#why are some german teachers so ominous

[rainiiis]

I love uni because you can just sit there being extremely focused in class and suddenly someone walks in casually and just sits there silently half an hour after the beginning of the class and like. The professor just ignores them. Literally no one cares.

And look I know it's a typical college thing but after highschool it's just very different. Like in highschool teachers kick your ass and send you to the office. Here they just royally ignore you. I love it.

[ifuckinglovedinosaurssomuchjesus]

Reviewing every Dinosaur movie ever: #12 Fifty Million Years Ago

RELEASE DATE: 1925

SYNOPSIS: A trip though Earth’s history as we go from the formation of the earth to the first sea life, to the first land life, through a selection of dinosaurs, and ending on the Ice Age and its mammal inhabitants.

THOUGHTS: Originally a German film that is now lost, only the American re-edit remains, which cut out footage to keep it one reel length long. While pretty obviously a cash grab, it does let us look into the window of this time, mainly by what it was capitalizing on. 1925 not only saw the release of The Lost World (which I'll get to next time) which was such a sure hit that they advertised this short as “just like the movie” before the film was even released, but also this was right smack dab in the middle of the Scopes trial. A Tennessee teacher had been arrested for teaching evolution in the classroom, and the trial was reaching international levels as everyone argued what counted as religion and what should we be teaching our kids. It’s a painfully relevant trial today as US schools are starting to ban books that talk about LGBT history.

Still, this short has nothing to do with that besides trying to cash in on the discussion. The real appeal is just seeing how ridiculously wrong this short is. The title of “Fifty Million Years Ago” isn’t talking about the dinosaurs, it’s talking about the AGE OF THE EARTH! Yes, even though scientists weren’t sure exactly how old the Earth was at this time, nobody’s estimates were that low. That’s less than 1/80th todays estimates. It’s all very amusing.

The short starts with some painted backgrounds and paper models showcasing the Earth’s formation and early life, focusing on Trilobites and Jellyfish. There’s a cool little paper puppet dragonfly that I really like. It moves on the the dinosaurs, who are all very stiff stop motion and of their times, obviously this film didn't have the budget or talent that The Lost World had, so you can’t really blame them. I do believe this is the film debut of Iguanodon though, surprised it took this long to be honest.

Overall the film is very nice, very indicative of the time which may explain why it isn’t as iconic as O’Brien’s works, but still entertaining in its own confused way. I watched my copy from the National Film Preservation Foundation which provided it with an original score by Michael D. Mortilla who gives it a very slow, ominous sound. I know this word is overused now, but the rigid dinosaurs styled after museum mounts, the blueish tint, and the slow music give the whole thing a very liminal feel. It feels like walking through a mall at night or something. Check it out on their website to see what I'm talking about.

RATING: 6/10

[denimbex1986]

'Christopher Nolan's "Oppenheimer" is nothing short of extraordinary. In what might be his magnum opus, Nolan has meticulously crafted a biopic that feels like a thriller. He's also managed to find a way to make 3 hours of people sitting in rooms talking at each other downright exciting. In an era where most movies can feel too long and bloated, Nolan shows an incredible grasp of pacing, using his ticking clock fetish to move the narrative along at near-breakneck speed. The film dumps a massive amount of information on the viewer and doesn't slow down to explain things — you'll have to keep up. And you'll want to keep up, because Nolan hooks you from the jump, unleashing whirls of color and light in the form of abstract shapes underscored by rumbling danger. It's ominous and captivating, and Nolan employs these abstract visuals throughout the film, offering us a glimpse into the mind of J. Robert Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb

As played by Cillian Murphy, Oppenheimer is described in many ways. He's an egotist, a womanizer, a genius. He's an aloof sphynx. A man seemingly at war with his own brilliance. Murphy stuns in the role, adopting a soft-spoken voice and bugging his big, beautiful blue eyes out of his head. Oppenheimer was said to have the most brilliant blue eyes, and that's conveyed perfectly here. You can almost get lost in those eyes. And Nolan clearly knows it, employing countless close-ups on Murphy's face as he ponders and puzzles and chain-smokes his way through life, creating wreckage along the way. He looks haunted, and as the film progresses, haunted is exactly what he becomes. Nolan hints at the darkness to come early on, when Oppenheimer is in the midst of a tryst with his young mistress, Jean Tatlock (Florence Pugh). Standing nude before him, she holds up a book and asks him to read a passage. In a quiet voice, Oppenheimer obliges: "Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds." 

Color and black and white

"Oppenheimer" introduces its protagonist in crisis mode. He's studying abroad and terribly homesick, unable to sleep, and mocked by his teacher. That mockery leads the young scientist to do the unthinkable: poison the apple sitting on the teacher's desk. It's a risky way to introduce your main character, and Nolan is immediately signaling Oppenheimer's fractured mental state — he's brilliant but tormented, as if he's constantly trying to solve some problem in his overactive mind. From here, Nolan is off to the races, jumping in and out of two distinct timelines. The main timeline, shot in color, is told entirely from Oppenheimer's point of view, giving us the story as he saw it (or as Nolan, adapting the book "American Prometheus" by Kai Bird Martin J. Sherwin, imagined he saw it). 

The second timeline, filmed in black and white, zeroes in on another character: Lewis Strauss, the former U.S. Atomic Energy Commission chairman, as he undergoes a cabinet post hearing in the 1950s. Played by Robert Downey Jr., Strauss is our window into a different view of Oppenheimer; an outsider looking in. Downey Jr., who has been too busy with Marvel stuff to appear in many other movies (except "Dolittle"), is electric in the part, trading in his usual mannerisms for a more reserved, mysterious character. We can't quite crack what Strauss is about and why the film is focusing on him so much, and that's because Nolan is playing the long game. He'll get there eventually. 

Tension

After the splitting of the atom in 1932, Oppenheimer is one of the first to realize the possibility of using this advance to create a bomb. As it turns out, the Germans have the same idea and are apparently working on a bomb of their own. When America decides to build an atomic bomb, Oppenheimer badly wants on the team. But there's a problem — Oppenheimer is a leftist and an alleged Communist (he claims he never officially joined the party, but attended meetings). That's a big no-no for the U.S. Government, even before the red scare. Enter General Leslie Groves (a fiery, funny Matt Damon), a no-nonsense military man who is willing to overlook Oppenheimer's leanings in order to make him the leader of the entire project. 

All of this unfolds quickly, with Nolan cutting around and crafting fast little montages to show the passage of time. Ludwig Göransson's constant, propulsive, scary soundtrack booms and moans under it all, while Nolan adds abstract sounds that we can only understand later — a constant motif of what sounds like a roaring train turns out to actually be the stomping of feet from an audience right before Oppenheimer gives a big speech. 

Oppenheimer assembles a team and the building of the bomb begins. The film keeps this almost playful at first, especially as it introduces one new character after another, almost all of whom are played by recognizable faces. But as the deadline increases, the tension builds. By the time Nolan gets to the testing of the bomb, I found myself on edge, bouncing my leg and biting my thumbnail as the tension builds, and builds, and builds, until the only release can be an explosion of haunting, terrifying, obliterating beauty. 

Prometheus

Building the bomb is only one part of the movie. "Oppenheimer" also tells another story — the story of a man willing to allow himself to be pilloried. Like Jake LaMotta in "Raging Bull," Oppenheimer is stepping into a ring of sorts and allowing himself to be pummeled. Why? Because he thinks he deserves it. The aftermath of the bomb begins to horrify him, altering his perception and leading to his voicing his concerns about the future of weapons. This raises the eyebrows of the U.S. Government, and Oppenheimer finds himself under attack. His wife Katherine (a sadly underused Emily Blunt) urges her husband to push back, but he doesn't. He seemingly can't.

Who is Robert Oppenheimer? Nolan isn't interested in painting the man as a simple sinner or saint. The two timelines instead result in a far more complex, almost impenetrable character. We can root for him while also being resentful of some of his actions. Again: this is risky, but Nolan and Murphy make it work like gangbusters. Nolan's writing is good here, but it's Murphy's delicate, dedicated performance that really sells it all. He says a million words with only a glance. When he looks out at the world, his huge eyes seem sad, lonely, and also fixed on something we can't quite see. It's also telling that Nolan opens the film with a bit of text on screen about the story of Prometheus: Prometheus stole fire from the gods, and for his actions, he was chained to a rock for eternity.

Big yet intimate

Shot huge in IMAX, "Oppenheimer" feels massive. And yet it's also an intimate affair, full of scene after scene of men sitting in quiet rooms having loud conversations. We feel like flies on the wall, eavesdropping on history, waiting to see how the predestined situation plays out. We have an idea of where all of this is going, but we're captivated all the same, enamored with Nolan's narrative and Hoyte van Hoytema's frequently jaw-dropping cinematography — the bomb test scene is an all-timer, shot like a downright biblical event.

"Oppenheimer" is a huge, thrilling, scary experience. There are touches of lightness — it's not all misery, I promise. But what makes the movie sing is the way it drops a ton of information on us in such a succinct, exciting way. We hang on every word; we marvel at every shot. It's not just a movie, it's a spectacle. A film that asks tough questions and then dares to not give us any easy answers. Like Oppenheimer himself, it's a conflicting movie with an unknowable core. It's also one of the best movies of the year.

/Film Rating: 9.5 out of 10'

[mariacallous]

Sombreros, serapes and maracas, horrible pronunciations, jokes about Mexican stand-offs, and really strange-looking tacos — did the “Mexican Week” episode of “The Great British Baking Show” leave any stereotypical stone unturned? After a similar debacle with Season 11’s “Japanese Week,” the internationally beloved competition series — which streams on Netflix in the U.S. — apparently decided not to learn from its mistakes, and dove headlong into Mexican food. And since the competition is largely to determine who can create the best baked goods, many observers wondered, why were they attempting tacos, anyway?

Even before the episode dropped on Oct. 7, the promos featuring sombrero-wearing hosts Noel Fielding and Matt Lucas came under fire from social media commenters — largely from the U.S., where finding a good taco is not as difficult as in the U.K. — who were quick to weigh in on the show’s utter failure to try to understand more than the most obvious characteristics of Mexican food and culture. Even the English-language plural of the word cactus eluded one of the contestants — not to mention the woman whose absolutely wretched try at guacamole sounded more like “glakeemolo.”

“It’s not hard to learn to pronounce words correctly, even for a living muppet of a host,” wrote José Ralat, the Taco Editor of Texas Monthly magazine.

“Tacos, new one on me,” says one contestant, as they are given the assignment for the technical challenge of making tortillas from canned “yellow field corn” and adding steak, spicy refried beans, guacamole and pico de gallo to make some sort of gloppy pile of taco topped with rare meat. The difference between tacos and “torteellas” perplexes one chef while the other predictably worries, “I just hope my chili is not too hot!”

But Austin, Texas-based journalist Kate Sánchez tried to put the furor into perspective, noting “Don’t get me wrong it’s definitely racist but also DACA was deemed illegal and my community is being actively harmed by forces not on my TV so glocklymolo and ominous maraca shaking is at least the stuff I can laugh at.” However, she did admit that peeling an avocado like a potato constituted “an act of physical violence against my people.”

“Absolutely haunted by this week’s #GBBO, I will never get the image of Carole peeling an avocado like a potato out of my head,” agreed Twitter user @IWillLeaveNow.

“Bracing ourselves for a whole lot of cringe,” wrote German-based historian and teacher Daniel Salina Córdova, who also shared a bingo card featuring all the stereotypically Mexican tropes used on the show.

“Mexican week on the #GBBO is so cringingly racially and culturally insensitive I have to ask how it was approved,” wrote @kcrusher on Twitter.

Did the show decide it might be better to apologize for stereotypes that have created harmful images of Mexican people for years? No, it did not, it made a silly taco joke. Netflix did not respond to a request for comment.

[srbachchan]

DAY 4484

Jalsa, Mumbai                   June 15/16,  2020                 Mon/Tue 1;15 AM

Birthday Ef - Sejal Shah ABE, .. Monday, June 15 .. greetings and wishes for your birthday on the 15th of June .. the delayed greet is regretted .. at times they are inevitable - delays .. but the feel is the same ❤️

.. time to return to Father’s words thoughts writings experiences his maturity on life and its rush .. 

of this there is little doubt .. in the times and conditions of the present .. thought and speech and expressives of it, have risen to lengths and degrees, that had never prevailed before .. if there are 7+ billion voices in sound or expression in the resident human species .. there are an equal number of them that express the express of what has been expressed .. most of it just there to mark ‘present’ in the classroom logs .. or to give value in their estimation to the WWW ogre that has altered the universe and continues to invent reinvent and re reinvent what should run through those fibres .. or through those objects of desire that roam the hemispheres in silent but ominous presence .. 

never was there occasion or methodology in knowing, before what the ‘other’ expressed .. not certainly in the manner in which it was meant to be known .. each human mind reads and expresses the expressed in the mode or temperament of its present .. this we have written and covered earlier too .. but the subject keeps boomeranging back to the reality for us to obfuscate .. ponder or merely give added voice to , even if it never does make a sense of some common degree .. for the duration of its worth or documented file , we and all know , shall be overcome within the time of the rise .. the rise of the glow .. the rise of the warmth .. the rise of the determined rise of nature .. of biological nature .. one that has given the element of regrouping to the storied capacity above .. perhaps the most intricate and unexplored living being in all systems .. 

.. the cerebrum .. the brain .. 

.. its derivation of the name in limbo .. German, Greek in descent .. 

.. but there all the same .. in the force of its uncalculated temperament .. the temperament that has been the responsible factor of all that transpires or has transpired to date .. 

.. seek one and the eye shall travel to the several other that invade that ‘seek’ .. its such a renowned act .. and before long a trillion thoughts rush through that ‘mush’ ‘refuge or rejected matter’ .. that largest element , possessed in animals like the elephant the whale and the dolphin, in its largest form .. to give it the required usage .. 

.. indeed ‘refuge’ or ‘rejected matter’ came close to excrement in some of the early descriptions on its naming .. 

.. is that the reason why in times of abuse or disagreement, the cerebrum is the element that gets the most obtuse description ..

.. उसके दिमाग़ में तो भूँसा भरा हुआ है  .. his brain is filled with hay .. !!

.. it could well have been excreter .. but me thinks better civic sense prevailed  !

.. and at this obtuse time the ‘hay stack’ insists that I .. no no .. not go to bed .. but to stay away from it .. 

.. I am an obedient student and one that is disciplined in the school teacher culture .. so my upbringing shall follow suite .. abstain from the four legged monster , which gives residence to the stretch of the body system, which bears burden of the ‘mushed excreter’ !!!!!!

Never before in the history of the Universe was the documentation of the expressed voice through any medium so prevalent as in the times we live in .. and there is the expected danger - if danger it can be called - of its monstrous repercussion ..  malformed rare teratoid presence .. 

.. in time .. and it can be safely assumed that it will in time .. when the atmosphere is given tech research for sound capture .. all that was ever sounded through vocal shall all be there , to listen .. 

.. and what a wonder that would be .. 

.. to hear Aristotle .. or Shakespeare .. or Van Gough ..

OR .. indeed the voice of GOD .. !!

Amitabh Bachchan

[sabbaticallife84]

“Going to the mountains is going home.” -John Muir

July 1st. My favorite July 1st in a long time. It was a cool day. I had a delicious lunch with my aunt. I had bratwurst, kartofel und Sauerkraut, cola, cause it was too early to drink wine. 

I didn’t have a phone, no pictures of maps or much direction, so I wanted to do something not that far from where I was staying. My aunt described this beautiful walk I could take around Wolfgangsee, the lake we were staying next to. I thought that sounded ideal. There was a cute town and then another cute town along the lake that I would run in to if I was lucky. So I decided to do that walk. On my way out of town, I saw a cute little second hand shop and they had good backpacks. I decided I needed a little bit of a bigger day pack than I had brought. I found a cute back pack and it looked sturdy and high quality. I asked the owner how much it was. He looked me up and down and said “eight euro”. So that was a steal! This bag was nice, sturdy, good Austrian quality and I was getting it for 8 euro! Yay, this was going to be a great day! I walked down a side walk to the left to try to find the path around the lake. 

The path around the lake was really nice and flat. I saw these happy fish swimming in the shallows. The woods around me consisted of lindens, beech trees, pine trees, vines and was so green and cool and perfect. The temperature  lovely. 

I walked out of town, to Fürberg. When I got to Fürberg, I wasn’t sure I was there until I saw a sign on the guest house and realized this was it! I decided I wanted to sit at this beautiful cafe and have a delicious coffee and a piece of cake. My waiter was having a slow day. He came over to my table to have a chat. He said it was “dead” there, that day. We talked about how their busy season was more like July 15-end of August. We talked about how the kids weren’t out of school yet in Austria. He said his son was 11 years old and he was anxiously awaiting July 9th, when school would be out for them. My waiter was from Hungary. He shared that his son was struggling with learning German but had taught himself English with tv and movies. His teacher had asked his dad who in their family spoke English at home and when he said, “No one.” The teacher was surprised cause his sons English was so good. The waiter went on to tell me about some beautiful sights to see in Hungary and one was the Plattensee in Hungary. We talked about Covid. His friend was an orthopedic doctor and he said his friend did that kind of specialty to avoid the really sick and infected people. I was explaining how our ortho unit had changed into a covid unit. The waiters were wearing bright white shirts and lederhosen. The waitresses were wearing the traditional dress from Austria, the dirndl. The staff looked very festive in their outfits. I ordered this delicious cake and coffee. I asked the waiter if I could go back to the back and see which kinds of cakes they had or what they looked like. I saw this delicious cake I needed to try. So I ordered that piece with whipped cream. 

The couple next to me asked what kind of cake I had ordered. They called the waiter over and ordered it. I realized as the waiter brought it out, I didn’t tell them I had ordered it with whipped cream. So then I told them, they called the waiter back over and ordered whipped cream. Then the waiter didn’t disappoint. He brought this big bowl of whipped cream for them. Sitting there, I was looking that the clear bright blue water of the lake. It reminded me of emerald lake in BC. It’s almost green. It was really gorgeous. Happy fish swimming in the shallows, The perfect path around the lake. Surrounded by lindens, buchenwald, pine trees. The temperature was cool and perfect. 

After Fürberg, I was walking down the path and saw a group of teenage boys with a six pack and a couple of bottles walking into the forest. I thought it was fun, and I remembered when I was a teenager in Germany and had similar experiences after school. Then “The girl on the Train” came to my mind I was all of a sudden nervous. Not that this exact thing happened in that book, but it was just kind of creepy. These guys fueled by alcohol and maybe wanting to cause trouble, who knows what they might do. I don’t know why my mind went ominous. I waited a bit to let them walk ahead of me. The path was changing from a flat path to a steeper path. It started to feel like ‘Lake View’, this hike in Priest Lake, Idaho. The path started to go up and down, with large stair cases up and down. 

    I learned that back in the 1500′s, supposedly, a man was trying to take his ox to the market for slaughter, when it ran away. The man grabbed the ox’s tail and followed him into the water. Back then, people couldn’t swim and the man would have sank and drowned if he wasn’t holding on to the ox’s tail.  But luckily he survived, the ox swam a ways and then back into shore. Then the man or someone built a little beautiful white shrine thing on this tiny island. It was called the Ochsenkreutz (Ox cross). The water was clear and turquoise around it. The color was crazy and the water was super clear and beautiful. 

I walked up the path, down the path. The forest was beautiful, quiet, except for the occasional rustle. I actually sometimes felt like I wasn’t alone. I would stop and look around, and would be totally alone. Eventually I figured out that 1.) the wind in the trees sounded like people, 2.) my new backpack had a little zipper clinking on my back, 3.) there were little brown mice running around and rustling in the leaves and that sounded like footsteps. This forest reminded me of Outlander or of Robin Hood. It was deep and green. It was so beautiful and I kept imagining at any moment the rustling would reveal a man carrying a bow with arrows, walking out of the forest towards me. I eventually made it to a bit of a bigger memorial thing on the main land called the Hochszeitkreutz. (the wedding cross) There were three people in wet suits and a girl down below in the lake who had just jumped. These brave souls were jumping off high rocks into the turqouise water below. This sweet teenage kid was standing, looking over the cliff and trying to amp himself up to go. The man, maybe his father, uncle or coach had a camera on video mode trained on him for the jump. But the young guy hesitated. I stopped to read the sign on the bench about the memorial site. You could tell that I freaked the teenager out and he thought I was watching him. I finished reading and walked off. There was a bench looking out at the water and a man was sitting on the bench reading his book. 

 I didn’t wait for him to jump in and then I started walking home. I also never saw those teenage boys again. It started to rain. I was soaked after 30 minutes of walking in it. I had a rain coat on so my chest, and stomach were dry. My heads, wrists, thighs, legs, and feet were squelching wet. I ducked into an Italian restaurant, that was very popular and buzzing with people. You could tell that this place was well liked by locals and tourists alike. I asked the hostess for a table and she said at the moment, they didn’t have anything. I thanked them and went to leave and keep walking. Some other customers called to me from a table and said the hostess had called me back. I waited on their covered porch and the hostess kept motioning for me to wait. I waited like 5-10 minutes and then got a table. It was great.  

   The server/owner and hostess/server were really sweet women and they were working so hard. Running and running. They smiled at each other and all the customers and they worked as a team, even though they were slammed. It was impressive. I got to see the other fun tables with friends and families at them (Yes I was a creeper, but what else did I have to do? ;-) ). A family was celebrating their youngest daughters birthday. It was so funny, cause the littlest girl had eaten her dinner and she was running around and running around and wanted to leave the restaurant and play outside with her grandmother. But the whole family was trying to entertain and cajole her so she would stay long enough for... the staff to come out with her cake with a sparkler candle on top. And then the whole restaurant sang “happy birthday” in English. Then the staff sang it in Italian. It was really cool. The girl was super happy and excited, until a few minutes in, she decided she didn’t like her mango cake creation and she was bouncing around again. Finally her grandmother did take her outside to run around and play and work off some of her energy. 

  I ate delicious caprese salad and pizza. It was so yummy. I also drank my new favorite drink, a Hugo Spritz. It’s light and sparkly and sweet. Then I walked back to my Aunts house. It was a really fun day! 

“And we will meet in the woods far far away from this hustle and bustle... and share love and sunshine.” -Avijeet Das

[neo-frill]

Rating the walls of a room in my school just because I can:

This place is something like a Study room, it has books and magazines and a lot of tables and chairs and games like chess, 3D tic tac toe, a grid and some bottle caps for normal tic tac toe and a computer. It seems kind of cool to me, it doesn't have a certain aesthetic or like a color scheme, it's just really colorful. Even though the furniture isn't any set or something, it all kinda fits together imo, but I'm not good with this stuff, so maybe it doesn't.

As for the location, it's on the first floor, near the classrooms mainly used for languages (we have cool ones to pick from too, at least for me; all of us speak Czech cause we're Czech, we've got English as the second language and choose a third one after some time, the third one can be French, Spanish, German or Russian, but only two open) and the rooms where the teachers stay when they're free, have consultations with the student etc. (We call them 'kabinety' which sounds like it translates to cabinets but a cabinet is a piece of furniture so idrk what to call them).

First of all, here's kind of a blueprint or whatever, made by me:

The sizes of most stuff is probably incorrect because a) my memory is shit and b) even if I stood there while drawing this, I can't do the stuff where you take something and draw it smaller or bigger but with the same distances and stuff if that makes sense. It's not like a map so up isn't necessarily North (though it could be, I don't have a clue). This is mostly to show where each wall is and how close/far from the main entrance it is and stuff. Let's got then, starting with

Wall 1

Wall one is the worst of them. I know it looks really cool but before you get angry, listen to me. It is cool. That stuff on it are some quotes and poems and stuff, written on papers which are stuck to it (idk if it's glue or if they put it on there when the paint was drying, I literally have no idea). But most of the quotes are a load of crap. Some sound like they're from r/im14andthisisdeep (shit is it spelled 14 or fourteen in it? anyways you get the point), some are just.. dumb. They include "A mask, the only part of their face that people choose." and "What Johnny won't learn, neither will John." (Loosely translated, Johnny being meant as kind of a nickname which you usually call kids and stuff.), "There is only one truth, which is why not everyone can be right." (This one makes more sense in Czech but still kinda bullshit tbh), "A long shadow doesn't necessarily mean greatness." (Also makes more sense in Czech, greatness sometimes having the same word as largeness or whatever). Some are pretty cool, but most are trash. Example of the ones I find cool is: "Dictators ride tigers, scared to come down from their backs. And the tigers are getting hungry." I'm not really sure about what the last part is supposed to mean, if it's that the tigers will eat the dictators or?? but it's a great quote anyways. One of the ones I hate is "Laziness is the key to poverty." or some shit like that. They're mostly by dead Czech (or Czechoslovakian) politicians (noticed at least two ex presidents) or poets. But there was one by a guy who was probably a philosopher, idk, definitely wasn't Czech and to me his name sounded Greek but I don't really know and don't even remember the name of the man, the quote was something about not having friends. Cool design, probably made by students but I don't like most of the stuff that's written there, 6/10.

Wall 2

This is wall 2. I love wall 2. It has really pretty colors and there's bubbles. Radiates good vibes. Very nice. I don't know how to describe it, it's just beautiful and I don't know what more to say. 10/10.

Wall 3*

Wall 3 looks kind of ominous. Not in a bad way (is there even such a thing?) It has mystery/thriller novel vibes. The feet aren't painted, they had to color someone's feet and somehow get their footsteps up to the half of the wall and I think a) that's very cool, b) it would be fun to participate in/watch and c) it's very creative. The color of the floor is my favorite color. I like how the stripes on the "walls" of the hallway are probably supposed to be just striped that are painted on these "walls" but also look kinda 3D until you look at how they connect to the "ceiling." I am also in love with the "lights" and the way they reflect on the "floor." It kind of doesn't match the vibe of the room and looks less colorful somehow even tho there's a lot of colors, but it's neat. 9.5/10

Wall 4*

Wall 4 is my personal favorite, even though it's the smallest. It's very lively, has pretty colors and shapes that look really really cool to me, idk how else to describe it. I just love it a lot. 11/10, would stare at for hours.

[END, that's all of the walls]

*I'm sorry, I didn't realize how bad the photos of Wall 3 and (especially) Wall 4 are. Wall 3 is kinda cut off at the top. Wall 4 is cut off even more and it's blurry. I'll provide better pictures later, if I'm able to.

If anyone actually read this thank you, but why the fuck did you do that? You just wasted your time watching a teenage girl rate her school's walls. Anyways, I appreciate it a lot, because I put a lot of effort into this post (probably way too much). It was fun to do tho. Maybe I'll rate some other random stuff later? Maybe I'll update the ratings of the walls? Who knows.

**just realized that Walls 3 and 4 aren't actually cut off, it just looked that way. Anyways, Wall 4 is still kinda blurry, sorry about that.

[astargatelover]

Watching The da Vinci Code for the first time - A documentation

-  About to watch The da Vinci Code for the first time. It’s about 3AM. Back of the DVD says the movie’s almost 2h30 long. Will approximately be going to bed at about 6AM. I gotta be crazy.

- Back of the DVD also says (translated from German): In the middle of the night the (…) is (…) Langdon (TOM HANKS) in the (…) director was murdered. His (?) (…) that of the Vitruvian Man (…) is the first horrible clue (…) and symbols. At the risk of his life (something something) Langdon – and from then on it’s a normal description, it’s just that that part is obscured by the library stamp. So I can confidently say I totally know what’s going on in this movie! *serious nod*

- Third highlight of the back of the DVD: Ian McKellen, grumpy-looking monk dude and a guy looking like Palpatine. And the Louvre.

- Also in the movie: Some German I don’t know (but yay!) and Paul Bettany. He’s cool; I really liked him in A Knight’s Tale.

- Let’s get this show on the road!

- …gotta update my media player. One sec!

- There we go. …where’s the always-on-top button? Ah, found it! Light’s off in my room; cinema time.

- Music’s already nice in the menu.

- Audio: English. (More nice music.) Subtitles: (Hey, they have Turkish on offer!) Off.

- (They even have subtitles for the trailers. But no extras. Am miffed. What kind of bare-bones DVD is this?!)

- 20 minutes after the first “about” up there: Play movie.

- Fancy title cards.

- Dude running. He’s gonna die; I know that much.

- Paul!

- *sigh*

- Oooooh, it’s Robert. That’s a lot of applause.

- (Btw, in case you didn’t know: I have watched Angels & Demons because I love Ernesto Olivetti a crazy amount.)

- I like Robert. Awesome presentation.

- Also like Tom Hanks. He’s great.

- Accents, y’all.

- Latin? Latin. Italian? No, definitely Latin.

- Ouch. Self-flagellation. Ooooooouch. Some religious people are crazy.

- Dude, you can barely stand. I’m a sadist and I don’t want you doing that to you.

- We’re only 10 minutes in, my goodness.

- Claustrophobia! I relate to that.

- Just let the dude take the stairs.

- Wow.

- Priests.

- Have I mentioned I’m not a big fan of catholics? Nothing personal.

- Also: Autistic Langdon, symbology special interest.

- French.

- Sophie! Heard of her.

- Strange happenings.

- Oooooooooh.

- French lady. I don’t speak French.

- *window jump scare*

- We don’t trust the police guy.

- Conspiracies!

- Fuck.

- “Once he starts, he doesn’t stop.” He’s like Javert.

- Climb out the window?

- More French.

- Oooooooh! They’re so tricking them, aren’t they? They’re not dumb.

- Bye bye!

- I’m sorry for Sophie.

- (I saw that part where her grandfather got shot years ago.)

- Here we go with the anagrams.

- Eidetic memory (pretty much) - firms up my autism headcanon.

- Can you even get that close to the Mona Lisa irl?

- Tom Hanks has a really nice nose. xD

- Langdon’s so good with anagrams.

- It’s like a scavenger hunt.

- Ooh, Musketeer symbol.

- Chase music!

- Flashback with crazy meetings.

- A smart! I get to bop someone now.

- Ooh, Les Mis.

- Backwards! That’s impressive.

- She’s so gonna make it.

- She made it!

- Bye bye, mirror.

- Paul’s looking angry.

- Someone got stabbed. I sense guilt.

- More dead people.

- Holy water.

- A nun.

- A rose line.

- Is he gonna kill her? She seems nervous.

- MORE FRENCH.

- Red light zone.

- (It’s raining outside. Kinda sets the mood.)

- You stay away from that dude, nun.

- Saving a junkie?

- (Sophie’s a really nice name, btw.)

- He rambles when he gets the chance so much. Really reminds me of special interests. (And in case anyone takes issue with that, I should know. I’m autistic. I have them.)

- My parents just watched Knightfall. Now I know some about the templars’ fall.

- Sophie didn’t know they were supposed to protect the Holy Grail? Really? Huh.

- Moooooore French.

- Please don’t die, nun.

- That’s some scar under his eye.

- Those look like some anger issues.

- It’s the grumpy-looking monk dude.

- Seriously, I understand more Latin than French.

-  “Blood is being spilled” as he’s spilling wine, that’s great.

- Freeeeeeeeeench.

- “I don’t think he liked me very much. He once made a joke at my expense.” I relate to this guy so hard on the autism level.

- It’s the German dude.

- That’s some system they’ve got at that bank.

- You call that a rose?

- I’m with Langdon here. Safe passage?

- Aww, poor guy. I’ve got claustrophobia, too, and I haven’t even got a traumatizing event behind me. (I read that somewhere.)

- I like the driver.

- A lot. Nice one with the watch.

- Langdon, you look sick. Please don’t die, y’all.

- JESUS CHRIST.

- Poor Sophie. </3 Woah.

- How tf did that truck get there?

- That bullet. Smaaart move. *thumbs up*

- Ouch.

- Bye bye again.

- Do I like the police captain? I don’t know.

- The tea convo. xD

- Is Langdon like this in the books? I hope he is.

- How old is Sophie? *googles Audrey Tatou* (Ooh, Amélie!) *checks when movie was made* ‘bout 30.

- Yaaaaaas, Ian.

- Also please don’t die.

- (Both my faves in Angels & Demons die. I’m vorbelastet and can’t find a good English word for that.)

- Jesus was cool.

- Those helmets. Feathers!

- “Not even his nephew twice removed.” xDDD

- Is that paisley? *googles* It is. Nice!

- Just in case you’re wondering, I am typing this as I watch the movie. I’m not saying I’m not missing anything, but I like multitasking.

- *googles The last Supper* Wow, no cup.

- Genital symbols.

- Wombs open towards the ground, though. People with them aren’t constantly doing handstands.

- Have I mentioned one of my favorite movies is Dogma, which postulates that Jesus had siblings? I’m liking this conversation.

- “Companion meant spouse.” My gay ass likes this.

- If that is Mary Magdalene, though, which apostle is missing? Been wondering this for years.

- Scions. I like this.

- I’m all for sex positivity.

- Your time’s kinda running out, guys.

- Almost halfway through, now.

- Do you seriously believe they’re murderers?

- Why do you wear your police thingies like a blind man’s band?

- Was overall expecting a bit more running in this movie, I guess.

- Poor Sophie. This is a lot to take in.

- Beating someone up with crutches! Yas!

- Like, ouch.

- Do you happen to have a secret passage under your house? Would come in real handy.

- Oh, Zürich! Man, accents. Barely understood that.

- Frehehench.

- In my personal experience claustrophobic people aren’t generally fans of planes. That might just be me, though.

- Still don’t know Paul’s character’s name.

- We are leaving the country.

- That haircut. On the dude with the grumpy-looking monk.

- Does Jesus having a family beside his parents somehow make him less holy? *shrug*

- FRENCH.

- Police brutality?

- “Please”? Seriously? I understood that much and you’re a dick.

- This is, like, some Order of the White Lotus stuff.

- You need a mirror? You can’t read it otherwise? Huh. Well, I guess it’s just easier.

- I really like Lee.

- How many more ways can I angrily write French? (I don’t have anything against the language per se. I just don’t understand what they’re saying and that irks me. There aren’t even subtitles for that. I feel like there are supposed to be subtitles.)

- (It is nice, however, that they’re sticking to the languages they’d actually be speaking. I wonder if it’s all German in German.)

- Yo, police. Be more subtle. You could have laid a trap.

- “You can start with him.” Hm! xD

- “I could run them over.” !! Man, this is great.

- This is like a fucking magic trick.

- You know what, I wanna watch that again.

- The DVD did not like that, so now I get to look at the “pick scene” menu. At least there’s more nice music.

- Just out of curiosity… *checks* There are 24 chapters and I’m at the 16th.

- I can understand more French when I concentrate on it, but I’ve been too annoyed about it so far.

- Never had French at school, btw. But have a bit of a talent for languages. When it comes to those I can sometimes cobble meaning together from context and existing knowledge.

- “The French cannot be trusted”, sounds so ominous.

- As a fan of Angels & Demons, I am very interested in what the Vatican has to say about all this.

- Told ya we don’t like planes.

- Naww, Sophie. Arm pat, yas.

- How do you accidentally fall into a well feet first? Hmm…

- Saved by pigeons, wow.

- Paul’s eyes are super blue.

- Is he gonna get killed?

- What an old-ass phone.

- I’m worried about that newspaper.

- How they’re keeping the identity of the teacher secret is A+, shooting-wise.

- “Your identity shall go with me to the grave.” Did he know he was gonna die?

- Nice one!

- Is the second movie this long? *checks* Not quite.

- Seriously. Unnaturally blue eyes.

- Shoot-out.

- I can kinda see where Lee’s coming from. Don’t agree with the method, but…

- Did a shoulder-shot really kill him?

- See? Nope.

- I think I do kinda like the police captain.

- Have I mentioned my attraction to side characters?

- Oh, that tiny wound on her neck. I like the attention to detail.

- And those stained glass windows! Pretty.

- His mind! Wow.

- I wanna see this scene without music and special effects, though, to see what Sophie and Lee see. Must be pretty weird. xD

- Dramatic musiiiiic.

- Police captain coming through! Yas.

- Robert’s like “What is happening?”

- Man, those poor policemen with the screaming dude in the back of the car.

- Can’t resist a challenge, can you?

- It’s hecking dark behind that doorway.

- Can they get away with getting rid of all the villains half an hour before the movie’s over?

- Now she’s all Ghost Whisperer-like.

- I like the way it sounds when she calls him Robert.

- (Doing some more googling. Ah, it’s Leigh. I see.)

- Who are these guys? Something bad’s happening.

- Flashbacks and MORE FRENCH.

- Wonder if Robert and Sophie use the formal you in German. It wouldn’t fit.

- Sophie’s world is kinda falling apart.

- (She’s like Bethany in Dogma. Don’t know if anyone here even knows Dogma, but I love it.)

- Family reunion! Who put those onions here?

- See? Robert and I agree. Why should a family make Jesus less holy?

- I really like this friendship. I hope they’ll meet again.

- Checking if she can walk on water. xD

- Hey, it’s the Eiffel tower! And it’s playing light house.

- Blood.

- What? What is it?

- Wow.

- This music is real nice.

- 7 minutes of credits.

- Again, though: The music is nice.

[instituteofreproducingme-blog]

John A. Wheeler, Physicist Who Coined the Term ‘Black Hole,’ Is Dead at 96 By DENNIS OVERBYEAPRIL 14, 2008

John A. Wheeler, Physicist Who Coined the Term ‘Black Hole,’ Is Dead at 96 By DENNIS OVERBYEAPRIL 14, 2008

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2019/07/09 09:14

John A. Wheeler, Physicist Who Coined the Term ‘Black Hole,’ Is Dead at 96 By DENNIS OVERBYEAPRIL 14, 2008

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John A. Wheeler, a visionary physicist and teacher who helped invent the theory of nuclear fission, gave black holes their name and argued about the nature of reality with Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr, died Sunday morning at his home in Hightstown, N.J. He was 96.

The cause was pneumonia, said his daughter Alison Wheeler Lahnston.

Dr. Wheeler was a young, impressionable professor in 1939 when Bohr, the Danish physicist and his mentor, arrived in the United States aboard a ship from Denmark and confided to him that German scientists had succeeded in splitting uranium atoms. Within a few weeks, he and Bohr had sketched out a theory of how nuclear fission worked. Bohr had intended to spend the time arguing with Einstein about quantum theory, but “he spent more time talking to me than to Einstein,” Dr. Wheeler later recalled.

As a professor at Princeton and then at the University of Texas in Austin, Dr. Wheeler set the agenda for generations of theoretical physicists, using metaphor as effectively as calculus to capture the imaginations of his students and colleagues and to pose questions that would send them, minds blazing, to the barricades to confront nature.

Max Tegmark, a cosmologist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said of Dr. Wheeler, “For me, he was the last Titan, the only physics superhero still standing.”

Under his leadership, Princeton became the leading American center of research into Einsteinian gravity, known as the general theory of relativity — a field that had been moribund because of its remoteness from laboratory experiment.

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“He rejuvenated general relativity; he made it an experimental subject and took it away from the mathematicians,” said Freeman Dyson, a theorist at the Institute for Advanced Study across town in Princeton.

Among Dr. Wheeler’s students was Richard Feynman of the California Institute of Technology, who parlayed a crazy-sounding suggestion by Dr. Wheeler into work that led to a Nobel Prize. Another was Hugh Everett, whose Ph.D. thesis under Dr. Wheeler on quantum mechanics envisioned parallel alternate universes endlessly branching and splitting apart — a notion that Bryce DeWitt, of the University of Texas in Austin, called “Many Worlds” and which has become a favorite of many cosmologists as well as science fiction writers.

Recalling his student days, Dr. Feynman once said, “Some people think Wheeler’s gotten crazy in his later years, but he’s always been crazy.”

John Archibald Wheeler — he was Johnny Wheeler to friends and fellow scientists — was born on July 9, 1911, in Jacksonville, Fla. The oldest child in a family of librarians, he earned his Ph.D. in physics from Johns Hopkins University at 21. A year later, after becoming engaged to an old acquaintance, Janette Hegner, after only three dates, he sailed to Copenhagen to work with Bohr, the godfather of the quantum revolution, which had shaken modern science with paradoxical statements about the nature of reality.

“You can talk about people like Buddha, Jesus, Moses, Confucius, but the thing that convinced me that such people existed were the conversations with Bohr,” Dr. Wheeler said.

Their relationship was renewed when Bohr arrived in 1939 with the ominous news of nuclear fission. In the model he and Dr. Wheeler developed to explain it, the atomic nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, is like a drop of liquid. When a neutron emitted from another disintegrating nucleus hits it, this “liquid drop” starts vibrating and elongates into a peanut shape that eventually snaps in two.

Two years later, Dr. Wheeler was swept up in the Manhattan Project to build an atomic bomb. To his lasting regret, the bomb was not ready in time to change the course of the war in Europe and possibly save his brother Joe, who died in combat in Italy in 1944.

Dr. Wheeler continued to do government work after the war, interrupting his research to help develop the hydrogen bomb, promote the building of fallout shelters and support the Vietnam War and missile defense, even as his views ran counter to those of his more liberal colleagues.

Dr. Wheeler was once officially reprimanded by President Dwight D. Eisenhower for losing a classified document on a train, but he also received the Atomic Energy Commission’s Enrico Fermi Award from President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968.

When Dr. Wheeler received permission in 1952 to teach a course on Einsteinian gravity, it was not considered an acceptable field to study. But in promoting general relativity, he helped transform the subject in the 1960s, at a time when Dennis Sciama, at Cambridge University in England, and Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich, at Moscow State University, founded groups that spawned a new generation of gravitational theorists and cosmologists.

One particular aspect of Einstein’s theory got Dr. Wheeler’s attention. In 1939, J. Robert Oppenheimer, who would later be a leader in the Manhattan Project, and a student, Hartland Snyder, suggested that Einstein’s equations had made an apocalyptic prediction. A dead star of sufficient mass could collapse into a heap so dense that light could not even escape from it. The star would collapse forever while spacetime wrapped around it like a dark cloak. At the center, space would be infinitely curved and matter infinitely dense, an apparent absurdity known as a singularity.

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SEE SAMPLE PRIVACY POLICY OPT OUT OR CONTACT US ANYTIME Dr. Wheeler at first resisted this conclusion, leading to a confrontation with Dr. Oppenheimer at a conference in Belgium in 1958, in which Dr. Wheeler said that the collapse theory “does not give an acceptable answer” to the fate of matter in such a star. “He was trying to fight against the idea that the laws of physics could lead to a singularity,” Dr. Charles Misner, a professor at the University of Maryland and a former student, said. In short, how could physics lead to a violation itself — to no physics?

Dr. Wheeler and others were finally brought around when David Finkelstein, now an emeritus professor at Georgia Tech, developed mathematical techniques that could treat both the inside and the outside of the collapsing star.

At a conference in New York in 1967, Dr. Wheeler, seizing on a suggestion shouted from the audience, hit on the name “black hole” to dramatize this dire possibility for a star and for physics.

The black hole “teaches us that space can be crumpled like a piece of paper into an infinitesimal dot, that time can be extinguished like a blown-out flame, and that the laws of physics that we regard as ‘sacred,’ as immutable, are anything but,” he wrote in his 1999 autobiography, “Geons, Black Holes & Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics.” (Its co-author is Kenneth Ford, a former student and a retired director of the American Institute of Physics.)

In 1973, Dr. Wheeler and two former students, Dr. Misner and Kip Thorne, of the California Institute of Technology, published “Gravitation,” a 1,279-page book whose witty style and accessibility — it is chockablock with sidebars and personality sketches of physicists — belies its heft and weighty subject. It has never been out of print.

In the summers, Dr. Wheeler would retire with his extended family to a compound on High Island, Me., to indulge his taste for fireworks by shooting beer cans out of an old cannon.

He and Janette were married in 1935. She died in October 2007 at 99. Dr. Wheeler is survived by their three children, Ms. Lahnston and Letitia Wheeler Ufford, both of Princeton; James English Wheeler of Ardmore, Pa.; 8 grandchildren, 16 great-grandchildren, 6 step-grandchildren and 11 step-great-grandchildren.

In 1976, faced with mandatory retirement at Princeton, Dr. Wheeler moved to the University of Texas.

At the same time, he returned to the questions that had animated Einstein and Bohr, about the nature of reality as revealed by the strange laws of quantum mechanics. The cornerstone of that revolution was the uncertainty principle, propounded by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, which seemed to put fundamental limits on what could be known about nature, declaring, for example, that it was impossible, even in theory, to know both the velocity and the position of a subatomic particle. Knowing one destroyed the ability to measure the other. As a result, until observed, subatomic particles and events existed in a sort of cloud of possibility that Dr. Wheeler sometimes referred to as “a smoky dragon.”

This kind of thinking frustrated Einstein, who once asked Dr. Wheeler if the Moon was still there when nobody looked at it.

But Dr. Wheeler wondered if this quantum uncertainty somehow applied to the universe and its whole history, whether it was the key to understanding why anything exists at all.

“We are no longer satisfied with insights only into particles, or fields of force, or geometry, or even space and time,” Dr. Wheeler wrote in 1981. “Today we demand of physics some understanding of existence itself.”

At a 90th birthday celebration in 2003, Dr. Dyson said that Dr. Wheeler was part prosaic calculator, a “master craftsman,” who decoded nuclear fission, and part poet. “The poetic Wheeler is a prophet,” he said, “standing like Moses on the top of Mount Pisgah, looking out over the promised land that his people will one day inherit.” Wojciech Zurek, a quantum theorist at Los Alamos National Laboratory, said that Dr. Wheeler’s most durable influence might be the students he had “brought up.” He wrote in an e-mail message, “I know I was transformed as a scientist by him — not just by listening to him in the classroom, or by his physics idea: I think even more important was his confidence in me.”

Dr. Wheeler described his own view of his role to an interviewer 25 years ago.

“If there’s one thing in physics I feel more responsible for than any other, it’s this perception of how everything fits together,” he said. “I like to think of myself as having a sense of judgment. I’m willing to go anywhere, talk to anybody, ask any question that will make headway.

“I confess to being an optimist about things, especially about someday being able to understand how things are put together. So many young people are forced to specialize in one line or another that a young person can’t afford to try and cover this waterfront — only an old fogy who can afford to make a fool of himself.

“If I don’t, who will?”

Correction: April 17, 2008 An obituary on Monday about the physicist John A. Wheeler referred incorrectly to J. Robert Oppenheimer’s position when he first discussed a theory of black holes with Dr. Wheeler in 1939. Dr. Oppenheimer, who clashed with Dr. Wheeler over the theory, had yet to take over the Manhattan Project, since it had not begun. He was not “formerly the head” of the project at the time. The obituary also misstated the origin of the term “many worlds,” a description of the parallel universe theory of Dr. Wheeler’s student Hugh Everett. It was coined by Bryce DeWitt, of the University of Texas in Austin, not by Dr. Wheeler.

https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/14/science/14wheeler.html

神の数式：

神の数式が解析関数でかけて居れば、　特異点でローラン展開して、正則部の第1項を取れば、　何時でも有限値を得るので、　形式的に無限が出ても　実は問題なく　意味を有します。

物理学者如何でしょうか。

計算機は 正しい答え 0/0=0 を出したのに計算機は何時、1/0=0　ができるようになるでしょうか。

カテゴリ：カテゴリ未分類

​そこで、計算機は何時、1/0=0　ができるようになるでしょうか。　楽しみにしています。　もうできる進化した　計算機をお持ちの方は　おられないですね。

これは凄い、面白い事件では？　計算機が人間を超えている　例では？

面白いことを発見しました。　計算機は 正しい答え 0/0=0

を出したのに、　この方は　間違いだと　言っている、思っているようです。

0/0=0　は　１３０��年も前に　算術の発見者によって与えられたにも関わらず、世界史は間違いだと　とんでもないことを言ってきた。　世界史の恥。　実は　a/0=0　が　何時も成り立っていた。　しかし、ここで　分数の意味を　きちんと定義する必要がある。　計算機は、その意味さえ知っているようですね。　計算機、人間より賢くなっている　様が　出て居て　実に　面白い。

https://steemkr.com/utopian-io/@faisalamin/bug-zero-divide-by-zero-answers-is-zero

２０１８．１０．１１．１１：２３

https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/reproducingkerne/diary/201810110003/

計算機は 正しい答え 0/0=0 を出したのに

カテゴリ：カテゴリ未分類

​

面白いことを発見しました。　計算機は 正しい答え 0/0=0

を出したのに、　この方は　間違いだと　言っている、思っているようです。

0/0=0　は　１３００年も前に　算術の発見者によって与えられたにも関わらず、世界史は間違いだと　とんでもないことを言ってきた。　実は　a/0=0　が　何時も成り立っていた。しかし、ここで　分数の意味を　きちんと定義する必要がある。　計算機は、その意味さえ知っているようですね。　計算機、人間より賢く���っている様が　出て居て　実に面白い。

https://steemkr.com/utopian-io/@faisalamin/bug-zero-divide-by-zero-answers-is-zero

２０１８．１０．１１．１１：２３

ゼロ除算、ゼロで割る問題、分からない、正しいのかなど、　良く理解できない人が　未だに　多いようです。そこで、簡潔な一般的な　解説を思い付きました。　もちろん、学会などでも述べていますが、　予断で　良く聞けないようです。まず、分数、a/b は　a 　割る b　のことで、これは　方程式 b x=a　の解のことです。ところが、　b　がゼロならば、　どんな　xでも　0 x =0　ですから、a　がゼロでなければ、解は存在せず、　従って　100/0　など、ゼロ除算は考えられない、できないとなってしまいます。　普通の意味では　ゼロ除算は　不可能であるという、世界の常識、定説です。できない、不可能であると言われれば、いろいろ考えたくなるのが、人間らしい創造の精神です。　基本方程式　b x=a　が　b　がゼロならば解けない、解が存在しないので、困るのですが、このようなとき、従来の結果が成り立つような意味で、解が考えられないかと、数学者は良く考えて来ました。　何と、　そのような方程式は　何時でも唯一つに　一般化された意味で解をもつと考える　方法があります。　Moore-Penrose　一般化逆の考え方です。　どんな行列の　逆行列を唯一つに定める　一般的な　素晴らしい、自然な考えです。その考えだと、　b　がゼロの時、解はゼロが出るので、　a/0=0　と定義するのは　当然です。　すなわち、この意味で　方程式の解を考えて　分数を考えれば、ゼロ除算は　ゼロとして定まる　ということです。ただ一つに定まるのですから、　この考えは　自然で、その意味を知りたいと　考えるのは、当然ではないでしょうか？初等数学全般に影響を与える　ユークリッド以来の新世界が　現れてきます。

ゼロ除算の誤解は深刻：

最近、3つの事が在りました。

私の簡単な講演、相当な数学者が信じられないような誤解をして、全然理解できなく、目が回っている���るような印象を受けたこと、 相当ゼロ除算の研究をされている方が、基本を誤解されていたこと、1/0　の定義を誤解されていた。 相当な才能の持ち主が、連続性や順序に拘って、４年以上もゼロ除算の研究を避けていたこと。

これらのことは、人間如何に予断と偏見にハマった存在であるかを教えている。 ​まずは　ゼロ除算は不可能であるの　思いが強すぎで、初めからダメ、考えない、無視の気持ちが、強い。　ゼロ除算を従来の　掛け算の逆と考えると、不可能であるが　証明されてしまうので、割り算の意味を拡張しないと、考えられない。それで、　1/0,0/0,z/0　などの意味を発見する必要がある。　それらの意味は、普通の意味ではないことの　初めの考えを飛ばして　ダメ、ダメの感情が　突っ走ている。　非ユークリッド幾何学の出現や天動説が地動説に変わった世界史の事件のような　形相と言える。

２０１８．９．２２．６：４１ ゼロ除算の４つの誤解：

１． ゼロでは割れない、ゼロ除算は　不可能である　との考え方に拘って、思考停止している。　普通、不可能であるは、考え方や意味を拡張して　可能にできないかと考えるのが　数学の伝統であるが、それができない。

２． 可能にする考え方が　紹介されても　ゼロ除算の意味を誤解して、繰り返し間違えている。可能にする理論を　素直に理解しない、　強い従来の考えに縛られている。拘っている。

３． ゼロ除算を関数に適用すると　強力な不連続性を示すが、連続性のアリストテレス以来の　連続性の考えに囚われていて　強力な不連続性を受け入れられない。数学では、不連続性の概念を明確に持っているのに、不連続性の凄い現象に、ゼロ除算の場合には　理解できない。

４． 深刻な誤解は、ゼロ除算は本質的に定義であり、仮定に基づいているので　疑いの気持ちがぬぐえず、ダメ、怪しいと誤解している。数学が公理系に基づいた理論体系のように、ゼロ除算は　新しい仮定に基づいていること。　定義に基づいていることの認識が良く理解できず、誤解している。

George Gamow (1904-1968) Russian-born American nuclear physicist and cosmologist remarked that "it is well known to students of high school algebra" that division by zero is not valid; and Einstein admitted it as {\bf the biggest blunder of his life} [1]：1. Gamow, G., My World Line (Viking, New York). p 44, 1970.

Eπi =-1　（1748）（Leonhard Euler）

E = mc 2　（1905）（Albert Einstein）

1/0=0/0=0　（2014年2月2日再生核研究所）

ゼロ除算（division by zero）1/0=0/0=z/0= tan (pi/2)=0 https://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12420397278.html

1+1=2　　（　　　　　　）

a2+b2=c2　（Pythagoras）

1/0=0/0=0（2014年2月2日再生核研究所）

Black holes are where God divided by 0：Division by zero：1/0=0/0=z/0=tan(pi/2)=0 発見５周年を迎えて

今受け取ったメールです。 何十年もゼロ除算の研究をされてきた人が、積極的に我々の理論の正当性を認めてきた。

Re: 1/0=0/0=0 example JAMES ANDERSON james.a.d.w.anderson@btinternet.com apr, 2 at 15:03 All,

Saitoh’s claim is wider than 1/0 = 0. It is x/0 = 0 for all real x. Real numbers are a field. The axioms of fields define the multiplicative inverse for every number except zero. Saitoh generalises this inverse to give 0^(-1) = 0. The axioms give the freedom to do this. The really important thing is that the result is zero - a number for which the field axioms hold. So Saitoh’s generalised system is still a field. This makes it attractive for algebraic reasons but, in my view, it is unattractive when dealing with calculus.

There is no milage in declaring Saitoh wrong. The only objections one can make are to usefulness. That is why Saitoh publishes so many notes on the usefulness of his system. I do the same with my system, but my method is to establish usefulness by extending many areas of mathematics and establishing new mathematical results.

That said, there is value in examining the logical basis of the various proposed number systems. We might find errors in them and we certainly can find areas of overlap and difference. These areas inform the choice of number system for different applications. This analysis helps determine where each number system will be useful.

James Anderson Sent from my iPhone

The deduction that z/0 = 0, for any z, is based in Saitoh's geometric intuition and it is currently applied in proof assistant technology, which are useful in industry and in the military.

Is It Really Impossible To Divide By Zero?

https://juniperpublishers.com/bboaj/pdf/BBOAJ.MS.ID.555703.pdf

Dear the leading person:

How will be the below information?

The biggest scandal:

The typical good comment for the first draft is given by some physicist as follows:

Here is how I see the problem with prohibition on division by zero,

which is the biggest scandal in modern mathematics as you rightly pointed out (2017.10.14.08:55)

A typical wrong idea will be given as follows:

mathematical life is very good without division by zero (2018.2.8.21:43).

It is nice to know that you will present your result at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. Please remember to mention Isabelle/HOL, which is a software in which x/0 = 0. This software is the result of many years of research and a millions of dollars were invested in it. If x/0 = 0 was false, all these money was for nothing. Right now, there is a team of mathematicians formalizing all the mathematics in Isabelle/HOL, where x/0 = 0 for all x, so this mathematical relation is the future of mathematics. https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~lp15/Grants/Alexandria/

José Manuel Rodríguez Caballero

Added an answer

In the proof assistant Isabelle/HOL we have x/0 = 0 for each number x. This is advantageous in order to simplify the proofs. You can download this proof assistant here: https://isabelle.in.tum.de/

Nevertheless, you can use that x/0 = 0, following the rules from Isabelle/HOL and you will obtain no contradiction. Indeed, you can check this fact just downloading Isabelle/HOL: https://isabelle.in.tum.de/

and copying the following code

theory DivByZeroSatoih imports Complex_Main

begin

theorem T: ‹x/0 + 2000 = 2000› for x :: complex by simp

end

2019/03/30 18:42 (11 時間前)

Close the mysterious and long history of division by zero and open the new world since Aristotelēs-Euclid:　1/0=0/0=z/0= \tan (\pi/2)=0.

Sangaku Journal of Mathematics (SJM) c ⃝SJMISSN 2534-9562 Volume 2 (2018), pp. 57-73 Received 20 November 2018. Published on-line 29 November 2018 web: http://www.sangaku-journal.eu/ c ⃝The Author(s) This article is published with open access1.

Wasan Geometry and Division by Zero Calculus

∗Hiroshi Okumura and ∗∗Saburou Saitoh

２０１９．３．１４．１１：３０

Black holes are where God divided by 0：Division by zero：1/0=0/0=z/0=\tan(\pi/2)=0 発見５周年を迎えて

You're God ! Yeah that's right...

You're creating the Universe and you're doing ok...

But Holy fudge ! You just made a division by zero and created a blackhole !! Ok, don't panic and shut your fudging mouth !

Use the arrow keys to move the blackhole

In each phase, you have to make the object of the right dimension fall into the blackhole

There are 2 endings.

Credits :

BlackHole picture : myself

Other pictures has been taken from internet

background picture : Reptile Theme of Mortal Kombat

NB : it's a big zip because of the wav file

More information

Install instructions Download it. Unzip it. Run the exe file. Play it. Enjoy it.

https://kthulhu1947.itch.io/another-dimension

A poem about division from Hacker's Delight Last updated 5 weeks ago

I was re-reading Hacker's Delight and on page 202 I found a poem about division that I had forgotten about.

I think that I shall never envision An op unlovely as division. An op whose answer must be guessed And then, through multiply, assessed; An op for which we dearly pay, In cycles wasted every day. Division code is often hairy; Long division's downright scary. The proofs can overtax your brain, The ceiling and floor may drive you insane. Good code to divide takes a Knuthian hero, But even God can't divide by zero! Henry S. Warren, author of Hacker's Delight.　

https://catonmat.net/poem-from-hackers-delight　　

祝改元　令 和

改元、令和時代 を祝する。令和とは 偶然、ゼロ除算の概念から、全ての和を考えるとゼロになるという、ゼロの雄大で深い意味を表わす。２０００年を越える数学の歴史には　未だ数学の前史時代を思わせるような基本的な欠陥がある。

改元を機会に、令和時代にゼロ除算算法を取り入れた新数学を発展させて、令和時代の世界文化遺産 になるように　日本国は先導し、努力して、今こそ世界の数理科学に貢献しよう。

再生核研究所

令和　元年　５．１．

付記：　

再生核研究所声明481（2019.4.4.）　改元に当たって、日本からの贈り物、ゼロ除算算法　ー　新数学

(　流石に　素晴らしい日本の文化。感銘しました。力が湧いてきました。凄い考えも浮かんできました。令和。

新元号　令和は、漢字、発音、形、由来、素晴らしいと感じました。 そこで、力が　湧いてきました。　ゼロ除算算法は　特異点の世界に立ち入った　全く新しい世界、数学ですので、　改元を機会に　日本発（初）の　数学の基礎の確立に貢献したい。　日本数学会、日本国の力をかけて　世界に貢献すべく努力したい。

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C

時ときに、初春しよしゆんの令月れいげつにして、気き淑よく風かぜ和やはらぎ、梅うめは鏡前きやうぜんの粉こを披ひらき、蘭らんは珮後はいごの香かうを薫かをらす。 ）

そこで、万葉の美しい心情を篤く受け止めて　ややもすると日本の文化、精神の弱点とみられる数理科学の基礎に　日本国が今後永く世界に貢献できる新数学として　ゼロ除算算法の大きな展望を　新時代を迎えるに当たって述べたい。日本発（初）の基礎数学、新しい世界観を　世界の文化に貢献すべく世界に展開しようではないか。

そもそもゼロ除算算法とは、ゼロで割る問題　(ゼロ除算)　から由来するが、ゼロ除算は　古くはアリストテレス以来　不可能であることの象徴と考えられ、物理学上でもアインシュタインの最大の懸案の問題であったとされる。特異点での問題はブラックホールの問題と絡ませて、現在でも広く議論されている。しかるにその本質はゼロ除算算法の概念で捉えられ、原理は解析関数の孤立特異点での　新しい世界の発見　として説明される。従来、特異点においては、特異点の近くでの研究を��い、特異点そこでは考えて来なかった。すなわち、特異点そのものでの研究を可能にしたものであるから、全く新規な世界、数学である。不可能であると２０００年を越えて考えられてきたところ、可能になったのであるから、その大きな意義と影響は既に歴然である。その影響は数学の全般に及ぶばかりか、我々の世界観に甚大なる影響を与え、世界史の大きな展開期を迎えるだろう。現代初等数学は、本質的な欠陥を有し、数学の基本的な再構成が求められ、新しい未知の雄大な世界の解明が求められている。

今こそ、新時代を迎えるに呼応して、新数学、新時代を開拓して、日本国は世界に貢献できるように、努力して行こう。

これらの事実を裏付けするものとして、次を参照されたい：

再生核研究所声明 479(2019.3.12) 　遅れをとったゼロ除算　－　活かされな　い敗戦経験とイギリスの畏れるべき戦略

再生核研究所声明　480(2019.3.26) 　日本の数学の後進性

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　以　上

７歳の少女が、当たり前である（100/0=0、0/0=0）と言っているゼロ除算を　多くの大学教授が、信じられない結果と言っているのは、まことに奇妙な事件と言えるのではないでしょうか。 1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0 division by zero（a⁄0 ）ゼロ除算　1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0 1/0=0/0=z/0= \tan (\pi/2)=0. 小学校以上で、最も知られている基本的な数学の結果は何でしょうか・・・ ゼロ除算（1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0）かピタゴラスの定理（a2 + b2 = c2 ）ではないでしょうか。 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/234468724326618408/ 1+0=1　1－0=1　1×0=0　　では、1/0・・・・・・・・・幾つでしょうか。 0??? 　本当に大丈夫ですか・・・・・0×0=1で矛盾になりませんか・・・・ 数学で「A÷０」（ゼロで割る）がダメな理由を教えてください。 http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/.../ques.../q1411588849 #知恵袋_ 割り算を掛け算の逆だと定義した人は、誰でしょう？？？ Title page of Leonhard Euler, Vollständige Anleitung zur Algebra, Vol. 1 (edition of 1771, first published in 1770), and p. 34 from Article 83, where Euler explains why a number divided by zero gives infinity. https://notevenpast.org/dividing-nothing/ multiplication・・・・・増える 掛け算（×） 1より小さい数を掛けたら小さくなる。 大きくなるとは限らない。 0×0=0・・・・・・・・・だから0で割れないと考えた。 唯根拠もなしに、出鱈目に言っている人は世に多い。 加（+）・減（-）・乗（×）・除（÷） 除法（じょほう、英: division）とは、乗法の逆演算・・・・間違いの元 乗（×）は、加（+） 除（÷）は、減（-） http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/.../q14.../a37209195... http://www.mirun.sctv.jp/.../%E5%A0%AA%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA... 何とゼロ除算は、可能になるだろうと　April 12, 2011　に　��に　予想されていたことを　発見した。 多くの数学で できないが、できるようになってきた経緯から述べられたものである。 ０を引いても引いたことにならないから： 君に０円の月給を永遠に払いますから心配しないでください： 変化がない：引いたことにはならない：

再生核研究所声明 375　(2017.7.21)：ブラックホール、ゼロ除算、宇宙論

本年はブラックホール命名５０周年とされていたが、最近、wikipedia で下記のように修正されていた：

名称[編集]                                    

"black hole"という呼び名が定着するまでは、崩壊した星を意味する"collapsar"[1]（コラプサー）などと呼ばれていた。光すら脱け出せない縮退星に対して "black hole" という言葉が用いられた最も古い印刷物は、ジャーナリストのアン・ユーイング (Ann Ewing) が1964年1月18日の Science News-Letter の "'Black holes' in space" と題するアメリカ科学振興協会の会合を紹介する記事の中で用いたものである[2][3][4]。一般には、アメリカの物理学者ジョン・ホイーラーが1967年に "black hole" という名称を初めて用いたとされるが[5]、実際にはその年にニューヨークで行われた会議中で聴衆の一人が洩らした言葉をホイーラーが採用して広めたものであり[3]、またホイーラー自身は "black hole" という言葉の考案者であると主張したことはない[3]。https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB

世界は広いから、情報が混乱することは　よく起きる状況がある。ブラックホールの概念と密接な関係のあるゼロ除算の発見（２０１４．２．２）については、歴史的な混乱が生じないようにと　詳しい経緯、解説、論文、公表過程など記録するように配慮してきた。

ゼロ除算は簡単で自明であると初期から述べてきたが、問題はそこから生じるゼロ除算算法とその応用であると述べている。しかし、その第１歩で議論は様々でゼロ除算自身についていろいろな説が存在して、ゼロ除算は現在も全体的に混乱していると言える。インターネットなどで参照出来る膨大な情報は、我々の観点では不適当なものばかりであると言える。もちろん学術界ではゼロ除算発見後３年を経過しているものの、古い固定観念に囚われていて、新しい発見は未だ認知されているとは言えない。最近国際会議でも現代数学を破壊するので、認められない等の意見が表明された（再生核研究所声明371（2017.6.27）ゼロ除算の講演―　国際会議　https://sites.google.com/site/sandrapinelas/icddea-2017　報告）。そこで、初等数学から、５００件を超えるゼロ除算の証拠、効用の事実を示して、ゼロ除算は確定していること、ゼロ除算算法の重要性を主張し、基本的な世界を示している。

ゼロ除算について、膨大な歴史、文献は、ゼロ除算が神秘的なこととして、扱われ、それはアインシュタインの言葉に象徴される：

Here, we recall Albert Einstein's words on mathematics:

Blackholes are where God divided by zero.

I don't believe in mathematics.

George Gamow (1904-1968) Russian-born American nuclear physicist and cosmologist remarked that "it is well known to students of high school algebra" that division by zero is not valid; and Einstein admitted it as {\bf the biggest blunder of his life} (Gamow, G., My World Line (Viking, New York). p 44, 1970).

ところが結果は、実に簡明であった：

The division by zero is uniquely and reasonably determined as 1/0=0/0=z/0=0 in the natural extensions of fractions. We have to change our basic ideas for our space and world

しかしながら、ゼロ及びゼロ除算は、結果自体は　驚く程単純であったが、神秘的な新たな世界を覗かせ、ゼロ及びゼロ除算は一層神秘的な対象であることが顕になってきた。ゼロのいろいろな意味も分かってきた。　無限遠点における強力な飛び、ワープ現象とゼロと無限の不思議な関係である。アリストテレス、ユークリッド以来の　空間の認識を変える事件をもたらしている。　ゼロ除算の結果は、数理論ばかりではなく、世界観の変更を要求している。　端的に表現してみよう。　これは宇宙の生成、消滅の様、人生の様をも表しているようである。　点が球としてどんどん大きくなり、球面は限りなく大きくなって行く。　どこまで大きくなっていくかは、　分からない。しかしながら、ゼロ除算はあるところで突然半径はゼロになり、最初の点に帰するというのである。　ゼロから始まってゼロに帰する。　――　それは人生の様のようではないだろうか。物心なしに始まった人生、経験や知識はどんどん広がって行くが、突然、死によって元に戻る。　人生とはそのようなものではないだろうか。　はじめも終わりも、　途中も分からない。　多くの世の現象はそのようで、　何かが始まり、　どんどん進み、そして、戻る。　例えばソロバンでは、願いましては　で計算を始め、最後はご破産で願いましては、で終了する。　我々の宇宙も淀みに浮かぶ泡沫のようなもので、できては壊れ、できては壊れる現象を繰り返しているのではないだろうか。泡沫の上の小さな存在の人間は結局、何も分からず、われ思うゆえにわれあり　と自己の存在を確かめる程の能力しか無い存在であると言える。　始めと終わり、過程も　ようとして分からない。

ブラックホールとゼロ除算、ゼロ除算の発見とその後の数学の発展を眺めていて、そのような宇宙観、人生観がひとりでに湧いてきて、奇妙に納得のいく気持ちになっている。

以　上

ゼロ除算の論文リスト：

List of division by zero: L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063. M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane, New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$, Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9. T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh, Matrices and division by zero z/0=0, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, 2016, 6, 51-58 Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt \\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.201.... T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh, Division by zero calculus and singular integrals. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.) T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh, $\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. (Submitted for publication). H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada, Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. 6(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.... H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces, International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, 28(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16. H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$, Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), 1(2017), 70-77. S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh, Division by zero calculus and differential equations. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics). S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/ S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications, Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182. (Springer) .

元々　ゼロ除算の発見は　素人の方の　100/0　に対する質問に　その動機の一つがあります（声明１４８）。　何十年もゼロ除算について考察をしていて、沢山の書き物や本さえ出版されている方がいますが、現在のところ、それらのすべての立場を否定し、我々の主張を繰り返し説明して、ついに皆さんは沈黙や　黙認のようになっていると考えられます。大体世界で２０名の　方々です。　その中には　1/0 　は　神秘的で、想像さえできないと　公言されている方もいる程です。　かのアインシュタインも　人生最大の課題と考えられていた　という事です。 ブラックホールなど　宇宙論にも関係しています。

どうして、そのように難しく、実は当たり前　だったのでしょうか。　このことを

素人向きに　述べたいと　思います。

1割るゼロ　1/0 の問題の　本質です。　難問の理由は　上記20名くらいの方々の　考え、そして　世の人々の考えも　数学界の考えも　皆さん　それを　1割るゼロの意味と考えて、　その意味を　問わなかったことに　由来します。

それは　どのような意味かといえば、　それが普通考えるように　1/0=X とすれば、0　掛ける　X　で　ゼロになり　矛盾になってしまい、困ってしまうことになります。　そこで、1/0 とは　なんだろうと考えて　しまいます。 実際、多くの人が　それは　虚数のよう��　我々の知らない　幻の数と考え　凄い世界を　考えたりしてきました。　他のありふれた考えは、今でも多くの人が迷い込んでいるように、ゼロを小さな数の先と考えて、それゆえに　1/0を無限大と考えています。　－　1/0　が分かった　と電話したところ　先輩名誉教授が、無限大でしょう　と　叫ばれたのが、鮮やかな記憶として残っています。　無限大は数ではないでしょう　と　即座に否定、それは　何とゼロであると答えました。　ゼロの答えに対し、他の名誉教授の、とても信じられない　の言葉も　新鮮に記憶に残っています。

ゼロ除算の��質を簡明に解説したいのです。ですから、予備知識もできるだけ少なく、したい。　しかしながら、基本的な関数 y= 1/x のグラフが思い浮かぶ方なら、下記の解説は分かりやすいです。

x 　が正の方向からゼロに近づけば、ｙ　はどんどん大きくなり、負の方向からゼロに近づけば　負の無限大に近づきます。

その関数の　原点 x=0 での値を問題にしたいのです。もし、 x=0 　での値が有るのならば、それは形上　1/0　と書けるからです。

平らな面に棒を立てて、　太陽の棒の影を考えて下さい。　もしも太陽が　棒の丁度真上にある場合を考えると　影の長さは、　棒の太さになると考えられます。　したがって、棒が細く、線分だったら、その時の影の長さはゼロです。－ これは　数学できちんと表現すると 0/0=0　になりますから、　実は凄いことを既に述べています。　問題は、太陽がどんどん沈んでいく場合を考えます。　その時、どんどん影の長さがながくなっていく様子が分かります。　このようなことは容易に、簡単に想像できるのではないでしょうか。実験でも、数式でもそのことは確認されます。　問題の核心は　ここにあります。　太陽が棒の先と平面と平行になった場合、どうなるでしょうか？　ー　太陽が沈む瞬間ですね。平行ですから、影はできません。　しかし、それは、影がどんどん限りなく長くなった先のことです。　その場合、影の永さは無限大とみなされるべきでしょうか？　影は突然できていません。無限に大きくなる先です。それは無限大だと考えるのが今までの考えで、どんどん無限に大きくなっていく先だから、無限大と考える考えは、連続性の概念、考えで　アリストテレスの世界観だとされてきました。しかし、実は、影はできないのですから、その時ゼロとすべきではないでしょうか。この部分　インドの数学者 Bh\={a}skara（1114-1185） は　その事情を数式で表して、1/0=無限大　として、現在に至っています。

それがゼロだというのが、私たちの発見です。当たり前ですね。影の長さはゼロです。　そこで　関数y=1/x の場合 ｘ＝０　の値をゼロとするのは、受け入れられるとなります。ここに現れたのが、突然飛んでいるという　凄い現象です。　しかし、気づいて見れば、図形的にも原点はそのグラフの　美しい点です。中心です。　そこで、そのことを1/0=0　の意味　とします。その関数の値をもって1/0=0　の定義である　とします。　その時、それは元々の割り算とは違う意味です。　最初の論文で、1/0　の意味のある定義、意味のある意味を与えた者が　いないので、我々は、新しい意味を与えたと、最初に述べました。

この最も大事な部分を　ゴシックで書いたのですが、初めから誤解して、分からない、分からないと　数年も繰り返してきました。　1/0　は　普通の意味での分数では意味がない、考えられないので、我々はその意味を与えたという事が、ゼロ除算を発見したことの意味です。

それを発展させ、ゼロ除算算法として定式化し　沢山の応用例を挙げました。それらは、初等数学全般の補強、拡充、ある完全化をもたらし、世界観の変更さえ要求しています。

そこで、初等数学の　令和革新　を広く提案して、将来　日本初の世界文化遺産　になるように努力したい　と述べている。

これらの数学の素人向きの解説は　５５カ月に亘って　次で与えられている：

数学基礎学力研究会公式サイト 楽しい数学

www.mirun.sctv.jp/~suugaku/

数学的な解説論文は　次で公表されている：

viXra:1904.0408 submitted on 2019-04-22 00:32:30,

What Was Division by Zero?; Division by Zero Calculus and New World 我々は 初等数学には基本的な欠陥が存在する と述べている。ゼロ除算は数学者ばかりではなく 人類の、世界史の恥である と述べている。その真相を知りたいと　人々は思われないでしょうか。

\documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm} \numberwithin{equation}{section} \begin{document} \title{\bf Announcement 471: The 5th birthday of the division by zero $z/0=0$ \\ (2019.2.2)} \author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\ Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\ Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\ {\bf kbdmm360@yahoo.co.jp}\\ } \date{\today} \maketitle The Institute of Reproducing Kernels is dealing with the theory of division by zero calculus and declares that the division by zero was discovered as 0/0=1/0=z/0=0 in a natural sense on 2014.2.2. The result shows a new basic idea on the universe and space since Aristotelēs (BC384 - BC322) and Euclid (BC 3 Century - ), and the division by zero is since Brahmagupta (598 - 668 ?).

For the details, see the references and the site: http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/

We wrote a global book manuscript \cite{s18} with 235 pages and stated in the preface and last section of the manuscript as follows: \bigskip

{\bf Preface} \medskip

The division by zero has the long and mysterious history over the world (see, for example, \index{H. G. Romig} \cite{boyer, romig} and Google site with the division by zero) with its physical viewpoint since the document of zero in India in AD 628. In particular, note that \index{Brahmagupta} Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (598 -668 ?) established four arithmetic operations by introducing $0$ and at the same time he defined as $0/0=0$ in Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta. We have been, however, considering that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we will see that his definition is right and suitable.

The division by zero $1/0=0/0=z/0$ itself will be quite clear and trivial with several natural extensions of fractions against the mysteriously long history, as we can see from the concept of the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse \index{Moore-Penrose} \index{Tikhonov regularization} to the fundamental equation $az=b$, whose solution leads to the definition of $z =b/a$.

However, the result (definition) will show that for the elementary mapping $$ W = \frac{1}{z}, $$ the image of $z=0$ is $W=0$ ({\bf should be defined from the form}). This fact seems to be a curious one in connection with our well-established popular image for the point at infinity on the Riemann sphere \index{Riemann sphere} (\cite{ahlfors}). As the representation of the \index{point at infinity} point at infinity of the \index{Riemann sphere} Riemann sphere by the zero $z = 0$, we will see some delicate relations between $0$ and $\infty$ which show a strong \index{discontinuity} discontinuity at the point of infinity on the Riemann sphere. We did not consider any value of the elementary function $W =1/ z $ at the origin $z = 0$, because we did not consider the division by zero $1/ 0$ in a good way. Many and many people consider its value by limiting like $+\infty $ and $- \infty$ or the point at infinity as $\infty$. However, their basic idea comes from {\bf continuity} with the common sense or based on the basic idea of Aristotelēs %Aristotle\index{Aristotle}. -- For the related Greek philosophy, see \cite{a,b,c}. However, as the division by zero we will consider the value of the function $W =1 /z$ as zero at $z = 0$. We will see that this new definition is valid widely in mathematics and mathematical sciences, see (\cite{mos,osm}) for example. Therefore, the division by zero will give great impacts to calculus, Euclidean geometry, analytic geometry, differential equations, complex analysis at the undergraduate level and to our basic idea for the space and universe.

We have to arrange globally our modern mathematics at our undergraduate level. Our common sense on the division by zero will be wrong, with our basic idea on the space and universe since Aristotelēs and Euclid. We would like to show clearly these facts in this book. The content is at the undergraduate level.

Close the mysterious and long history of division by zero that may be considered as a symbol of the stupidity of the human race and open the new world since Aristotel{$\bar{\rm e}$}s-Eulcid. \bigskip \bigskip

{\bf Conclusion} \medskip

Apparently, the common sense on the division by zero with a long and mysterious history is wrong and our basic idea on the space around the point at infinity is also wrong since Euclid. On the gradient or on derivatives we have a great missing since $\tan (\pi/2) = 0$. Our mathematics is also wrong in elementary mathematics on the division by zero.

This book is elementary on our division by zero as the first publication of books for the topics. The contents have wide connections to various fields beyond mathematics. The author expects the readers to write some philosophy, papers and essays on the division by zero from this simple source book.

The division by zero theory may be developed and expanded greatly as in the author's conjecture whose break theory was recently given surprisingly and deeply by Professor \index{Qi'an Guan}Qi'an Guan \cite{guan} since 30 years proposed in \cite{s88} (the original is in \cite {s79}).

We have to arrange globally our modern mathematics with our division by zero in our undergraduate level.

We have to change our basic ideas for our space and world.

We have to change globally our textbooks and scientific books on the division by zero. \bigskip

Our division by zero research group wonders why our elementary results may still not be accepted by some wide world. \medskip

%We hope that:

%close the mysterious and long history of division by zero that may be considered as a symbol of the stupidity of the human race and open the new world since Aristotle-Eulcid. % \medskip

From the funny history of the division by zero, we will be able to realize that \medskip

human beings are full of prejudice and prejudice, and are narrow-minded, essentially.

\medskip

It seems that the long history of the division by zero is our shame and our mathematics in the elementary level has basic missings. Meanwhile, we have still great confusions and wrong ideas on the division by zero. Therefore, we would like to ask for the good corrections for the wrong ideas and some official approval for our division by zero as our basic duties.

\bibliographystyle{plain} \begin{thebibliography}{10}

\bibitem{ahlfors} L. V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966.

\bibitem{boyer} C. B. Boyer, An early reference to division by zero, The Journal of the American Mathematical Monthly, {\bf 50} (1943), (8), 487- 491. Retrieved March 6, 2018, from the JSTOR database.

\bibitem{cs} L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.

\bibitem{dops} W. W. D\"aumler, H. Okumura, V. V. Puha and S. Saitoh, Horn Torus Models for the Riemann Sphere and Division by Zero. (manuscript).

\bibitem{guan} Q. Guan, A proof of Saitoh's conjecture for conjugate Hardy H2 kernels, arXiv:1712.04207.

\bibitem{kmsy} M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane, New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$, Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.

\bibitem{ms16} T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh, Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, {\bf 6}(2016), 51-58 Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt \\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.

\bibitem{mms18} T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh, $\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 293-305.

\bibitem{msy} H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada, Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html

\bibitem{mos} H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces, International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, {\bf 2}8(2017); Issue 1, 1-16.

\bibitem{osm} H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$, Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), {\bf 1}(2017), 70-77.

\bibitem{os} H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04961 (2017.11.14).

\bibitem{o} H. Okumura, Wasan geometry with the division by 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06947 International Journal of Geometry. {\bf 7}(2018), No. 1, 17-20.

\bibitem{os18april} H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, Harmonic Mean and Division by Zero, Dedicated to Professor Josip Pe\v{c}ari\'{c} on the occasion of his 70th birthday,　Forum Geometricorum,　{\bf 18} (2018), 155—159.

\bibitem{os18} H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, Remarks for The Twin Circles of Archimedes in a Skewed Arbelos by H. Okumura and M. Watanabe, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18}(2018), 97-100.

\bibitem{os18e} H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, Applications of the division by zero calculus to Wasan geometry. GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH ON CLASSICAL AND MODERN GEOMETRIES” (GJARCMG), {\bf 7}(2018), 2, 44--49.

\bibitem{os1811} H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, Wasan Geometry and Division by Zero Calculus, Sangaku Journal of Mathematics (SJM), {\bf 2 }(2018), 57--73.

\bibitem{ps18} S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh, Division by zero calculus and differential equations. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 399-418.

\bibitem{romig} H. G. Romig, Discussions: Early History of Division by Zero, American Mathematical Monthly, {\bf 3}1, No. 8. (Oct., 1924), 387-389.

\bibitem{s79} S. Saitoh, The Bergman norm and the Szeg\"{o} norm, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., {\bf 249} (1979), no. 2, 261-279.

\bibitem{s88} S. Saitoh, Theory of reproducing kernels and its applications. Pitman Research Notes in Mathematics Series, {\bf 189}. Longman Scientific \&Technical, Harlow; copublished in the United States with John Wiley \& Sons, Inc., New York, (1988). x+157 pp. ISBN: 0-582-03564-3.

\bibitem{s14} S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/

\bibitem{s16} S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications, Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182.

\bibitem{s17} S. Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity, arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM](2017.12.17).

\bibitem{s18} S. Saitoh, Division by zero calculus (235 pages): http//okmr.yamatoblog.net/

\bibitem{ttk} S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.

\bibitem{a} https://philosophy.kent.edu/OPA2/sites/default/files/012001.pdf

\bibitem{b} http://publish.uwo.ca/~jbell/The 20Continuous.pdf

\bibitem{c} http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath526/kmath526.htm

\bibitem{ann179} Announcement 179 (2014.8.30): Division by zero is clear as z/0=0 and it is fundamental in mathematics.

\bibitem{ann185} Announcement 185 (2014.10.22): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann237} Announcement 237 (2015.6.18): A reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$ by geometrical optics.

\bibitem{ann246} Announcement 246 (2015.9.17): An interpretation of the division by zero $1/0=0$ by the gradients of lines.

\bibitem{ann247} Announcement 247 (2015.9.22): The gradient of y-axis is zero and $\tan (\pi/2) =0$ by the division by zero $1/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann250} Announcement 250 (2015.10.20): What are numbers? - the Yamada field containing the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann252} Announcement 252 (2015.11.1): Circles and curvature - an interpretation by Mr. Hiroshi Michiwaki of the division by zero $r/0 = 0$.

\bibitem{ann281} Announcement 281 (2016.2.1): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann282} Announcement 282 (2016.2.2): The Division by Zero $z/0=0$ on the Second Birthday.

\bibitem{ann293} Announcement 293 (2016.3.27): Parallel lines on the Euclidean plane from the viewpoint of division by zero 1/0=0.

\bibitem{ann300} Announcement 300 (2016.05.22): New challenges on the division by zero z/0=0.

\bibitem{ann326} Announcement 326 (2016.10.17): The division by zero z/0=0 - its impact to human beings through education and research.

\bibitem{ann352} Announcement 352(2017.2.2): On the third birthday of the division by zero z/0=0.

\bibitem{ann354} Announcement 354(2017.2.8):　What are $n = 2,1,0$ regular polygons inscribed in a disc? -- relations of $0$ and infinity.

\bibitem{362} Announcement 362(2017.5.5): Discovery of the division by zero as $0/0=1/0=z/0=0$

\bibitem{380} Announcement 380 (2017.8.21): What is the zero?

\bibitem{388} Announcement 388(2017.10.29): Information and ideas on zero and division by zero (a project).

\bibitem{409} Announcement 409 (2018.1.29.): 　Various Publication Projects on the Division by Zero.

\bibitem{410} Announcement 410 (2018.1 30.): What is mathematics? -- beyond logic; for great challengers on the division by zero.

\bibitem{412} Announcement 412(2018.2.2.): The 4th birthday of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{433} Announcement 433(2018.7.16.): Puha's Horn Torus Model for the Riemann Sphere From the Viewpoint of Division by Zero.

\bibitem{448} Announcement 448(2018.8.20): Division by Zero; Funny History and New World.

\bibitem{454} Announcement 454(2018.9.29): The International Conference on Applied Physics and Mathematics, Tokyo, Japan, October 22-23.

\bibitem{460} Announcement 460(2018.11.06): Change the Poor Idea to the Definite Results For the Division by Zero - For the Leading Mathematicians.

\bibitem{461} Announcement 461(2018.11.10): An essence of division by zero and a new axiom.

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

再生核研究所声明 470 (2019.2.2) 　ゼロ除算 1/0=0/0=z/0=\tan(\pi/2)=0 発見５周年を迎えて

ゼロ除算100/0=0の発見は　初期から　ゼロ除算の発見時から、　歴史的なものと考えて、詳しい過程を記録してきたが、ゼロ除算の影響は　初等数学全般に及び、　天動説が地動説に代わるような世界観の変更を要求している。　言わば新しい世界を拓く契機を与えるだろう。世界史は大きく動き、新しい時代を迎えられるだろう。―　これは我々の世界の見方が変化すること、心の在りようが　変化することを意味する。　しかるに　発見５周年を迎えても　その大きな影響を理解しない世情は、人類の歴史に　汚点を刻むことになるだろう。　数学の論理は　絶対的であり、数学の進化も　大局的には必然的なものである　 （再生核研究所声明 467 (2019.1.3): 数学の素晴らしさ　ー　数学は絶対的な世界である）。

一数学者として　このようなことは、真智を求める者として、愛する者として、研究者の良心にかけて、　断言せざるを得ない。　また表現は、応援者たち、理解者たち、関係者たちが　相当に言わば晩年を迎えている実状を鑑みて、率直にならざるを得ない。実際、我々は明日の存在を期待してはならない状況にある：

再生核研究所声明 ４６５　(２０１９．１．１): 　年頭にあたって　－　１年の計　 （部分引用：　年齢的に　Ｘ，Ｙ，Ｚの場面が　いつ起きても不思議ではない状況にあることを　しっかりと捉える必要がある。 まず、Ｘ　とは入院などでメールができない状況である。Ｙとは、意志表示ができない状況である。Ｚとは、意識が無い状況である。　したがって、いかなる場合にも平然と、それらに対応できる心構えを整えることを　修行として、心がけることが　大事である。　 その原理は、それらに際して、後悔しないように準備に励ことである。それ故に、存念を率直にブログ、Facebook、 論文、声明などで表現して　これまでとして、何時でも終末を迎えられるように　すべきである。 ―　上記メールができることであるが、著名な数学者の言葉であったと思うが、我れ思うゆえに我あり、我れメールするがゆえに、我れ存在すると多くの人は理解するだろう。 実際、多くの人にとっては、情報を得ることで、その人の存在を認識するだろう。交流できることが　生きている意味と捉えられるだろう。 そのような　終末を迎える原理として、　ゼロ除算の帰結である　生命のグラフ、　すなわち　多くの過程は　初めに戻る　との教えは　大きく貢献するだろう。）

世にゼロで割ってはいけない、ゼロ除算は不可能であるや不定であるという常識は、全くの狭い見方、考え方、発想で、自然な意味でそれらは可能で、できないといって避けていたゼロ除算から、実は誰も考えたことのない世界が現れ、それが初等数学全般に及ぶことが ９００件を超える知見で明らかにされてきた。 要点は、解析関数を考えるときに、特異点そのものでは考えず、特異点を除いた部分で関数を考えて来たのに、実は孤立特異点そのもので、解析関数は、有限確定値を取ることが　分かったことである。―　例えば、解析関数　W= exp (1/z) は　原点z=0 でピカールの除外値1を取っている（ゼロ除算算法）。―　何と、この関数は原点の近くで、ただ一つの例外の数を除いて、すべての複素数値を無限回取るとされてきたが、その例外値が実は、特異点で取られていた。　その意味で、全く新しい数学が発見されたという事実である。　その影響は９００件を超える知見を齎し、初等数学全般に大きな影響を与える。既に確立しているホーン・トーラスという、アリストテレス、ユークリッド以来の　リーマン球面に代わる空間が発見された。我々の結果は　そのように自然な分数の意味で、1/0=0/0=\tan(\pi/2)=0　と表現されるが、その影響は　世界観の変更に及び、現在の世界は、ゼロ除算の新しい世界から見ると、未だ夜明け前と表現される。現在全体の様子を著書に纏め中である。

少し具体的に内容について触れて置く： まず代数学的にはゼロ除算を含む簡単な体の構造（山田体）が与えられているが、このことの認識が抜けているのは　代数学における　相当に基本的な欠陥　であると考えられる。体の構造はあまりにも基本的であるということである。 幾何学においては無限遠点がゼロで表されることから、無限遠点が��与する幾何学、平行線、直線、円、三角形、２次曲線論など広範な幾何学に欠陥が存在する。曲率、勾配などの概念の修正が求められる。我々の空間の認識は　数学的にはユークリッド以来　不適当である　と言える。図形の式による孤立特異点を含む表現で、孤立特異点でゼロ除算算法を用いると　いろいろ面白い図形や、量が現れて、新規な世界が現れてくる。無限、特異点として考えて来なかった世界における新しい現象が現れてきた。これは未知の広大な世界である。 解析学では、いわゆる孤立特異点では、そこでは一切考えて来なかったが、孤立特異点そこで、ローラン展開は　ゼロ除算算法として意味のある世界が拓かれているので、全く新しい数学を展開することが可能である。直接大きな影響を受けるのは微分方程式の分野で　ゼロ除算算法の視点から見ると、　微分方程式論は　相当に欠陥に満ちていると言える。典型的な結果はtan(\pi/2)=0である。微分係数がプラス、あるいはマイナス無限大と考えられてきたところが　実はゼロで、微分方程式論に本質的な影響を与える。特異点でも微分方程式を満たすという概念が生まれた。 複素解析学ではゼロ除算算法の応用、影響の大きさから、そのように重要なゼロ除算算法の意義の解明が望まれる。様々な解析関数の孤立特異点の値は数学辞典、公式集の新たな章になるだろう。三角関数など初等関数については既に相当な結果が得られている。未知の世界である、孤立特異点での関数の性質を研究する、新世界における問題が広がっている。 一般的な視点からの要点とは、まず、我々はゼロで割れることを、厳密な意味で与えて、言明し、その広範な影響が出てきたこと。それと裏腹に　ゼロと無限の関係を明らかにして、永い懸案のそれらの概念を明らかにして、それらの関係が確立されたことである。特に　この基本的な関係は　リーマン球面に代わるモデルとして、ホーン・トーラスとして　幾何学的に明示される。―　それで、無限とゼロの意味とそれらの関係が分かったと言える。最近物理学者も興味を寄せてきているが、ホーン・トーラス上の数学は、今後の課題である。

ゼロ除算算法とは　強力な不連続性を伴った　仮説であり、仮定である（数学そのものがそのような構造をしている）が、　ゼロ除算そのものの意味は依然不明であり、その意味の追求は　ブラックホールの解明のようにゼロ除算算法の研究を行うことで、意味を追求していくことになる。その本質は、どうして　そのように強力な不連続性が与えられているか、無限とゼロの関係を追及していくことである。もちろん、universe　の現象として捉えていく必要がある。

５周年を迎えるに当たって、我々は世に　ゼロ除算の理解を広く求め、かつ、関係者の研究への参加と協力を求め、かつお願いしたい。 数学の教育関係者、出版関係者には初歩的で基本的な新しい数学からの広範な影響を　教育・文化に反映させるように協力をお願いしたい：

再生核研究所声明 431(2018.7.14): ｙ軸の勾配はゼロである　－　おかしな数学、おかしな数学界、おかしな雑誌界、おかしなマスコミ界?　

（部分引用：　原点から出る直線の勾配で　考えられない例外の直線が存在して、それが y軸の方向であるということです。このような例外が存在するのは　理論として不完全であると言えます。それが常識外れとも言える結果、ゼロの勾配　を有するということです。この発見は 算術の確立者Brahmagupta (598 -668 ?)　以来の発見で、　ゼロ除算の意味の発見と結果1/0=0/0=0から導かれた具体的な結果です。 それは、微分係数の概念の新な発見やユークリッド以来の我々の空間の認識を変える数学ばかりではなく　世界観の変更を求める大きな事件に繋がります。そこで、日本数学会でも関数論分科会、数学基礎論・歴史分科会，代数学分科会、関数方程式分科会、幾何学分科会などでも　それぞれの分科会の精神を尊重する形でゼロ除算の意義を述べてきました。招待された国際会議やいろいろな雑誌にも論文を出版している。イギ��スの出版社と著書出版の契約も済ませている。 ２０１４年　発見当時から、馬鹿げているように　これは世界史上の事件であると公言して、世の理解を求めてきていて、詳しい経過なども　できるだけ記録を残すようにしている。 これらは数学教育・研究の基礎に関わるものとして、日本数学会にも直接広く働きかけている。何故なら、我々の数学の基礎には大きな欠陥があり、我々の学術書は欠陥に満ちているからである。どんどん理解者が　増大する状況は有るものの依然として上記真実に対して、数学界、学術雑誌関係者、マスコミ関係の対応の在り様は誠におかしいのではないでしょうか。　我々の数学や空間の認識は　ユークリッド以来、欠陥を有し、我々の数学は　基本的な欠陥を有していると８００件を超える沢山の具体例を挙げて　示している。真実を求め、教育に真摯な人は　その真相を求め、真実の追求を始めるべきではないでしょうか。　雑誌やマスコミ関係者も　余りにも基礎的な問題提起に　真剣に取り組まれるべきでは　ないでしょうか。最も具体的な結果　y軸の勾配は　どうなっているか、究めようではありませんか。それがゼロ除算の神秘的な歴史やユークリッド以来の我々の空間の認識を変える事件に繋がっていると述べているのです。　それらがどうでも良いは　おかしいのではないでしょうか。人類未だ未明の野蛮な存在に見える。ゼロ除算の世界が見えないようでは、未だ夜明け前と言われても仕方がない。）

以　上

[2981] viXra:1902.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2019-02-03 22:47:53 We Can Divide the Numbers and Analytic Functions by Zero\\ with a Natural Sense. Authors: Saburou Saitoh http://vixra.org/abs/1902.0058

Horn Torus Models for the Riemann Sphere and Division by Zero http://vixra.org/abs/1902.0223

#知恵袋_

#ブラックホールは神がゼロで割ったところにある

#再生核研究所ゼロ除算発見

#2014年2月2日ゼロ除算の発見

#ゼロ除算を発見したのは2014年2月2日

#ゼロ除算の発見は再生核研究所

#定義

#再生核研究所ゼロ除算の発見

#5年を超えたゼロ除算の発見と重要性を指摘した

#特異点

#不連続

#数学物理学天文学神学コンピュータサイエンス

#Blackholeブラックホール

#479再生核研究所声明

[dailymusingsofamedic]

25th May 2020 - Orff

Carl Orff (1895-1982)

Gisei, Das Opfer (1913) https://open.spotify.com/album/74d2v19w4fuI8aPcRkVi99?si=MqdFYt9VRIuezbY-YEqMGg

‘O’ is another letter that doesn’t have huge amounts to offer in terms of composers. I’ve chosen Orff because I’m genuinely intrigued to see what else this composer has put out apart from Carmina Burana. I wonder if Orff suspected that his magnum opus would be used in every single ‘dramatic’ moment in reality TV for the intellectually challenged from now until presumably the end of time. You’ve all heard Camrina Burana, but what else did Orff do? I’ve chosen a fairly early work of his, written at just 18 years of age. It’s a story of a Japanese calligraphy teacher who kills one of his pupils, but not the right one, and his parents are sad, basically. Apparently heavily influenced (perhaps pillaged) from Debussy, it was not performed until 2010. Also, Orf is a viral skin infection passed to humans by infected sheep and goats, colloquially known as scabby mouth in the farming community. And who said I couldn’t get music and medicine into the same blog?

Get ready, this is a long one!

Above - do we think this might me set in Japan?

1.       Vorspiel: introduction. A very quiet and tender opening by the eerie female voices. Also with some windy noises. A few lines spread around the woodwind, and then things begin to get a bit more exciting with the introduction of the tune in the cello part (maybe viola). I think the choir are humming. I don’t know about Debussy, but the section from 1:35 sounds exactly like Ravel’s Daphnis et Chloe. Not quite as nice though. I mean, there’s no denying this overture is nice to listen to, and quite interesting, but it doesn’t sound new. Interesting trombone solo with wind machine. Aren’t they synonymous? Ehhhhh. 3:35 is a shock. Is this where the boy gets killed? No idea.

2.       Vorspiel: No demo yama. Right, so this is still the overture. The section with strings harp and female voices from about 0:56 is really cool, atmospheric. 1:36 sounds a bit ominous again, with tremolos, then some brass, then hahaha that tuba solo at the end is cracking me up. Firstly, is that all people think tubas can do. Plod plod bitch. Secondly, what happens to the sound at the end of the last note?? Is it a weird vibrato? Is it running out of air? It sounds like such a wispy sound considering the instrument it’s coming from.

3.       Vorspiel: Die Gottheit nahm das Opfer am. This means ‘the deity accepted the sacrifice’. That seems like a big plot point considering we’re still apparently in the overture. Or as google translate calls it: foreplay. Scary baritone and interesting textures with the brass in the next section, both muted and un-. Oh the singing sounds German, at least he used a real language in this opera. The accompaniment sounds like accompaniment, and by that I mean, I feel like there should be some singing over the top a lot of the time when there isn’t. Lots of lovely tuba. Ooooh 2:24 could be more in tune I think…it does sound quite high to be fair. Actually, the rest of the singing so far has been pretty good. Lots of hard Ts. 3:35 is a really interesting section, it’s very grand but then diminishes into being pretty scary again very well.

4.      Vorspiel: Dann…tiefste Nacht. Then deepest night. 0:13 onwards all feels a bit familiar as well, from other composers works. I have to say it doesn’t sounds very ‘deepest night’. The last movement did more. I had a heart attack at 1:21. There’s lots of variation over the next few minutes. I’d love to see what’s meant to be happening on stage. Without that, it does feel a little disjointed. The little harp scale up to 3:55 brings us to a really lovely section actually. That harmony’s interesting, as is the instrumentation. Laughed again at 5:05. How else would we know we were in japan if not for some exposed gong/tamtam notes? It’s tuned for the singer to come in at least! “Doot Doot Doot” is fun. Then the shit hits the fan.  The orchestral accompaniment does sounds at times a little like a concerto for orchestra, with solos from bassoon, tuba, double basses. It’s nicely written. Again the end of this part feels like I need to be watching something alongside it. The texture at the end is fantastic. I don’t know what’s playing but I like it.

Above - Cut the vorspiel, I’m ready for the main event. Also, if you look closely you can see the TV I’m thinking of buying. 

5.       Oper: introduction. Ok so we’re into the actual opera now. Well, nearly, we’ve finished foreplay anyway. Nice controlled accelerando, and the clarinet part’s pretty cool, before we’re back to the first section. I like this so far. A great introduction to the meat of the work.

6.       Oper: Wollt ihr Ruhe halten. Or as my other half often says to me when they’ve run out of my favourite dim sum at Ping Pong: ‘Do you want to keep calm?’. Solo violin pretending to be a butterfly (Schmetterling) isn’t very nice. I’ve never heard a butterfly sound like that. The duet from 1:15 is lovely, however brief.

7.       Oper: Sakura! Sakura! I’m hoping this is how star of Rupaul’s Drag Race Season 12; Rock M Sakura got her name, but I feel like the reference may be a little niche. Starts off with the waily woman from the last movement. Now she’s wailing ‘Sakura’ though. Who is Sakura? I feel like actually this could do with a little more accompaniment than just harp. The singer is a little overpowering at times, although her pianos are really soft and well done.

Above - life imitating art.

8.       Oper: Ist’s erlaubt? It’s allowed. What’s allowed? A synopsis would really ameliorate my listening experience I’m sure, but that’s effort, and I can’t read, type, and listen at the same time. Another excellent tuba demonstration at 0:25. There’s a nice cough at 0:59. Is this a live recording? Maybe this is the only time it’s ever been performed. Are trombone chords every in tune? Not according to 1:53 of this. 2:33 all gets a bit exciting briefly. The string entry at 3:15 is very inaccurate. That must be the violas. More out of tune trombone at 4:03. I feel like the orchestra are maybe sight-reading because they know this isn’t going to be a roaring success…Again 5:00 onwards is very directionless. All jokes aside, the tamtam playing is great, and the sound is dampened at exactly the right time. It’s really effective. At 6:02 what is happening? Is that two tubas? Or a tuba and something else being badly played, out of tune on top. I can’t tell, but it’s bad. HA that dramatic ending is then followed by one solitary note on the tamtam which sounds very much like an accident.

9.       Oper: Sei nicht mehr Traurig. Don’t be sad any more. Or, what Alex says to me 2 weeks after we went out for that dim sum-less meal. Interesting harmony. Quite waily again though.

10.       Oper: Oh! Bauerngeischter. Oh! Peasant hunt!!! That is not what I was expecting. Oh wait, it’s actually Bauerngesichter – peasant faces, much better. Fanfare central. Maybe it is a peasant hunt too? Bassoon trills are fun. I have absolutely no clue what that is 0:38. If anyone could enlighten me, I would be very grateful. Is it a contrabassoon played high? I honestly have no clue; it could even be stringed at a push. Beefy last note though. I mostly spend the rest of this movement wondering what that instrument was. I can’t find the bloody instrumentation anywhere. Snapped out of my stupor by laughing at the random extra tuba note at 3:11. HERE IT IS AGAIN at 3:46. So weird, so out of tune in the higher portions. That’s why it’s on its own I think.

Above - Orf; why you should wash your hands at the petting zoo!!

11.       Oper: Hinter uns lag die Stadt. The city was behind us. If you listen carefully at 0:02 you can hear the tuba player stick his hand in a crisp packet. Nice combination of the bass, and high register of the harp, I like that quite a lot. It’s more interesting than the bass and tuba duet afterwards. 2:00 is straight out of Daphnis again for 2 seconds. The trombone chord at 3:22 is eventually in tune, but it doesn’t start that way.

12.       Oper: Ihr wart doch heut’ beim Mahl des Bonzen? If you had given me 1,000 goes at guessing this translation, I would never have come out with the correct answer: You were eating the fat cat today? This seems to be a rather rude question judging by the bloke’s reaction. This baritone bit is quite recitative-y, I just wish I could understand what they were saying. From 2:00, the orchestral parts are exciting, if a little forced. 2:50, we see this weird tuba vibe again. And the chord at 3:06 is actually really nice, as Roxxxy Andrews would say: thick and juicy. String entry at 3:30 is very messy again. Another heart attack at 4:48. So screechy. More of the same until the end.

13.       Oper: Entlasst nun eure Schuler, Genzo. Now release your students Genzo. Heard across the country in March, when money-grabbing boarding schools tried to keep their students during the pandemic for ‘safety’ reasons. More tuba. 0:14 – what is this person playing at. The entry of this mysterious companion of the half decent tuba sounds like they flutter-tongue that entry. I often joke “Oh I could do a better job” but in this case, I think I actually could. IS it just a low horn? I can’t tell. Lots of to-and-fro between a couple of the men now, but I don’t know what about. One sounds much angrier than the other. I assume the calligrapher is the friendly sounding one, but that’s a very stereotypical assumption.

14.       Oper: Hm! Seltsam! Hm! Strange! You’re telling me. Nice little bit of spoken word. It’s actually nicer than hearing them belting all the time. There’s a glass harmonium or some glasses being played at 0:50, sounds quite cool. Probably not worth the expense of renting one. Christ, calm down at 1:08. They briefly switch to English at 1:53, but ‘can shoe size’ doesn’t make much sense, or is at least very cryptic. Someone undoes their Velcro shoe at 3:09, maybe that’s what it’s referring to. 3:34 is nice, and I get the Debussy vibes here. Again at 4:00.

15.       Oper: Macht auf! Macht auf! Open Up! X2. Orff does love whacking two very low instruments next to each other and just hoping they can play in tune. Spoiler alert, they can’t. I like the dramatic knocking on the door. Just sing, love, it’s louder. The lady sounds worried about something. If only I knew what. 2:09 is fun. The chord at 3:23 sounds exactly like what you would hear in a film set in Transylvania when the camera pans to Dracula’s house. More shit low playing at several more points in the next section. 4:50 to the end is great actually.

16.       Oper: Die Sonne sinkt! The sun is setting (I assume, I didn’t actually look that one up). The tuba and miscellaneous other instrument’s last hurrah before a random piano plays 3 chords, someone coughs and the strings forget to come in; all before 1:00. Why is there now a piano? Wouldn’t the harp have done the same job? The end is quite simple, but it sounds nice. Although the last chord is uncomfortable and sounds very unfinished. Deliberately I’m sure.

Overall – 6/10. Well that was a couple of hours of my life I will never get back. I’m perhaps being harsh because opera obviously isn’t meant to be just heard, and with the right staging, and acting and me being able to understand the plot, it might be a nice little work. A lot of the problems I have with this are actually with the playing rather than the writing, although many of the tuning issues may be attributable to weird instrumentation. Either way, it’s certainly got areas of interest, but there’s lots of weak parts too. It’s not going to be accompanying the talentless droves on the X-Factor any time soon, put it that way.

Below is what Orff intended for his music, in its purest form:

[lehman235]

Found an old essay

and I have no idea when or why I wrote it. It ends with no conclusion, and it seems like the start of some kind of overview of the history of film studies. Anyway here it is.

I

I took my first class on film criticism during my junior year of high school for essentially the same reason any high schooler does anything: my friends were doing it. They assured me we would all easily get As and my favorite teacher from freshman English was going to lead the lecture so it was by no means a tough decision to take the class. Whether you scored a touchdown in the big game or thought your whole future would be defined by your GPA, it’s easy to exaggerate the importance of your high school days. I think I can say without a doubt, however, that the first day of that first Film Studies class altered the entire course of my life between then and now. The first movie we watched that day was Robert Wiene’s German Expressionist masterpiece, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), one of the most important and influential films of all time. Caligari exemplifies in large measure many of the qualities critics look for when explicating a film, from several rich layers of interpretive possibilities, both social and psychological, to uniqueness in both form and content.

           Written by two incredibly pissed-off veterans of the First World War, Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari tells the story of the crazed head of an asylum who, under the influence of a morbid obsession with a medieval hypnotist, controls the mind of one of his patients, a somnambulist named Cesare, and compels him to commit several ghastly murders. Viewing the film as a reflection of societal attitudes during Germany’s Weimar Republic (1918-1933), a brief interlude of democracy between two totalitarian regimes, psychoanalyst and film critic Siegfried Kracauer sees the film as an allegory for how the German people, like Cesare, had fallen under the influence of a real-life Caligari in the form of Kaiser Wilhelm and been compelled to commit unspeakable atrocities. The film, Kracauer writes, should have served as a reminder of what had gone wrong in Germany prior to World War One and warned the people of the consequences of a return to despotic rule. Though more recently Kracauer’s methodology and conclusions have been increasingly called into question, his book, From Caligari to Hitler (1947), is a prime example of the application of film analysis to sociological study and one of the seminal texts in film scholarship.

While critics like Kracauer often seek hidden meanings and deeper reflections of society in the movies they study, a film’s technical and aesthetic aspects can prove to be just as rich in meaning. Caligari was shot in the style of Expressionism, a school of painting and drama that was in vogue in Germany and Northern Europe around the turn of the century but had not yet migrated to the new medium of film. Expressionist artists had been known to project a character or subject’s interior feelings onto their exterior reality so, presenting Caligari as the delusion of a madman, Weine and his production design team painted purposefully exaggerated sets and backdrops to bring the audience into the off-kilter world of Francis, the film’s protagonist. In concert with these backgrounds, the somnambulist Cesare brings the style of the film to life through the Expressionist-style acting of Conrad Veidt (who would later appear as a German officer in Casablanca [1942]). His lithe frame clad in an all-black bodysuit, Veidt is seen gliding along the painted walls of the sets, contorting his body to match their sharp angles. His movements, coupled with the audience’s knowledge of his character’s murderous intentions, add a distinctly ominous element to the film’s already-disconcerting staging that is equal parts nimble black cat and ethereal evil spirit.

Placing a given film within a genre is a difficult task these days, with more than a century’s worth of films to compare and contrast. While generic conventions today are generally fully-formed and closely adhered to, at the time of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari release, the young medium of film was constantly adapting genres, mainly those of literature and theater, as it struggled for cultural legitimacy (having already won superiority as an economic enterprise in the previous decade). As mentioned above, Caligari’s Expressionist style was a novel approach to filmmaking that was appropriated from theater and painting but, in addition to that aesthetic, in this film we also see the genesis of some of the most popular genres throughout the history of cinema and right up to the present. Caligari is credited with being the first horror film; every Hollywood fright produced by movie monsters from Dracula and Frankenstein at Universal Studios in the 1930s to Jason Voorhees and Freddy Krueger decades later right down to the current flood of exorcisms and “found-footage” ghost flicks owes some, if not all, of their scary tricks to Dr. Caligari and his somnambulist. Caligari’s supernaturally suspenseful atmosphere, high-contrast lighting (mostly black and white patches painted onto sets to simulate actual light and shadow), and undercurrent of moralistic social commentary created the much of the vocabulary of the horror film as we know it today.

II

As important and rich of a film as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari is, it actually does not lend itself to one of the most (historically) important brands of film criticism, the Auteur Theory. Advanced by radical young critics like Francois Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, and Claude Chabrol at the influential film magazine Cahiers du cinema in the mid-1950s, the Auteur Theory held that the director was the main creative voice (literally, the “author”) behind a film. The Cahiers critics, through the films of such directors as Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock, and John Ford, elucidated personal perspectives and styles that were unique to those individuals and were always discernible, no matter how stringent the restrictions of the Old Hollywood studio system were on their respective artistic visions. Auteur-based criticism quickly extended beyond Hollywood as its birth coincided with the burgeoning Art House movement of the 1950s and 60s. Directors such as Sweden’s Ingmar Bergman, Japan’s Akira Kurosawa, and the Cahiers critics themselves (who all made their directorial debuts within a few years of each other, Chabrol in 1958 with Le Beau Serge, Truffaut in ’59 with The 400 Blows, and Godard in ’60 with Breathless) caused film audiences the world over to take notice of a new kind of cinema in which the director’s voice would no longer be constrained by the industrialized filmmaking process of the Hollywood studio system (which itself would slowly collapse over the next several years).

The Auteur Theory opened up a whole new realm of interpretive possibilities for critics, making the director’s personality and aesthetic and spiritual preoccupations into defining factors in how a film was read. Gone were the days of directors being the mere quotidian managers in charge of translating a novel or play to the big screen at the behest of a faceless, profit-hungry studio. For the first time, it seemed, there was an actual human being behind the camera, telling a personal story in a unique style that immediately let audiences know just whose movie it was they were watching. Just as the Cahiers critics had pointed out the marked way in which the films of Hitchcock, Hawks, and Ford differed from those of their contemporaries, the auteurs of the Art House era made films that were instantly recognizable as their own.

[gravitascivics]

TURN LEFT

Regular readers of this blog, this writer believes, can point out that the blog skirts or avoids expressing a political bias.  Oh, there are probably some who disagree, but its writer can honestly claim he has tried to avoid using this platform to support a set of candidates, office holders, or specific policy positions other than writer’s argument that civics should adopt a federalist bias and all that entails.  

Perhaps the blog’s language tends to lean a bit leftist – such as supporting governmental assistance to meet the needs of those faced with debilitating circumstances – but then again, federalism is basically a conservative outlook. And its writer can cite that not so long ago, he, for the most part, positively utilized the ideas of a prominent conservative.  

Beginning with the post, “Excitement or Drudgery?”, posted on March 26, 2019, the ideas of the conservative, Jonah Goldberg,[1] were reviewed and will be revisited.  So, in the name of balancing the ledger, this posting will introduce its take on the ideas of Adam Gopnik, a noted liberal.[2]  Gopnik’s recently published work gives his readers a generous overview of what liberalism is.  

Here, the object is to review some of those ideas and comment on how they relate to federation theory and, in turn, how they can affect civics teachers in their efforts to provide lessons along federalist lines of thinking.

Early in his work, Gopnik comments on the contemporary political environment. In that, he echoes much of what one hears in the media.  He points out the growth of nationalism.  What is that? This blog writer, upon hearing that term, always recalls his efforts to describe this ideological position on the political spectrum during his teaching days.  Nationalism lies between conservatism and fascism on the right side of the spectrum.  

And he, this blogger, always quoted a belief that captures nationalism’s essence: “my country, right or wrong, my country.”  This statement betrays an unhealthy sentiment.  A teacher, in utilizing this quote, attempts to distinguish nationalism from patriotism. Both betray a love for a nation, but the latter can describe a healthy love and the former an unhealthy obsession usually reliant on an ethnic or racial foundation.

A teacher, in trying to explain this distinction to high schoolers, can have them think of dating and perhaps loving a boyfriend or girlfriend.  Does one just say, “right or wrong, my boy/girlfriend?”  Is that love or even liking someone?  Or is it a recipe for disaster?  Does this type of “love” or “allegiance” likely lead to some abuse, some taking advantage of when one party accepts whatever from the other?  

When one knows or strongly believes a person, a group, or a nation (usually through the authoritative power of the state) takes a “wrong” turn, what should that person do?  Comply or strongly object not only for the sake of him or herself, but for the benefit of the perceived culprit?  Short term advantages through unjust means, tend to be short lived.

This blog has, in many ways, pointed out that either counterproductive or immoral choices not only hurt some target, but tend to have a repercussive effect on the perpetrator.  Maybe not initially, but if the experience serves to instill a lesson – causing further encouragement to perpetrate further harmful acts – an eventual counterforce will not only make itself known but impart a reciprocal action that can result in harm to some or all involved.

When one, in his/her political acts – and that can include typical behaviors such as voting – is motivated by an unquestioning posture, as with nationalism, one is asking for it.  It easily falls to behaviors where actors act to advance an ideology or some personal interest since the believers are not disposed to hold accountable or even question dysfunctional – in terms of the common good – policies or actions.

Well, what does Gopnik claim?  Early in his book, by way of explaining why he wrote his book, he states,

Everywhere … patriotism is being replaced with nationalism, pluralism by tribalism, impersonal justice by the tyrannical whim of autocrats who think only to punish their enemies and reward their hitmen. … If in America the authoritarian nightmare has so far turned out to be more like Goodfellas than 1984 – well, as the fine film The Death of Stalin showed us Goodfellas in power was exactly what the evilest kind of authoritarianism could look like.[3]

Oh, that sounds ominous, but it points out, in its way, that what civics teachers do is important to the extent that they can conduct lessons that question such turns in the political environment.

While examples of Hitler and pre-World War II Germany tend to be exaggerated comparisons, this blogger can’t help thinking: what were the lessons in the typical German social studies classrooms as fascism came to power?  Were they socialistic, liberal, conservative, or nationalistic?  Probably none of the above.  

One cannot divorce that nation’s history, during those years, from the fact that that nation was negatively affected by the extended effects of post-World War I realities.  Reminder: Germany was harshly treated by the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.  In addition, Germany, had just experienced an exaggerated inflationary period.  And, as well as most nations of the world, it was beginning to deal with the initial effects of a worldwide depression.  That was, not to be flippant, a double or triple whammy of major proportions.

         In that environment, more middle of the road beliefs, such as those ascribed to conservatism and liberalism, were under attack. One can still see films depicting the clashes that socialists and fascists had on the streets of German cities. As for their schools, this blogger assumes that what was promoted was a more traditional curriculum.  That is, it was one that upheld the vestiges of the old order, if not one of nobility, perhaps one that communicated to students that they had their place in the pecking order by some sort of divine will.

         This blogger’s general understanding is that there was an industrial working class that felt the brunt of the post-war years and a rural population that saw traditional modes of behavior being discarded.  An effective messenger with ulterior motives or political ones that promised to overturn a newly formed republic would be able to garner an audience and eventually obtain power.  One did.  

In terms of liberal language, the current concern in the US is over an ulterior motive.  The reference to Goodfellas is not so much an ideological one, but to a self-enriching aim.  And that aim is to be acquired through criminal activity.  At least, that seems to be how Gopnik introduces what liberalism today means. It means that liberals are fundamentally opposed to such trends and they are apt to fight them.

         To get at what liberalism in contemporary times means, one needs to do a bit of etymological analysis of the term’s history over the past century or so.  And that is where this blog’s future effort will turn.  Again, the effort is not to sell liberalism, but to help teachers teach its meaning and its viability in current American politics.

[1]Jonah Goldberg, Suicide of the West:  How the Rebirth of Tribalism, Populism, Nationalism, and Identity Politics Is Destroying American Democracy (New York, NY:  Crown Forum, 2018).

[2] Adam Gopnik, A Thousand Small Sanities:  The Moral Adventures of Liberalism (New York, NY: Basic, 2019).

[3] Ibid., 2-3 (Kindle edition, emphasis in the original).

[theconservativebrief]

The late filmmaker Bernardo Bertolucci was an undisputed master of cinema. Best known for his later, more widely successful works like The Last Emperor and Last Tango in Paris, the director will be remembered for both his cohesive cinematic vision and for his appalling approach to the latter film’s most notorious scene, which has justifiably tainted his legacy.

But Bertolucci’s greatest achievement is one of his earliest, most influential films — and despite the troubled aspects of his career, its blistering political statement and gorgeous cinematic technique are still worth talking about today.

Nearly 50 years after its 1970 release, The Conformist is still frequently screened in arthouses, and for good reason. The film has been cited by major directors from the Coen brothers to Francis Ford Coppola and Steven Spielberg as a significant influence in their own work. Its cinema techniques are stark and distinctive, making it a textbook film, in many ways, for students looking to learn the craft. And above all, it’s incredibly beautiful, full of stunning, arresting visuals and patterns that deserve to be seen in a cinema.

But The Conformist isn’t notable merely for its aesthetic and filmmaking techniques. Rather, it’s a case study in how to build a deep narrative using all the elements of cinema to tell an unforgettable story. Bertolucci combines a flawless aesthetic with a deep emphasis on composition, design, and camerawork to slowly build a devastating portrait of the kind of personality that allows fascism to flourish.

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The film’s plot is very straightforward, except for all the ways in which it’s not. In the years leading up to World War II, the main character, Marcello Clerici (Jean-Louis Trintignant), is a member of the Italian fascist organization. As part of his service, Marcello is ordered to assassinate an enemy — a man who happens to be his old university professor.

Through flashbacks interspersed with the build-up to the resolution of this murder plot, we learn about Marcello’s life, the events that led up to his decision to join the fascist party, and the events following his dispatch to kill the professor. To carry out his mission, he decides to take his new wife Giulia (Stefania Sandrelli) to Paris to visit his former teacher, where he uses the excuse to get closer to his former professor, Quadri, and his beautiful young wife, Anna.

Marcello has spent his life fleeing from a traumatic childhood episode in which a halting sexual encounter with a young male soldier gave way to terror, leading Marcello to shoot and kill the soldier and then flee the scene. Traumatized by his crime and by his budding sexual desires, he ran straight into the arms of Italian fascism and into his hollow marriage with Giulia, all of which he hoped will give him the appearance of normalcy he seeks.

So as he prepares to assassinate the professor, he’s extremely self-aware about his plan and how he fits into it — or so he thinks. Bertolucci’s plot almost immediately begins to fragment around its narrator, who is not so much unreliable as he is too too calmly convinced of himself and what he knows.

Marcello contemplates whether to take out his target or himself. Paramount

In any other film, the driving tension would be the obvious question of whether Marcello will be morally bankrupt enough to kill the professor, simply to adhere to his vision of normalcy. But although Bertolucci turns this uncertainty into a taut central question, it’s not the central question. After all, even though Marcello waffles again and again when asked to commit to an ideology, an emotion, or even to an identity, he is always blunt about his intentions to join the fascists and be “normal,” whatever it takes.

Rather, Bertolucci is interested in a deep-focus look at Marcello’s path to the assassination, and when, exactly, he stops ironically participating in the game he’s signed up for and begins, for all intents and purposes, actually operating as a weapon of Italian fascism — even if he’s an ineffective one.

“Some people collaborate with us out of fear, some out of money, some out of faith in fascism,” a fascist general muses to him early on. “You’re not governed by any of these.” The implication throughout the film is not only that Marcello’s thwarted sexuality and fear of his own identity have led him to seek an alliance with the most rigid political regime; it’s also that, ultimately, the self-interested person who indulges fascism for his own interests is as pernicious as the person who’s participated sincerely all along. No matter how much he waffles, the film wants you to understand that when Marcello tells you who he is, you should believe him.

Marcello’s ironic fantasy of himself becomes the terrifying reality. Paramount

It’s this aspect of the film that gives The Conformist a startling, even disturbing amount of political heft today. Marcello is for all intents no different than the modern ironically detached internet troll who starts out parroting alt-right memes for the lulz but inevitably finds himself sincerely disseminating white supremacist rhetoric.

Throughout the film, we see Marcello deploying an ironic, cool detachment as he marches through his life; it’s this kind of passive participation without real participation that he thinks will allow him to conform without truly conforming. It’s not until the climactic final moments that he realizes, to his shock but not to ours, that this morally bankrupt approach has been built on self-deception all along.

We’re far more prepared for Marcello’s ultimately dark realizations about himself than he is, however, because The Conformist’s entire visual, cinematic, and aesthetic design has already told us what’s up. The film’s fully cohesive mise en scène presents its ideas more loudly and clearly than anything that’s actually taking place on screen.

Marcello spends much of The Conformist being followed by fascist henchmen who are shadowing him to ensure he carries out his orders. And to capture Marcello’s slowly building sense of being trapped in an inescapable situation — as well as the invasive, subtly Orwellian atmosphere of fascist life — Bertolucci’s venerated cinematographer Vittorio Storaro uses a wealth of different camera techniques.

The film is full of furtive camera angles. At various points, the camera seems to be stuffed into an odd corner of a room, or else dangling high overhead from a birds’-eye view, or viewing the action from far across a vast room or landscape. Again and again, we see camerawork that calls attention to itself in the French New Wave tradition: low camera angles rising to confront or trail after characters, as if the camera has been lying in wait; tracking shots that seem to follow the action from a surreptitious distance; and a few famous dutch angles that indicate both our main character’s completely askew moral compass and the increasingly distorted society in which he finds himself.

Bertolucci draws heavily on German Expressionism, with its exaggerated, distorted shapes, and the deep, heavy shadows and stark contrasts of film noir. Storaro and the film’s art designer Ferdinando Scarfiotti (both long-time collaborators with Bertolucci) drew upon the 16th-century artist Caravaggio, and his famous use of contrasting light and darkness. They deployed heavy contrasts of shadow and light throughout The Conformist to indicate Marcello’s internal war with himself, and the depth of his conscious and unconscious desires.

Equally striking is the film’s visual aesthetic. The production design uses a wealth of actual fascist Italian architecture and deep color contrasts — the color scheme frequently shifts from fully washed-out neutrals to vibrant, almost garish primary colors. Nearly every scene features an extremely regimented composition. In many shots, characters are framed in the center of a vast, looming environment that threatens to engulf them.

One of the things that makes The Conformist so tense and taut is that the film’s aesthetic and composition visually surrounds the viewer, trapping us, alongside Marcello, within the increasingly distorted horror that his reality has become. The film consistently frames characters within bars to deepen the sense of imprisonment. These frequently take the form of horizontal and vertical shadows, as well as barred windows, trees and architecture, and occasionally literal bars. Or all of these things at once.

And all of this visual thematic filmmaking comes to a brilliant head in one scene — in which the professor, Quadri, suspecting that Marcello’s visit has a darker purpose, jovially confronts him with an allegory of Marcello’s own moral emptiness — the famous allegory of Plato’s cave. Quadri invites Marcello to recount the story, recalling that to the prisoners who have known only the shadows on the wall, the shadows are the true version of reality.

This isn’t just The Conformist’s thesis, the moment it lays bare the vacant, false nature of Marcello’s world — it’s the moment when all those shadows and visual references to imprisonment finally grow so intense that they infiltrate the action of the film. Because of that sudden, unexpected synthesis, the scene feels both ominous and cathartic — what Bertolucci called a “catharsis of evil.”

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It’s easy to overlook how stark The Conformist’s political and allegorical message is because it’s just so damn beautiful. When Bertolucci’s influence is discussed today, the political aspects of his storytelling — his leftist ideals and darkly cynical look at social systems and institutions — are frequently left out of the equation. But as other critics have noted in recent years, the political relevance of The Conformist has crept upon us once more in a way that can feel profoundly disturbing. The fact that Bertolucci is able to deploy such a skillful tapestry of cinematic and artistic techniques in order to tell that story just makes its political message that much darker.

And that’s exactly why The Conformist is the one Bertolucci film you shouldn’t miss.

The Conformist is streaming on Amazon Prime.

Original Source -> Why Bernardo Bertolucci’s The Conformist still resonates today

via The Conservative Brief

[cleopatrarps]

As Mexico Election Nears, Call for Change Finds Wider Audience

AGUASCALIENTES, Mexico — If there is a case to be made for preserving Mexico’s status quo, the citizens of Aguascalientes would seem to be the ones to make it.

A new Nissan plant is hiring for the night shift, and trains loaded with mechanical parts clatter north to the Texas border and beyond. Factory jobs abound, the crime rate is low, and even in the long-neglected eastern heights, a glass-walled public swimming pool crowns a sloping ribbon of parkland.

But as the presidential election nears, the discontent driving voters in the rest of the country has spread even to Mexico’s central manufacturing belt, despite its buoyant economy. The national rage over corruption that is imperiling the governing Institutional Revolutionary Party has taken hold in Aguascalientes, and citizens who could once be counted on to vote conservatively now appear ready to flip.

That helps explain the changing political fortunes of Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the populist presidential candidate. In his last two runs presidential runs, Mr. López Obrador barely registered here. This time, newfound support from voters in regions like Aguascalientes appears to be adding to his lead days before the July 1 vote.

Mr. López Obrador, 64, a former Mexico City mayor, has been campaigning on a vow to bring down what he calls the “mafia of power” and to battle Mexico’s entrenched inequality. The promises go hand in hand: His government will recover billions lost to corruption and waste, he vows, and steer that money back into social programs.

It is an argument that resonates with Martín González, 53, a worker at a German-owned plant in Aguascalientes that makes engine parts. He said he planned to vote for Mr. López Obrador.

Government help does not reach the people who need it most, Mr. González said. “What we see is that the only ones who benefit these days are those who work in the government — they steal it all,” he said.

Mr. López Obrador’s opponents argue that his policies would drive Mexico back to the disastrous 1970s, when populist presidents borrowed, spent and stole billions, plunging the country into debt and hyperinflation.

Given their source, though, those warnings ring hollow to many Mexicans. President Enrique Peña Nieto, who is limited to a single term by law, has led a government many Mexicans now equate with corruption — one that awarded government contracts to cronies and turned a blind eye to governors now accused of pocketing tens of millions of dollars.

The president’s Institutional Revolutionary Party, known as the PRI, picked a technocrat, José Antonio Meade, as its candidate because he was untainted by scandal. But he appears to be lagging in third place.

The conservative National Action Party, or PAN, which governed Mexico for 12 years before Mr. Peña Nieto took office, has suffered its own scandals and was seen as ineffective during its time in power.

Mr. López Obrador has offered few concrete details about how he will fight corruption. But he has convinced many that he will put a stop to the impunity, among them his supporters at the unionized engine parts plant.

“To be a politician was to be untouchable,” said Alejandro de Jesús Peña Ibarra, 32, a co-worker of Mr. González’s. “But if you start to place limits, then they will learn that they are no longer emperors.”

Francisco Abundis, the director of the polling firm Parametría, argues that anger over corruption looms over every other campaign issue. “The perception is that something has been taken from you,” he said. “You don’t know how, or how much, but you feel it.”

That leads to the suspicion that anyone who has climbed up the ladder may have benefited from questionable help during the ascent.

“It’s no longer a question of whether I am doing well,” Mr. Abundis said, explaining why a protest candidate has advanced in a region that is relatively prosperous. It’s “how is the person next to me doing — and what is the reason for it?”

State polling is poor, but one estimate by the election site Oraculus suggests that Mr. López Obrador and the PAN candidate, Ricardo Anaya, are running about even in Aguascalientes.

“We want a change now,” said Ana María Andrade, 31, a mother of two girls whose husband works in the plant. “The others have had plenty of opportunity and they did not improve the country.”

Neither she nor any of her 12 brothers and sisters voted for Mr. López Obrador in the past. Now, Ms. Andrade said, most of her family have thrown their support behind him. “Everybody is tired of the same promises,” she said.

That fatigue seems to be driving others who have switched allegiances.

“We are aware that López Obrador isn’t coming to save the world,” said Rosa María Romero Centeno, 59, a retired kindergarten teacher. “We just simply would like to teach the other parties a lesson.”

Mr. López Obrador has won support from retired and current teachers, she said, who are suspicious of a five-year-old education overhaul they believe was intended to cut jobs.

Her husband, Eduardo Antuna Villanueva, 63, a retired government employee, said that the failure of rule of law prompted him to support Mr. López Obrador, although nobody else in his social circle agreed with him.

“It’s a step towards no longer being so corrupt,” Mr. Antuna said, brushing off the allegations that Mr. López Obrador would create chaos. “He has matured.”

Other remains unconvinced.

“How many times has he run and how many times has it gone badly for him?” said Misael Salazar Macías, 42, a farmer in Pabellón, a nearby municipality where the city’s sprawl gives way to rolling cornfields. Mr. Anaya’s promise to lower the cost of fuel won his vote.

Mr. Salazar’s wife, Rosa Elena Macías Ramírez, 43, is still undecided. “Governments come and go, come and go,” she said. “They always forget the countryside.”

Some voters believe that Mr. López Obrador will destroy the economy.

“He is a socialist, he has communist tendencies,” said Francisco Gutíerrez Jiménez, 72, who sells raw milk from canisters on his pickup truck and plans to vote for the PRI even though “all politicians are thieves.”

If corruption is the campaign’s overriding concern — along with security in the hardest-hit states — the economy is also a worry.

Beneath the surface in Aguascalientes, there is a sense that the economic boom is leaving workers behind. Across Mexico, real wages have stagnated over the past decade, according to a study by El Colegio de México, and Aguascalientes is no exception.

A unionized factory worker may earn as much as $20 a day including salary and other bonuses. Savings plans, profit-sharing, free transport, subsidized meals and other benefits add to the overall package.

All the candidates have acknowledged that Mexico’s wages are low, but it is Mr. López Obrador’s arguments that appear to have left the deepest imprint.

“López Obrador would open many doors for us,” said Juan Carlos Álvarez Pedroza, 42, a worker at the parts plant, which pays more than most of the city’s many factories. “People would be valued,” he said, and “there would be an opportunity for better salaries and better benefits.”

Viridiana Ríos, a global fellow at the Mexico Institute of the Wilson Center in Washington, said that despite breakneck growth driven by investment from global automakers in Aguascalientes and the surrounding Bajío region, there were warning signs that helped explain voters’ discontent. “We have confused the term development with the term economic growth,” she said.

Ms. Ríos said: “I think the most important focus of the Bajío has been the game of a race to the bottom, to offer the auto industry the best conditions — years of facilities and tax exemptions — with this goal of attracting more and more manufacturing.”

Instead, she said, “we need to bring the investment we want.”

Job growth is a magnet for migration from poorer regions of Mexico, but that depresses wages. One third of the state’s wages do not meet the government’s basic standard for well-being, Ms. Ríos said. That is up from about one-quarter two years ago.

And in an ominous indicator, the homicide rate in Aguascalientes doubled last year, although it is still very low compared with most of Mexico.

If Mr. López Obrador has finally found support in the conservative Bajío, his campaign faces one additional challenge; persuading some voters to pick any candidate at all.

“Anybody who reaches the presidency will do the same thing — steal,” said Erandi Rodríguez, 21, a stay-at-home mother with a 2-year-old daughter. Ms. Rodríguez said she had made up her mind to cross out her ballot to show her disgust.

“El Peje could make a change,” Ms. Rodríguez said, using Mr. López Obrador’s nickname.

She hesitated a moment. Then her default mistrust returned.

“But he’s not going to do everything he says he will,” she said.

The post As Mexico Election Nears, Call for Change Finds Wider Audience appeared first on World The News.

from World The News https://ift.tt/2KqAX5o via News of World

[newestbalance]

As Mexico Election Nears, Call for Change Finds Wider Audience

AGUASCALIENTES, Mexico — If there is a case to be made for preserving Mexico’s status quo, the citizens of Aguascalientes would seem to be the ones to make it.

A new Nissan plant is hiring for the night shift, and trains loaded with mechanical parts clatter north to the Texas border and beyond. Factory jobs abound, the crime rate is low, and even in the long-neglected eastern heights, a glass-walled public swimming pool crowns a sloping ribbon of parkland.

But as the presidential election nears, the discontent driving voters in the rest of the country has spread even to Mexico’s central manufacturing belt, despite its buoyant economy. The national rage over corruption that is imperiling the governing Institutional Revolutionary Party has taken hold in Aguascalientes, and citizens who could once be counted on to vote conservatively now appear ready to flip.

That helps explain the changing political fortunes of Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the populist presidential candidate. In his last two runs presidential runs, Mr. López Obrador barely registered here. This time, newfound support from voters in regions like Aguascalientes appears to be adding to his lead days before the July 1 vote.

Mr. López Obrador, 64, a former Mexico City mayor, has been campaigning on a vow to bring down what he calls the “mafia of power” and to battle Mexico’s entrenched inequality. The promises go hand in hand: His government will recover billions lost to corruption and waste, he vows, and steer that money back into social programs.

It is an argument that resonates with Martín González, 53, a worker at a German-owned plant in Aguascalientes that makes engine parts. He said he planned to vote for Mr. López Obrador.

Government help does not reach the people who need it most, Mr. González said. “What we see is that the only ones who benefit these days are those who work in the government — they steal it all,” he said.

Mr. López Obrador’s opponents argue that his policies would drive Mexico back to the disastrous 1970s, when populist presidents borrowed, spent and stole billions, plunging the country into debt and hyperinflation.

Given their source, though, those warnings ring hollow to many Mexicans. President Enrique Peña Nieto, who is limited to a single term by law, has led a government many Mexicans now equate with corruption — one that awarded government contracts to cronies and turned a blind eye to governors now accused of pocketing tens of millions of dollars.

The president’s Institutional Revolutionary Party, known as the PRI, picked a technocrat, José Antonio Meade, as its candidate because he was untainted by scandal. But he appears to be lagging in third place.

The conservative National Action Party, or PAN, which governed Mexico for 12 years before Mr. Peña Nieto took office, has suffered its own scandals and was seen as ineffective during its time in power.

Mr. López Obrador has offered few concrete details about how he will fight corruption. But he has convinced many that he will put a stop to the impunity, among them his supporters at the unionized engine parts plant.

“To be a politician was to be untouchable,” said Alejandro de Jesús Peña Ibarra, 32, a co-worker of Mr. González’s. “But if you start to place limits, then they will learn that they are no longer emperors.”

Francisco Abundis, the director of the polling firm Parametría, argues that anger over corruption looms over every other campaign issue. “The perception is that something has been taken from you,” he said. “You don’t know how, or how much, but you feel it.”

That leads to the suspicion that anyone who has climbed up the ladder may have benefited from questionable help during the ascent.

“It’s no longer a question of whether I am doing well,” Mr. Abundis said, explaining why a protest candidate has advanced in a region that is relatively prosperous. It’s “how is the person next to me doing — and what is the reason for it?”

State polling is poor, but one estimate by the election site Oraculus suggests that Mr. López Obrador and the PAN candidate, Ricardo Anaya, are running about even in Aguascalientes.

“We want a change now,” said Ana María Andrade, 31, a mother of two girls whose husband works in the plant. “The others have had plenty of opportunity and they did not improve the country.”

Neither she nor any of her 12 brothers and sisters voted for Mr. López Obrador in the past. Now, Ms. Andrade said, most of her family have thrown their support behind him. “Everybody is tired of the same promises,” she said.

That fatigue seems to be driving others who have switched allegiances.

“We are aware that López Obrador isn’t coming to save the world,” said Rosa María Romero Centeno, 59, a retired kindergarten teacher. “We just simply would like to teach the other parties a lesson.”

Mr. López Obrador has won support from retired and current teachers, she said, who are suspicious of a five-year-old education overhaul they believe was intended to cut jobs.

Her husband, Eduardo Antuna Villanueva, 63, a retired government employee, said that the failure of rule of law prompted him to support Mr. López Obrador, although nobody else in his social circle agreed with him.

“It’s a step towards no longer being so corrupt,” Mr. Antuna said, brushing off the allegations that Mr. López Obrador would create chaos. “He has matured.”

Other remains unconvinced.

“How many times has he run and how many times has it gone badly for him?” said Misael Salazar Macías, 42, a farmer in Pabellón, a nearby municipality where the city’s sprawl gives way to rolling cornfields. Mr. Anaya’s promise to lower the cost of fuel won his vote.

Mr. Salazar’s wife, Rosa Elena Macías Ramírez, 43, is still undecided. “Governments come and go, come and go,” she said. “They always forget the countryside.”

Some voters believe that Mr. López Obrador will destroy the economy.

“He is a socialist, he has communist tendencies,” said Francisco Gutíerrez Jiménez, 72, who sells raw milk from canisters on his pickup truck and plans to vote for the PRI even though “all politicians are thieves.”

If corruption is the campaign’s overriding concern — along with security in the hardest-hit states — the economy is also a worry.

Beneath the surface in Aguascalientes, there is a sense that the economic boom is leaving workers behind. Across Mexico, real wages have stagnated over the past decade, according to a study by El Colegio de México, and Aguascalientes is no exception.

A unionized factory worker may earn as much as $20 a day including salary and other bonuses. Savings plans, profit-sharing, free transport, subsidized meals and other benefits add to the overall package.

All the candidates have acknowledged that Mexico’s wages are low, but it is Mr. López Obrador’s arguments that appear to have left the deepest imprint.

“López Obrador would open many doors for us,” said Juan Carlos Álvarez Pedroza, 42, a worker at the parts plant, which pays more than most of the city’s many factories. “People would be valued,” he said, and “there would be an opportunity for better salaries and better benefits.”

Viridiana Ríos, a global fellow at the Mexico Institute of the Wilson Center in Washington, said that despite breakneck growth driven by investment from global automakers in Aguascalientes and the surrounding Bajío region, there were warning signs that helped explain voters’ discontent. “We have confused the term development with the term economic growth,” she said.

Ms. Ríos said: “I think the most important focus of the Bajío has been the game of a race to the bottom, to offer the auto industry the best conditions — years of facilities and tax exemptions — with this goal of attracting more and more manufacturing.”

Instead, she said, “we need to bring the investment we want.”

Job growth is a magnet for migration from poorer regions of Mexico, but that depresses wages. One third of the state’s wages do not meet the government’s basic standard for well-being, Ms. Ríos said. That is up from about one-quarter two years ago.

And in an ominous indicator, the homicide rate in Aguascalientes doubled last year, although it is still very low compared with most of Mexico.

If Mr. López Obrador has finally found support in the conservative Bajío, his campaign faces one additional challenge; persuading some voters to pick any candidate at all.

“Anybody who reaches the presidency will do the same thing — steal,” said Erandi Rodríguez, 21, a stay-at-home mother with a 2-year-old daughter. Ms. Rodríguez said she had made up her mind to cross out her ballot to show her disgust.

“El Peje could make a change,” Ms. Rodríguez said, using Mr. López Obrador’s nickname.

She hesitated a moment. Then her default mistrust returned.

“But he’s not going to do everything he says he will,” she said.

The post As Mexico Election Nears, Call for Change Finds Wider Audience appeared first on World The News.

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As Mexico Election Nears, Call for Change Finds Wider Audience

AGUASCALIENTES, Mexico — If there is a case to be made for preserving Mexico’s status quo, the citizens of Aguascalientes would seem to be the ones to make it.

A new Nissan plant is hiring for the night shift, and trains loaded with mechanical parts clatter north to the Texas border and beyond. Factory jobs abound, the crime rate is low, and even in the long-neglected eastern heights, a glass-walled public swimming pool crowns a sloping ribbon of parkland.

But as the presidential election nears, the discontent driving voters in the rest of the country has spread even to Mexico’s central manufacturing belt, despite its buoyant economy. The national rage over corruption that is imperiling the governing Institutional Revolutionary Party has taken hold in Aguascalientes, and citizens who could once be counted on to vote conservatively now appear ready to flip.

That helps explain the changing political fortunes of Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the populist presidential candidate. In his last two runs presidential runs, Mr. López Obrador barely registered here. This time, newfound support from voters in regions like Aguascalientes appears to be adding to his lead days before the July 1 vote.

Mr. López Obrador, 64, a former Mexico City mayor, has been campaigning on a vow to bring down what he calls the “mafia of power” and to battle Mexico’s entrenched inequality. The promises go hand in hand: His government will recover billions lost to corruption and waste, he vows, and steer that money back into social programs.

It is an argument that resonates with Martín González, 53, a worker at a German-owned plant in Aguascalientes that makes engine parts. He said he planned to vote for Mr. López Obrador.

Government help does not reach the people who need it most, Mr. González said. “What we see is that the only ones who benefit these days are those who work in the government — they steal it all,” he said.

Mr. López Obrador’s opponents argue that his policies would drive Mexico back to the disastrous 1970s, when populist presidents borrowed, spent and stole billions, plunging the country into debt and hyperinflation.

Given their source, though, those warnings ring hollow to many Mexicans. President Enrique Peña Nieto, who is limited to a single term by law, has led a government many Mexicans now equate with corruption — one that awarded government contracts to cronies and turned a blind eye to governors now accused of pocketing tens of millions of dollars.

The president’s Institutional Revolutionary Party, known as the PRI, picked a technocrat, José Antonio Meade, as its candidate because he was untainted by scandal. But he appears to be lagging in third place.

The conservative National Action Party, or PAN, which governed Mexico for 12 years before Mr. Peña Nieto took office, has suffered its own scandals and was seen as ineffective during its time in power.

Mr. López Obrador has offered few concrete details about how he will fight corruption. But he has convinced many that he will put a stop to the impunity, among them his supporters at the unionized engine parts plant.

“To be a politician was to be untouchable,” said Alejandro de Jesús Peña Ibarra, 32, a co-worker of Mr. González’s. “But if you start to place limits, then they will learn that they are no longer emperors.”

Francisco Abundis, the director of the polling firm Parametría, argues that anger over corruption looms over every other campaign issue. “The perception is that something has been taken from you,” he said. “You don’t know how, or how much, but you feel it.”

That leads to the suspicion that anyone who has climbed up the ladder may have benefited from questionable help during the ascent.

“It’s no longer a question of whether I am doing well,” Mr. Abundis said, explaining why a protest candidate has advanced in a region that is relatively prosperous. It’s “how is the person next to me doing — and what is the reason for it?”

State polling is poor, but one estimate by the election site Oraculus suggests that Mr. López Obrador and the PAN candidate, Ricardo Anaya, are running about even in Aguascalientes.

“We want a change now,” said Ana María Andrade, 31, a mother of two girls whose husband works in the plant. “The others have had plenty of opportunity and they did not improve the country.”

Neither she nor any of her 12 brothers and sisters voted for Mr. López Obrador in the past. Now, Ms. Andrade said, most of her family have thrown their support behind him. “Everybody is tired of the same promises,” she said.

That fatigue seems to be driving others who have switched allegiances.

“We are aware that López Obrador isn’t coming to save the world,” said Rosa María Romero Centeno, 59, a retired kindergarten teacher. “We just simply would like to teach the other parties a lesson.”

Mr. López Obrador has won support from retired and current teachers, she said, who are suspicious of a five-year-old education overhaul they believe was intended to cut jobs.

Her husband, Eduardo Antuna Villanueva, 63, a retired government employee, said that the failure of rule of law prompted him to support Mr. López Obrador, although nobody else in his social circle agreed with him.

“It’s a step towards no longer being so corrupt,” Mr. Antuna said, brushing off the allegations that Mr. López Obrador would create chaos. “He has matured.”

Other remains unconvinced.

“How many times has he run and how many times has it gone badly for him?” said Misael Salazar Macías, 42, a farmer in Pabellón, a nearby municipality where the city’s sprawl gives way to rolling cornfields. Mr. Anaya’s promise to lower the cost of fuel won his vote.

Mr. Salazar’s wife, Rosa Elena Macías Ramírez, 43, is still undecided. “Governments come and go, come and go,” she said. “They always forget the countryside.”

Some voters believe that Mr. López Obrador will destroy the economy.

“He is a socialist, he has communist tendencies,” said Francisco Gutíerrez Jiménez, 72, who sells raw milk from canisters on his pickup truck and plans to vote for the PRI even though “all politicians are thieves.”

If corruption is the campaign’s overriding concern — along with security in the hardest-hit states — the economy is also a worry.

Beneath the surface in Aguascalientes, there is a sense that the economic boom is leaving workers behind. Across Mexico, real wages have stagnated over the past decade, according to a study by El Colegio de México, and Aguascalientes is no exception.

A unionized factory worker may earn as much as $20 a day including salary and other bonuses. Savings plans, profit-sharing, free transport, subsidized meals and other benefits add to the overall package.

All the candidates have acknowledged that Mexico’s wages are low, but it is Mr. López Obrador’s arguments that appear to have left the deepest imprint.

“López Obrador would open many doors for us,” said Juan Carlos Álvarez Pedroza, 42, a worker at the parts plant, which pays more than most of the city’s many factories. “People would be valued,” he said, and “there would be an opportunity for better salaries and better benefits.”

Viridiana Ríos, a global fellow at the Mexico Institute of the Wilson Center in Washington, said that despite breakneck growth driven by investment from global automakers in Aguascalientes and the surrounding Bajío region, there were warning signs that helped explain voters’ discontent. “We have confused the term development with the term economic growth,” she said.

Ms. Ríos said: “I think the most important focus of the Bajío has been the game of a race to the bottom, to offer the auto industry the best conditions — years of facilities and tax exemptions — with this goal of attracting more and more manufacturing.”

Instead, she said, “we need to bring the investment we want.”

Job growth is a magnet for migration from poorer regions of Mexico, but that depresses wages. One third of the state’s wages do not meet the government’s basic standard for well-being, Ms. Ríos said. That is up from about one-quarter two years ago.

And in an ominous indicator, the homicide rate in Aguascalientes doubled last year, although it is still very low compared with most of Mexico.

If Mr. López Obrador has finally found support in the conservative Bajío, his campaign faces one additional challenge; persuading some voters to pick any candidate at all.

“Anybody who reaches the presidency will do the same thing — steal,” said Erandi Rodríguez, 21, a stay-at-home mother with a 2-year-old daughter. Ms. Rodríguez said she had made up her mind to cross out her ballot to show her disgust.

“El Peje could make a change,” Ms. Rodríguez said, using Mr. López Obrador’s nickname.

She hesitated a moment. Then her default mistrust returned.

“But he’s not going to do everything he says he will,” she said.

The post As Mexico Election Nears, Call for Change Finds Wider Audience appeared first on World The News.

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