#vacuum electroplating

[gudmould]

Seven plastic surface treatment processes you must know

Plastic surface treatment is to form a layer with some or more special properties on the surface of material through physical or chemical methods. Surface treatment can improve appearance, texture and function of product. 01 In-mold decoration technology (IMD) In-mold decoration technology (IMD) is a molding method in which a diaphragm with a printed pattern is placed into a metal mold, molding…

[ssudas]

Techniques and craftmanship methods require for Jewelry making

Jewelry making involves a wide range of techniques and craftsmanship methods, each requiring specific skills, tools, and materials. Here are some of the most common techniques used in jewelry making, whether for handmade artisanal pieces or mass-produced collections:

Hand Fabrication

Sawing: Using a jeweler’s saw to cut metal sheets into desired shapes.

Filing & Sanding: Smoothing and refining metal surfaces or edges after cutting.

Soldering: Using heat to melt solder (a metal alloy) to join pieces of metal, such as attaching clasps, links, or settings.

Forging: Shaping metal by hammering it to create texture, thin it out, or curve it.

Polishing: Using buffing machines, wheels, or cloth to achieve a high-shine finish on the metal.

Casting

Lost Wax Casting: A mold is created from a wax model, which is then melted and replaced with molten metal. This is one of the oldest techniques used for making detailed metal jewelry pieces.

Centrifugal & Vacuum Casting: Used to ensure the molten metal flows evenly into the mold, minimizing air bubbles and imperfections.

Stone Setting

Prong Setting: Small metal prongs are used to hold a gemstone in place. Common for engagement rings.

Bezel Setting: A metal rim encircles the gemstone to hold it securely.

Pavé Setting: Multiple small gemstones are set closely together, often giving the illusion of a continuous surface of stones.

Channel Setting: Gemstones are set between two strips of metal, allowing for a seamless, smooth look.

Flush Setting: The gemstone is set flush with the metal surface, offering a sleek and modern aesthetic.

Gypsy Setting: Similar to flush setting but usually involves a hammered finish around the gemstone, used for bold, simple designs.

Engraving & Embellishment

Hand Engraving: Using sharp tools to carve intricate patterns or designs into metal surfaces.

Laser Engraving: A modern technique that uses lasers to create detailed engravings or inscriptions, often used for personalization.

Etching: Using acid or other chemicals to corrode the surface of the metal in specific patterns, creating a textured or detailed design.

Filigree

Wire Work: Fine wires of gold or silver are twisted and shaped into intricate designs, often with lace-like appearances. This technique requires high precision and is often used in traditional jewelry.

Enameling

Cloisonné: Small cells or compartments are created with metal wire, which are then filled with enamel (colored glass powder) and fired to create vibrant patterns.

Champlevé: Enamel is applied into recessed areas of metal, then fired to create a colored design.

Plique-à-Jour: A transparent enamel technique that allows light to shine through, giving a stained-glass effect.

Hammering & Texturing

Chasing: A technique where the surface of the metal is hammered from the front to create patterns or designs.

Repoussé: The reverse of chasing, where the metal is hammered from the back to create a raised design.

Texturing: Using different hammers, stamps, or other tools to create a variety of surface textures, such as hammered, brushed, or matte finishes.

Wirework

Wire Wrapping: Jewelry made from twisting and wrapping wire into shapes and loops, often around gemstones, beads, or crystals.

Weaving & Knotting: Using wire or string to weave intricate patterns, often incorporating beads or small stones.

Beadwork

Stringing: Threading beads, pearls, or gemstones onto a string or wire to create necklaces or bracelets.

Knotting: Tying knots between beads (commonly pearls) to ensure they don’t rub against each other and for added strength.

Loom Beading: Using a loom to weave tiny seed beads into patterns for bracelets, necklaces, or other accessories.

Electroforming

Metal Coating: This is a process where a base material (such as a wax or organic object) is coated with a metal layer through electroplating. It’s commonly used for creating lightweight, hollow jewelry pieces.

CNC & 3D Printing

CNC Machining: This computerized technique is used to carve precise patterns and designs into metal or wax, enabling intricate designs that are difficult to achieve by hand.

3D Printing: Used for prototyping or creating complex designs, 3D printing involves creating a wax or resin model layer by layer, which can then be cast in metal using traditional techniques.

Inlay & Marquetry

Stone Inlay: Stones, such as turquoise or lapis lazuli, are cut into thin pieces and inserted into metal grooves to create decorative designs.

Wood or Shell Inlay: Wood, shell, or other non-metal materials are inlaid into metal surfaces to create intricate designs or mosaics.

Embossing & Stamping

Stamping: Using metal stamps or dies to create patterns or letters on the surface of a piece.

Embossing: Using pressure to raise designs on metal surfaces, creating a three-dimensional effect.

Granulation

Beading Technique: Small metal beads or granules are applied to the surface of a piece and soldered to create intricate designs, often used in ancient and traditional jewelry styles.

Soldering & Welding

Soldering: Used to join metal pieces together with the help of solder and heat.

Laser Welding: A modern technique using laser technology to weld small or delicate pieces of metal together, often for intricate repairs.

Pearl & Bead Setting

Knotting: Hand-knotting is used in pearl necklaces to separate each pearl and add durability.

Glue Setting: Some beads and pearls are set using adhesives, especially in designs where drilling holes isn't practical.

By mastering these techniques and methods, jewelry makers can produce pieces ranging from simple, minimalist designs to complex, ornate creations. The choice of technique depends on the desired aesthetic, materials used, and the skill level of the jeweler.

[stylerebellion]

12 Tarot Card Series Fashion Trend Long Oval Link Chain Bracelet

Product information: Product Name: Tarot Brand Series Bracelet Material: stainless steel 304 Color: steel color, gold Polishing: Hand-made mirror polishing, corners, holes, and dead corners are polished to be bright and round Electroplating: Vacuum plating 18K gold in the furnace, with bright colors and long-lasting color retention Size Information: Pendant size: 22.3mm*12.5mm Chain…

[vinjew]

Bracelet Quartz Watches, Vintage Women's Seiko Watch, gold colored Watch, Charming Double-Tail Mermaid Antique Watch, Gift for her

Charming Double-Tail Mermaid Antique Watch, Bracelet Quartz Watches. The dial is 17mm, exquisite and compact. The strap and dial are made of brass, and the outside is electroplated in a five-layer vacuum furnace to maintain the color for a long time. This watch is lustrous and moist Very old style charm Gold plating Hand chain Size: 18 cm (can modify the size) Maintenance method can be spotted…

[trendilyyours]

Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: Open Floral Pattern Lapis Stone Gold Dangle Earrings NWT.

[aandivendor]

PVD Coating Services in Pune: A Blend of Technology, Precision, and Human Passion

In the vibrant industrial ecosystem of Pune, where technology and innovation fuel growth, PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) coating services play an essential role across various sectors. From automotive to jewelry, consumer electronics to construction, PVD coatings are the silent heroes that ensure durability, performance, and aesthetics. Yet, behind this highly technical process lies something more profound—a connection to human intelligence and emotional craftsmanship. In Pune, PVD coating is not just a procedure; it’s an art form infused with passion and precision.

What is PVD Coating?

PVD coating is a process used to create thin films on the surface of a material. It involves vaporizing solid metals in a vacuum chamber and depositing them onto a substrate, producing a high-quality, hard, and durable coating.

Durability: PVD coatings offer enhanced resistance to wear, scratches, and corrosion.

Eco-Friendly: The process is cleaner and more environmentally friendly than traditional electroplating, with no harmful waste.

Aesthetic Appeal: PVD allows for a wide range of finishes, from gold and chrome to matte black and metallic hues.

This versatile technology is embraced by industries in Pune, where its applications go beyond functionality, offering a combination of durability and visual excellence. But beneath this technological achievement is an emotional story of craftsmanship and pride in delivering top-quality results.

The Growing Importance of PVD Coating in Pune

Pune, a city renowned for its industrial advancements and technological progress, has seen an increase in demand for PVD coating services. The need for long-lasting, aesthetically pleasing finishes on products is growing across several industries:

Automotive Industry: Pune is a major hub for automotive manufacturing. From engine components to exterior trims, PVD coatings ensure these parts are resistant to wear, enhancing both their lifespan and appearance.

Jewelry and Fashion: Jewelry makers rely on PVD coating to create stunning, scratch-resistant finishes that mimic precious metals like gold and platinum. These coatings are durable, ensuring that jewelry pieces maintain their brilliance over time.

Tools and Machinery: Precision tools and equipment in Pune's thriving manufacturing sector require PVD coatings for added durability and resistance to corrosion and wear, extending their useful life.

Consumer Electronics: The sleek designs of smartphones, laptops, and wearables are often achieved through PVD coatings that provide both a modern, polished look and functional scratch resistance.

The Human Element in PVD Coating

While PVD coating is grounded in cutting-edge technology, the process itself is a reflection of human intelligence, expertise, and emotional involvement. Every technician and artisan who works on PVD coatings brings with them a deep sense of responsibility and pride in their craft. This combination of precision and passion is what makes PVD coating services in Pune truly exceptional.

Emotional Investment: PVD coating involves a deep connection to quality. The people behind the machines know that the slightest imperfection can compromise the integrity of the product. They are emotionally invested in ensuring that every layer of coating is applied with care and precision.

Pride in Craftsmanship: Behind each piece coated in Pune’s PVD services is the pride of a skilled artisan. Whether it’s a high-end luxury item or an industrial tool, these workers take immense pride in producing flawless results.

Human Precision: Although PVD coating is a technologically driven process, it still relies heavily on human oversight. Each stage of the coating process requires careful monitoring and adjustment to ensure optimal performance and aesthetic outcome.

The Fusion of Art and Technology

Though PVD is a scientific process, in Pune, it is treated as an art form. Technicians understand that each coating is not just about applying a protective layer, but about achieving perfection in appearance, functionality, and durability. The emotional investment in achieving these results is palpable.

Color Mastery: Whether it’s the perfect rose gold hue for a piece of jewelry or a durable, metallic sheen for an automotive part, achieving the right color is an art. It requires technical understanding combined with an artistic eye.

Surface Perfection: Ensuring that every inch of a surface is perfectly coated demands not only precision but patience. Technicians in Pune treat each item with care, knowing that a perfect surface finish is as much a matter of skill as it is of science.

Problem-Solving Mindset: In the face of challenges—whether it’s uneven coatings or inconsistencies in color—Pune’s PVD specialists draw on their knowledge and emotional resilience. They continuously tweak and adjust the process, ensuring that the final product meets the highest standards.

Key Industries Benefiting from PVD Coating in Pune

PVD coating services in Pune cater to a wide range of industries, each with unique requirements but a shared demand for quality and precision:

Automotive: PVD coatings are used on engine parts, interiors, and exterior trims to improve durability, reduce wear, and add a luxurious finish.

Jewelry and Fashion: The fashion industry relies on PVD coatings for creating stunning metallic finishes on jewelry and watches, providing long-lasting brilliance without the high cost of precious metals.

Industrial Tools and Machinery: PVD coatings enhance the wear resistance of tools, ensuring they can withstand the rigors of use in manufacturing and construction environments.

Medical Devices: In the medical field, PVD coatings are applied to surgical tools and implants for improved corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, ensuring safety and performance in critical applications.

Emotional Fulfillment in Quality

The emotional satisfaction derived from producing a flawless product cannot be understated. In Pune, the pride and passion that go into PVD coating services reflect the city's dedication to quality and excellence.

Commitment to Perfection: Every technician knows that their work contributes to a larger picture. Whether it’s a tiny screw on a smartphone or a crucial component in a car engine, their attention to detail ensures the final product is reliable and visually appealing.

Sense of Accomplishment: There is a deep sense of fulfillment in delivering a product that meets and exceeds customer expectations. For those in Pune’s PVD coating industry, this emotional connection to their work drives innovation and excellence.

Conclusion: The Soul of Precision

PVD coating services in Pune are not just about applying layers of metal onto surfaces; they are about passion, precision, and emotional investment. Each product that goes through the PVD process carries with it the dedication of the artisans and technicians who worked on it. This fusion of technology and human intelligence ensures that every coated item is not only functional and durable but also a work of art.

[globalgrowthinsights]

Curved Televisions Market Size, Share, Demand, Growth and Forecast 2024-2032

Curved Televisions Market provides in-depth analysis of the market state of Curved Televisions manufacturers, including best facts and figures, overview, definition, SWOT analysis, expert opinions, and the most current global developments. The research also calculates market size, price, revenue, cost structure, gross margin, sales, and market share, as well as forecasts and growth rates. The report assists in determining the revenue earned by the selling of this report and technology across different application areas.

Geographically, this report is segmented into several key regions, with sales, revenue, market share and growth Rate of Curved Televisions in these regions till the forecast period

North America

Middle East and Africa

Asia-Pacific

South America

Europe

Key Attentions of Curved Televisions Market Report:

The report offers a comprehensive and broad perspective on the global Curved Televisions Market.

The market statistics represented in different Curved Televisions segments offers complete industry picture.

Market growth drivers, challenges affecting the development of Curved Televisions are analyzed in detail.

The report will help in the analysis of major competitive market scenario, market dynamics of Curved Televisions.

Major stakeholders, key companies Curved Televisions, investment feasibility and new market entrants study is offered.

Development scope of Curved Televisions in each market segment is covered in this report. The macro and micro-economic factors affecting the Curved Televisions Market

Advancement is elaborated in this report. The upstream and downstream components of Curved Televisions and a comprehensive value chain are explained.

Browse More Details On This Report at @https://www.globalgrowthinsights.com/market-reports/curved-televisions-market-100561

 Global Growth Insights

Web: https://www.globalgrowthinsights.com

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[gerdusbronnart]

Exposing Fake Gem Mining: Real vs. Fake quartz

I delve into the world of fake gem mining, focusing specifically on quartz. We'll examine a popular YouTuber who uses a screwdriver to mine colorful "gems" from a river, revealing how these are actually planted and not naturally occurring. These minerals are real electroplated quartz, and I'll explain the process behind their creation. Electroplating Quartz: Electroplating involves placing quartz in a chamber where gold vapor is released. This process must occur at a precise temperature of 871 degrees Celsius in a vacuum. I'll break down the science behind this fascinating process and discuss how it gives quartz its vibrant, artificial colors. Real Quartz Mining: Next, we'll take a journey to Arkansas, showcasing the authentic process of mining real quartz. You'll see the hard work and dedication involved in unearthing these natural beauties, providing a stark contrast to the staged gem finds. Special Feature: To wrap up, I'll share a glimpse of a super mineral collection, featuring large and impressive rocks that highlight the diversity and beauty of genuine minerals. Join me on Tumble Rumble as we uncover the truth behind fake gem mining and celebrate the wonders of real, naturally occurring quartz. Don't forget to like, comment, and subscribe for more insightful content on gems and minerals!

[june-gdprototyping]

What Can GD Prototyping's Finishing Services Do For You?

Manual Processing: Prototypes made by CNC, SLA and Vacuum Casting are sampled, polished and assembled. This procedure is to assemble all parts into a finished product.

Painting: Prototypes that have been made according to customer's requirements, sprayed with color in the dust-free oil room environment, so that the prototypes are more vivid, vibrant and increase the real sense of them.

Screen Printing: Printing words or patterns on the flat surface of the sample of prototype that have already made.

Pad printing: Printing words or patterns on the uneven surface of the prototype. This process need to add a piece of steel plate based on screen printing.

Laser engraving: Remove paint from the surface of the product with laser to make part of it transparent. For example the prototype of mobile phone buttons, car DVD buttons, lenses, etc.

Electroplating: A silver product color is applied to make some of the details of the product stand out. The sample must be very smooth before plating, there can not be any traces of impurities, and then immersed in chemical solution. This process is divided into: water plating and vacuum vapor deposition.

Oxidation: i.e. anodizing, which causes an oxidation reaction on the surface of aluminium, forming a film that makes the product less susceptible to scratching.

Wire Drawing: Pulling a thin trace on the surface of aluminium to give the sample a better texture.

Highlighting: On the aluminium samples that have already been well finished, is then machined with high-speed CNC to reveal the original color of the aluminium.

UV varnishing: Spray a layer of transparent oil on the surface of the product and bake it with UV light to make the product brighter and more wear-resistant and water-resistant, like a protective layer.

Sandblasting: Spraying a layer of sand-like effect on the surface of a piece of prototype to make the it look more perfect.

Mold Texture: Texture is mainly used for plastic materials and are mainly white, black and grey in color. It is extremely common in the production of prototypes.

Rubber oil: Spray a layer of transparent rubber oil on the surface of the sprayed product, so that the product has a rubbery and comfortable feeling when you hold it in hand.

[spookysaladchaos]

Semiconductor Electroplating Systems (Plating Equipment), Global Top 15 Players, Market Share and Ranking (2023)

Semiconductor Electroplating Systems (Plating Equipment) Market Summary

Electroplating is a processing method that forms a metal film on the surface of metal or non-metal. The purpose of electroplating is to improve corrosion resistance and functionality. Electroplating can be divided into two types according to technology: wet electroplating and dry electroplating. Wet electroplating uses aqueous solution; dry electroplating uses metal evaporation in a vacuum environment, specifically through sputtering, ion implantation, vacuum evaporation and other methods.

Semiconductor electroplating (Plating/ECD) refers to the electroplating of metal ions in the electroplating solution onto the wafer surface to form metal interconnects during the chip manufacturing process. As the chip manufacturing process becomes more and more advanced, the interconnect lines in the chip begin to shift from traditional aluminum materials to copper materials, and semiconductor copper plating equipment is widely used. At present, semiconductor electroplating is not limited to the deposition of copper wires, but also metals such as tin, tin-silver alloys, nickel, and gold, but the deposition of metallic copper still dominates.

Semiconductor electroplating equipment can deposit a layer of dense, no holes, no gaps and other defects on the wafer, and evenly distributed copper, and then equipped with vapor deposition equipment, etching equipment, cleaning equipment, etc., to complete the copper interconnection process. The electroplating process is used to deposit metallized films of metals such as copper, nickel, tin, silver, and gold in three-dimensional through-silicon vias, rewiring, bumps, and other processes.

According to the new market research report "Global Semiconductor Electroplating Systems (Plating Equipment) Market Report 2024-2030", published by QYResearch, the global Semiconductor Electroplating Systems (Plating Equipment) market size is projected to reach USD 855 million by 2030, at a CAGR of 6% during the forecast period.

Figure.  Global Semiconductor Electroplating Systems (Plating Equipment) Market Size (US$ Million), 2019-2030

Figure.   Global Semiconductor Electroplating Systems (Plating Equipment) Top 15 Players Ranking and Market Share (Ranking is based on the revenue of 2023, continually updated)

According to QYResearch Top Players Research Center, the global key manufacturers of Semiconductor Electroplating Systems (Plating Equipment) include Lam Research, Applied Materials, ACM Research, ASMPT, TKC, Besi, ClassOne Technology, TANAKA Precious Metals, RENA Technologies, Ramgraber GmbH, etc. In 2023, the global top 10 players had a share approximately 87.0% in terms of revenue.

Figure.  Semiconductor Electroplating Systems (Plating Equipment), Global Market Size, Split by Product Segment

In terms of product type, currently Fully Automatic is the largest segment, hold a share of 76.4%.The entire process of fully automatic equipment does not require human participation and is fully automated, such as wafer transfer, automatic loading and unloading, etc.

Figure.  Semiconductor Electroplating Systems (Plating Equipment), Global Market Size, Split by Application Segment

In terms of product application, Back-end Advanced Packaging is the largest application, hold a share of 64%. In addition to the copper interconnection process, electroplating technology is also used in advanced packaging processes such as Bumping, RDL, and TSV. The core of TSV technology is to drill holes on the wafer and fill the through-silicon vias with copper plating, thereby achieving wafer interconnection and stacking, and improving chip integration and performance without further reducing chip line width. Compared with the copper interconnection process in chip manufacturing, TSV electroplating is larger in size, usually requires longer deposition time, higher electroplating rate and multiple process steps, and the cost of copper interconnection electroplating solution and additives accounts for a higher proportion of the total cost of TSV process.

Figure.  Semiconductor Electroplating Systems (Plating Equipment), Global Market Size, Split by Region (Production)

Figure.  Semiconductor Electroplating Systems (Plating Equipment), Global Market Size, Split by Region

Market Drivers:

1. The growing demand in the semiconductor industry is the prerequisite for the rapid growth of the semiconductor packaging equipment market: Stimulated by the demand for emerging application terminals such as the Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data, and new energy vehicles, the global semiconductor market has resumed its growth trend. As the world's largest semiconductor consumer market, China's demand for semiconductors continues to be strong, driving the growth in demand for semiconductor packaging equipment business.

2. Advanced packaging technologies: such as Fan-out, SiP, 3D, WLP, flip-chip, chip stacking layer packaging, etc., promote the upgrading of equipment to meet the needs of smaller, more efficient, and higher performance.

3. Downstream market demand: Increased demand for smartphones, automobiles, Internet of Things, data centers, artificial intelligence, 5G, cloud computing, edge computing, and smart devices will drive semiconductor usage and packaging equipment demand.

Trend:

1. Continuous growth: With the rapid development and expansion of the market in IoT, automotive electronics, artificial intelligence and other fields, the global packaging and testing industry continues to grow, and so will the semiconductor Plating machine as packaging equipment.

2. Further development of advanced packaging equipment: The bottleneck stage of Moore's Law has been reached, and the industry cannot continue to be driven by reducing the transistor size alone, which requires more advanced packaging technologies to reduce the package size and thus further save the space behind the IC package. Currently, advanced packaging mainly refers to DFN, QFN, Flip-Chip, WLCSP, and SiP. At present, although traditional packaging still occupies the majority of the packaging market, advanced packaging is gradually increasing its market application proportion with its unique advantages. The market share of semiconductor molding systems used for advanced packaging will also increase year by year, and market demand for equipment will promote the further development of advanced packaging equipment.

3. More intelligent: The current mainstream semiconductor Plating equipment in the market already has a strong level of automation and certain intelligent functions. In the future, as technology continues to develop and labor costs increase, semiconductor Plating equipment will become more intelligent, and its capabilities of self-perception, self-maintenance and automatic adaptation will be further improved to adapt to production needs.

4. AI + Equipment: The integration of AI and big data technologies will optimize the control strategy of the electroplating process, automatically adjust process parameters through real-time data analysis, improve production efficiency and product quality, reduce defective product rates, and realize intelligent and adaptive production.

About The Authors

Jiashi Dong

Lead Author

Email: dongjiashi@qyresearch.com

QYResearch Nanning Branch Analyst, as a member of the QYResearch Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Department, his main research areas include automotive electronics, semiconductor equipment, materials and thermally conductive powders. Some subdivided research topics include automotive diodes, automotive inductors, automotive lidar, radio frequency power supplies, plastic sealing machines, high-purity non-ferrous metals, battery materials, precursors, electroplating equipment, thermal conductive ball aluminum, semiconductor chemical plating solutions, semiconductor coating devices, etc. At the same time, he is also engaged in the development of market segment reports and participates in the writing of customized projects.

About QYResearch

QYResearch founded in California, USA in 2007.It is a leading global market research and consulting company. With over 17 years’ experience and professional research team in various cities over the world QY Research focuses on management consulting, database and seminar services, IPO consulting, industry chain research and customized research to help our clients in providing non-linear revenue model and make them successful. We are globally recognized for our expansive portfolio of services, good corporate citizenship, and our strong commitment to sustainability. Up to now, we have cooperated with more than 60,000 clients across five continents. Let’s work closely with you and build a bold and better future.

QYResearch is a world-renowned large-scale consulting company. The industry covers various high-tech industry chain market segments, spanning the semiconductor industry chain (semiconductor equipment and parts, semiconductor materials, ICs, Foundry, packaging and testing, discrete devices, sensors, optoelectronic devices), photovoltaic industry chain (equipment, cells, modules, auxiliary material brackets, inverters, power station terminals), new energy automobile industry chain (batteries and materials, auto parts, batteries, motors, electronic control, automotive semiconductors, etc.), communication industry chain (communication system equipment, terminal equipment, electronic components, RF front-end, optical modules, 4G/5G/6G, broadband, IoT, digital economy, AI), advanced materials industry Chain (metal materials, polymer materials, ceramic materials, nano materials, etc.), machinery manufacturing industry chain (CNC machine tools, construction machinery, electrical machinery, 3C automation, industrial robots, lasers, industrial control, drones), food, beverages and pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, agriculture, etc.

[gudmould]

Comprehensive surface treatment process of materials

Surface treatment is a process that artificially forms a layer on the surface of a base material that has different mechanical, physical and chemical properties from base material.Purpose of surface treatment is to meet corrosion resistance, wear resistance, decoration or other special functional requirements of product. Our more commonly used surface treatment methods are mechanical grinding,…

[koprexmti]

The Manufacturing Process of Oxygen Free Copper Anodes: What You Need to Know

Oxygen free copper anodes are crucial components in various industrial applications due to their superior conductivity and purity. Understanding the manufacturing process of these anodes can provide valuable insights into their quality and performance. In this blog, we will explore the detailed steps involved in producing oxygen free copper anodes, highlighting the importance of each stage. As a leading copper manufacturer, Koprex is dedicated to maintaining the highest standards in the production of these critical materials.

What are Oxygen Free Copper Anodes?

Oxygen free copper (OFC) anodes are made from high-purity copper with minimal oxygen content, typically less than 0.001%. This high purity ensures excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, making them ideal for applications in electronics, electroplating, and advanced manufacturing processes.

The Manufacturing Process

1. Raw Material Selection

The manufacturing process begins with the selection of high-quality copper cathodes. These cathodes are typically 99.99% pure copper, ensuring that the final product has the desired properties. The purity of the raw material is crucial, as any impurities can affect the conductivity and performance of the anodes.

2. Melting and Refining

The selected copper cathodes are melted in a high-temperature furnace. This step is critical for removing any remaining impurities and ensuring the homogeneity of the molten copper. The furnace atmosphere is controlled to prevent the introduction of oxygen, which is essential for maintaining the purity of the copper.

During this stage, the molten copper is often treated with refining agents to further reduce impurities. The refining process ensures that the copper meets the stringent purity requirements for oxygen free copper anodes.

3. Casting

Once the molten copper is refined, it is cast into anode molds. The casting process must be carefully controlled to prevent oxygen from dissolving into the copper. Typically, this is done in an inert atmosphere or under vacuum conditions. This step ensures that the copper solidifies without any oxygen inclusions, resulting in high-purity oxygen free copper anodes.

4. Hot Rolling

After casting, the copper anode billets are subjected to hot rolling. This process involves passing the billets through a series of rolling mills at high temperatures. Hot rolling helps to refine the grain structure of the copper, enhancing its mechanical properties and ensuring uniformity.

5. Cold Rolling and Annealing

Following hot rolling, the copper anodes undergo cold rolling to achieve the desired thickness and surface finish. Cold rolling is performed at room temperature and results in work hardening of the copper. To restore the ductility and remove any internal stresses, the cold-rolled anodes are then annealed. Annealing involves heating the copper to a specific temperature and then slowly cooling it, which recrystallizes the grain structure and improves its properties.

6. Surface Treatment

The surface of the oxygen free copper anodes is treated to remove any oxide layers or contaminants that may have formed during the manufacturing process. This step ensures that the anodes have a clean and smooth surface, which is essential for their performance in various applications.

7. Quality Control

Quality control is a vital part of the manufacturing process. Each batch of oxygen free copper anodes undergoes rigorous testing to ensure they meet the required specifications. Tests typically include chemical composition analysis, mechanical property evaluation, and conductivity measurements. High precision instruments and techniques are used to verify the purity and quality of the anodes.

Applications of Oxygen Free Copper Anodes

1. Electroplating

Oxygen free copper anodes are widely used in electroplating processes due to their high purity and excellent conductivity. They ensure uniform deposition of copper on substrates, resulting in high-quality plated products.

2. Electronics Manufacturing

In the electronics industry, oxygen free copper anodes are essential for producing components that require superior electrical conductivity, such as printed circuit boards (PCBs) and semiconductor devices.

3. Advanced Manufacturing

Oxygen free copper anodes are also used in advanced manufacturing applications, including the production of specialized alloys and components for aerospace and high-tech industries. Their high purity and reliability make them ideal for these demanding applications.

Conclusion

The manufacturing process of oxygen free copper anodes is a complex and precise operation that ensures the highest levels of purity and performance. From raw material selection to final quality control, each step is carefully controlled to produce anodes that meet stringent industry standards. Understanding this process highlights the importance of quality manufacturing in producing oxygen free copper anodes that excel in various industrial applications. As a leading copper manufacturer, Koprex is dedicated to maintaining the highest standards in the production of these critical materials.

By choosing high-quality oxygen free copper anodes from Koprex, businesses can ensure optimal performance and reliability in their applications, supporting innovation and efficiency across industries.

This Blog Is Originally Published At: https://koprexmti.blogspot.com/2024/07/the-manufacturing-process-of-oxygen.html

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All about Thermoforming Production Process

Thermoforming involves heating, vacuum forming, cooling and other processes of PVC, PS, PET and other resin sheets in a thermoforming machine to shape them according to the shape of the mold, and then punch them into a single product using a die on a punch machine, and finally packaging products made through folding, punching and other processes.

This kind of packaging product has the characteristics of cheap materials, simple technology, low investment and considerable profits. It is suitable for packaging small daily necessities, small electrical appliances, toys and other commodities. It is not suitable for packaging products with high cushioning requirements and heavy products.

Compared with traditional cold forming processing technology, hot forming process is characterized by a constantly changing temperature field on the processed sheet. Under the action of the temperature field, the basic structure and mechanical properties inside the sheet change, resulting in changes in the stress field of the sheet. At the same time, the stress field of the material reacts on the temperature field. Therefore, the vacuum forming plastic manufacturing process means that the internal temperature field and stress field of the sheet coexist and Mutually coupled change processes.

There are several thermoforming methods used in actual production, and the most basic ones are six: differential pressure forming, overmolding, plunger-assisted molding, suction molding, countermolding, and twin sheet forming.

Ⅰ. Thermoforming Production Process

The main production processes of thermoformed products include mold removal, pull tabs, punching, folding, punching, packaging, etc.

Mould or Drawing

A thermoforming project starts with design, which requires a model or drawing of the product, or a sample provided by the customer.

Mold Design & Making

After the customer confirms the sample, the plaster mold used for proofing is used as the master mold. After electroplating copper, the production mold is made according to a certain quantity and position. There are three types of conventional molds: plaster mold, copper mold, and aluminum mold. The plaster molds are mainly used for proofing and generally cannot be used for mass production. The production time is generally 24 hours.

The copper mold is a plaster mold electroplated with a layer of copper, which has enhanced strength and wear resistance and is not high in cost. It is the most commonly used mold in production. The general production cycle is 100 hours, at least 3 days, and the service life is about 100,000 pieces. When the quantity reaches more than 1 million, aluminum molds can be made.

The aluminum molds are made of pure aluminum, which is costly and requires machine processing. The general mold making time is 3 days. Aluminum molds have good production quality, fast heat dissipation, high product precision, and long service life. If the customer requires precise products and the copper mold cannot meet the accuracy requirements, aluminum molds must be made even if the quantity is small.

Install the Mold

Based on product and material information, the mold's cavity count and expected cycle time can be estimated. With this data, the moldmaker has all the details to build the tooling accordingly. The mold consists of two mold halves, each mounted on a removable platen of a vertical toggle press.

Heating & Forming

The thermoforming machine heats the raw material coils or plastic sheets through the vacuum forming machine, vacuum thermoforms them, and cools them, and then automatically cuts them into predetermined sizes. This process is the most important process of pressure forming.

The length of the sheet is between 600 and 1170mm according to actual needs. Different materials, different thicknesses, and different temperature adjustment requirements require considerable experience from the startup personnel. The adjustment test usually takes 3 pictures.

Punching

After heated plastic sheet and forming, there are usually multiple products (according to the number of mold rows), which need to be punched into a single product on a punch. This process is called punching.

If the customer has special requirements, this process should be added when perforating the thermoformed part.

Folding

For some products that need to fold over two or more corners of the thermoformed product to insert paper cards, this process is required. This process is completed by a folding machine.

Package

Must pay attention to the packaging of thermoformed products, and determine the appropriate packaging method according to the strictness of customer requirements, product materials, shapes, etc.

If the customer has no special requirements, packing and plastic bags can be used. For products that are white or brightly colored, easily scratched by friction, or cannot attract dust or fingerprints, gloves are often worn during production.

Ⅱ. Thermoforming Materials

Commonly used vacuum forming materials include PVC (accounting for approximately 50%, density is 1.36g/cm³), PS (accounting for approximately 30%, density is 1.06g/cm³), PET (accounting for approximately 10%, density is 1.39g/cm³) , PP (about 10%, density is 0.92g/cm³).

Among them, the maximum thickness of PVC is generally 0.8mm, and that of PS is generally up to 1.2mm. Films exceeding this thickness are difficult to pull and may easily cause damage to the equipment.

The color of the material is generally determined according to the customer's requirements. Generally, PANTON color standards, color drafts, color separation standards, etc. need to be provided. The customer can also specify the approximate color and provide the customer with the color based on the product inventory. If there is no requirement from the customer, generally colorless and transparent materials that are easiest to produce can be used.

If you order colored sheets, they generally need to be more than 2 tons before they can be customized. Colored materials are denser than transparent materials. Flocking materials generally use PS materials with smaller density. If the density is high, it is easy to produce lint-free parts of the surface after stretching.

Generally, materials with brighter colors are easier to produce and do not have high requirements for packaging. Scratches on light-colored materials are easy to see, so packaging requirements are strict. Generally, flocking materials need to be protected from scratches and indentations.

When the products are put together, friction will easily occur in the tight contact areas and cause them to turn white. In places like this, special attention must be paid when packaging. If the requirements are strict, consider using plastic bags, copy paper and other methods for protection. Flocking materials are generally ordered according to length (meters).

Material properties generally include anti-static properties. Anti-static materials are produced by soaking or adding anti-static ingredients. The latter method has long-lasting anti-static properties. The static value of anti-static materials can generally reach 106~1012Ω.

In addition, there is environmental protection, among which APET is the most environmentally friendly and PVC is recyclable. Generally speaking, the thicker the material, the longer it takes to heat and the slower the production speed. The thinner the material, the faster it can be produced, but the longer the roll will be.

Ⅲ. Thermoforming Mold

Lower Mold

The lower mold is an essential mold in thermoforming production. According to different production processes and materials, they can be divided into plaster molds, copper molds, and aluminum molds. When customers provide samples, drawings or physical objects, plaster molds for adding samples need to be made.

The gypsum mold is made of gypsum powder and water is added to it to set it into a certain shape. It hardens after dehydration to form a mold. Materials and tools such as gypsum powder, drill bits, emery cloth, and wooden boards are required. Because it is handmade, there will be a deviation of about 2mm from the drawing. Plaster molds can be prototyped directly after being made and are not suitable for mass production.

The plaster mold can be modified after it is formed, and it is generally easier to make it smaller than to make it bigger. After the customer confirms the sample, the proofed plaster mold can be used as the seed mold (master mold), and multiple sub-molds can be produced according to production needs. The size of the sub-mold will not deviate greatly from the seed mold, generally around 0.5mm.

After the lower mold is made, it needs to be fixed on a plywood about 8mm thick, and then it can be mounted on the mold basin during production. When the heated sheet passes through the mold, it is sucked by the vacuum pump and attached to the lower mold to make a product with the same shape as the lower mold.

Upper Mold

Sometimes vacuum suction alone is not enough to shape the product, and a certain external force needs to be applied to make the upper mold. The upper mold is not required for all products, but depends on the needs of production.

When testing the machine, if the thermoforming is not good and a upper mold is needed, the operator will make the upper mold according to the shape. The material of the upper mold is generally iron or wood, and the surface in contact with the product needs to be wrapped with soft sponge or flannel.

Cutting Die

Generally, multiple vacuum forming molds are used to open multiple molds. After forming, they need to be cut into finished products according to the size and shape of the product. The process of cutting into finished products is the punch press, and the mold used is the cutting die.

Cutting die can be divided into three types according to different materials and production processes: iron dies, wood die, and laser cutting die. Among them, iron die are thicker and can generally be made into cutting dies with more regular shapes, such as rectangles, ovals, etc., and are not suitable for shapes that are too curved.

The blade used in the wooden die is the beer machine cutting die used for color boxes. It needs to be stacked with a certain number of layers according to the height of the product, and sometimes a cushion is required. For cutting dies that require higher precision, laser die can be made, similar to wood sample knives.

After the die is made, the product that needs to be positioned generally needs to be fixed with a finished product in the die to facilitate positioning when punching the product. For products that do not require positioning, such as edgeless thermoformed products, iron knives are generally used as molds.

Ⅳ. Dimensions and Tolerances

Thermoforming dimensions can be obtained in three ways: copying according to customer samples, making molds based on drawings, and designing by yourself based on the actual object. Because the shape of pressure forming is generally customized based on the actual object, the shape is often irregular. Many dimensions are inaccurate or cannot be marked when the drawings are made, so there is a large deviation when making according to the drawings. For the sake of accuracy, it must be accompanied by a physical trial installation. The size deviation of products made based on sample replicas is not large.

The general thickness tolerance is 0.1mm, and the product deviation is ±2mm. The main reasons for tolerance are:

1. Deviation caused by manual mold removal. This deviation is generally less than 2mm.

2. Deviation caused when the seed mold copies the sub-mold. This deviation is small, generally less than 0.5mm.

3. Thickness deviations in the same mold caused by different materials and thermoforming temperatures. This deviation is small, generally less than 0.1mm.

4. The thickness tolerance depends on the specific situation. The larger the same area is stretched, the thinner the thickness of the piece becomes. Different operators and different forming temperature will also make the thickness of the same part different.

Among the above reasons, the first one is the main reason for dimensional tolerance, but because the mold can be modified and corrected, the deviation of thermoforming process can generally be controlled within 2mm.

It should be noted that the material thickness is two sizes (0.05mm) smaller than the finished product thickness. Although there are phenomena such as when the surface area of the finished product is much larger than the surface area of the material, the thickness of the finished product will be much smaller than the thickness of the material, the surface area of the finished product is much larger than the surface area of the material, and the thickness of the finished product will be much smaller than the thickness of the material, but overall Generally speaking, the general difference is 0.05mm.

Vacuum forming is a very definite product. If you want the size to be right, you must take the actual product and try it out.

Ⅴ. Draft Angle

All products stamped with molds need to set the draft angle during design, and the same is true for thermoforming. The general draft angle for thermoforming is 3°. The draft angle will cause the size of the upper surface to be smaller than the size of the lower surface. If the thermoforming is placed in a box, there will be a gap between the upper surface and the box wall. When the draft angle is the same, the size of the gap is related to the height.

Calculation Formula

The calculation formula is: d=h×tgθ

d——Size of the gap on each side.

h——Height of thermoforming.

θ——Draft angle, usually 3°.

Ⅵ. Mold Layout and Material Setting

Mold arrangement refers to arranging the molds on the mold plate and fixing them. The distance between the molds depends on the height of the product. The general rule is that the distance between the molds is equal to the height of the mold, and the distance between the mold and the four sides of the mold plate is equal to the height of the mold divided by 2. The high point of the mold refers to the highest point of the mold.

The height of the product refers to the highest dimension of the product. See Figure 2-1. Neither h1 nor h2 is the height of the product. The largest h is the height of the product.

When arranging the mold, the width must be arranged to the edge. The length can be more or less, but no more than 1120mm at most and no less than 600mm at least. Between 600 and 1120mm, the longer the better. The number of molds for APET materials cannot be too many, between 600 and 800.

The mold plate width plus 50mm equals the material width, and the mold row length plus 50mm equals the sheet length.

Conclusion

Thermoforming is a process that uses high temperature and high forming pressure to form raw materials into products of the desired shape and structure through steps such as heating, air pressure regulation, and cooling. This process can be used for processing materials such as plastics, metals and ceramics. By controlling parameters, products with different properties, shapes and sizes can be manufactured. The hot press molding process is widely used in automobiles, electronics, aerospace and other fields, providing high-quality products to all walks of life.

Thermoforming is different from injection molding, blow molding, rotational molding and other forms of processing plastics. Thin gauge thermoforming is used primarily to create disposable cups, containers, lids, trays, blisters, clamshells and other products for the food, medical and general retail industries. Thick-gauge vacuum forming includes parts as diverse as car doors and dashboards, refrigerator liners, utility vehicle floors and plastic pallets.

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What is Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Coating and Why your Furniture Needs it?

When it comes to the durability and aesthetics of furniture, innovations in surface treatment technologies have revolutionized the industry. One such advanced technology is Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) coating. This article will delve into what PVD coating is and why your furniture needs it, emphasizing the remarkable benefits brought by companies like Black Rock Evolution in this field.

Understanding PVD Coating

PVD coating, or Physical Vapor Deposition coating, is a process used to apply a thin film to various surfaces, including metals, ceramics, and plastics. This coating method involves the condensation of vaporized material onto a substrate, forming a high-performance, durable, and aesthetically pleasing surface. This technique has gained significant popularity in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and furniture manufacturing.

The Process Behind PVD Coating

The PVD coating on furniture process involves several steps, starting with the evaporation of a solid material in a vacuum environment. The vaporized material then condenses on the target surface, forming a thin, uniform coating. This process can be finely controlled to achieve specific thicknesses and properties, ensuring optimal performance and appearance. PVD coatings are known for their exceptional hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance.

Why Your Furniture Needs PVD Coating

Enhanced Durability

One of the primary reasons to consider PVD coating for your furniture is the significant increase in durability. Furniture items, especially those frequently used, are prone to wear and tear. PVD coatings provide a hard, protective layer that shields the underlying material from scratches, dents, and other forms of damage, extending the lifespan of your furniture.

Superior Aesthetic Appeal

Furniture with PVD coatings boasts a premium, polished appearance that can enhance the overall aesthetic of any space. The process allows for a variety of finishes, including metallic, matte, and even colored coatings. Black Rock Evolution, a leading name in PVD coatings, offers a range of stunning finishes that can transform ordinary furniture into extraordinary pieces of art.

Corrosion Resistance

Exposure to moisture and environmental factors can lead to the corrosion of furniture materials, particularly metals. PVD coatings offer excellent corrosion resistance, making your furniture suitable for both indoor and outdoor use. This protective layer ensures that your furniture remains in pristine condition, even in challenging environments.

Eco-Friendly Solution

In today's world, sustainability is a significant concern. PVD coating is an environmentally friendly option compared to traditional electroplating methods. The process produces minimal waste and does not involve harmful chemicals, making it a greener choice for enhancing the durability and appearance of your furniture.

Black Rock Evolution: A Pioneer in PVD Coating

Black Rock Evolution has emerged as a leader in the PVD coating industry, providing top-notch coating solutions for a wide range of applications. Their expertise in the field ensures that your furniture receives the highest quality finish, combining both aesthetic beauty and functional benefits. By choosing Black Rock Evolution, you can trust that your furniture will not only look exquisite but also stand the test of time.

Applications of PVD Coating in Furniture

Residential Furniture

From kitchen cabinets to bedroom dressers, PVD coating can be applied to various types of residential furniture. The durability and visual appeal offered by PVD coatings make them an ideal choice for enhancing the quality and longevity of household furniture.

Commercial Furniture

In commercial settings such as offices, hotels, and restaurants, furniture is subject to heavy use. PVD-coated furniture provides the durability needed to withstand frequent use while maintaining a sophisticated appearance. Black Rock Evolution's PVD coatings ensure that commercial furniture remains in excellent condition, contributing to a professional and welcoming environment.

Maintenance and Care of PVD-Coated Furniture

Easy to Clean

One of the significant advantages of PVD-coated furniture is its ease of maintenance. The smooth, non-porous surface makes cleaning a breeze. Regular dusting and occasional wiping with a damp cloth are usually sufficient to keep PVD-coated furniture looking new.

Scratch Resistance

While PVD coatings are highly resistant to scratches, it's still essential to handle furniture with care. Using protective pads under objects and avoiding abrasive cleaners can help maintain the pristine condition of the coating.

Conclusion

PVD coating represents a significant advancement in surface treatment technology, offering numerous benefits for furniture. From enhanced durability and corrosion resistance to superior aesthetic appeal, PVD coatings can transform ordinary furniture into extraordinary pieces that stand the test of time. Companies like Black Rock Evolution are at the forefront of this innovation, providing high-quality PVD coating solutions that meet the diverse needs of both residential and commercial furniture.

Incorporating PVD coating into your furniture investment ensures longevity, reduced maintenance, and a stylish finish that elevates any space. By understanding the advantages and applications of PVD coating, you can make informed decisions that enhance the value and functionality of your furniture for years to come.

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