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refcco · 3 years ago

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BATTERIES GONE WRONG – ASSESSMENT, MITIGATION, AND EXPECTATIONS

In the world of product safety, it could be said that there are two basic approaches to risk mitigation, proactive and reactive, with proactive being the preferred choice. Most would agree with the adage that “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,” but in truth, this oversimplifies the reality in which product manufacturers operate. As with most things in life, things are rarely black and white but rather a continuous spectrum of shades of gray. To this, there are many competing aspects in all commercial product ventures. Could you make a product that was fully reliable under all conditions? Perhaps, but the odds are that it would be a commercial failure as it would take an inordinate amount of time to produce and be prohibitively expensive. In today’s market, the traditional characteristics of safety, time to market, quality, cost, reliability, manufacturability, testability, and usability (to name a few) still apply. But these have been further augmented by more modern concerns of environmental impact, sustainability, social responsibility, and others. We mention these not to offer any judgment but only to note that the expectation that a product will perform flawlessly over its lifecycle is a difficult proposition given the myriad of competing needs. The battery industry is no different when it comes to satisfying market requirements. With batteries having become ubiquitous in our daily lives as the world has migrated to all things becoming portable, the challenge for providers of these products has increased. With the advent of high-energy, rechargeable lithium-ion chemistries, battery performance has dramatically increased, but so have the risks. No longer are battery packs simple devices. In most modern electronic products, they are better characterized as complex components of an integrated system with one key difference – most other components of such systems rarely have the ability to spontaneously overheat and burn (i.e., go to “thermal runaway”) with little to no warning, potentially resulting in personal injury, product damage, and the associated legal and market liabilities.

HOW DO WE ASSESS BATTERY SAFETY RISKS? In focusing on the safety risks, what are the options for risk mitigation in the battery space? Ideally, these begin early in the design phase. Clearly, there is no substitute for a good design using high-quality components. In the world of batteries, safety-critical components such as the cell, safety circuit, and passive protective devices such as fuses, positive temperature coefficient (PTC) devices, and other thermal devices are the initial focus. Mechanical considerations also come into play to help ensure that the cell is accommodated within its specified limits including levels of protection against reasonably foreseeable external use conditions. To ensure that such efforts are yielding the desired result, testing of both the components and the battery pack assembly is key, covering the aspects of safety as well as long-term reliability and performance. This testing should be initiated early in the product development process so that, if issues are uncovered, there is the time and flexibility to adjust the design, followed by retesting to verify the efficacy of the changes and to ensure that other problems were not inadvertently introduced. As the development process progresses, production samples should be built and evaluated to understand if manufacturing variations can create unanticipated safety risks. In many cases, this design-build-test-adjust process is performed by the component and battery pack manufacturers and is sometimes augmented by external testing laboratory resources. For more complex systems, the end-device manufacturer may also be involved early in the process to ensure system aspects do not negatively impact battery safety.

TESTING BATTERIES FOR REGULATORY APPROVAL As the design stabilizes, regulatory approval at the battery pack level is usually the next layer of risk mitigation. A key input to this process is the approval of the component cell as it represents the greatest single safety risk. Regulatory testing typically involves small sample sizes and is not meant to serve as a statistically significant sample size to find outliers in a large population but rather is meant to find gross issues such as design or process defects that have escaped detection in the early stages of product development. Common testing protocols involve a combination of electrical, mechanical, and thermal overstress. Some involve the application of faults to better assess the inherent safety robustness of the battery pack. Other tests attempt to evaluate the product for stresses that might be common to a specific industry or use case. At a minimum, battery packs will be tested to the transportation requirements found in UN 38.3. Testing to one of the 62133-2 series of standards (IEC, EN, UL) is also commonly performed and is required for regulatory approval in many global markets. Testing to such standards is usually conducted by accredited third-party testing laboratories with the end result being the authorized application of the testing lab’s mark to the product. This approval facilitates regulatory acceptance by government authorities and may also be a prerequisite for commercial entities such as retailers and distributors to offer the product for sale. Some approvals also require periodic post-market inspection of production facilities to ensure the design is still being manufactured as originally qualified. Infrequently, a testing laboratory or regulatory agency may mandate retesting when significant changes to the relevant test standards are implemented.

THE CHALLENGES OF BATTERIES AS END-PRODUCT COMPONENTS The discussion up to this point is intended as background for what is typically done in a normal battery pack product development cycle. The level to which these actions are implemented directly correlates to a base level of risk mitigation for safety events once the product is released into the market. This does not mean that there are any guarantees that there won’t be field problems, but the level of exposure is certainly reduced as more product safety information is proactively discerned and addressed. What if the battery pack is simply a purchased component and the purchaser was not involved in the design process and may not even have any visibility into the production of the battery pack? Similarly, what if the purchaser is procuring an end device that has an embedded battery pack? These are both very common situations for retailers and distributors who typically have very limited internal engineering resources. Certainly, buying such products from reputable sources and checking for the presence of the requisite safety marks is a good start, but is it sufficient? Modern supply chains are global. Therefore, discerning where a product was manufactured and by whom can be a challenge in itself. This means that regardless of the actual manufacturer’s liability, a retailer’s or distributor’s brand can be put in jeopardy by a single video posted on social media that quickly goes viral. How can product risk be mitigated in this situation? The general answer is to work backward beginning with production samples. A product teardown of new product samples by a knowledgeable third party can aid in assessing what risks exist with purchased products where the detailed design knowledge is not available. Although every product is different, an evaluation of a product from a portable energy safety perspective might include such items as: • Verification of any regulatory marks on the product. Was the testing actually done and is the regulatory status current? • Evaluation of insulating methods including their integrity and consistency • Evaluation of conductor sizing • Review of manufacturing quality indicators that might equate to latent defects • Review of the safety circuit or other protective devices for proper operation under abnormal conditions such as over-voltage, over-current, short-circuit, and under-voltage • Review of the charging circuit design. Does it subject the battery or cell to improper conditions? • Determination of the cell manufacturer and type. This also includes an assessment of whether the cell might be counterfeit • Cell examination (radiographs and/or CT scans), teardown, and construction analysis • Review of the mechanical design of the product in terms of its ability to protect the safety critical components • End-user instructions and safety warnings

WHAT ABOUT BATTERY PERFORMANCE ISSUES? In addition to a review of safety concerns, performance relative to competing market options should be evaluated through benchmarking. This is typically done in parallel with the safety review and is focused on how a user is expected to employ the product in expected use cases. Competing samples are drawn from the market ensuring that they are of the same price tier to ensure that the comparisons are valid. A custom evaluation plan is drafted and might involve visual inspections, functional checks, and even comparisons of long-term electrical or mechanical reliability. Many times, the criteria are drawn from marketing assertions as shown on the products’ packaging. Examples might include the number of hours that the device will operate in a given mode before needing to be recharged and how long that recharge might take. The evaluation can also go much further, perhaps considering the relative drop performance from a given height or the number of charge-discharge cycles before a loss of function is detected. As a general rule, safety concerns tend towards the absolute given the nature of such risks to people and property. Conversely, performance concerns lend themselves towards a more relative evaluation against other competing market options.

ANTICIPATING THERMAL RUNAWAY RISKS Given the above processes for minimizing risks through proper design or post-production design evaluations, are there other proactive risk mitigation actions that warrant consideration from a product safety perspective? Consider this – even if all of the above steps are followed with the best of intentions, what happens if things still go wrong? More specifically, what is the effect to the end product and nearby users if a cell goes into thermal runaway when the device is in use? Second, what happens if a cell goes into thermal runaway during the transportation and shipping process? Most designers can only guess as definitively knowing what happens is rarely directly investigated. To answer these questions, there are two general methodologies. Simulation is an option but requires very advanced electrochemical and thermal modeling. Our experience is that this tends to be cost-prohibitive for most organizations and thus is only seen in relatively large companies where such expertise is available in-house. What about direct testing? Like simulation, it has barriers for implementation as well, the most obvious being concerns related to personnel safety and expertise, as well as having the appropriate facilities to provide the proper test containment of high-energy events while being able to document their effects. With the right facilities and expertise available, a determination must be made about how to force the cell or battery into thermal runaway. Overcharging and surface heating are two common methods, although the design of the product and the chemistry of the cells will guide what method is most appropriate. Other considerations for such testing involve what data is to be collected and how. Video evidence is considered by most clients to be the most useful. It should be further supported by appropriate logging of relevant temperatures and possibly other product parameters, as well as forensic documentation of the actual effects to the end-product. Once again, the goal is to use the information obtained to determine if design improvement should be made to minimize the chances of personal injury or property damage during a thermal runaway event. Although the above is presented in a relatively clinical fashion, the danger of injury and property damage is very real. Depending on the energy level of the particular sample, an exploding cell can produce temperatures above 1200 °C (2192 °F) and deadly shrapnel particularly in the case of large-format cells with metal cans. Readers are strongly cautioned to not attempt such testing without the proper expertise and containment equipment.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FAILURE ANALYSIS Designing and testing cells and batteries properly from a safety perspective, including understanding the impacts should a thermal runaway event occur, are the best risk mitigation tools that we have at our disposal. Even with those best proactive efforts, things will still go wrong. The real question is how often. True failure rates for cells and batteries are not publicly available as companies keep such information confidential. But anecdotally, high-quality lithium-ion cells have a rough order of magnitude (ROM) failure rate somewhere around 1 in 10 million, while lesser quality cells are likely to have poorer field performance. With over eight billion cells being produced globally every year, the math is inescapable that bad things will happen. These factors make clear the importance of using retrospective methods to gain insights into what happened, how it happened, and why it happened. These methods collectively fall under the heading of lithium battery failure analysis. Failures in the field can happen at any point in the battery’s life cycle and can vary significantly in severity and frequency. Responses to such issues also vary accordingly, ranging from simply replacing a product under warranty to retrieval of the product for a full forensic evaluation. For minor issues, it may be determined that a product change is not warranted. Conversely, safety issues may mandate a full product recall and rework of the design. In the end, failure analysis actions provide after-the-fact knowledge for organizations from which to make decisions that will impact future risk.

THE VALUE OF THIRD-PARTY EXPERTISE Like thermal runaway testing, cell and battery failure analysis involves expertise, processes, and tools that may not be readily available to most organizations. Because of the uniqueness and the infrequency of need, expertise tends to be primarily resident in third-party test labs that specialize in portable energy. Conducting cell and battery failure analysis through an expert third party offers a number of benefits, including: • Reduction of personal bias: A third-party test lab has no vested interest in the outcome of the analysis, nor do they have intimate knowledge of the product or company’s history. • Independent verification: A third-party lab can help to independently verify the findings of an internal team or a supplier. • Resource utilization: As noted previously, field safety events are generally an infrequent occurrence. Having an internal team staffed with the proper expertise and equipment to respond to such a rare event is generally not possible or even desirable. • Diligence: In the most severe of cases such as potential product recalls, it may be valuable for the company to have an independent party involved to minimize negative perceptions regarding objectivity. • Focus: Having failure analysis conducted by an external party may permit the company’s internal teams to remain focused on the day-to-day operations of their mainline business. • Process rigor: An external testing lab will have already developed the processes and methods for orderly evaluation and documentation of field failures, with specific expertise in evidence preservation. • Breadth of experience: Because of their focus on failure analysis spread across multiple clients over time, a third-party testing lab will generally have a wider range of technical experience when it comes to what constitutes typical versus atypical findings.

WORKING WITH A THIRD-PARTY EXPERT When working with a third-party failure analysis provider, you will be asked to provide more than the failed unit to facilitate the investigation. It is important to be as open and honest as possible. Your provider should be accustomed to handling confidential materials and should be willing to work under a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) to protect all proprietary information. In terms of the supplemental information, basic product information is the starting point. This might include specifications and similar documents to support the work along with any relevant details regarding product history. These will not be used to prematurely assume conclusions, but rather to supplement the physical evidence and help prioritize the investigatory efforts. Information on the specific unit along with incident details are also very important to piecing together what happened. How was the unit configured? Was it operating in a particular mode? Did the unit demonstrate anything unusual prior to the event? It is best to provide all of the information that is available and let the failure analysis team draw their own conclusions regarding relevance. It is important to realize that as the investigation moves forward, the relevance of such information may change as more information is learned. The actual failed units will need to be delivered to the laboratory. In this situation, more is better. It is possible that there may be multiple failure modes at play and having additional samples may help to isolate these. It is also important to preserve the evidence as much as possible by limiting unnecessary handling, examining, or actual tampering which might further damage the unit and lead to erroneous findings. Proper packaging is a must. It is best if all components of the reported system can be provided, i.e., the failed cell or battery, the end-device if applicable, charging devices and cables, etc., as it is possible that the root cause of the failure may have been external to the cell or battery that failed. Samples should be marked or segregated so that it is clear which components go together. In addition to the failed systems, it is also good if a fully functional new system can be provided for purposes of comparison. What should you expect from your third party expert? Every investigation is unique, and your provider should work with you to generate a project scope that meets your needs, and they should limit their efforts to that scope. Considerations include specific concerns, communication frequency, deliverables, and budget. Be aware that the actual work of failure analysis involves a mix of analytical tools such as fault tree analysis (FTA) combined with empirical methods such as x-ray imaging, CT scanning, optical microscopy, product dissection (battery pack and cell teardowns), quantitative measurement, circuit testing, and replication testing. Not every tool is appropriate for every situation. Your provider will provide guidance on these technical aspects. In the end, your provider should provide your team a clear, unbiased analysis report that details the investigation and its associated findings. What should you not expect from your provider? First, don’t expect speculation. This is a “just the facts” activity. If the evidence doesn’t support it, your provider shouldn’t be offering it up. Second, keep in mind that not every investigation yields the root cause or even the true failure mode. Depending upon the condition of the evidence and nature of the incident, it simply may not be feasible to reach this level of understanding. Conversely, the efforts may seek to eliminate likely root causes thus narrowing the possibilities. Third, don’t expect your provider to tell you if this issue will repeat in the future. A risk analysis to predict the likelihood of future failures requires a different set of information, although data from the failure analysis investigation may serve as key inputs into that analysis. Finally, don’t expect your provider to tell you what actions to take, although the root cause data from your provider may serve as a basis for your team to make those decisions.

FINAL THOUGHTS In conclusion, there is a wide array of proactive and reactive steps that can be taken to minimize and mitigate product risks associated with modern lithium-ion cells and battery packs. On the front end, these include the proper design for safety, use of high quality cells and components, thorough testing from the component to the system level to include thermal runaway evaluations, and third-party certifications where appropriate. When problems do occur in the field, consider the engagement of a reputable third-party failure analysis organization that specializes in cells and batteries. Their team of experts can help to assess what happened, how it happened, and possibly even why the incident occurred. In turn, your organization can use this information to objectively determine appropriate responses, both immediate and longer-term, to mitigate risk to your customers, your product, and your brand.

#product safety consulting UL consulting compliance certification. SEMI S2 CE Marking

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thatguythatcoulddraw · 5 years ago

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Quarantine Q&A!

Tagged by @primasveraas <3

Are you staying home from work/school?

Yee, the VA Governor closed all schools and recreational businesses for a hot few months, so my junior year is technically done. Online schooling til hopefully just August!

If you're staying home, who's staying with you?

I'm actually hosting one of my close friends, an exchange student from Serbia, for two weeks while her main host fam's under a strict quarantine themselves! Without her here I think I'd be mad by now, I love my parents to death but god, seeing the same ANYONE everyday for weeks on end would drive me crazy!! So while she's here I'm sane, but with the exchange programs constantly changing due to Covid-19, she could be sent home any day :(

Are you a homeboy?

Nope. Don't get me wrong, I love weekends at home and spending time relaxing alone, but I'm an extrovert and get cabin fever suuuper easily, so yeah I'm dying. Send help, please, just one movie night, I beg anyone 😭😭😭😭

Any events you were looking forward to that got cancelled?

Gosh, where to begin. The W&L University Singers and my dad (the conductor)'s home performances of Considering Matthew Shepherd, my SAT's, my AP tests, prom, the Equality Gala, my opportunity to sing for a local restaurant, voice lessons, a friend's soccer game I was gonna cheer him on at, my dance recital, my choir concert, the talent show, SO. MUCH. STUFF, LIFE GOT CANCELLED ALL IN ONE DAY AND YES I AM MOTHER FREAKING SALTY!!!!!!!!

Movies/Shows you've been watching?

New Movies!

What's Eating Gilbert Grape

Ferris Bueller's Day Off

Shrek (YES, IK, DONT @ ME XD)

Rewatched!

Knives Out

Jojo Rabbit

Frozen 2

The whole LOTR trilogy + our ultra nerdy 11+ hours of behind the scenes content Dad got cuz we all neeeeeeerdz

To Be Seen!

Parasite

Your Name

New Shows!

Schitt's Creek

Gravity Falls

Rewatched!

Sherlock

Star Wars the Clone Wars

To Be Seen!

Killing Eve (got to see ep 1, def want more!)

Music?

Lots of the same old stuff, happy Dodie songs, og Steven Universe, Six the musical and anything Broadway, anything that's upbeat and not such a downer in these downer times :)

Also lots of lofi, for studying :)))

Books?

New Reads: the Crazy Rich Asian series (1 million outta 10, its SO GOOD), Good Omens finally, Call Me By Your Name, and lots more on my ever growing reading list :)

Rereads: I want to read Red, White, and Royal Blue again, the Virals series (by Brandon and. ) which is legit my favorite book series and the greatest one out there fight me, Crier's War, and Resistance Reborn because I want to forget Rise of Skywalker happened.

My top TBRs: Bonds of Brass (GAY SCIFI/CYPERPUNK FINNPOE I LOVE IT) and The Savior's Champion fiiinally

(All of these lists also have so much AO3 fanfic on each of them but we can't get into that or we'll be here til the virus leaves)

What are you doing for self care?

Video calling friends, volunteering at my local food pantry, staying active online with internet friends while avoiding toxic or anxiety-inducing news. I've been baking a ton and trying lots of fun, weird drinks using coffee and matcha just cuz and I've found so many I'd die for. I've started working out more regularly, I drink far more water than I did during school, I pulled out sixth-grade-me's hidden MASSIVE BOX of Bath and Body Work's hand sanitizers and am slowly going thru those. Overall I'm trying not to loose myself or let myself go right now. It's hard, and my mental health is taking a lot of hits right now, but just finding one thing a day to do, no matter what it is, and doing that thing, makes me feel so, so much better. This whole thing is hard. The world is scary and downright weird right now, in a limbo between fragments of normalcy and emergency. I don't know what's gonna happen, no one does. The best we can do is keep our chins up in the face of it all, keep taking deep breaths when it gets too hard, and keep living another day, even when that seems like the worst thing you could do.

We'll all get through this, together. I know we will.

Humanity is kinda batshit crazy. Our collective single braincell by some diety survived this long.

We can survive now too.

I'm not tagging anyone bc I legit know no mutuals here who'd do this who haven't already, so hey @scifigrl47 I love your work and you are my inspiration so uh... if you wanna, try this?

Mmkk that's enough rambling today, wash ya hands and stay safe out there, mates :)

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carryforthtradition · 3 years ago

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Resiliance - Creativity born in times of disaster

troubling times The serenity prayer was made by my Aunty Eileen - she gave it to me when I first started to raise awareness about the persecution of Falun Gong in 2011. it gave me strength and encouragement

Today I have been thinking about certain aspects of life.

Devastation, war, destruction, pain, suffering, chaos, lack of control, hopelessness, loss of freedom, loss, the feelings evoked such as ‘what is the point?’, ‘what difference can I make?’ All of these feelings may pop up from time to time. For some, living in war zones or locked up without freedom, it may be that this is a constant fear. A constant reminder of the impermanence of life. Yet, whilst we endure such incredible frightening and difficult situations, life still goes on amongst it. Over the years, I have been surprised time and time again reading stories of resilience. I’m hesitant to share links to media which illustrate this, as I don’t want to make the wrong step and it become political and these days you can end up promoting propaganda or an agenda you would rather not be propping up unwittingly. There seems to be so much misinformation and disinformation around. I’d like to avoid that.

resilience

There is always an agenda or some sort. Mine is about bouncing back from adversity. What I want to focus on is resilience. People have shown resilience no matter what side of the political spectrum they’re perceived to be on. What springs to mind are stories and images of musicians playing in war torn devastation, bombed apartments collapsed around them, tattered curtains blowing in the dust filled air. Some play to comfort themselves and those around them, others to make a statement of opposition or defiance. Although I don’t know anything else about this man, one such story I came across was of Karim Wasfi, the conductor of the Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra who played at the site in Baghdad where a car bomb had just killed at least 10 people and injured many more. He turned up, took out his cello, sat down on a chair, and started to play. Images and video clips went viral around the world. In his words ‘It was an action to try to equalise things, to reach the equilibrium between ugliness, insanity and grotesque, indecent acts of terror – to equalise it, or to overcome it, by acts of beauty, creativity and refinement.’

When asked if the act of playing the cello was the opposite to the act of detonating a bomb he answered; ‘Yes. Creating life, basically. I don’t want that to turn into an inevitability of the situation in Iraq: death experienced on a daily basis. No, I want to do the opposite. Life is experienced on a daily basis. Even though we don’t experience normalcy. When things are normal, I will have more responsibilities and obligations. But when things are insane and abnormal like that, I have the obligation of inspiring people, sharing hope, perseverance, dedication, and preserving the momentum of life.’

It seems like a good intent and answer to me. (Please let me know if you know more about this story.)

Other images that stick in my mind are of people playing the piano; a man in his bombed out apartment in Syria, an image of the pianist of Sarajevo, a man in a photo of the London Blitz playing a broken piano perching on the top of a pile of rubble with the silhouettes of collapsed buildings in the background.

The story of the band playing as the Titanic sank is one we are all probably more familiar with. Some of the survivors later reported that the ship’s string ensemble played a hymn as it sank; It was said that on 15 April the eight-member band, led by Wallace Hartley, assembled in the first-class lounge in an effort to keep passengers calm and upbeat. Later they moved on to the boat deck where they continued playing as the ship sank and all members perished. They sang “Nearer, My God, to Thee”.

More recently, if you do a quick search on YouTube for ‘Italians singing in lockdown’, it takes you to people singing on their balconies to lift people’s sprits. There are other videos from around the world with people singing, playing music, violinists and flautists playing classical music with an audience of silent people listening from their neighbouring balconies. I saw a lady in Wales singing to her neighbourhood from her garden using a microphone and her amp, a gesture of kindness and it was certainly appreciated going by the cheering and clapping you could hear at the end of her performance and the comments people had left on her video.

There are so many stories like this. It doesn’t take long to find them if you look.

china before communism

Quite often I mention Shen Yun Performing Arts, my all time favourite show, who are on a mission to revive traditional Chinese culture, ‘China before communism’. Shen Yun was set up by professional artists;, dancers and musicians some of whom who had fled China and assembled in New York, to both continue their beautiful arts and skills, but with this noble mission. I’ve been enjoying listening to some of the audience reviews and interviews as they tour the world in 2022. Many people are inspired by their message of hope in these difficult times. Shen Yun’s mission is to help save the world’s people, it is helping people see the importance of Divine culture in our lives, that of higher morals and universal principles such as truth, compassion, honour, and reminding us that there is a much higher arrangement than we realise, and people have said they leave the performance feeling much more hopeful about the future. Many state that they dream of a better world where people return to a more traditional way of life embracing kindness and all those good values and morals.

People are amazing, I hope you remember this, we are all amazing. Never lose hope, and never give up.

I inherited some beautiful pieces of embroidery (you can see these beautiful pieces of birds and flowers my Auntie Eileen did). This depiction of trees and hills was done by my grand mother, possibly of Scotland with purple heather in the distance, and was her first embroidery which she made during the York blitz.

My Auntie Eileen, dad’s sister and my grand mother had been evacuated from York during World War II and sent to live with a couple in their home belonging to the Rowntree Family. They lived for some time with this family, a man and his wife. Even there, my auntie can remember hiding under the table as bomb sirens sounded.

They’d had to move out of their home for some time as a direct hit at the end of their street had devastated their homes. My Auntie remembers some shrapnel bursting through the wall above her head, next to her wooden cross of Jesus Christ hanging above her bed, as she lay there. This piece was embedded in the wall at the other end of the room. She was a devout Christian and believes that God protected her. We still have the cross and the shrapnel. It’s a pretty horrifying thought that something so small can inflict so much devastation, and unbelievable that she wasn’t hurt.

Past Times. Pass Times

During that very unsettling and perilous time, life still had to go on. She told me that during these times, many people gathered together to make things, to be creative, to sing, to play music and a lot of the schools and Church halls, which were closed for safety most of the time, had gatherings when it was a bit quieter.

Her mother took her to a school hall to learn embroidery, and this is where both my grandmother and aunt began to learn their skills. How amazing. Up until her death, my aunt created some beautiful pieces, some small contributions are part of the Leeds Tapestries still displayed today. I have also saved many other pieces, and some are even from my Uncle’s parents, some are really old, passed down, their makers now unknown, but as time goes back, the skills in exhibited in this collection were more exquisite and intricately dainty.

My grand mother continued embroidery and also played the piano until she could no longer use her fingers due to arthritis in her old age. She died at nearly 80, my aunt was 82. I truly believe whatever experiences they had in their earlier lives made them tough.

In fact, in our home here, I have a beautiful oak bureau which belonged to my dad’s parents. It is a constant reminder of how fragile life can be - it has been repaired badly from a direct shrapnel hit right in the centre of the folding down door. It happened in the blitz in York during World War II.

Let us not forget. Life is so precious.

moving forward in difficult times

On a more personal note, since 2011, when I found out that the Chinese communist regime are harvesting organs for profit from Falun Dafa peaceful meditators and others in China, the Uighurs, house church Christians, Tibetans, and many, many others, I have worked really hard to make sure people aware of what is going on there, and to alert people about the ties and connections all around the world, in every level of society, to this evil regime. Forced, live organ harvesting of prisoners of conscience started in Wuhan, China - the origin of the covid19 CCP virus. There are so many other dark secrets yet to come to light, that I know will shock the world to it’s core. The level of complicity is utterly disturbing.

So I’d say, to get through these times, and the times ahead, it is really important to find some solace.

My way to do this is like my ancestors - In between the dark work I’m doing, to highlight atrocities, I get creative.

In fact, that is actually how Carry Forth Tradition came to life. As you may know, I started it at the beginning of lockdown in 2020 when I was staying with my parents. In the summer of 2020, poor mum fractured her spine and found out she has osteoporosis, she was crippled with pain for months, and at the same time, my dad needed emergency spinal surgery and we were just on the way out of the door to the hospital, when he was called and told he had cancer of the oesophagus. He was then later was given 6 months to live. I took care of him with mum until he died at their home. Now, I know this may seem bizarre to many, but the pressure and stress I was under, not to mention the fear levels we were all breaking through due to constant bombardment and reminders of the pandemic, actually helped me to focus on being creative. In fact, aside of my practice of Falun Dafa; the daily meditation and exercises I do, being creative at that time was the only place left to go which didn’t hurt, or was scary. It was light relief that kept me going, and still does. I really value the importance of being creative. Since then I have bought and am learning to play the harp! And now a little confession - the photo of the black work embroidery is something I still have yet to complete. I started it for my husband’s 40th (shame shame) and now we are both 50. I made a promise to my dying aunt to finish it for him, so I will make sure I do. Funnily enough, I started it in times of adversity - when I was suffering with M.E. before my recovery. At the time, it took me a few hours to do only a few stitches. Needless to say as I deteriorated, I sadly put it away in a drawer. It took me a long time to get it back out, and so over the years more was added, and bit by bit it has grown. It’s a work in progress and is very much linked to whatever is going on in my life. But I am determined to finish it - now all I seem to lack is time. Or maybe that is an excuse.

I truly believe that we are creative beings. So please let your creativity come through in times of adversity, it is such a good thing to do. Maybe it is waiting there for you to set it free.

#Becky James #resilience #contemplation

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ruthbader · 7 years ago

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an die freude, ii.

(read the first part here)

By Monday morning, the video of the flash mob is circulating the Internet. Kat Tweets a link to the video on Scarlet’s page and finds herself watching it at her desk, even though she witnessed it in person.

“Hey, is that the video of the orchestra?”

Sutton is standing behind her, scarves draped over her arms.

“Yeah,” Kat nods, pausing the video. “I was actually there yesterday.”

“Wait, really?”

“Yeah, I was gonna’ pick up some sushi from that place Jane likes by the river, and I was just doing some work on my phone when they just…appeared,” Kat says. “It was insane.”

“I’m so jealous.” Sutton stares at the screen. “I’ve always wanted to be a part of a flash mob.”

“I mean, I wasn’t really a part of it,” Kat waves her hands in front of her. “I just watched it happen. The conductor walked past me.”

“Kat!”

There are hurried footsteps and then Jane is standing next to Sutton, hands on her hips. “What happened yesterday? I thought you were getting us sushi and then you never called me back.”

“She was in a flash mob!” Sutton blurts out.

“What?”

Kat shakes her head. “I witnessed a flash mob,” she clarifies. “This entire orchestra just showed up and played a song from Beethoven’s ninth symphony.”

Sutton cocks her head at her and then Kat quickly says, “Hey, I know things.”

“Wait.” Jan leans forward to look at Kat’s computer screen. “I know her.”

“Who?” Kat turns to look too.

“The conductor,” Jane says. “I read about her, at least. She’s a guest conductor at the New York Symphony Orchestra.”

“Kat met her,” Sutton says and Kat rolls her eyes.

“I didn’t meet her, she just walked past me.”

Jane crosses her arms and then says, “Yeah, I think the article I read said that she’s the first Muslim conductor for the orchestra.”

Kat looks back to her screen, see’s the blurred, paused image of the woman in the red scarf with an arm out towards the musicians and then finds herself saying, “We should totally do a profile of her.”

Jane uncrosses her arms and looks down at Kat.

“You know. We. Scarlet.”

“Well…” Jane smiles. “Jacqueline has me doing this story on sex toys which is, uh, not really my thing. But if you bring it up to her and just happen to mention that I would be a good fit to write it…” Jane’s smile gets wider. “To make up for the lack of sushi.”

Kat rolls her eyes again and says, “Fine.”

“Thanks, you’re a doll!” Jane pats her on the shoulder and then skips off, Sutton trailing behind her.

----

(Her name is Adena El-Amin, Kat learns.)

She’s watched the video at least a dozen times now, and she has it loaded and ready on a tablet when she walks towards Jacqueline’s office.

The door is open and she steps over the threshold and says, “I hope I’m not catching you at a bad time.”

Jacqueline looks up from where she’s sitting at her desk, smiles, and says, “Not at all. What can I do for you, Kat?”

“Um, I don’t know if you’ve seen the video yet, but there was sort of this flash mob yesterday.”

“A flash mob?”

“Yeah, it’s sort of like—a bunch of people get together and perform, kind of spontaneously and—”

“No, I know what a flash mob is, I just thought people had stopped doing them.”

Kat chuckles to herself and then straightens up. “Well, the New York Symphony Orchestra did one yesterday and the video is starting to go viral.”

“And?” Jacqueline folds her hands neatly on top of her desk.

Kat clears her throat. “They have a new guest conductor, her name is Adena El-Amin, and she’s the first Muslim conductor the orchestra has had. It’s a little off from what we normally cover, but I think a profile of her could be really great for our clicks.”

Jacqueline nods. She gestures towards the tablet Kat is holding and says, “Do you have the video?”

Kat quickly hands it over to her and Jacqueline watches the first minute of it before pausing it and looking up again.

“Alright. See what else you can find out about her and if she’s willing, I’ll have Alex cover it.

“Oh,” Kat says quickly. “I think this might be more up Jane’s alley, actually.”

“I’ve already got Jane on a piece I want out by the end of the week. Alex can take this one.”

“Right, okay.” Kat takes the tablet back, gives her thanks to Jacqueline, and walks out of the office.

----

“She has a Twitter account, but no other contact info listed,” Kat says from behind her coffee cup.

Jane frowns. “Nothing?”

Kat shakes her head. They’re sitting at one of the small tables in the lobby of the Steinem building, passing time until it’ll start to look suspicious that they’re not at their desks doing their jobs.

“And you’re positive that Jacqueline wants Alex to cover this?”

“Maybe you should just tell Jacqueline that you don’t want to cover sex toys, instead of trying to get me to give you pitches to write.”

“No way,” Jane says. “I’m barely a month into this new promotion, I have to make sure Jacqueline still doesn’t want to fire me before I start turning down what she gives me.”

Kat rolls her eyes this time. “She doesn’t want to fire you, you’re practically one of her favorites.”

Jane nearly chokes on her own coffee. “What? How do you know this?”

“I’m a department head.”

Jane eyes her, skeptical, but she changes the subject. “Anyway, what are you going to do?”

“I dunno,” Kat sighs, fingering the edge of her paper cup. “I’ll probably just have to contact the orchestra directly and see where that leads me.”

“Well, good luck with that,” Jane says. She glances down at her phone, unlocking the screen to check the time. “I gotta’ go, I have some research to do on harnesses.”

Kat’s mouth breaks out into a wide smirk. “Yeah? Need some help trying them on?”

(i’ve decided to just update this in small chunks. if this becomes more fleshed out, i might post it more cohesively on ao3.)

#kadena #kadena fic #kadena au #pls love me #pls also ignore how bad i am at updating fics #i know i still have to finish the other one i just don't wanna post it until it's all done

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shieldherostuffs · 3 years ago

Text

HELL YEAH! Love hearing new info about good stuff is this world right now!

Naofumi’s dad was pretty disappointed when his first son was deaf, and because them he couldn't be as successful as he wanted Naofumi to be.

Naofumi’s dad wasn't really a big part of his childhood. They weren't really close in the familial sense, more in the 'We live in the same house, so we have to be.'. He started working more to support his wife's new ambition in education and job, because he still dearly wanted to support his wife.

Naofumi’s little brother had grown up with his mother studying, his dad working a lot, and his older brother never hearing him. He'd grown up with having to go over to his brother into his field of cision or touch him if he wanted attention.

He'd been confused when he noticed that his classmates in his first year of school had been able to jus yell or shout or call out for their siblings, while he couldn't, and his brother never spoke.

He'd gone to his parents crying and yelling about his brother ignoring and never talking to him, while Naofumi sat in the living room peacefully doing his homework.

He'd been explained that Naofumi was deaf, he couldn't hear anything, and that he couldn't talk like everyone else because of that.

That was when Naofumi’s mom started slowly teaching him Sign Language to surprise Naofumi.

But, it took a lot of time for him to remember it. And by the time he'd properly learned it, he didn't want to use it. Because of Naofumi, he'd been teased a lit during school, after his classmates had heard Naofumi laugh at the school gates when he'd come to pick him up, which obviously sounded weird because he couldn't hear it.

(He'd spent time at school drawing "Can we get waffles?" "CAN WE PLEASE GET WAFFLES" on two different pages and making the latter's look like waffles, and gas shown Naofumi at the front gate.)

That's when (yaaknow what, I'm naming him Yatsuki now) Yatsuki started hanging out with the wrong people, rebelling against his dad that so strongly wanted him to be successful, and just doing borderline illegal stuff.

Naofumi, when noticing this, started getting worried. But he had a hard time expressing it, since Yatsuki had started hiding all the notebook and writing materials all around their home, and Naofumi didn't know his brother knew Sign Language.

After a few months, Naofumi asked L’Arc for help, since his boyfriend had hearing aids, and could actually talk with Yatsuki. This only happened the day after Yatsuki had shouted at Naofumi until his face went red, making Naofumi run to his room and have an anxiety attack. Yatsuki had, a few minutes later come in to see Naofumi crying, and signed "I'm Sorry" before leaving and shutting himself in his room.

With L’Arc's help, they managed to make up, and Yatsuki still got to surprise his big brother with knowing Sign Language.

(Also, one time on a class field trip in college, Naofumi met Motoyaus and Myne again. Somehow both of them forgot that they bullied Naofumi for being deaf and not able to speak, and hsd tried to make conversation. Naofumi was already tired from having to deal with an annoying barista just for some hot chocolate, and really did not want to deal with this.

Naofumi had turned around to face Motoyasu and Myne, and started Signing at them as if he was the Conductor of an orchestra, and included a lot of swear words. In the background, L’Arc and Therese and a group of their classmates were laughing their asses off at the scene.

The scene was apparently filmed, and one of the people from the group had gotten a tech friend to help with putting over subtitles on what Naofumi was saying, and the video went viral for a few days, actually ending in people promoting others to learn sign language too.)

Disability - TheRuFumi Prompt

Modern AU

(Inspired by this Twitter Post.)

*★°*:.☆.:*°★*

TheRuFumi are all studying in the same college and are almost always seen together.

Naofumi is deaf, and thoguh he got speech therapy or whatever its called to help him talk, he decides not to. He can read lips to some extent, but was still bullied for the way he talked weirdly when he was younger. He doesn't want hearing aids, which was his own decision.

Therese was born hard of hearing and with speech problems, and has to walk with a cane or crutch because of a problem with her hip, making walking more taxing than for abled people.

L'Arc, right after high school ended, was in a car accident that left him deaf.

The three met around halfway through high school. Naofumi and Therese met through their shared experience of being bullied, and both having learned Sign Language. A little later, they met L’Arc, who'd seen the two sitting alone quietly together, had heard the rumors but, he's the kind of person not to listen to rumors.

So! He'd decided to befriend the two. Though, it was a little rocky at the start, since 70% of the time L’Arc didn't know what Therese was asking, and he couldn't understand Sign Language nor use it, so they had to wrote on paper all the time.

Though secretly, L’Arc had started learning sogn language to surprise the two!

But, then came the accident. L’Arc showed them a little sign language when the two visited hom in the hospital, and they two had hugged him tightly. When Naofumi had whispered a hoarse and mispronounced "I'm sorry..." L'Arc had been unable to hold back, and had kissed the other right then and there.

Therese, seeing this, hugged L’Arc even tighter and had said in her half-broken half-mumbled speech "I, lauv ou." And then pointed to Naofumi, "-E l-ouves yuo t-, oo".

L'Arc had been overjoyed at that, and on top of never being able to hear without hearing aids again, had cried and sobbed uncontrollably as they three hugged on the hospital bed.

L'Arc still loves talking with his other friends, who's come to like Naofumi and Therese too.

Often during breaks and lunch, you'll find Naofumi leaning against L’Arc, enjoying the vibrations of L’Arc’s voice, as he and Therese sometimes speaks in Sign Language together.

Now, after Naofumi was born, Naofumi's mother decided to quit her job and get another education in helping disabled people like her eldest son.

During a class where she's teaching teaching a class of children who's there with their parents, Naofumi is there too to give an example and help a little.

It's where he meets Raphtalia, Keel, and Filo. Raphtalia and Keel are there with their moms, and Filo is there with her Aunt. Raphtalia and Keel want to learn to communicate better with their friend Rifana, who had speech problems and cam hardly speak, while Filo wants to leanr it for her friend Melty, who's hard of hearing and has selective hearing.

They also meet Rishia during a 'Community Meeting For Disables Youth', who has extreme stammering, and diagnosed high anxiety.

—————

Tagging: @rosesinbloom7love, @ideas-of-immortality, @crypid-called-ash, @eli-elien, @bluelovestoship, @queen-of-carven-stone, @zachy-akaya, @wisdomismyloweststattm, @tinygenderfluid, @maloteddy,

—————

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ladystylestores · 4 years ago

Text

Video shows surfers unaware as great white shark lurks below

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newstfionline · 7 years ago

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A young Venezuelan made his violin an instrument of resistance. The government hit back.

By Rachelle Krygier and Anthony Faiola, Washington Post, August 28, 2017

CARACAS, Venezuela--On the streets of this tense capital, protesters challenging government troops often throw rocks, bottles, even molotov cocktails. But Wuilly Arteaga battled riot police with the defiant strains of his violin.

A fixture in the front lines in recent months, playing on despite stinging volleys of tear gas, the 23-year-old became a symbol of the opposition to President Nicolás Maduro’s authoritarian government. Videos of Arteaga concentrating on his music amid scenes of chaos quickly went viral, and were shared in Venezuela to boost morale among the protesters.

They also made him a target.

During a demonstration last month in eastern Caracas, as Arteaga played a song called “Soul of the Plains,” Maduro’s national guard swooped down on him. His story provides a window on the tactics of a government that has allegedly used intimidation, torture and propaganda to cement its power.

“Imprisoning him was the government’s way of trampling the opposition and punching its dignity, of showing that they’re willing to detain and torture one of its most emblematic symbols of peaceful resistance,” said Alfredo Romero, executive director of the legal activist group Foro Penal and Arteaga’s attorney.

The slight, copper-skinned violinist is among the ranks of perhaps the least likely of Venezuela’s protesters--a band of classically trained musicians who have provided the soundtrack for the country’s opposition movement.

At least one has paid with his life.

The latest uprising against Maduro--the anointed successor of Hugo Chávez, who died in 2013--dates to April, but the movement has wilted in recent weeks following the government’s creation of a new super congress. The all-powerful body, stocked with Maduro loyalists, including his wife and son, was mandated by a July 30 referendum that was internationally condemned as fraudulent. Since then, it has moved swiftly against government opponents, launching what it calls a truth commission that critics fear will be used to silence dissent.

In the weeks before the vote, dozens of young musicians took to the streets, some with their instruments. Gian Cientorame, a 25-year-old percussionist, was detained with Arteaga and freed the next day. Francisco Gamboa, who plays viola, spent 27 days detained before being freed last week.

In early May, another viola player, Armando Cañizales, 17, was killed during a protest.

Like Arteaga, most of the rebel musicians were trained through the Simón Bolívar Musical Foundation, better known locally as El Sistema--a state-sponsored music education program that dates to the 1970s and has earned international recognition for creating opportunities for poor youths. The program predates Chávez, but he latched on to it, promoting it abroad as evidence that his socialist-tinged “Bolivarian revolution” could feed minds as well as mouths.

The musical director of El Sistema’s main orchestra, renowned conductor Gustavo Dudamel, had long avoided the subject of politics. But hours after Cañizales was killed in May, Dudamel tweeted a video of himself denouncing government tactics.

“I raise my voice against violence and repression,” he said. “No one can justify the spilling of blood. It’s time to stop ignoring the just call of the people who are being suffocated by an intolerable crisis.”

This month, Dudamel published an opinion piece in the New York Times in which he railed against the new Constituent Assembly. The government appeared to respond by canceling an El Sistema orchestra tour of the United States.

Arteaga grew up in a poor family, living in an aluminum-roofed house in Valencia, about 81 miles from Caracas. He bought his first violin with money he earned working at a Caracas cybercafe, initially learning how to play it via YouTube videos. When he was 19, he ran away from his strictly religious home, where he wasn’t permitted to play.

He arrived in Caracas in 2015 and lived off street performances. For two years, he also studied at El Sistema and played with a government orchestra.

“I was obliged to play in ceremonies with Maduro and to sign things supporting the president,” he said in an interview this week. “I rebelled against that. Eventually I left.”

After Cañizales’s death, Arteaga played at the teenager’s funeral. Within days he was back on the streets with his violin.

Among Arteaga’s most-viewed videos is one of him in late May crying after government troops broke his violin during a protest. It captivated the Spanish-speaking world, leading several people, including the celebrity salsa singer Marc Anthony, to send him new violins.

His girlfriend, 21-year-old Hazel Pinto, has played her clarinet alongside Arteaga at demonstrations since May.

“With music he encourages people, even me, to keep pushing back,” she said. “I can’t explain how, but despite the effects of tear gas, I can keep blowing air into my clarinet.”

Last week, after spending 19 days in a military detention facility in western Caracas, Arteaga was released.

During his captivity, he said, he slept on the floor in an unventilated room with about 15 other prisoners. Guards hit him on the head with his violin, destroying it. That and other beatings, he said, damaged his hearing in one ear. Guards, he added, taunted him and burned his hair with a lighter.

The night after his release, Diosdado Cabello, a senior member of Maduro’s inner circle, released a video on national television. In it, Arteaga denies he was mistreated in jail, attacks the media and insists guards never broke his violin.

“You remember that violinist, what’s his name?” Cabello said on national TV, pretending to play the violin. Before unveiling the video, he adds: “Let’s see what Wuilly says. It’s good to listen to the other side.”

The next day, Arteaga responded in the local media, calling the video a doctored montage of unrelated and coerced answers.

“It mixes answers,” he said. “I was tortured, prisoners are tortured, and they did destroy my violin.”

Arteaga said he fears for the future of the opposition, which has largely failed to mobilize major demonstrations in recent weeks. Protesters have also shown signs of losing faith in opposition leaders, who are at odds over strategy.

“I feel lost and out of place,” Arteaga said. “How is it possible that so many prisoners are in jail and being tortured, and here in the streets, it feels like nothing is happening?”

“I will keep bringing my music to wherever is necessary for Venezuela’s freedom, be it in the streets or the squares, because my music has united many Venezuelans,” he said. “And I hope it will keep doing it.”

#Venezuela #Wuilly Arteaga #Venezuelan violinist

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refcco · 3 years ago

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BATTERIES GONE WRONG – ASSESSMENT, MITIGATION, AND EXPECTATIONS - REFCCO

BATTERIES GONE WRONG – ASSESSMENT, MITIGATION, AND EXPECTATIONS

A Review of Options to Improve Lithium Battery Safety Performance

In the world of product safety consulting in USA, it could be said that there are two basic approaches to risk mitigation, proactive and reactive, with proactive being the preferred choice. Most would agree with the adage that “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,” but in truth, this oversimplifies the reality in which product manufacturers operate. As with most things in life, things are rarely black and white but rather a continuous spectrum of shades of gray. To this, there are many competing aspects in all commercial product ventures. Could you make a product that was fully reliable under all conditions? Perhaps, but the odds are that it would be a commercial failure as it would take an inordinate amount of time to produce and be prohibitively expensive. In today’s market, the traditional characteristics of safety, time to market, quality, cost, reliability, manufacturability, testability, and usability (to name a few) still apply. But these have been further augmented by more modern concerns of environmental impact, sustainability, social responsibility, and others. We mention these not to offer any judgment but only to note that the expectation that a product will perform flawlessly over its lifecycle is a difficult proposition given the myriad of competing needs. The battery industry is no different when it comes to satisfying market requirements. With batteries having become ubiquitous in our daily lives as the world has migrated to all things becoming portable, the challenge for providers of these products has increased. With the advent of high-energy, rechargeable lithium-ion chemistries, battery performance has dramatically increased, but so have the risks. No longer are battery packs simple devices. In most modern electronic products, they are better characterized as complex components of an integrated system with one key difference – most other components of such systems rarely have the ability to spontaneously overheat and burn (i.e., go to “thermal runaway”) with little to no warning, potentially resulting in personal injury, product damage, and the associated legal and market liabilities.

HOW DO WE ASSESS BATTERY SAFETY RISKS?

In focusing on the safety risks, what are the options for risk mitigation in the battery space? Ideally, these begin early in the design phase. Clearly, there is no substitute for a good design using high-quality components. In the world of batteries, safety-critical components such as the cell, safety circuit, and passive protective devices such as fuses, positive temperature coefficient (PTC) devices, and other thermal devices are the initial focus. Mechanical considerations also come into play to help ensure that the cell is accommodated within its specified limits including levels of protection against reasonably foreseeable external use conditions. To ensure that such efforts are yielding the desired result, testing of both the components and the battery pack assembly is key, covering the aspects of safety as well as long-term reliability and performance. This testing should be initiated early in the product development process so that, if issues are uncovered, there is the time and flexibility to adjust the design, followed by retesting to verify the efficacy of the changes and to ensure that other problems were not inadvertently introduced. As the development process progresses, production samples should be built and evaluated to understand if manufacturing variations can create unanticipated safety risks. In many cases, this design-build-test-adjust process is performed by the component and battery pack manufacturers and is sometimes augmented by external testing laboratory resources. For more complex systems, the end-device manufacturer may also be involved early in the process to ensure system aspects do not negatively impact battery safety.

TESTING BATTERIES FOR REGULATORY APPROVAL

As the design stabilizes, regulatory approval at the battery pack level is usually the next layer of risk mitigation. A key input to this process is the approval of the component cell as it represents the greatest single safety risk. Regulatory testing typically involves small sample sizes and is not meant to serve as a statistically significant sample size to find outliers in a large population but rather is meant to find gross issues such as design or process defects that have escaped detection in the early stages of product development. Common testing protocols involve a combination of electrical, mechanical, and thermal overstress. Some involve the application of faults to better assess the inherent safety robustness of the battery pack. Other tests attempt to evaluate the product for stresses that might be common to a specific industry or use case. At a minimum, battery packs will be tested to the transportation requirements found in UN 38.3. Testing to one of the 62133-2 series of standards (IEC, EN, UL) is also commonly performed and is required for regulatory approval in many global markets. Testing to such standards is usually conducted by accredited third-party testing laboratories with the end result being the authorized application of the testing lab’s mark to the product. This approval facilitates regulatory acceptance by government authorities and may also be a prerequisite for commercial entities such as retailers and distributors to offer the product for sale. Some approvals also require periodic post-market inspection of production facilities to ensure the design is still being manufactured as originally qualified. Infrequently, a testing laboratory or regulatory agency may mandate retesting when significant changes to the relevant test standards are implemented.

THE CHALLENGES OF BATTERIES AS END-PRODUCT COMPONENTS

The discussion up to this point is intended as background for what is typically done in a normal battery pack product development cycle. The level to which these actions are implemented directly correlates to a base level of risk mitigation for safety events once the product is released into the market. This does not mean that there are any guarantees that there won’t be field problems, but the level of exposure is certainly reduced as more product safety information is proactively discerned and addressed. What if the battery pack is simply a purchased component and the purchaser was not involved in the design process and may not even have any visibility into the production of the battery pack? Similarly, what if the purchaser is procuring an end device that has an embedded battery pack? These are both very common situations for retailers and distributors who typically have very limited internal engineering resources. Certainly, buying such products from reputable sources and checking for the presence of the requisite safety marks is a good start, but is it sufficient? Modern supply chains are global. Therefore, discerning where a product was manufactured and by whom can be a challenge in itself. This means that regardless of the actual manufacturer’s liability, a retailer’s or distributor’s brand can be put in jeopardy by a single video posted on social media that quickly goes viral. How can product risk be mitigated in this situation? The general answer is to work backward beginning with production samples. A product teardown of new product samples by a knowledgeable third party can aid in assessing what risks exist with purchased products where the detailed design knowledge is not available. Although every product is different, an evaluation of a product from a portable energy safety perspective might include such items as: • Verification of any regulatory marks on the product. Was the testing actually done and is the regulatory status current? • Evaluation of insulating methods including their integrity and consistency • Evaluation of conductor sizing • Review of manufacturing quality indicators that might equate to latent defects • Review of the safety circuit or other protective devices for proper operation under abnormal conditions such as over-voltage, over-current, short-circuit, and under-voltage • Review of the charging circuit design. Does it subject the battery or cell to improper conditions? • Determination of the cell manufacturer and type. This also includes an assessment of whether the cell might be counterfeit • Cell examination (radiographs and/or CT scans), teardown, and construction analysis • Review of the mechanical design of the product in terms of its ability to protect the safety critical components • End-user instructions and safety warnings

WHAT ABOUT BATTERY PERFORMANCE ISSUES?

In addition to a review of safety concerns, performance relative to competing market options should be evaluated through benchmarking. This is typically done in parallel with the safety review and is focused on how a user is expected to employ the product in expected use cases. Competing samples are drawn from the market ensuring that they are of the same price tier to ensure that the comparisons are valid. A custom evaluation plan is drafted and might involve visual inspections, functional checks, and even comparisons of long-term electrical or mechanical reliability. Many times, the criteria are drawn from marketing assertions as shown on the products’ packaging. Examples might include the number of hours that the device will operate in a given mode before needing to be recharged and how long that recharge might take. The evaluation can also go much further, perhaps considering the relative drop performance from a given height or the number of charge-discharge cycles before a loss of function is detected. As a general rule, safety concerns tend towards the absolute given the nature of such risks to people and property. Conversely, performance concerns lend themselves towards a more relative evaluation against other competing market options.

ANTICIPATING THERMAL RUNAWAY RISKS

Given the above processes for minimizing risks through proper design or post-production design evaluations, are there other proactive risk mitigation actions that warrant consideration from a product safety perspective? Consider this – even if all of the above steps are followed with the best of intentions, what happens if things still go wrong? More specifically, what is the effect to the end product and nearby users if a cell goes into thermal runaway when the device is in use? Second, what happens if a cell goes into thermal runaway during the transportation and shipping process? Most designers can only guess as definitively knowing what happens is rarely directly investigated. To answer these questions, there are two general methodologies. Simulation is an option but requires very advanced electrochemical and thermal modeling. Our experience is that this tends to be cost-prohibitive for most organizations and thus is only seen in relatively large companies where such expertise is available in-house. What about direct testing? Like simulation, it has barriers for implementation as well, the most obvious being concerns related to personnel safety and expertise, as well as having the appropriate facilities to provide the proper test containment of high-energy events while being able to document their effects. With the right facilities and expertise available, a determination must be made about how to force the cell or battery into thermal runaway. Overcharging and surface heating are two common methods, although the design of the product and the chemistry of the cells will guide what method is most appropriate. Other considerations for such testing involve what data is to be collected and how. Video evidence is considered by most clients to be the most useful. It should be further supported by appropriate logging of relevant temperatures and possibly other product parameters, as well as forensic documentation of the actual effects to the end-product. Once again, the goal is to use the information obtained to determine if design improvement should be made to minimize the chances of personal injury or property damage during a thermal runaway event. Although the above is presented in a relatively clinical fashion, the danger of injury and property damage is very real. Depending on the energy level of the particular sample, an exploding cell can produce temperatures above 1200 °C (2192 °F) and deadly shrapnel particularly in the case of large-format cells with metal cans. Readers are strongly cautioned to not attempt such testing without the proper expertise and containment equipment.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FAILURE ANALYSIS

Designing and testing cells and batteries properly from a safety perspective, including understanding the impacts should a thermal runaway event occur, are the best risk mitigation tools that we have at our disposal. Even with those best proactive efforts, things will still go wrong. The real question is how often. True failure rates for cells and batteries are not publicly available as companies keep such information confidential. But anecdotally, high-quality lithium-ion cells have a rough order of magnitude (ROM) failure rate somewhere around 1 in 10 million, while lesser quality cells are likely to have poorer field performance. With over eight billion cells being produced globally every year, the math is inescapable that bad things will happen. These factors make clear the importance of using retrospective methods to gain insights into what happened, how it happened, and why it happened. These methods collectively fall under the heading of lithium battery failure analysis. Failures in the field can happen at any point in the battery’s life cycle and can vary significantly in severity and frequency. Responses to such issues also vary accordingly, ranging from simply replacing a product under warranty to retrieval of the product for a full forensic evaluation. For minor issues, it may be determined that a product change is not warranted. Conversely, safety issues may mandate a full product recall and rework of the design. In the end, failure analysis actions provide after-the-fact knowledge for organizations from which to make decisions that will impact future risk.

THE VALUE OF THIRD-PARTY EXPERTISE

Like thermal runaway testing, cell and battery failure analysis involves expertise, processes, and tools that may not be readily available to most organizations. Because of the uniqueness and the infrequency of need, expertise tends to be primarily resident in third-party test labs that specialize in portable energy. Conducting cell and battery failure analysis through an expert third party offers a number of benefits, including: • Reduction of personal bias: A third-party test lab has no vested interest in the outcome of the analysis, nor do they have intimate knowledge of the product or company’s history. • Independent verification: A third-party lab can help to independently verify the findings of an internal team or a supplier. • Resource utilization: As noted previously, field safety events are generally an infrequent occurrence. Having an internal team staffed with the proper expertise and equipment to respond to such a rare event is generally not possible or even desirable. • Diligence: In the most severe of cases such as potential product recalls, it may be valuable for the company to have an independent party involved to minimize negative perceptions regarding objectivity. • Focus: Having failure analysis conducted by an external party may permit the company’s internal teams to remain focused on the day-to-day operations of their mainline business. • Process rigor: An external testing lab will have already developed the processes and methods for orderly evaluation and documentation of field failures, with specific expertise in evidence preservation. • Breadth of experience: Because of their focus on failure analysis spread across multiple clients over time, a third-party testing lab will generally have a wider range of technical experience when it comes to what constitutes typical versus atypical findings.

WORKING WITH A THIRD-PARTY EXPERT

When working with a third-party failure analysis provider, you will be asked to provide more than the failed unit to facilitate the investigation. It is important to be as open and honest as possible. Your provider should be accustomed to handling confidential materials and should be willing to work under a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) to protect all proprietary information. In terms of the supplemental information, basic product information is the starting point. This might include specifications and similar documents to support the work along with any relevant details regarding product history. These will not be used to prematurely assume conclusions, but rather to supplement the physical evidence and help prioritize the investigatory efforts. Information on the specific unit along with incident details are also very important to piecing together what happened. How was the unit configured? Was it operating in a particular mode? Did the unit demonstrate anything unusual prior to the event? It is best to provide all of the information that is available and let the failure analysis team draw their own conclusions regarding relevance. It is important to realize that as the investigation moves forward, the relevance of such information may change as more information is learned. The actual failed units will need to be delivered to the laboratory. In this situation, more is better. It is possible that there may be multiple failure modes at play and having additional samples may help to isolate these. It is also important to preserve the evidence as much as possible by limiting unnecessary handling, examining, or actual tampering which might further damage the unit and lead to erroneous findings. Proper packaging is a must. It is best if all components of the reported system can be provided, i.e., the failed cell or battery, the end-device if applicable, charging devices and cables, etc., as it is possible that the root cause of the failure may have been external to the cell or battery that failed. Samples should be marked or segregated so that it is clear which components go together. In addition to the failed systems, it is also good if a fully functional new system can be provided for purposes of comparison. What should you expect from your third party expert? Every investigation is unique, and your provider should work with you to generate a project scope that meets your needs, and they should limit their efforts to that scope. Considerations include specific concerns, communication frequency, deliverables, and budget. Be aware that the actual work of failure analysis involves a mix of analytical tools such as fault tree analysis (FTA) combined with empirical methods such as x-ray imaging, CT scanning, optical microscopy, product dissection (battery pack and cell teardowns), quantitative measurement, circuit testing, and replication testing. Not every tool is appropriate for every situation. Your provider will provide guidance on these technical aspects. In the end, your provider should provide your team a clear, unbiased analysis report that details the investigation and its associated findings. What should you not expect from your provider? First, don’t expect speculation. This is a “just the facts” activity. If the evidence doesn’t support it, your provider shouldn’t be offering it up. Second, keep in mind that not every investigation yields the root cause or even the true failure mode. Depending upon the condition of the evidence and nature of the incident, it simply may not be feasible to reach this level of understanding. Conversely, the efforts may seek to eliminate likely root causes thus narrowing the possibilities. Third, don’t expect your provider to tell you if this issue will repeat in the future. A risk analysis to predict the likelihood of future failures requires a different set of information, although data from the failure analysis investigation may serve as key inputs into that analysis. Finally, don’t expect your provider to tell you what actions to take, although the root cause data from your provider may serve as a basis for your team to make those decisions.

Brexit has taken full effect and UKCA marking will be required for most products by January 1st 2022. The UKCA (UK Conformity Assessed) marking is a new UK product marking that is used for goods being placed on the market in Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland). It covers most goods which previously required the CE marking.

The UK will allow the UKCA mark to be in the product documentation or packaging rather than on the device itself until 31 December 2022, after which the product itself must be labeled with the marking.

Refer to published guidance for more details at https://www.gov.uk/guidance/using-the-ukca-marking

#product safety consulting in USA

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