#yugtun

[willowbilly]

“Inuit” is a plural noun! One need not add the English plural morpheme -s to it because it already has the Inuktut plural morpheme -it! The singular form is actually “Inuk.” A common Canadian and Greenlandic dual form is “Inuuk.” 

There are grammatical dual as well as singular and plural nouns and pronouns in most of the Inuit-Yuit-Unangan languages, excluding Sireniki Yupik†, Kalaallisut, and Tunumiisut; Unangam Tunuu also used the dual more often prior to the 1950s. 

In northern Iñupiatun, one person is an iñuk; two people are iññuk; three or more are iñuich. In Yugtun: yuk; yuuk; yuit. In Eastern Unangam Tunuu: anĝaĝix̂, anĝaĝix, anĝaĝin. A possible Unangax̂ language cognate of iñuk, inuk, yuk, cuk, cug, suk, and yuuk is suganĝix̂ “young person.” 

As for three examples of Alaskan ethnonyms in the singular, dual, and plural:— 

Siḷaliñiġmiutun and Malimiutun: singular Iñupiaq; dual Iñupiak; plural Iñupiat. 

Northern Central Alaskan Yugtun: singular Yup’ik; dual Yupiik; plural Yupiit. 

Unangam Tunuu: singular Unangax̂; dual Unangax; plural Unangan or Unangas (Attu†).

[nonenglishsongs]

Ukila - Qanaaqa Usviinak (Alaskan Yup'ik)

[mudaship39]

Aleut, Kodiak/Sugpiag, Yupik, and Inuit Arctic Native characters of my BIPOC and QTIPOC Futurism Project

Miknagyaq Kameroff Walrus. She is an Arctic Native Indigenous woman character who is Siberian Yupik Indigenous. She is mixed European Russian. She is a white Native as her racial identity is European Russian as a Siberian Yupik Indigenous woman. She has an olive skin tone. She has light brown eyes. She is Moravian as her spirituality. She is polyamorous. She is nonbinary pansexual. She has several siblings. She is from Neo Anchorage, Alaska in Southwest Alaska. She likes dog sledding and has a team of Alaskan malamutes. She is a member of the Elites and Paragons.

Amaruq Ren Naitok an Asian Native who is East Asian Japanese and Inuit Indigenous. They are nonbinary genderfluid pansexual. They use a whip as a weapon. They have brown eyes and tan skin tone. They have long and straight hair with the sides shaved off. They are 5’7” and 150 pounds. They have super strength as a superpower. They use a wolf mask to cover the top half of their face. They are an ex of the queer and trans main character Kana’i Makoa Latu/Ataahua Kamalani Latu.

Uksumi Hansen a Black Arctic Native Kodiak/Qik'rtaq Island Sugpiaq Indigenous woman of color. She is mixed Norwegian. She is monogamous. She is cis bisexual. She is 5’2”. She has dark brown eyes. She has freckles. She has tan skin. She has curly hair. She is a Sugpiaq spiritualist. She is the oldest sibling. She has three younger sisters. She has power over the weather. She is a xeno anthropologist and a xeno archeologist. She is young and youthful and kind. She is feminine and flirtatious. She brings a lighthearted energy and positive spirit to most everyone she encounters. Her powers are young. She mostly uses it for fun like creating snow, rain, sunshine, and rainbows. Her real power lies in the storms and disasters she could trigger like hurricanes, typhoons, & monsoons.

Mary Lestenkof is a white native character who is European Russian and Aleut Indigenous Arctic Native. She is an ex of the queer and trans main character Kana’i Makoa Latu/Ataahua Kamalani Latu. Together they have a son named Peter Lestenkof. 

Peter Lestenkof. The son of the main character and Mary Lestenkof.

Dark Aurora (Jasper Kashatok) is an Alaskan Indigenous and Afro Latinx Haitian person of color. He is Central Alaskan Yup’ik. His sex, gender, gender identity is masculine aligned nonbinary. His sexual orientation is he is gay. He is monogamous. He is neurodivergent with ADHD. He is abled bodied. His religion and spirituality is he is agnostic. He speaks Yugtun, English, Spanish, & Creole. He does not have tattoos. He has small gauges. He was born in Neo Anchorage, Alaska. He is now primarily nomadic. His personality is he is very shy and anxious. He is kind and empathetic. He is an introvert. His personality type is INFP. He was born into the poor working class. He is an anarchist. His virtues are he is patient, compassionate, & empathetic. His vices are he is fearful, anxious, & dishonest. He is unemployed. He lives on his own. He self provides for himself. He is a college drop out who dropped out after a two year associates degree. His mother Mona Lazaare a Afro Latinx Haitian woman of color is very kind and caring woman. His father David Kashatok who is a Yupik Indigenous man is a very stern and demanding person. He is an only child. He is single as he is a bit of a loner. He has a pet Black Husky named Kit that follows him around. His superhero outfit is a dark shadowy parka. His mode of transportation is walking. He has powers over dark matter. He is able to summon and control shadowy versions of real things. He does not use weapons as he himself is a weapon. He is a demigod from his maternal grandmother who is a god. 

[jupiterkenka]

It's kinda funny in learning Japanese what Japanese words end up being the same as Yugtun words or being similar. Like Kenka I put in my url means Love in Yugtun but in Japanese it means Fight and I didn't even realize that lkjhgfdsdfgh

[loveaankilaq]

I think I have an idea but I just wanna be sure could you please explain what a Kass'aq is? I read it in your tag about wanting to live in Alaska

It means "white person" in Yugtun

[gwendolynlerman]

Languages of the world

Central Alaskan Yup’ik (Yugtun)

Basic facts

Number of native speakers: 10,000

Official language: Alaska (United States)

Script: Latin, 28 letters

Grammatical cases: 7

Linguistic typology: polysynthetic, free word order, ergative-absolutive

Language family: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Yupik

Number of dialects: 5

History

1900 - invention of several scripts, including a pictographic and a syllabic one

1960s - development of a new orthography

Writing system and pronunciation

These are the letters that make up the alphabet: a c e g gg i k l ll m ḿ n ń ng ńg p q r rr s ss t u û v vv w y.

Both consonants and vowels may occur long, but the former are not marked in orthography as they can be predicted by phonological rules. Where long consonants occur unpredictably, an apostrophe following the consonant is placed.

Grammar

Nouns have seven cases (absolutive, relative, ablative, allative, locative, perlative, and equalis) and three numbers (singular, dual, and plural). Possessed nouns agree with their possessor.

There are no articles or adjectives. Nominal roots and postbases are used instead of adjectives.

Verbs are conjugated for mood (indicative, interrogative, optative, and participial), person, and number. Third-person agreement in dependent clauses varies depending on whether that third-person is the same referent or a different referent than the subject of the independent clause.

Dialects

There are five dialects: Norton Sound, General Central Yup’ik, Nunivak, Hooper Bay-Chevak, and Egegik. The latter is extinct, but the rest of them are mutually intelligible despite differences in phonology and lexicon.

[lindsaydoeslanguages]

All The Indigenous and Endangered Language Learning Apps You Need

2019 is the International Year of Indigenous Languages as designated by UNESCO. If you’ve not yet had a chance to learn a little of an indigenous language this year, I’m making it as easy as possible and bringing you a long list of minority, indigenous and endangered language learning apps.

Before we get to the list of apps, I’ve made you a video to explain the differences between minority/minoritised, indigenous, and endangered languages.

Free Ultimate List of Language Learning Resources

I’ve added a tab with the links to these apps to my huge and ever-growing free Google Sheets file the Ultimate List of Language Learning Resources. Woohoo!

Click the image below to get free access now.

Heads up: apps and tech is ever-changing. So if there’s something that no longer works on this list or you’ve got a suggestion for a new one that does, let me know!

Ok, ready? Let’s get into this. I’m going to order things by regions as best as possible. For each region, I’ll also be starting by listing some “bigger” apps you may already know that have courses/support for indigenous or endangered languages.

North America

Below you’ve got a list of apps and developers that are designed to help people learn indigenous languages from North America. I’m including Canada, USA, and Greenland in that, but not Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America. Languages from these places are included in the section below – Latin America.

Related: Language Stories – Episode 1: New York + The 7 Line

Memrise

Memrise has a selection of courses for indigenous Native North American languages, including…

Cherokee Algonquian Alutiiq Choctaw Citizen Potawatomi Greenlandic Inuktitut Lakota Other Native American Languages

Drops

Drops has a growing range of languages, including…

Hawaiian

Duolingo

Duolingo has you covered for two North American languages:

Navajo Hawaiian

Master Any Language

Master Any Language is a website and app (Apple and Android) I discovered during my research for this article. And, wow, there’s a huge range of languages on it! Expect to see it listed under more regions below too.

Cree Greenlandic Inuktitut Inupiaq Navajo Ojibwe (and more I may have missed!)

File Hills Qu’Appelle Tribal Council Education Department

This developer has apps for a number of languages: Cree, Dakota, Lakota, Nakota, Saulteaux.

Prince Albert Grand Council

Prince Albert Grand Council has a couple of apps available for Swampy Cree and Dakota.

Binasii Inc

There’s a good number of apps from this developer for a range of languages: Dakota, Opaskwayak Cree, Saysi Dene, Long Plain Ojibway and more.

The Language Conservancy

The Language Conservancy has a large selection of apps for indigenous North American languages: Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara, Cheyenne, Yanktonai, Keres, Nakoda, Crow, Omaha, Maskoke.

Miromaa Aboriginal Language and Technology Centre

There’s a small selection of apps from this developer for Pomoan languages, a language family from northern California: Northern Pomo, Central Pomo, Southern Pomo, bahtssal.

Ogoki Learning Systems Inc

Quite a few apps and languages here: Ojibway, Saulteaux, Blackfeet, Cree, Meskwaki, Northern Tutchone and more.

Thornton Media Inc

There’s Apple and Android apps for these languages from this developer: Cree, Mohawk, Tsuut’ina, Chickasaw, Yugtun, Omaha and more.

First Peoples’ Heritage Language and Culture Council

I love how much I’ve learnt from writing this post. Before, I had no idea about any of the languages that this developer has apps for: Xeni Gwet’in, Secwépemc, Hlgaagilda Xaayda Kil, and more.

Yamózha Kúé Society

Still in awe at how many apps there are out there for indigenous and endangered languages? There’s still more to come!

Yamózha Kúé Society has apps for these languages: Inuinnaqtun, Gwich’in, Shutaot’ine, South Slavey, Tlicho, NWT Cree, Denededline.

Christopher Horsethief

Christopher Horsethief has various apps out there for the following languages: Cree, Navajo, Muckleshoot, Osage, Ktunaxa, Salish.

Aidan Pine

Aidan Pine is the developer behind Mother Tongues, a company that’s (in their own words) “Committed to creating thoughtful language revitalization tools for people”, which is pretty exciting.

So far, there’s three apps available for Apple and Android: Inuttitut, Ayajuthem, Gitksan.

Gabriel Dumont Institute

Now we’re reaching the developers specialising with one language. The first is the Gabriel Dumont Institute with an app for Michif.

Pinnguaq

Pinnguaq have an app just for Inuktitut.

Smith River Rancheria Waa-tr’vslh-‘a~ Department

One app here for Tolowa Dee-ni’.

Samson Cree Nation

An app from this developer for Maskwacis Cree.

Dakota Iapi

There’s an Apple and Android version of this app for Dakota Iapi.

Lakota Language Consortium for Lakota

There’s a really helpful selection of apps for Lakota (media player, vocab, dictionary, and keyboard) from the Lakota Language Consortium.

Old Sun Community College for Blackfoot

There’s an app for Blackfoot from Old Sun Community College.

Neechee for Ojibwe

This app is a great verb help if you’re learning Ojibwe.

Wikwemikong Heritage Organization for Anishinaabemowin

There’s an Apple and Android version of this app to help you learn Anishinaabemowin.

Latin America

There’s some support here from bigger apps but also some great options you may not have heard of too!

Related: Language Stories: Guaraní in the Heart of South America – Episode 12

Memrise

Memrise has courses for Yucatec Maya, Guarani, Nahuatl, Quechua, and Ayamara (in Spanish).

Nahuatl (some more options designed for Spanish (Mexico) and Spanish (Spain) speakers.) Yucatec Maya (plus a couple for Spanish (Spain) and Spanish (Mexico) speakers.) K’iche’ Quechua (more listed under Spanish (Mexico) Spanish (Spain) speakers.) Aymara: there’s a small number of courses listed under Spanish (Spain) and Spanish (Mexico) but none in English. Guarani (and some more courses for Spanish (Spain) and Spanish (Mexico) speakers.)

Duolingo

If you switch your language on Duolingo to Spanish, you’ll be able to access the Guarani course. Note however, that this course is actually Jopara, the mix of Guarani and Spanish spoken by many people in Paraguay.

Master Any Language

Master Any Language has simple courses for Guarani, Quechua, and Aymara on Apple and Android on their main app.

Centro Cultural de España en México

There’s Apple and Android versions for these apps from the Centro Cultural de España en México for Náhuatl, Mixteco, and Purépecha.

John Garcia

John Garcia has created two apps for Mexican languages Mixteco and Nahuatl.

IIAP

There’s a couple now that are only on the Google Play Store (as far as I could find). This huge selection of apps from IIAP includes apps for Ashaninka, Taushiro, Bora, Quechua and more.

SimiDic

Another one that’s only on the Google Play Store. This is a dictionary app that translates between three South American languages: Aymara, Guarani, Quechua.

Runashimi

This app available for both Apple and Android is to help you with Quechua.

Guaranglish

I have to include this one! We actually spoke with the developers of the app Guaranglish for our podcast and video series Language Stories.

Niuki for Wixárika

Wixárika is a language spoken in parts of Mexico by nearly 45,000 people. This app focuses on that one language.

Australasia

In this section, we’ll cover apps for indigenous and endangered languages from Australia, New Zealand, and the South Pacific Islands.

uTalk

Maori is available on uTalk, as well as Samoan and Fijian.

Drops

Maori and Samoan are also both available on Drops.

Master Any Language

Maori, Samoan, Fijian, Tongan, Tahitian, Nauruan, Marshallese, and possibly more I’ve missed are all included on Master Any Language, which has apps for both Apple and Android. (Some languages don’t have their own app, and are available on the main ‘Master Any Language’ app.)

Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages

The Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages has developed a great range of apps for a selection of indigenous Australian languages including Tyalingi, Wadawurrung, Wemba Wemba, Taungurung and more.

Wiradjuri Condobolin Corporation Limited

Again, another chance to keep learning about languages I knew nothing about whilst I was wriitng this article!

Wiradjuri Condobolin Corporation Limited has both Apple and Android apps for Wonnarua, Yitha Yitha, Yorta Yorta, Mutti Mutti, Wiradjuri, Barngarla, and Nari Nari.

Benedict Foley

There’s a good selection of apps here for a variety of indigenous Australian languages including Pertame, Kune, Kayardilt, Gamilaraay, Yuwaalaraay, and many more. There’s even an app to help identify birds using a range of languages that are no longer spoken but have aboriginal bird names and knowledge to be shared.

NTLanguages

There’s Apple and Android versions of this collection of apps from NTLanguages for Anindilyakwa, Eastside Kriol, Ritharrngu, Tiwi, Wubuy

Pollen

Pollen have developed a few apps for the Yorta Yorta, Gamilaraay, and Yuwaalaraay languages.

Mawng

Available on both Apple and Android, this app is the work of linguists and community members on South Goulburn Island around 300km east of Darwin.

Yawuru Ngan-ga

This app has a dictionary and vocab lists for Yawuru Ngan-ga, a language spoken in Broome, Western Australia.

Tipu Te Reo Māori

Available on both Apple and Android, Tipu Te Reo Māori is an app to help you learn Maori.

Peter Akuhata

Another one for Māori!

Te Pūmanawa

More for Maori, this time available on Apple and Android.

AUT University

One more option here for Maori learners available on both Apple and Android.

TATAU

The final one of this little run of Maori options! TATAU is a little different though as it’s focused solely on counting.

SPIKIT

Designed to teach a selection of African languages, there’s also an option here for the Australian language of Yolunu. It’s available on Apple and Android.

Charles Darwin University

The LAAL Reader from Charles Darwin University is a really cool one. With stories in over 25 languages from the Northern Territories in Australia, it’s a good way to begin to learn more about aboriginal cultures and languages.

It’s available on both Apple and Android.

Government of Western Australia

Sharing the Dreaming is an app developed by the Government of Western Australia that shares Dreamtime stories, and words and translations in the Nyoongar language.

Indigenous Remote Communications Association

The Indigenous Remote Communications Associations have developed a few apps, mainly radio stations for indigenous languages in Australia. However, there’s also indigiTUBE, which, in their own words, is “the national online media platform by and for First Nations people, preserving language and culture for our future generations.”

Asia

According to Ethnologue, Asia actually has the most indigenous languages spoken and used there, closely followed by Africa.

In this section, I’m including the Middle East here as it’s not a region I know as much about. (If you do and can help me expand it into its own section, please do let me know!)

Also, seeing as it would be a whole host of other blog articles in itself to list all the apps out there for Chinese, Japanese, Hindi, Korean…etc, I’m focusing here on endangered languages in Asia. Even then, I’m having to be a little more specific and focus on endangered languages I already know of.

You know, to try and actually be able to publish this article at some point in my lifetime!

Related: Language Stories: Kristang – A Tale of Two Cities

Memrise

Memrise has a great range of courses listed for us here. These include…

Kristang (a creole language so not really classed as indigenous, but endangered, which is what we’re focused on for this section) Ainu Jeju Western Armenian

uTalk

uTalk has a great number of indigenous Asian languages available, many are spoken by big numbers of people so not endangered, but I do want to give a mention here to uTalk for the sheer number of languages they’ve covered.

Master Any Language

Komi, a language spoken in Russia is available on Master Any Language. It’s on the main app on Apple or Android.

Africa

Again, so many indigenous languages in Africa that it’s tricky to know where to begin! And seeing as many people have never learnt an African language (myself included), I’m doing things a little differently here.

So instead, I’m focusing mainly on the key apps I’ve found that have courses in a wide range of indigenous African languages. Many have millions of speakers and yet you may never have heard of some of them! (I definitely learnt something new from putting this section together too!)

uTalk

Just like in regards to Asia, uTalk has a really exciting number of indigenous African languages available. Not all are endangered, but many are of course indigenous.

Memrise

Just from the Memrise groupings on the sidebar, there’s a lot to learn here…

Akan-Twi, Amharic, Hausa, Kaonde, Kinyarwanda, Luganda, Malagasy, Mandinka, Nyanja/Chichewa, Somali, Soninke, Swahili, Wolof, Zulu, and more.

SPIKIT

I mentioned SPIKIT above in the Australasia section because they have a simple course for a language spoken in Australia.

However, the moin focus of this app is Shona, Xhosa, Zulu, and Ndebele. And the good news is it’s on Apple and Android.

Master Any Language

So. many. options.

Master Any Language has really been one of the gems I’ve discovered writing this article. The interface is retro but that doesn’t matter when you’re short on resources. Their app is on both Apple and Android.

Europe

Again, obviously there’s English, French, Spanish, and many other widely spoken and studied languages spoken technically indigenously in Europe. However, to keep things simple, we’re going to focus on smaller indigenous European languages that may or may not be endangered.

uTalk

uTalk has a huge range of European languages including Welsh, Sicilian, Scottish Gaelic, Scots, Sardinian, Southern Saami, Neopolitan, Manx, Irish, Galician, Catalan, and Basque.

Memrise

Similarly to uTalk, Memrise has a large range of options here, including…

Basque Breton Catalan Cornish Corsican Faroese Galician Ladino Manx Neapolitan Occitan Romani Sami languages Scots Scottish Gaelic Sicilian Yiddish

Duolingo

Duolingo exists for Welsh and Catalan. Yay!

Master Any Language

There’s a whole range of European languages on Master Any Language including Cornish, Breton, Corsican, and more.

Remember that you can get this app on both Apple and Android.

SaySomethingIn…

A great series available in a range of indigenous British languages as well as a few others: Welsh and Manx available on apps, and more on their website.

Free Ultimate List of Language Learning Resources

And that’s the list! Yay!

Missed it at the start of the post? I’ve added a tab with the links to these apps to my huge and ever-growing free Google Sheets file the Ultimate List of Language Learning Resources. Woohoo!

Click the image below to get free access now.

Have you got an app that needs adding to this list? Let me know by sharing it in the comments below!

The post All The Indigenous and Endangered Language Learning Apps You Need appeared first on Lindsay Does Languages.

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[chat-chouage]

The Lord’s Prayer written in the Yugtun script, a writing system devised to write the Central Alaskan Yup’ik language

[autodidact-adventures]

Yupik peoples (reference notes)

The Yupik are a group of indigenous peoples in Alaska (west, south-west & south-central), and the Russian Far East.  They include these groups:

The Alutiiq or Sugpiaq people, who live in the Alaskan Peninsula, and coastal & island areas of south-central Alaska. They are also known as Pacific Eskimo and Pacific Yupik.

Alaskan Peninsula.

South-central Alaska.

The Central Alaskan Yup'ik people, who live in a region stretching from southern Norton Sound, southwards to the northern Alaskan Peninsula.  They are also known as the Yup'ik people.

They have the largest population of any Alaskan Native group.

The Siberian Yupik people, who live on St. Lawrence Island (in western Alaska) and in the Russian Far East.  They include the Naukan, Chaplino and Sirenik people.

Map of the Yupik peoples (and other indigenous peoples).

The Yupik people are Eskimo – the indigenous peoples who come from the northern circumpolar region, from eastern Siberia across to Alaska, Canada and Greenland.  They encompass two main groups – 1) the Alaskan Iñupiat peoples, Greenlandic Inuit, and the Inuit peoples of Canada; and 2) the Yupik peoples.  Therefore, the Yupik are related to the Iñupiat and Inuit.

Member states and regions of the Inuit Circumpolar Council.

The word Yup'ik (plural Yupiit) literally means “real people”.  It is a combination of the Yup'ik word yuk (person) + the post-base -pik (real/genuine).

In the Hooper Bay-Chevak & Nuniak dialects of the Yup'ik language, the language and people are called Cup'ik.

The apostrophe in Yup'ik represents a lengthening of the “p” sound.

Yupik Languages

The Yupik languages are part of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. The Eskimo & Aleut languages diverged around 2000 BC.  Within the Eskimo languages, the Yupik languages diverged from each other, and from the Inuit language, around 1000 AD.

The Yupik languages are not mutually intelligible.

Central Alaskan Yup'ik: Spoken on the Alaskan mainland (and some islands, e.g. Nunivak Island) by the Central Alaskan Yup'ik people.  About 13,000 of the 21,000 CA Yup'ik still speak this language.

There are several dialects.  The largest dialect is Yugtun, or Grand Central Yup'ik, spoken in the Yukon River, Nelson Island, Kuskokwim River and Bristol Bay areas.  There are also the Norton Sound, Hooper Bay-Chevak, and Nunivak Island dialects (the latter is called Cup'ik or Cup'ig).

The dialects differ in pronunciation and vocab.  There are geographic sub-dialects within Yugtun, differing mostly in word choices.

Central Siberian Yupik: Spoken by most Yupik in the Far East, and on St. Lawrence Island (Alaska).  Most of the 1,000 Yupik on St. Lawrence Island still speak the St. Lawrence dialect.  About 300 of the 1,000 Siberian Yupiks in Russia speak the Chaplino dialect.

Naukan Yupik: spoken by about 100 people in & around Lavrentiya, Lorino and Uelen, on the Chukchi Peninsula of Siberia.

Alutiiq: spoken from the Alaska Peninsula eastwards to Prince William Sound.  About 500 – 1,000 of the 3,000 Alutiiqs still speak the language.

Prince William Sound.

The Koniag dialect is spoken on the south side of the Alaska Peninsula and on Kodiak Island; the Chugach dialect is spoken on the Kenai Peninsula and in Prince William Sound.

Kodiak Island.

Kenai Peninsula.

Sirenik: extinct since 1997, formerly spoken on the Chukchi Peninsula of Siberia.

[herfstschreeuw]

November in some languages that don't use a number + month:

Suomi (Finnish): Marraskuu from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós (dead) + Proto-Uralic *kuŋe (moon)

Cymraeg (Welsh): Tachwedd from Middle Welsh tachwet (slaughtering)

ខ្មែរ khmae (Khmer): វិច្ឆិកា Vɨcchekaa from Sanskrit वृश्चिक vṛścika (scorpion)

Беларуская Bjelarúskaja (Belarussian): Лістапад Listapád from Proto-Slavic *listъ (leaf) + *pàsti (to fall)

Diné bizaad (Navajo): Níłchʼitsʼósí from níłchʼi (wind) + -tsʼósí (slender)

Lietuvių (Lithuanian): Lapkritis from lapas (leaf) + kristi (to fall)

ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ Anishinaabemowin (Ojibwe): ᐹᔥᑳᑯᑎᓐ ᑮᓯᔅ Baashkaakodin giizis from ᐹᔥᑳᑯᑎᓐ baashkaakodin (Eastern dialect; freezing) + ᑮᓯᔅ giizis (moon)

Euskara (Basque): Azaro from azi (seed) + aro (time)

Gaeilge (Irish Gaelic): Samhain from Proto-Indo-European *sem (together) or *sm̥-h₂-ó- (summer)

Yugtun (Yup'ik): Cauyarvik from cauyar- (to drum) + -vik (time or place)

Türkçe (Turkish): Kasım from Arabic قاسم qaasim (divider)

Lakȟótiyapi (Lakota): Tȟakhíyuȟa wí/Waníyetu wí from tȟakhíyuȟa (bull/buck) or waníyetu (winter) + wí (moon)

Brezhoneg (Breton): Du from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (black/deep)

Image artist unknown. Source. It’s supposedly Yemoja, a Yoruban orisha. Text and effect by me 🧜

[willowbilly]

“Eskimo” both is and is not a slur. 

In Greenland and Canada it is more unequivocally offensive, whereas in Alaska some Iñupiat and Yupiit—though far from all—do indeed use this exonym for themselves in English, particularly more rural or elderly speakers. The Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, for instance, uses it in their name. Edna Ahgeak MacLean, a foremost Iñupiaq language authority, uses it occasionally in her work. It is the established academic term for the collective Inuit-Yuit branch of the Inuit-Yuit-Unangan or “Eskimo-Aleut” language family. “Eskimo” does not refer to Inuit alone, but is an umbrella term for Iñuich and Yupiit together, one that colloquially excludes Sugpiat, who are otherwise known as “Alutiit,” along with Unangan, otherwise known as “Aleuts,” who both prefer those Russian-derived “Алеуты” exonyms over the “Esquimaux” one. The ethnonym “Inuit” more properly applies only to Iñupiat and other Iñuich, not to Yupiit as well. The words Inuit and Yuit are cognates, but exonyms in each other’s respective languages. The difference between Iñupiatun and Yugtun is said to be roughly comparable to that between English and German: obviously related languages, but not mutually intelligible, having diverged around 1000 CE; Unangam Tunuu diverged earlier, around 2000 BCE. “Inuit and Yupiit” is in generalized circumstances the most accurate substitution for “Eskimo” as it does not conflate two distinct Indigenous peoples under the name of one. 

The etymology of the exonym is furthermore disputed. Its origin may be from the Innu-aimun word ayas̆kimew “person who laces a snowshoe,” or from another Innu-aimun word that is not a reference to diet. 

That said, I would like to reinforce the message that non-Native people shouldn’t use “Eskimo kisses, ice cream,” etc. as casual terms disconnected from the relevant Native cultures, nor use diminutive forms of the ethnonym. Such usages are pejorative. While it is for the most part rude to correct people on their own terminology for themselves, I urge non-Native people to use Native endonyms over exonyms wherever possible, and not to evoke actual peoples as stereotypes.

[nonenglishsongs]

John Angaiak - Piukuvet (Alaskan Yup'ik)

[itsfinancethings]

January 21, 2020 at 11:05PM

(TOKSOOK BAY, Alaska) — Lizzie Chimiugak has lived for 90 years in the windswept western wilds of Alaska, born to a nomadic family who lived in mud homes and followed where the good hunting and fishing led.

Her home now is an outpost on the Bering Sea, Toksook Bay, and on Tuesday she became the first person counted in the U.S. Census, taken every 10 years to apportion representation in Congress and federal money.

“Elders that were before me, if they didn’t die too early, I wouldn’t have been the first person counted,” Lizzie Chimiugak said, speaking Yup’ik language of Yugtun, with family members serving as interpreters. “Right now, they’re considering me as an elder, and they’re asking me questions I’m trying my best to give answers to, or to talk about what it means to be an elder.”

The decennial U.S. census has started in rural Alaska, out of tradition and necessity, ever since the U.S. purchased the territory from Russia in 1867. The ground is still frozen, which allows easier access before the spring melt makes many areas inaccessible to travel and residents scatter to subsistence hunting and fishing grounds. The mail service is spotty in rural Alaska and the internet connectivity unreliable, which makes door-to-door surveying important.

Gregory Bull–APIn this Monday, Jan. 20, 2020 image, Lizzie Chimiugak looks on at her home in Toksook Bay, Alaska. Chimiugak, who turned 90 years old on Monday, is scheduled to be the first person counted in the 2020 U.S. Census on Tuesday.

The rest of the nation, including more urban areas of Alaska, begin the census in mid-March.

On Tuesday, Steven Dillingham, director of the census bureau, conducted the first interview after riding on the back of a snowmobile from the airport to Chimiugak’s home.

“The 2020 Census has begun,” he told reporters after conducting the first interview with Chimiugak, a process that lasted about five minutes. “Toksook Bay isn’t the easiest place to get to, and the temperature is cold. And while people are in the village, we want to make sure everyone is counted.”

Dillingham was hours late getting to Toksook Bay because weather delayed his flight from the hub community of Bethel, about 115 miles (185 kilometers) away. Conditions didn’t improve, and he spent only about an hour in the community before being rushed back to the airport.

After the count, a celebration took place at Nelson Island School and included the Nelson Island High School Dancers, an Alaska Native drum and dance group. Later, the community took over the commons area of the high school with a potluck of Alaska Native foods, including seal, moose and goose soups, herring roe served with seal oil and baked salmon.

Robert Pitka, tribal administrator for Nunakauyak Traditional Council, hopes the takeaway message for the rest of the nation is of Yup’ik pride.

“We are Yup’ik people and that the world will see that we are very strong in our culture and our traditions and that our Yup’ik language is very strong,” he said.

For Chimiugak, she has concerns about climate change and what it might do to future generations of subsistence hunters and fishers in the community, and what it will do to the fish and animals. She talked about it with others at the celebration.

“She’s sad about the future,” he eldest son Paul said.

Chimiugak was born just after the start of the Great Depression in the middle of nowhere in western Alaska, her daughter Katie Schwartz of Springfield, Missouri, said. Lizzie was one of 10 siblings born to her parents, who lived a nomadic lifestyle and traveled with two or three other families that would migrate together, her son said.

Lizzie and her 101-year-old sister from Nightmute, Alaska, survive.

In 1947 Lizzie married George Chimiugak, and they eventually settled in Toksook Bay after the town was founded in 1964 by residents of nearby Nightmute. There are five surviving children.

He worked maintenance at the airport. She did janitorial work at the old medical clinic and babysat.

Like other wives, she cleaned fish, tanned hides and even rendered seal oil after her husband came home from fishing or hunting. Her husband died about 30 years ago.

She is also a woman of strong Catholic faith, and told her son that she saved his life by praying over him after he contracted polio.

For her own hobbies, she weaved baskets from grass and remains a member of the Alaska Native dance group that performed Tuesday. She dances in her wheelchair.

She taught children manners and responsibility and continued the oral tradition of telling them stories with a storyknife.

Chimiugak used a knife in the mud to illustrate her stories to schoolchildren. She drew figures for people or homes. At the end of the story, she’d use the knife to wipe away the pictures and start the next story with a clean slate of mud.

“She’s a great teacher, you know, giving us reminders of how we’re supposed to be, taking care of subsistence and taking care of our family and respecting our parents,” her granddaughter Alice Tulik said. “That’s how she would give us advice.”

___

AP photographer Gregory Bull contributed to this report.

[jaimeariansencespedes]

LA HISTORIA DEL MUNDO EN MOVIMIENTO – LA ESCRITURA - CAPITULO 004 – FICHAS (031-053)

031 – La historia de la escritura comprende los distintos sistemas de escritura que surgieron desde la Edad del bronce (finales del IV milenio aC.).

032 – Los primeros sistemas de la escritura a finales del IV milenio aC. no se consideran una invención espontánea, pues se fundamentan en viejas tradiciones de sistemas simbólicos que no se pueden clasificar como escritura en sí mismas, pero que sí comparten muchas características que recuerdan a aquella.

033 – Estos sistemas se pueden describir como proto-escritura y utilizaban símbolos ideográficos o mnemónicos que podían transmitir información, si bien estaban desprovistos de contenido lingüístico directo. Estos sistemas aparecieron al principio del periodo neolítico, ya en el VII milenio aC. si no antes (Kamyana Mohyla), en pleno Paleolítico Superior. Se ha observado el uso de tales signos lineales de una posible escritura lineal paleolítica no solo en la zona astur-cántabro-aquitana o franco-cantábrica, sino también en cuevas del sur de la península, concretamente en las cuevas de la Pileta y Nerja en Málaga.

034 – Destacan la escritura vincha, que muestra una evolución gradual a partir de símbolos sencillos desde el VII milenio, aumentando en complejidad durante el VI milenio y culminando en las Tablas de Tartaria (Rumanía) y las Tablas de Gradeshnitsa (Bulgaria), ambas del V milenio, con filas de símbolos cuidadosamente alineados que evocan la impresión de un «texto».

035 – La Tabla de Dispilio, de finales del VI milenio, es similar. Las escrituras jeroglíficas del antiguo Oriente medio (egipcia, proto-cuneiforme sumeria y cretense) nacen naturalmente de aquellos sistemas simbólicos, de manera que resulta difícil decir - sobre todo porque poco se conoce acerca del significado de los símbolos - en qué momento preciso la escritura nace de la proto-escritura.

036 – En 2005 se descubrieron en China unos símbolos de la escritura Jiahu grabados sobre caparazones de tortuga que se dataron mediante radiocarbono en el VI milenio aC. Los caparazones se encontraban enterrados junto a restos humanos en 24 tumbas neolíticas excavadas en Jiahu, provincia de Henan, al norte de China.

037 – Según algunos arqueólogos, la escritura de los caparazones presentaba similitudes con la escritura sobre huesos oraculares del II milenio aC. ​ Otros, ​ sin embargo, rechazan esta afirmación por no estar suficientemente probada, argumentando que unos simples diseños geométricos, como los que encontramos en los caparazones de Jiahu, no se pueden relacionar con la primera escritura.

038 – La escritura del Indo, del II milenio aC. Puede, de igual manera, constituir una proto-escritura, quizás ya influenciada por el nacimiento de la escritura en Mesopotamia.

039 – Las «runas eslavas» mencionadas por algunos autores medievales también pueden haber sido un sistema de proto-escritura. Un ejemplo histórico es el sistema de pictogramas inventado por Uyaquk antes de desarrollar el silabario de Yugtun.

040 – Por definición, la Historia comienza con los registros escritos. Los restos de la cultura humana sin la escritura constituye el ámbito de la Prehistoria. Sin embargo, el «origen de la escritura ha dejado de ser un misterio».

041 – La evolución de la escritura fue un proceso originado por la práctica económica y la necesidad en el antiguo Oriente Próximo. ​ La arqueóloga Denise Schmandt-Besserat determinó la conexión entre las «fichas» de arcilla sin categorizar previamente y la primera escritura conocida, el proto-cuneiforme.

042 – Las fichas de arcilla se utilizaban para representar bienes e incluso puede que unidades de tiempo empleado en el trabajo, haciéndose su número y tipos cada vez más complejos según avanzaba la civilización.

043 – Se alcanzó un alto grado de complejidad cuando se tuvo que manejar más de cien tipos distintos de fichas, y estaban envueltas con arcilla, con marcas que indicaban el tipo de fichas del interior. Estas marcas pronto reemplazaron a las fichas en sí, y los envoltorios de arcilla se constituyeron, como puede demostrarse, en el prototipo de las tablillas de escritura sobre arcilla.

044 – El sistema de escritura mesopotámica original (ca. 3500 aC.) deriva de este método de conservar operaciones, ​ y para finales del IV milenio aC., ​ ya se había transformado en el uso de un estilete de forma triangular que se presionaba sobre arcilla flexible (escritura cuneiforme). Así, la invención de los primeros sistemas de escritura es más o menos contemporánea con el principio de la Edad del Bronce en la última mitad del IV milenio aC. en Sumeria.

045 – Las primeras formas de escritura eran logo-gráficas en naturaleza, basadas en elementos pictográficos e ideográficos. ​ No obstante, a mitad del III milenio aC., los sumerios habían desarrollado un anexo silábico para su escritura, reflejando la fonología y la sintaxis del idioma sumerio hablado. Esta escritura logo-silábica fue pronto adoptada por los hablantes acadios y eblaítas para sus propios idiomas, y posteriormente por los hititas y los ugaríticos.

046 – Aunque es posible que la escritura egipcia sea un ejemplo de difusionismo (arqueología) transcultural de sus contemporáneos comerciales de Mesopotamia, los egipcios no tomaron prestados los símbolos escritos mesopotámicos.

047 – En su lugar, utilizaron su propia iconografía artística. Hay muestras de jeroglíficos egipcios arcaicos en la Paleta de Narmer del 3100 aC., y aún mayor grado de elaboración se puede ver en los Textos de las Pirámides del III milenio aC.

048 – En el sur de Egipto, Günter Dreyer descubrió registros de entregas de lino y aceite que, según la prueba del carbono, han sido datados entre el 3300 y el 3200 aC., anteriores, pues, al periodo dinástico. Este hallazgo cuestiona la creencia extendida de que los primeros pueblos en escribir fueron los sumerios de Mesopotamia (actual Irak) en algún momento anterior al 3000 aC. ​

049 – También surgió en esta época una escritura proto-elamita logo-gráfica aún por descifrar, que evolucionó a un elamita lineal hacia finales del III milenio, que a su vez fue reemplazado por la escritura cuneiforme tomada del acadio.

050 – La escritura del Indo apareció hacia el 2600 aC. y sobrevivió al declive de la cultura del valle del Indo sobre el 1700 aC. ​ Sin embargo, todos los registros son extremadamente breves y no está claro que fuera realmente un sistema de escritura.

051 – La escritura china, que data aproximadamente del siglo XII aC. (finales de la dinastía shang), era gráficamente independiente de las escrituras del Oriente Medio, aunque, como en el caso del egipcio, puede que el difusionismo transcultural haya tenido algún papel relevante.

052 – Las escrituras precolombinas, que datan del siglo III aC. aproximadamente en Mesoamérica, de las cuales solamente la maya se sabe que fue una escritura real, tuvieron unos orígenes independientes de los del Viejo Mundo. Si el rongorongo de la Isla de Pascua fue también una escritura real, tuvo también un desarrollo independiente. Los Kipus peruanos están siendo motivos de estudio y descubrimiento.

053 – Prácticamente, todos los sistemas de escritura utilizados en el mundo actual descienden en última instancia de la escritura china o de los alfabetos semíticos.

[loveaankilaq]

If you don't mind, may you please tell me what your blog title translates to?

It's Yugtun for Black Lives Matter. Directly translates as "Respect Black People. Honor Black People"