#uyghur turk

[thejackmeister-mongolhistory]

GÖKTÜRK STONE INSCRIPTIONS

You'll hear it often claimed that nomadic peoples left no writing behind of any sorts, and that we only hear the accounts of their enemies. However, this (as with so many claims about steppe societies!) is not true. A number of steppe empires (particularly in Mongolia) erected stone inscriptions in multiple languages and scripts to mark important occasions; establishing cities or honouring Khagans. They often contain important information on political events, military campaigns and the make-up of these empires.

While the Orkhon inscriptions of the 8th century are the most famous (written in Old Turkic, in Old Turk Runes), they are not the earliest and far from isolated. Some of the earliest identified include the Bugut inscription (c.580s) and Khüis Tolgoi inscription (c.early 600s), which may be Mongolic languages written in the Brāhmī script and Sogdian alphabet late in the Rouran period and early in the first Türkic Khaganate. The first Uyghur inscription, the mid-8th century Moghon Shine-Usu inscription, marks the Uyghur Khagan's establishment of the city of Bay-Baliq along the Selenge River. The construction of the city was, according on the translation, being done by, or for, the Khagan's Chinese and Sogdian subjects in Northern Mongolia— another important production and urban centre of the states, as I have been detailing in my latest video series.

[im-tired1124]

Hey there, friendly reminder that while Palestine is still important ( I just felt compelled to write a whole summary document on why Zionism bad, Hamas bad and doesn’t more harm than good to Palestinians, boycotts work, and genocide is genocide, like I’m totally a cool researcher and not a high schooler who spends too much time on the internet without much over their financial actions) friendly reminder not to forget Congo, Sudan, Ukraine, Myanmar, Haiti, Ethiopia, the Uyghur Turks/East Turkistan, Iran, Preventing Project 2025 from going into effect, holding Japan accountable for their laundry list of war crimes they refuse to answer for, holding Turkey accountable for the Armenian Genocide that they refuse to answer for, advocate for or at least support indigenous and Romani rights everywhere, and whatever else I’m forgetting because the government has failed us and there’s no point in cruelty.

[starlightshadowsworld]

Cent Uyghur, a Turkish American politican speaking on the American government's support for Israel.

The talkshow he's speaking on is his own called Young Turks.

[thomasthetankieengine]

MFW a motherfucker tells everyone that he apparently believes the Uyghurs and Rohingya people are "invaders"

Look, tlaquetzqui, we all know you have the IQ of a rattle, but you failing to realize that both groups have resided in Central and/or East Asia for centuries for is just embarrassing. (Mind you, the government of Myanmar has tried to argue that the Rohingya people only migrated during the period of the British Raj, but most of the evidence is not on their side).

Yes, yes, most Muslims in western Europe and the Americas are immigrants, but that ain't how it works elsewhere.

One wonders if he thinks the Albanians, Bosniaks, Crimean and Volga Tatars, Adjarians, Chechens, and Ingush are also "invaders" because they're Muslims and therefore foreign... Then again, we're probably better off not knowing.

Him calling the Muslims in France "invaders" is also pretty rich considering that most of them are North Africans from France's former colonies and that they were widely invited to move there after World War II to help in France's economic reconstruction, much like the Turks in Germany and South Asians in Great Britain.

[minsarasarahair]

FalconSong! Enemies to lovers!! Sun Ashina and Li Changge!

Raised by Turks but actually from nomadic Khitans and raised by Han but also Uyghur princess!

[zilodak]

Hey here's an advice, don't tag my gay Uyghur and Turkish/Greek trans man OCs, that I made as a Turkish trans guy to comfort and remind myself that queer Turks deserve love against communities that actively would rather us be dead than dishonor them, with characters from an orientalist book where a white Prince holds a brown man captive as a pleasure slave.

[irithnova]

Tuva

Name: Aydyn Kuular

Tuva/the territory of what is now Tuva has been ruled by other major empires throughout his lifetime, ever since the Xiongnu era. (209BC - 93AD) After the Xiongnu, it was the Xianbei, the Rouran Khaganate, the Gokturks, the Tang Dynasty, the Uyghur Empire, the Mongol Empire, the Yuan dynasty, the Northern Yuan, the Khogtoid Khanate and Zunghar Khanate, then the Qing. However during the Qing, Tuva was administered by Mongolia.

Some facts

"Dubo" first appears in Chinese records.

Tuvans then were known as "Dubo" (later pronounced as Tuva but also in other forms they were called Toba/Tuba/Tyva/Dyva/Tofalar). They lived in isolated groups in grass tents, ate lily roots, fish, birds, and animals, and wore clothing made of sable and deerskin. Some of the wealthier individuals had horses, but herding was not common. When someone passed away, they would perform a "sky burial" by placing the deceased in trees.

Ruled by Turkic Empires, the Tang, the Uighur Empire, the Mongols

Reappearance of "Tuba" in the Secret History of the Mongols (The Mongols called Tuvans forest people/put them in the forest people category): 13th and 14th centuries

Conquered by the Khotoghoi Kalkha in the 16th and 17th centuries

Passed into the hands of the Zunghars (Mongolic people but not Chinggisid/Khalkha Mongols) in the 1660s (so Mongolia and Tuva would mald about the Zhungars/Oirats together)

Fall of the Zunghars to the Manchu Qing Dynasty in 1755

Tannu Uriyangkhai organised as an aimag (province) in the 18th century under Mongolian rule

Tuva's adoption of Buddhism in the 18th century

Tuva had 5,000 lamas in 30 monasteries and 1,000 shamans in the 1920s

I think that the Tuva we see today was born during the Tang Dynasty era, and the previous personification of "Tuva" or Tuva's ancestor fell during this time. This is because emperor Taizong of Tang sent troops to get rid of the ethnic minorities of Xue Yanto. Now, Xue Yanto used to be an ancient Khaganate in Northeast Asia who used to be the allies of the Gokturks. The Xue Yantuo was a member of the Tile tribe which belonged to the Turks until 583 when it broke into Western and Eastern branches. However they then allied with the Tang against the Eastern Turks. It was vast and it included (what is now) Tuva in it.

The Xue Yantuo and Tang were friendly for a bit, however it changed in 639 with emperor Taizong's actions, and this is when their relationship began to worsen. Ashina Duobi of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate was captured, and Emperor Taizong placed the surrendered Eastern Turks within the borders of the Tang without appointing a new Khan to manage them. However after Ashina's nephew conspired to rebel against the emperor, he then changed his mind and gave the title of Ashina Simo (Eastern Turkic aristoricrat) to the Tang Dynasty, appointing him as the new Eastern Turkic emperor.

Ashina Simo settled in Dinxiang (now Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) in 641. Yinan, who was the Khan of the Xue Yantuo, saw this as an opportunity to launch an attack on the Eastern Turks before the Tang could assist them. Ashina then asked for urgent assistance from the Tang, and they provided. Afterwards, funnily enough, Yinan sent an envoy to tell emperor Taizong that he was willing to live peacefully with the Eastern Turks (lol trying to save face much?). Emperor Taizong sent an envoy back to criticise Yinan but didn't take any further action against the Xue Yantuo.

Sensing that the relationship between Xue Yantuo and the Tang was turning sour, Yinan tried to amend relationships through tribute and intermarriage, however even then there was issues (Emperor Taizong making excuse after excuse to cancel or postpone Yinans marriage to Princess Xinxing, his daughter). Since then, relationship could not be repaired.

After Yinan died, the Xueyantuo descended into chaos. Two of his sons ruled the Xue Yantuo, Bazhuo ruled the West, and Ye Mang, the East. Bazhuo killed Yemang, and ascended fully to the throne, deciding to attack the Tang. He suspected that the Tang border would be unguarded at the Tang were invading Goguryeo, however Emperor Taizong predicted that this would happen. In 646, Emperor Taizong stationed more troops against Bazhuo's attacks. Bazhuo was defeated in the same year.

Bazhuo was a pretty bad leader, and instead of appointing his father's ministers to assist him, he replaced them with his own cronies, causing disarrest among the nobles and eventually causing a rebellion against him. Huihe, he was a vassal of the Xue Yantuo, was a main rebel against Bazhuo.

Seeing all of this chaos take place, emperor Taizong launched an attack on the Xue Yantuo, and the people of the Xue Yantuo panicked, including Bazhuo, who then fled to the Ashide tribe. Huihe, upon hearing this, killed Bazhuo and the remaining royal family members of the Xue Yantuo. After Huihe took most of Xue Yantuo's territory, most of the people of the Xue Yantuo surrendered to the Tang. However some still did try to hold on, and saw Yinan's nephew Tumozhi as the new Khan of the Xueyantuo. However of course, the Tang did not recognise this, and emperor Taizong sent troops to attack the Xue Yantuo, and Tumozhi surrendered. The Xueyantuo then collapsed. Now, the Tuvans paid tribute to the Tang, and they established a monarch-subject relationship. I don't think Tuva was born as soon as the Xueyantuo collapsed but he was young when he experienced the downfall. He's a similar age to Mongolia.

So, that was my long drawn out explanation of when I think the we see now Tuva was "born".

TL;DR, during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty (Emperor Taizong period) when the Xue Yantuo confederation was destroyed and when the the territory of Tuva/Tuva paid tribute to the Tang, was an approximate date of when Tuva was "born." I think he most likely emerged a century or so before this as of course he wasn't born as soon as the Xue Yantuo collapsed or something, but he was young when he witnessed it's downfall.

Random fact, but in the Tang Dynasty era book "Tongdian", the Tuvans were described as "skiing hunters", and during the Yuan, the Mongols called them the "forest people"/ put them under the "forest people" category.

Tuva, as I have said before, was conquered pretty easily throughout his lifetime. Skipping to the Mongol Empire era, it was conquered by the Mongols in 1207 by Jochi, Chinggis' eldest son. The Mongols then established suzerainty over them. It was ruled by Khalkha Mongols until the 17th century, when they then were ruled over by the Oirats Mongols and were a part of the Dzungarian state. So, for a long time, Tuva was ruled over by Mongols/Mongolic people. For this reason and because of the many cultural similarities between the two, he feels pretty relaxed around Mongolia. Furthermore, during the Qing, although Tuva was a part of China, it was administered by Outer Mongolia. Tuva used to be a part of Mongolia.

In 1911, Mongolia regained its independence back from the Qing. Some regions of Tuva like Tozhu, Salchak, and Khöwsgöl banners wanted to be part of Mongolia, while only the Tannu banner leader appealed to Russia. In 1914, what is now Tuva became part of Russia due to Russian settlers moving in.

However, in 1914, the Russian empire made Tuva its protectorate and allowed Russians to settle there. However even before then, Russians were already settling down in Tuva in the 19the century. In 1860, the Qing signed a treaty with Russia that Russians were allowed to live in Tuva, as long as it was in boats or tents, however by 1881 they were already living in permanent homes. This was the beginning of the Russian colonisation of Tuva, however 1885 was the year of official colonisation of Tuva when the Governor-General of Irkutsk gave permission to a merchant to farm at present-day Turan. From this, more settlements formed. There were around 2000 merchants and colonists by the first 1910's.

This greatly offended the Tuvans and there would be fights between them and the Russians from time to time.

The Qing weren't oblivious to this and were concerned at first, but eventually, internal problems with the Qing meant they didn't have enough time to focus of Russia creeping in on Tuva.

In the 20th century, Tuva was broke asf, their economy was in shambles and there was an increase of poverty in the region, thanks to Russia. The Qing established a rule that Han traders were not to trade in Tuva, and this rule was actually applied, unlike what happened in outer Mongolia. However, Han traders were then allowed into Tuva to compete against the monopoly the Russians had over there, and eventually, like what happened in outer Mongolia, the Chinese dominated commerce there. Many Tuvans found themselves indebted to Han merchants.

I don't think Tuva is some sort of peeping violet, yes, Tuva was ruled by many empires during his life but he is still a proud person who values freedom, and isn't one to completely just bow down. He is moreso someone who just wants to mind his own business, and if (begrudgingly) paying tribute means he'll be left alone for the most part, he'll take it.

Furthermore during the end of the Qing reign of Tuva, when the Wuchang uprising of October 10th 1911 led to a full scale revolution. Mongolia declared its independence from the Qing in early December, and during the second half of December, the Tuvans plundered many Han owned businesses, calling back before to when I mentioned how Tuvans would fight Russians who settled down in Tuva lol. Tuva definitely isn't one to go down without a fight and is quite fierce-willed despite his quiet exterior and history.

In 1921, pro-Soviet Russians took control during the Russian Civil War, and Tuva became a people's republic. By 1926, it had a population of around 58,117 Tuvans and 12,000 Russian settlers. Initially, Mongolian was the official language, and Tuva wanted union with Mongolia, but Mongolia, under pressure, recognised Tuvan independence in 1926.

Explaining Tuvan independence further, jumping back to when I said the Russians declared Tuva as its protectorate in 1914, the new communist Russian government of 1921 declared that this was invalid, so technically, Tuva was an independent state (under very heavy Russian influence/was essentially a puppet state.)

From 1930-31, Tuva underwent changes, including the introduction of a new Latin script for Tuvan. However, attempts at collectivization failed, and pro-Mongolian Tuvan politicians faced execution.

During World War II, Tuvans were conscripted into the Soviet Red Army, and in 1944, the Soviet Union annexed Tuva as an autonomous region within the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, .allowing Russians to enter Tuva to work in mines and factories. A Cyrillic script for Tuvan was introduced in 1943, and collectivization continued until 1954.

In 1961, Tuva became an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the RSFSR. The percentage of ethnic Tuvans increased over the years. After the Soviet Union's dissolution, Tuva became a constituent republic of the Russian Federation. In 1989, there were 198,448 ethnic Tuvans, making up 64 percent of the republic's population, and border transit points with Mongolia were opened, though issues like livestock theft and unauthorised pasturing persisted.

Because of Russian colonisation, the identity of the Tuvan people was hurt greatly. Before, they were able to freely live as nomads, hunt, practice shamanism, use their traditional medicines. But after Russian colonisation, forced assimilation, forced settlements, the Tuvan identity was scarred. Despite this, Tuvans resisted full Russification.

Russia kept Tuva closed off from the outside world for nearly 50 years. Even now, Tuva is remote and difficult to access, and is one of Russia's poorest regions. This is why Tuva comes off as closed off/aloof.

Tuva does feel a bit on edge when interacting with other nations who he doesn't feel close to, primarily because of the period of isolation he was put through under the Russians, and he can come off as a bit aloof. He's quite friendly really and he does want to make more friends, he just finds it hard to trust people. For this reason he's lucky he has a cute face to make up for the moody exterior.

He also talks to Yakutia/Sakha about whatever, their conversations are not usually that deep though.

Tuva is trying hard to reclaim his national identity, for example, after the fall of the soviet Union, ethnic Tuvans living in Tuva went up from two-thirds to three-quarters of the population. He's extremely keen on having the lowest amount of contact with Russia possible outside of what's necessary lol.

He probably blasts Huun-Huur Tu and Sainkho Namtchylak.

He and Mongolia, despite their familiarity with one another, do have a bit of a... Rivalry going on about where throat singing originated and who's better haha.

Anyways that's my Tuva. His name is Aydyn Kuular and overall personality wise he is:

Seemingly quiet/aloof

On the inside, quite fierce willed

Very much "I mind my own business, you mind yours."

Is actually quite warm once you get to know him but it's hard for people to get to that point

Avid music lover and is always composing something new!

Tries to reach out to others the best he can

Not a fan of Russia or China

Has his own little projects, doesn't tell a lot of people about them though

[christmasintheloonybin]

you see how marketing works in media? the emphasis on Syria, Syrians fighting for Syria, when in reality there are videos circulating of these guys where half of them are clearly not even Arab. Uzbeks, Uyghurs, Turks, etc. (okay, I can't tell a Turk from a Syrian at a glance but some of these guys were clearly from central Asia). this is not to mention the source of the weapons, money, and military intelligence they what maybe just happened to stumble upon. it fell off a truck. total propaganda and lies.

[eruverse]

Both the Göktürks (Ashina) and Mongols (Borjigin) believed themselves to be descended from a wolf, but there’s an interesting difference: Ashina clan came from the union between a she-wolf and a human male, while the Borjigins came from a union between a male gray wolf and a doe.

Anyway, not all Turkics have wolves as their mythological ancestors tho. The (Yenisei) Kyrgyz believed themselves as having descended from a god and a cow, while Qocho Uyghurs (Qocho was a state founded by Uyghurs after the destruction of Uyghur Khaganate) believed that their founder came from a tree.

Obv bc Turkey poses himself as the successor (of some kind) of the Göktürks, wolves are also meaningful to him. Well, aside from that he’s also an Oghuz Turk, aka Turkic subgroup that was also a part of Göktürks. Gray wolf is also the national animal of Turkey.

(Anw, Mongolia’s national animal is actually a falcon)

[eruverse]

I really have to read up more, so think of this as a working observation, but in all honesty I disagree when people say, for example, Golden Horde and the subsequent states born from it as just ‘Turkic’ the way I disagree when people say they were only ‘Mongol’?

So the term ‘Turk’ has existed since Göktürk Khaganate but this was a very exclusive term only applied to tribes who were part of it. Uyghurs didn’t call themselves Turk even tho they spoke Turkic language, Kyrgyzes also didn’t call themselves Turk etc etc. Tribes that were fully parts of Turkic Khaganates (first and second) were Qipchaqs, Oghuzes, Karluks, maybe there were more. So you could say that these tribes were Turks (btw, now Turkey makes sense because the people there descended from Oghuz tribes. You see?)

Golden Horde was a mix of Qipchaqs (mostly, even tho there were some other Turkic people) and Mongol. The people there quickly adopted significant Turkic leanings because Turkic speakers were majority. Does that mean they were ONLY Turkic? Hey, now where did you think Golden Horde get its political system and legitimacy from? They got it from the Mongols. From the Golden Family aka Chinggis Khan’s prestigious lineage. They were massively serious about this because for a few centuries afterwards, even after Golden Horde dissolved, only the Borjigins could be Khan in Post-Mongol Central-Inner Asia. A state without a Borjigin ruler would quickly be side-eyed by its neighbors, to the extent that Tamerlane, who was not of Borjigin even though he was of a (Turkified) Mongol tribe, had to achieve a lot and be better than others (including at political plays) just so that he could claim certain legitimacy for his nation, and even then he couldn’t dare call himself Khan! He was only an Emir.

Latching onto Mongol Golden lineage for legitimacy was a common tactic, and as such during the time these states would have certain leanings toward the Mongols. It was just beneficial for them, lol. I’m not saying they called themselves purely Mongol, but they knew they were part of a prestigious Mongol legacy and thus actively used it for their own agenda. The rest I think they called themselves what they wanted to call themselves by; the people of Golden Horde were called people of Batu’s ulus, Orda’s ulus, etc. When Uzbek Khan came on they were called Uzbeks. When Kazakhs came on they called themselves Kazakhs, etc. Even when they had adopted all Turkic culture, converted to Islam, and spoke Turkic languages. You could say that many of them were mostly only called by the name of their tribes/ethnicity.

The term ‘Turkic’ is very much loaded with political or other agenda and from my observation it’s a more recent phenomenon to use it to refer to ABSOLUTELY all Turkic speakers. It wasn’t the case then in the past, at all. Therefore when people say Golden Horde and its subsequent states were fully ‘Turkified’ I have to ask myself like — what kind of ‘Turkic’ you mean here? What context? Which time period (important!)? For example Kazakhs as successors of Golden Horde call themselves Turkic these days and this is valid of course, but did they call themselves Turk when Borjigin Khans were in charge during Khanate era? Show me the evidence? CONTEXT MY DUDES. CONTEXT!!

Calling Golden Horde and its subsequent states especially during Khanate era as only Turkic is as much coping as calling them only Mongol, methinks. They were Turko-Mongols, period. Turko-Mongol tradition is a legit term and it was a thing that actually existed. I beg y’all to use it more. AND STOP COPING. IT’S KINDA UGLY.

[nightcoremoon]

if you’re an 18-22 american remember:

because of gerrymandering,

-a vote for the republicans is 2 votes for them

-a vote for the democrats is 1 vote against the republicans

-a vote for nobody is 1 vote for the republicans

voter suppression is gonna block minorities and the poor from voting. if you are white you automatically have more privilege to vote than every brown person in the country. if you are white and do not vote, you are voting for taking the civil rights away from local minorities. if you choose not to decide you still have made a choice; your neutrality is a win for the oppressor. the attack by hamas triggering the state sanctioned genocide by israel against palestine happening right now was an inevitability whether because hamas had the plan or because hamas is actually just a plant by the us government just like the taliban and 9/11 in order to create propaganda that convinces people not to vote for the left “because the left is supporting genocide” which is patently untrue and representative of a fundamental understanding of the way civics operates, but let’s stray from the obvious and focus on hey maybe hamas was just random chance and now israel is exercising the same power of murder as China to the Uyghur province and the Hutus to the Tutsis and the Turks to the Armenians and the Nazis to the Romani and Jews, and there isn’t a goddamn thing you or I or anyone can do to stop it aside from going there and putting a bullet in the head of insert Israeli political leader here because that’s the only direct action that could have an effect. it sucks to say but the demise of the palestinians is an inevitability as far as america is concerned. no matter who you vote for and no matter who wins and no matter what color is on the name plate in the oval office, israel is going to continue to oppress and murder palestinians. using this fact as leverage in your political decision making is fucking stupid at best and just performative empathy at worst. you’ll tweet about how awful it is that israel is doing this, THEN YOU’LL JUST SCROLL DOWN AND LIKE A KPOP VIDEO. slacktivism. your lack of drive to do anything to benefit anybody but yourself will lead us directly into a second dark age where everyone from black and latino people to women to queer and trans people to jews and muslims to the disabled to the mentally ill to the poor will suffer here, all to clear your conscience. i hope that the warm fuzzies in your tummy make up for the suffering that your collective inaction will cause the rest of us for the next four years. you’ll cut off your nose to spite your face.

if you disagree with me you can go fuck yourself 💜

[ask-steve-cobs-ii]

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★ — Thats him!! ask him anything (ANYTHING)!!! The corn man!! 🌽🌽🕶️

⚠️⚠️ (by the way!! I didnt make him a furry!! I just gave him paws! Don’t call him one just bc he has paws! Its basically calling a dog a furry!!! BUT PLEASE DIFFERENTIATE!) ☆☆

(some parts of him might change by accident while i, mod cake draw him btw)

written by mod cake 🍰

★ — Taggies (ignore) 🏷️🪽

[occultist-romantic]

'controversial' opinion apparently but ppl get more pissed off ab an imaginary genocide of armenian ppl than the uyghur turks getting killed in china but again no one cares ab that lmao instead lets focus on this

[theyoungturks]

New Audio Hears Trump Showing Off ‘Highly Illegal’ Iran Docs. Trump Lashes Out At Fox News On NewsMax. Supreme Court Rejects Independent State Legislature Theory. Bill Maher Platforms RFK’s Garbage Vaccine Ideas. Miami Mayor Fumbles Question On China, “What Are Uyghurs?” Man Elbows Attorney In Face After Being Sentenced To Death. S.D. Republican Says Mount Rushmore Is A Demonic Portal. 230627__WL by The Young Turks

[loulou1943]

Turk also raises concerns about Tibetans, Hongkongers.

[eruverse]

This is a summary of an article written by Peter B. Golden in 2000 (plus my own notes) on Mongol conquest of Turkic peoples. The Turkic people have migrated and settled in many places throughout Asia away from their historical homeland around Altai mountains and Western Mongolia even before the rise of Mongols, but the Mongol conquest produced the last in a series of realignment of Turks into a shape that we know of today. Definitely, as we’ve known, this construction wasn’t only about further migration of Turks (whether they fled the Mongols or relocated under Mongol command) but also about a lot of intermixing between the two that produced Turko-Mongols which these days are typically known as just Turkics.

Alternatively, this list is called 'Mongolia's Turkic harem' lol. He really travelled all the way from his homeland to the far west to capture all the Turkics and add them into his fold. I don't know if he managed to get absolutely ALL of them, like, did he?? But even if he didn't, the list still stretches long so he really did an astounding job.

The explanations in this list might not be fully correct but I tried my best!!

So, starting from the first Turkic people to submit or come into contact, they were:

The Keraites, in 1203. It’s unclear whether they were actually Mongolic or Turkic, or maybe a mix as they had formed a lot of coalitions with the Mongols even before the rise of Mongol Empire. Toghrul Khan of the Keraites was a bloodbrother or anda to Yesugei, Chinggis Khan’s father. Sometimes they would be in conflicts with Chinggis Khan’s party, but in general the Keraites were allies.

The Önggüd, in 1204. They were descended from the Sarts who in turn were descended from the remnant tribes of Western Turkic Khaganate. Many of them were Nestorian Christians and later they would become Mongolized.

The Naiman, in 1204. Again it’s unclear whether they were Mongolic or Turkic, with some saying they could be Mongolized Turks or even Turkic speaking. The Naiman Khanate tho was located around Western Mongolia so I think they were significantly Turkic leaning. This group would prove quite a pain to the Mongols as one of its member, Küchlüg, ran to Qara-Khitai realm in order to flee them and married a royal princess. He would then usurp the Khitan throne and was later defeated by Mongol general Jebe. The Naiman would later be absorbed into Mongol and other newer Turkic groups like Kazakh.

The Yenisei Kyrgyz, in 1207-8, along with other forest and forest-steppe peoples such as the Altay Turks. The Yenisei Kyrgyz dwelled along the Yenisei river in Siberia, with the core of their homeland in the mountainous area of what is now Tuva. The Yenisei Kyrgyz would be subjected to displacements that ultimately brought some of them into the confines of Moghulistan where the final ethnogenesis of modern Kyrgyz of Kyrgyzstan took place, involving other Turkics and Mongols. Today the Kyrgyz speak a Qipchaq branch of Turkic language. Must be noted that there are other groups that descended from Yenisei Kyrgyz such as Khakas people in Khakassia and Altai people in Altai Republic (both in Russia).

The Qocho Uyghurs as initiated by Barcuq who submitted in 1209 and was accepted as “the fifth son of Chinggis Khan”, with a Chinggisid bride being married to him sealing the ties. Qocho Uyghur was a state founded by Uyghur refugees who fled the destruction of Uyghur Khaganate after being driven out by the Yenisei Kyrgyz. The Uyghurs were favored a lot and due to their capabilities rose to prominence under Mongol Empire and served in far-flung territories under Mongol dominion like Yuan and Ilkhanate. In time, the Qocho territory would pass into the house of Chagatai.

Qarluq Turks, in 1211, who were one of the primary constituent elements of Qarakhanid state in Central Asia. Some of the prominent figures in this group were even given Chinggisid brides which showed that Chinggis Khan was adamant in binding the important Turkics to him. The Yuan-Shi, or Yuan era historical work, records Kublai explaining to a Korean ruler and his son that the Uyghurs and Qarluqs held the first rank among the subject kings because they had submitted first. Anyway, the Qarluqs, who were once also part of Göktürk Khaganate, had links to the Uzbeks and modern Uyghurs with the two speaking Qarluq branch of Turkic languages.

Qipchaqs/Polovtsy, and the Qangly who are purpoted to be related to the Qipchaqs, were particularly problematic toward the Mongols. The Qangly had contacts with the Keraites and Naimans who were foes with Chinggis Khan and that's probably why they were targeted. The Qipchaqs also granted refuge to Merkid princes in 1217-19 or earlier (we all know the Merkids were as good as archenemies with Chinggis Khan) and it was said that this event brought about the first military encounter between the Mongols and Qipchaqs. The Qipchaqs also allied with the Rus against the Mongols in the famous Battle of Kalka River in 1223 which ultimately brought the Mongols into the heart of Russian realm and the territory of Cuman-Qipchaq confederation after their defeat. Afterward, the Qipchaqs would be entered into Jochid ranks in Golden Horde or elsewhere the Mongols wanted them, with the others butchered or fleeing as far as possible either as slave soldiers, local aristocracy (in Rumania and Moldavia) or even as important component of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The Qipchaqs finally perished as a group by 1241-2 but would survive as components of the Baskirs, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Altai, Nogays, and Crimean Tatars.

Khwarazmia which comprised large parts of today's Iran, Central Asia, and Afghanistan. It was a Persianate state of Turkic mamluk origin, with mamluk being a term that denoted non-Arab slave soldiers and freed slaves who were assigned military and administrative duties. Mamluk states were born from slaves who climbed ranks, which meant they weren't originally of nobility. Anyway, Mongol enmity with the Khwarazmians that peaked in 1219 with an invasion started when the latter killed a Mongol-sponsored caravan of Mongol-sponsored Central Asian Muslim merchants who also happened to be intel. Anyway, killing or mistreating Mongol ambassadors or envoys is basically a no-no and this gives the Mongols a permission, as per nomadic rules, to ravage the culprits along with their collective group.

Volga Bulgars, who were finally defeated in 1236. They were a Muslim group who spoke an Oghuric branch of Turkic language. In time, Volga Bulgaria would be included into Kazan Khanate, being one of the successor states of Golden Horde.

Seljuks of Anatolia/Rum who were defeated at Köse Dağ in 1243 and became tribute paying vassals to the Mongols. In time, they would pass into the Ilkhanid dominion and kept at chokehold until its eventual disintegration. Rum itself had started to weaken even before the Mongols took it in, and along with its and Ilkhanate's dissolution numerous Anatolian beyliks (statelets) would take shape with Ottoman Empire ultimately rising from one of them.