread extensively by underground roots, an individual plant eventually forming a large patch.

This species has been placed in the genus Chamaenerion (sometimes given as Chamerion) rather than Epilobium based on several morphological distinctions: spiral (rather than opposite or whorled) leaf arrangement; absence (rather than presence) of a hypanthium; subequal stamens (rather than stamens in two unequal whorls); zygomorphic (rather than actinomorphic) stamens and stigma. Under this taxonomic arrangement, Chamaenerion and Epilobium are monophyletic sister genera.

Two subspecies are recognized as valid:

Chamaenerion angustifolium subsp. angustifolium

Chamaenerion angustifolium subsp. circumvagum 

Source: Wikipedia

[bogbirch]

Lamiaceae (mint family) flower appreciation post!! Not only are mints easy to identify because of their square stems, opposite leaves, and characteristic zygomorphic flowers, they’re also very pretty and come in really cool colours!!

[thumbgarden]

Growing Balsam flowers: the secret to more lushness

Many people like to decorate their windowsills, yards, and garden plots with ornamental flowers in clusters of large, bright flowers. One of these flowers is Balsam flowers (Impatiens balsamina). About how growing balsam flowers from seeds, as well as its species, how it is used in landscape design - this is what we will talk about in this article.

Balsam flowers, which is also known as Impatiens balsamina or perennial, from the family Impatiens balsamina - it is an annual or perennial herb (garden or room flower), which counts in their genus more than 500 species.

Balsam flower leaves are fleshy, entire, glossy, with serrated edges and glandular at the base. The leaves are green, reddish-green, or bronze in color. The succulent and branched buds of different varieties of Balsam flowers range in height from 6-20inch (15-50 cm).

The flowers are zygomorphic and grow singly or in inflorescences. Each flower is in a leaf axil and can have different colors depending on the variety: white, pink, orange, red, purple, striped, or spotted.

There are created hybrids with small, showy flowers, waving flowers, and colorful foliage. Each flower consists of five sepals, one of which extends into a spur, and a five-membered corolla, as well as single or paired petals.

The five stamens are fused to the anthers on the staminal filaments, forming a cap that is shed when the stigma matures. This allows the flowers to cross-pollinate. The five strains have short stains as well as one to five stains.

The fruit is in the form of a juicy capsule that opens suddenly with its twisted capsule, or a berry-like capsule (depending on the variety). Flowering takes place from early June to the end of September.

Did you know? It is interesting how Impatiens balsamina attracts some insects to pollinate it and others to divert nectar: the petioles and serrated leaf margins secrete sweet droplets of liquid that evaporate and turn into sugar crystals. These crystals attractants and keep them away from the pollen freely collected by bees.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT The home and range of Balsam flowers are tropical and subtropical in Africa and Asia. They also grow in temperate and tropical climates of Central Asia, North America, and Europe.

Balsam flowers are not a very numerous genus. Based on the main plant species, breeders have produced several varieties of garden and indoor Balsam flowers. Let us now describe each variety and the hybrids created on their basis.

Impatiens Waller - This species is branched and densely covered with diamond- or oval-shaped leaves. During flowering, the bush is completely dotted with flowers. They can reach a height of 23inch (60cm). The leaves are decorative and reddish-brown in color. On the basis of hardy plants, scientists have developed hybrids of hybrid hardy plants with different flower colors.

Important note: The sap of the flowers is considered moderately toxic, so keep the plant away from children and pets.

LANDSCAPING APPLICATIONS A variety of Balsam flowers are among the many beautiful bedding flowers that adorn any flower garden. They can be appropriately placed in wind-proof and less dark areas around the garden plot. Here are some options for decorating your own garden with these showy flowers 1. A very smart and decorative look a vertical bed composed of different shades of Balsam flowers. Such a screen, painted in different colors, will create a cozy atmosphere and decorate a summer rest corner in the garden. 2. Along the garden path, these flowers will look great in the flowerbeds. 3. Wall hanging pots or wall or floor pots can be decorated with different shades of Balsam flowers wood as a pergola. 4. Low-growing flowers in the form of carpets fill the space between trees and shrubs. 5. Since Balsam flowers have a long flowering period and a variety of colors, perennial flowers with a shorter flowering period can be used to add spectacular color to the composition. 6. Taller varieties will decorate the new mixed borders, the gaps between the still small and not very trailing perennials and shrubs. 7. Low-growing cultivars in flower beds can be planted in different shades, and their color schemes can be chosen so that any pattern or color transition creates a gradation.

Fuchsia, verbena, bellflower, and agapanthus will be good companions of Balsam flowers in the bed, and the combination of boxwood and garden Balsam flowers looks interesting.

CULTIVATION AND CARE OF PLANTS Balsam flowers do not require special care. They are unpretentious plants, perfectly adapted to environmental conditions, with a long flowering time and a large number of flowers. However, like other ornamental plants, they require a certain amount of care. Here are some requirements for the care of Balsam flowers.

MAINTENANCE CONDITIONS Balsam flowers usually receive a little shade, but in full sun the plant's foliage becomes brighter and more buds form on the shrub. They are not afraid of direct sunlight, but in the strong shade, the plants will be stretched and bare. They can be planted in hanging pots, deep but not wide garden, and balcony containers and vases with a volume of 3 liters or more.

SOIL AND FERTILIZER Plant the next crop in any fertile soil. In the case of vases, it is best to line the bottom with crumbs of bricks or swollen clay. Fertilizer is definitely needed when the plants begin to actively grow and bloom. Twice every 30 days, dilute in the water a mineral fertilizer designed for balcony and garden flowers.

WATERING AND MOISTURE Balsam flowers should be watered frequently and heavily. 1. The soil under them should always be moist, but make sure that the water in the bed is not stagnant, otherwise, the plant is in danger of rotting. 2. If the plant is a potted perennial, watering should be reduced in winter and the topsoil in the pot should be allowed to dry out completely. 3. Also indoor plants need to be sprayed regularly, but make sure that the spray does not get on the buds.

RELATIONSHIP WITH TEMPERATURE Temperature requirements for indoor plants. 1. The ambient air should not fall below 59-64°F (15-18°C), with the most acceptable temperature being 68°F (20°C) above zero. If the temperature drops to plus 55°F (13°C), the plant may die. 2. Harden in the spring, taking into account the ambient air temperature, and take the vase with Balsam flowers out onto the balcony. 3. Hardy annuals grown in the open are not afraid of strong sunlight, although on particularly hot days the foliage can become a bit peaky and the buds can close. But as soon as the sun starts to go down in the evening, they will come back to life as soon as they are watered under the roots.

Did you know that Balsam (Impatiens balsamina) means "impatience", indicating that in some flower species, at the slightest touch of ripe fruit, the fruit will split open and the seeds will fly far away?

PROPAGATION AND PLANTING Balsam flowers are propagated by seeds, but also by cuttings from the upper part of the stem. We will describe the characteristics of each method below.

From seeds Seeds of Balsam flowers can be purchased in specialized stores, where there is a large selection. When buying, pay attention to the date of their collection, not the date of sale, because old seeds may not take off at all.

Important! Balsam flower seeds can be kept for germination up to 7-8 years, but it is better to plant fresh seeds.

To get your hardy plants to bloom by early summer, sow them in the ground by mid-February. 1. To prepare the seeds for sowing, pre-disinfect them with a light manganese solution for 10 minutes, then soak them in clean, warm water for a day. 2. For later seedlings, take a 0.5-liter plastic cup and pierce small holes in the bottom of the cup for drainage. Fill the bottom of the cup with 0.4-0.8inch (1-2 cm) of fine gravel or clay stones. 3. Fill the containers for seedlings with nutrient-rich, light soil. You can buy generic soil at the store, but you can also prepare your own, which consists of the following: one part garden soil, two parts peat moss, one part vermiculite, and one part coarse sand. 4. The soil mixture is then watered with a "phytochemical" solution to improve its microflora composition and kill any pathogenic spores that may be present. 5. The seeds are very sensitive to light, so they should be sown on a moist soil surface, slightly pressed into the soil, but not submerged to depth. 6. Wet the planted seedlings with a sprayer, cover with plastic film, and place on a well-lit, warm windowsill. 7 The temperature of the room where the seeds will germinate should be maintained at 71-77°F (22-25°C). 8 If the temperature and humidity are kept moderate, the first bud should appear in about 20 days. After a single bud appears, the film should be opened twice daily to ventilate the sprouts and shake off any accumulated dew on the film. Excessive humidity is also undesirable as it can expose the seedlings to fungal infestation. 9. After all the seedlings have emerged (after 5-6 days), remove the bag completely and continue to moisten the soil. 10. In the morning, evening, and cloudy days, it is advisable to give the seedlings more light with fluorescent lamps so as not to affect their development. 11. Later seedlings are best watered through trays to avoid root neck rot. 12. Transplanting seedlings from cups in the open ground, garden containers, or pots should be done after the formation of small clumps and when the roots weave the whole plot into the glass. 13. Seedlings should be planted outdoors when there is no threat of frost: mid-May to mid-June, depending on the growing region. 14. Plants should be planted at least 10inch (25cm) apart.

THE FOLLOWING STEPS ARE REQUIRED FOR PLANT PROPAGATION 1. Select a healthy shoot 3.1-4inch (8-10 cm) long from the mother plant and cut it off with a sharp knife. 2. Place the cuttings in a container with water and place them on a window sill with light. After a few days, the first roots will appear on the cuttings. 3. After the cuttings are rooted, they can be put into small pots - 4inch (10 cm) in diameter. 4. If rooted in spring, a flowering plant will grow from the cuttings of the same summer and will please the owner with lush flowers throughout autumn and winter. 5. Rooting in autumn requires increased heat and light.

CARE, DEPENDING ON LOCATION The care of Balsam flowers should be based on whether it is a house plant or a garden plant. Let's see what needs to be taken care of in each case.

Important note: Indoor Balsam flowers are rejuvenated every 5 years, otherwise, the flowers will lose their decorative character.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CARE OF INDOOR FLOWERS 1. Balsam flowers are very adaptable to high temperatures, so vases with Balsam flowers can be taken outdoors throughout the summer, under a shade shelter, or under a tree canopy to keep out the sun. 2. The temperature regime should not change drastically, so as the autumn days begin, vases need to be brought indoors rather than waiting for a cold snap. 3. In winter, the plants feel good in indoor conditions where the temperature does not fall below 53°F (12°C). 4. Balsam flowers do not have a dormant period, so from October to the end of March light days are short and it needs an extra light source to bloom in the form of daylight. 5. It is very important to fertilize the shrub with compound fertilizer once every two weeks. 6. Watering should be done with warm, rainwater. 7. Water more in summer and more in winter as the root ball dries out in the vase. 8. If the indoor air is dry, the shrub should be sprayed regularly. 9. Shrubs should be pruned annually to stimulate the growth of new shoots. 10. Bushes should be pushed into larger pots or divided. This is best done in mid-spring.

CARING FOR BALSAM FLOWERS Gardening Balsam flowers is also easy - even amateur florists can do it. Here are the chores you need to do to grow Balsam flowers outdoors 1. Water regularly at night, especially on hot days. 2. To keep the soil moist for longer, it should be mulched. 3. Weed regularly to remove stray flowers. 4. You need to feed potassium and phosphorus twice a month while watering with greywater solution (300 grams of greywater poured in 2 liters of boiling water and filled until cool. The solution is then diluted in 10 liters of water). Balsam flowers also very much prefer to be sprayed with liquid foliar fertilizer (foliar feeding). 5. To form a beautiful bush, young branches should be pruned regularly.

Did you know? In Asian countries, there is a Balsam flower species used as a raw material for the production of henna.

DIFFICULTIES THAT MAY ARISE DURING CULTIVATION For all the unpretentious care of Balsam flowers during cultivation, certain difficulties can be encountered. Here are some problems, their causes, and solutions. 1. The leaves on the shrub are small and pale, and the stems are slender and thin. Cause: The plant is depleted of nutrients due to poorly packed soil, or it may be in a very dark place. Solution: Transplant the plant to a larger pot, or remove the topsoil from the pot and add some fresh, fertile soil. If the problem is due to lack of light, you can move the pot to a brighter place, but not in direct sunlight. 2. The shoots are too stretched and bare. Cause: Most varieties of pruned plants tend to stretch. Solution: Regular pruning helps to correct deficiencies. This will stimulate the side shoots and rejuvenate the flowers. 3. Few or no flowers. Cause: Lack of nutrients, or conversely, too much nitrogen, makes the buds and leaves grow to the detriment of flowering. Solution: Proper fertilization. 4. Curling, dryness, falling leaves. Cause: Indoor air is too hot. It may be potted next to a heater or on a windowsill under the hot sun. Remedy: Move the plant to a cool place and sprinkle water regularly. 5. A flower blooms vigorously at the beginning, but then suddenly drops. Cause: Sudden drop in ambient temperature; repotting when in bloom; transferring the root ball to an oversized vase; prolonged dryness in the pot. Remedy: Ensure optimum temperature; do not transplant the plant during flowering; transplant the flowers to a vase slightly larger than the previous one; do not forget to water and sprinkle regularly. 6. The mottled shrub has lost its color. Cause: The flowers do not receive enough light. Solution: These varieties need more sunlight than others, therefore, adequate sunlight needs to be provided.

Balsam flowers look great in hanging pots. Geraniums, verbena, larkspur, petunias, sundews, daffodils, lobelia and begonias are the best plants for hanging pots.

PESTS AND PREVENTION The following is an overview of the main pests and diseases of Balsam flower mosaics, their control methods, and preventive measures.

Balsam flowers mosaic: The young leaves are affected and the young leaves are covered with yellow spots, after which they become deformed. The spots are able to proliferate, yellowing completely covering the leaves and then descending to the stem, leading to unilateral necrosis. The bush stops developing and dies. The cause of the disease is a virus transmitted by thrips or mites. Eradication: Treating the flowers is no longer useful, so prevention is important. Prevention consists of intensive care and spraying with insecticides. Affected plants must be destroyed.

Gray rot: A fungus that affects leaves and shoots with brown spots that are later covered with gray patches of fungal spores. As a result, the plant dies. Infested water or soil may be the cause. Infection can be caused by watering too cold or by air currents, or by weakening the plant due to refrigeration. Prevention: Proper preventive care, watering with warm, clean water, indoor ventilation, creating the right temperature, and keeping the air clean. Also, at the first symptoms (first spots on the leaves), it is best to cut off the affected leaves immediately, transplant the shrub to other soil, and spray with a multi-purpose systemic fungicide.

Bacterial disease: Watery spots appear on leaves and shoots, which then turn brown and cover all the leaves. After that, the plant dies. Caused by contaminated soil, too much water and fertilizer, and high temperatures. The first time you see the spots, remove them immediately by spraying the healthy parts of the plant with a copper-rich product or a fungicide (Bordeaux mixture). If the disease spreads too quickly, it is best to isolate or destroy the flowers.

Powdery mildew: White patches appear on the leaves and then affect the entire shrub. The causes are the poor circulation of fresh air indoors, disrupted feeding and watering schedules, insufficient light and temperature fluctuations. Remedy: Remove diseased leaves and spray with a solution of soda ash (2 grams of soda ash per 1 liter of water). The use of fungicides also helps well. In addition, it is necessary to correct the care of the plant.

Spider mites: A spider mite is entangled in the lower part of the leaf. This is caused by too dry air. Remedy: Spray the plant with a soap solution, or wipe the leaves with alcohol, or use a special preparation. Don't forget to maintain the right humidity for the flower.

In summary, it can be stressed that despite the above-mentioned problems and diseases of Balsam flowers, if all the requirements are followed for planting and caring for these flowers and plants, you can enjoy bright flowers growing on windowsills and in summer flower beds all year round.

#ThumbGarden #Balsam #Flower #Best #Guide #Tips #HowTo #ExpertAdvice #Ornamentals #Seeds #Urban #Garden #FlowerBed #OutdoorGarden #Pests #Fertilize #PottedPlants #Soils #Watering #PlantCare #Care #Toxins

Author: Ms.Geneva Link: https://www.thumbgarden.com/growing-balsam-flowers/ Source: ThumbGarden The copyright belongs to the author. For commercial reprints, please contact the author for authorization, and for non-commercial reprints, please indicate the source.

[zygomorphous]

1, 5, 21, 43 (for the asks!)

1.- I'm 5'6 lol

5.- Oh I'm definitively more on the shy side, but it depends on how I vibe with the other person

21.- Zygomorphous or zygomorphic is an adjective used to describe something that has bilateral symmetry, in botany it refers to the morphology of the flower and I named blog Zygomorphous because some of my favorite plants possess said symmetry, like orchids and I think everyone in the order Lamiales

43.- Not really

[chokrihizem]

Freesia flowers are “zygomorphic” which means that they grow along one side of the stem, in a single plane. When you look at a flower stalk, you'll see that the blooms are facing upwards.

[valpurgatory]

Fun facts about some of my DS ocs:

I imagine that if Kaiana and Lailia were actually in game universe, Kaiana would be an ncp you meet in the first game while Lailia only being mentioned. Also Kaiana would help the player with bossfights, while also kinda hinting that the player should be careful to trust what everyone says.

Lailia would appear in game three, where you could actually interact with her and if the player goes to her after killing Aldrich she'll give the player one of her swords as a sign of gratitude.

Lailia was raised in Anor Londo, and knows Gwyn's children personally.

Lailia has many titles "the Demi-Goddess of Rebirth and Balance" and "the Zygomorphous Child" are just two of them, but she prefers to just be called Lailia.

Kaiana is Lailia's most trusted companion, and its said she was trained by Gwyns own knights. Though theres no proof besides hearsay.

Lailia isn't truly a Demi-God, that isn't entirely correct in what she is, but most people don't mind to correct it.

Lailia has two swords, similar to the Dancer in DS3, one is coated in light and the other in dark.

The "balance" that Lailia is a God for, is actually light and dark. As in shes the balance of the two.

When Lailia dies, she is brought back as a child. She can never truly die, unless a certain weapon is used against her.

I imagine if you kill Kaiana, she would drop her sword and a note written by Lailia that it was a 'Good luck note, hoping it would help return Kaiana safely home'. If you kill Lailia she would drop a signature blue flower.

That's all I can think about rn. Theres WAY more but that would spoil some stuff.

[wildfloweroftheday]

18 March

White Dead-Nettle - Lamium album

Not an uncommon plant, I grow some in my garden because bees love it, and it has a long flowering season. I buy plants from Naturescape. Nice to see it in a wilder setting though. The flowers have soft hairs and are zygomorphic (favourite new word!).

[i-should-have-studied]

IA2 Prep: Botany (Taxonomy)

Fabaceae - Pea Family

Classification:

Spermatophyta

Angiosperms

Dicotyledons

Polypetalae

Calyciflorae

Rosales

Fabaceae

Derivation of Classification:

Spermatophyta: Seed bearing plants.

Angiosperms: Seeds enclosed within a fruit.

Dicotyledons:

1) Tap root system

2) Dorsiventral leaves

3) Reticulate venation

4) Mostly pentamerous flowers

5) Seed with two cotyledons

Polypetalae:

1) Perianth present; differentiated into calyx and corolla

2) Petals free

Calyciflorae:

1) Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic

2) Hypogynous, perigynous, or epigynous

3) Cup shaped thalamus called calyx tube may be present

4) Stamens 10-many, inserted on the calyx tube

5) Monocarpellary gynoecium with marginal placentation

Rosales:

1) Leaves alternate and stipulate

2) Flowers bisexual

3) Actinomorphic or zygomorphic

4) Monocarpellary

Family:

Distribution: This family includes 600 genera and 12800 species, cosmopolitan distribution.

Habitat: Terrestrial mesophytes. Exceptions:

Aeschynomene - hydrophyte

Alhagi maurorum - xerophyte

Habit:

Mostly herbs - Pisum spp., Medicago

Few shrubs - Tephrosia, Crotolaria

Some trees - Butea frondosa (aka flame of the forest), Erythrina

Some herbaceous stem climbers/twiners - Dolichos, Clitoria.

Herbaceous tendril chambers - Pisum spp, Lathyrus spp.

Root System: Tap root system with bacterial nodules. These plants are used in crop rotation and as green manure.

Stem: Aerial, erect or climbing, strong or weak, solid, branched, herbaceous or woody, cylindrical or angular, smooth or hairy.

Leaves: Alternate, mostly compound

Unipinnately compound - Clitoria, Tephrosia, Pisum.

Pinnately trifoliate - Dolichos

Palmately trifoliate - Crotolaria

Simple - Crotolaria retusa

Stipulate or Exstipulate, stipules are foliaceous in Lathyrus and Pisum. They take on the function of photosynthesis.

In Pisum the terminal leaflets are modified into tendrils.

In Lathyrus the entire leaf is modified into tendrils.

In Dolichos and Clitoria the leaflets are stipelate.

Leaf is petiolate, pulvinous leaf base, leaflets – ovate, oblong, margin entire, apex acute, obtuse or retuse, pinnately reticulate venation.

In Desmodium gyrans (Indian telegraph plant) the central leaflets exhibit autonomous movements in response to variation in temperature.

Inflorescence: Axillary or terminal, racemose – simple raceme, solitary in Cicer.

Flower: Bracteate, pedicellate, bracteolate (Crotalaria, Clitoria) or ebracteolate (Dolichos, Tephrosia), actinomorphic, zygomorphic, complete, bisexual, hypogynous, pentamerous.

Calyx: 5 sepals, gamosepalous, valvate aestivation and persistent, odd sepal anterior in position.

Corolla: 5 Petals, polypetalous, papilionaceous corolla or butterfly shaped.

The large outermost posteriorly placed petal is called standard/vexillum; it overlaps the two median lateral petals called wings/alae; which in turn overlaps two antero-lateral petals called keel/carina.

Descendingly imbricate aestivation or vexillary.

Androecium: Ten Stamens,

Mostly diadelphous - Tephrosia, Dolichos and Clitoria.

Crotolaria: five long and five short, monoadelphous condition,

Dalbergia spp: 9 stamens, monoadelphous.

Anthers are dithecous, introrse, basifixed, or dorsifixed.

Gynoecium: Simple, monocarpellary. Ovary superior, long cylindrical (Pisum) or laterally compressed (Crotolaria).

Gynophore may be present. Style long, terminal but at the base in Crotolaria it bends ends in hairy stigma.

Fruit: Legume or pod

Seed: Seeds are endospermic

Floral Formula: ?? how-

Economic Importance:

Most of the crops are used as fodder for cattle.

Pulses: Pisum sativum - Garden pea, Glycine max - Soybean

Vegetables: Phaseolus vulgaris - Kidney bean

Oils: Arachis hypogea - Groundnut

Timber yielding: Dalbergia latifolia – Indian Rosewood,

Indigofera tinctoria – the leaves yield indigo dye used in dyeing and printing cotton and rayon and pigments for paints and ink.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chemotaxonomy

The chemical constituents of plants differ from one species to another

They are restricted to certain taxa, making them valuable characters for plant classification.

The classification of plants on the basis of chemical contents is called chemotaxonomy or chemical taxonomy.

The following chemicals are present in plants and accounted for classification:

- Non-protein amino acids

- Phenolics

- Betalins

- Alkoloids

- Terpenoids and Steroids

- Crystals

- Immunological reactions

1) Non-protein Amino Acids

There are 300 non-protein amino acids in plants

Some are restricted to certain groups alone

They are used to classify and distinguish the taxa from others

Ex: Lathyrine in genus Lathyrus

Ex: add one more

2) Phenolics

Derivatives of phenolic compounds

Plants are classified on the basis of specific phenolic compounds.

Ex: Flavonols and methoxy cinnamic acid - herbaceous plants

Ex: Leucoanthocynin - woody plants.

3) Betalins

Derivatives of phenols serving as pigments.

They are present in only 10 families.

Ex: The position of the family Cactaceae was disputed for many years, but on the basis of the presence of betalins, it's position in centrospermae has been confirmed.

4) Alkaloids

Nitrogen containing compounds with a heterocyclic ring.

There are about 5000 different alkaloids in angiosperms.

They are used as a source for plant classification.

Ex: Lupin - Fabaceae

Ex: Tropane - Solanaceae

Ex: Morphine - Papaver somnifer

5) Terpenoids and Steroids

Terpenoids are unsaturated hydrocarbons derived from isoprenes

Ex: Carotenoids, iridoids

Steroids are saturated hydrocarbons with four rings in their structure

Ex: Cucurbitins present in Cucurbitaceae

6) Crystals yay

Some plants have raphide crystals in different parts of their body.

The forms of crystals are used to some extent in the classification of plants.

Ex: Presence and absence of raphides are used in the grouping of plants in the family Rubiaceae

Calcium oxalate crystals are present in the ovary walls of the members of Asteraceae.

7) Immunological Reactions

The storage protein or pollen protein is injected from the plant body to a test animal (usually a mouse or rabbit)

The test animal produces antiserum against the protein

The antiserum is mixed with the plant extract to detect the precipitate formed by antigen-antibody reaction.

The nature and amount of precipitate indicate the relationship of the protein to the plant.

High rate of precipitation indicates closeness of the plants.

Low rate shows that the plants are not related.

This type of study is called serotaxonomy.

Ex: Closeness of Delphinium to Aconitumis has been confirmed by serological studies.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Embryology in relation to taxonomy

Schnarf, a German embryologist, studied the role of embryology in 1931.

The angiosperm embryological characters of importance are: anatropous, double fertilization, triple fusion, post fertilized triploid endosperm, and dicot or monocot conditions.

Embryology in relation to taxonomy can be observed at three levels: above family level, at family level, and at generic level.

Above Family Level

1) Caryophyllales

Commonly known as centrospermae

Have trinucleate pollen

Bitegmic crassinucellate ovule

Curved and peripheral embryo

Perisperm with or without endosperm.

2) Helobia

Have helobial type of endosperm

-(a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern.)-

3) Gentinales

Lack of integumentary tapetum

Have nuclear endosperm

Buddleiaceae and Oleaceae have integuments and cellular endosperm

4) Orchidales

Have an undifferentiated embryo

Very little to no endosperm

At Family Level

1) Podostemaceae

Includes perennial aquatic herbs with unique embryo features such as:

Pseudo embryo sac

Bisporic type of embryo sac

Pollen grain in pairs

Tenuinucellate bitegmic ovule

Presence of suspensor

2) Onagraceae

-(THe one where the megaspore divides one less time, only forming 4 nuclei instead of 8)-

Monosporic 4 nucleate, oenothera type embryo sac (with the exception of trapa)

Embryo sac derived from micropylar megaspore of tetrad

Only egg apparatus, 2 synergids, and one polar nucleus form.

Antipodals and one polar nucleus absent.

3) Cyperaceae

Microspore mother cell only gives one funtional microspore

4) Loranthaceae

Actually has 2 sub families, Loranthoideae and Viscoideae

i) Loranthoideae

Triradiate pollen

Polygonum embryo sac

Composite endosperm

Presence of suspensor

Polyembryony

ii) Viscoideae

Spherical pollen

Allium type embryo sac

Non-composite endosperm

Absence of suspensor

Polyembryony

The subfamilies have recently changed to Loranthaceae and Viscaceae respectively

At Generic Level

1) Trapa

Kept under Onagraceae (B&H) and Trapaceae (Englerian)

Evidence for both: -(WTF DOES THIS MEAN)-

2) Paeonia

Used to be included in Ranunculaceae (characters not present), now in Paeoniaceae

Generative cells are longer and elongated

Embryo sac long and narrow

Seed coat is massive

Germination epigeal

3) Exocarpus (Previously Santalaceace)

Initially placed in Exocarpaceae (under gymnosperms) due to the presence of naked ovules and pollen chamber.

But later it was confirmed to be Santalaceae due to the:

Presence of angiospermic flowers

Polygonum embryo sac

Cellular endosperm

And transverse division in zygote

4) Butomus

Polygonum embryo sac

Other genera of the family Butomaceae process Allium type embryo sac

With the exception of Butomus, all other genera have been transferred to Alismataceae

WHAT DOES ANY OF THIS MEAN? IDK.

[superbloomings]

Let's take a look at some Johnny-jump-up (Viòla pedunculàta).

Found in the Violet Family (Violaceae) these bright yellow perennial herbs are the Santa Monica Mountains' only species. The lower petal serves as a landing platform for insects and they typically bloom from February through April on shady grassy slopes.

Fun facts: Early Californians called them Gallitos, "little roosters." The flower is zygomorphic, Greek for "yoke-shaped." Finally, the Silverspot Butterfly's larvae feed on these.

References:

Dale, N. (2000). Flowering plants of the Santa Monica Mountains: Coastal and chaparral regions of Southern California. Sacramento: California Native Plant Society.

McAuley, M., & Kenney, J. P. (1985). Wildflowers of the Santa Monica mountains. Canoga Park, CA: Canyon Pub.