#yupik ref

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Yupik peoples (reference notes)

The Yupik are a group of indigenous peoples in Alaska (west, south-west & south-central), and the Russian Far East.  They include these groups:

The Alutiiq or Sugpiaq people, who live in the Alaskan Peninsula, and coastal & island areas of south-central Alaska. They are also known as Pacific Eskimo and Pacific Yupik.

Alaskan Peninsula.

South-central Alaska.

The Central Alaskan Yup'ik people, who live in a region stretching from southern Norton Sound, southwards to the northern Alaskan Peninsula.  They are also known as the Yup'ik people.

They have the largest population of any Alaskan Native group.

The Siberian Yupik people, who live on St. Lawrence Island (in western Alaska) and in the Russian Far East.  They include the Naukan, Chaplino and Sirenik people.

Map of the Yupik peoples (and other indigenous peoples).

The Yupik people are Eskimo – the indigenous peoples who come from the northern circumpolar region, from eastern Siberia across to Alaska, Canada and Greenland.  They encompass two main groups – 1) the Alaskan Iñupiat peoples, Greenlandic Inuit, and the Inuit peoples of Canada; and 2) the Yupik peoples.  Therefore, the Yupik are related to the Iñupiat and Inuit.

Member states and regions of the Inuit Circumpolar Council.

The word Yup'ik (plural Yupiit) literally means “real people”.  It is a combination of the Yup'ik word yuk (person) + the post-base -pik (real/genuine).

In the Hooper Bay-Chevak & Nuniak dialects of the Yup'ik language, the language and people are called Cup'ik.

The apostrophe in Yup'ik represents a lengthening of the “p” sound.

Yupik Languages

The Yupik languages are part of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. The Eskimo & Aleut languages diverged around 2000 BC.  Within the Eskimo languages, the Yupik languages diverged from each other, and from the Inuit language, around 1000 AD.

The Yupik languages are not mutually intelligible.

Central Alaskan Yup'ik: Spoken on the Alaskan mainland (and some islands, e.g. Nunivak Island) by the Central Alaskan Yup'ik people.  About 13,000 of the 21,000 CA Yup'ik still speak this language.

There are several dialects.  The largest dialect is Yugtun, or Grand Central Yup'ik, spoken in the Yukon River, Nelson Island, Kuskokwim River and Bristol Bay areas.  There are also the Norton Sound, Hooper Bay-Chevak, and Nunivak Island dialects (the latter is called Cup'ik or Cup'ig).

The dialects differ in pronunciation and vocab.  There are geographic sub-dialects within Yugtun, differing mostly in word choices.

Central Siberian Yupik: Spoken by most Yupik in the Far East, and on St. Lawrence Island (Alaska).  Most of the 1,000 Yupik on St. Lawrence Island still speak the St. Lawrence dialect.  About 300 of the 1,000 Siberian Yupiks in Russia speak the Chaplino dialect.

Naukan Yupik: spoken by about 100 people in & around Lavrentiya, Lorino and Uelen, on the Chukchi Peninsula of Siberia.

Alutiiq: spoken from the Alaska Peninsula eastwards to Prince William Sound.  About 500 – 1,000 of the 3,000 Alutiiqs still speak the language.

Prince William Sound.

The Koniag dialect is spoken on the south side of the Alaska Peninsula and on Kodiak Island; the Chugach dialect is spoken on the Kenai Peninsula and in Prince William Sound.

Kodiak Island.

Kenai Peninsula.

Sirenik: extinct since 1997, formerly spoken on the Chukchi Peninsula of Siberia.

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