#triliteral word

[didanawisgi]

[lgbtqiamuslimpedia]

Khanith

Khanith/Xanith (Arabic: خنيث) is a gender-diverse community of Arabian peninsula. Most of the Khaniths are born as male, associated with feminine expression & gender non-confirmity. The term khanith is colloquially used in Oman and other parts of the Arabian Peninsula to describe effeminate male, transvestite, passive homosexual, queer, gender non-confirming & non-binary individuals.

Etymology

The term khanith derived from the Arabic triliteral root kha-nu-tha — a root which also provides the words khuntha (intersex) and mukhannath/mukhannas (effeminate male, trans femme,cross-gender). Mu'khanith is the plural form of Khanith. The term Khanith/Mukhanith has been existed in Arabian Peninsula since about 600 AD. [citation needed]

The term khanith was first documented in anthropological scholarship by Unni Wikan (1977). Unni Wikan described Khanith group as transsexual homosexual [citation needed]. Wikan’s study proved to be controversial among anthropologists, triggering a heated debate about definitions and methodology of Arabic Khanith identity.

Life Style

The Khanith has medium long hair & comb their hair diagonally forward from a side parting, and they oil it heavily in the style of women. Both men and women cover their head, but Kaniths do not.Khaniths are generally heavily perfumed, and uses make-up.They often dressed up in a white and tight-fitting kandorah (an ankle-length garment worn in the region), while some worn ghutrah (a white headdress). By profession, khaniths are entertainer, matchmaker & servant.

In legal terms the khaniths are regarded as men and referred to by others with masculine pronouns. While some consider them as third gender in Omani society. Some khanith may marry a female, by doing so they would be bound by the rules of patriarchal norms & gender segregation. The usual reason given for marriage is to have someone care for them and keep them company in old age. Moreover, khanith individuals can engage in same-sex relationship, their sexuality was much tolerated in earliest days of Arabia.

In Popular Culture

The Diesel is one of the popular critical pieces of Gulf literature, was written by Thani al-Suwaidi, an Emirati poet & writer. The novella was published in 1994. The story revolves around a transgender/khanith djinn who face the difficult decision of living in a man's body as a conventional 'man' or embracing their inner female soul. Diesel is born to parents who long for a son after many pregnancy difficulties. The mother passed away after giving birth. The father and family hold Diesel responsible for her/their mother's death & ultimately marginalised growing up in her/their community. Eventually, she/they experiences a 'calling' and takes on a daring career as a female entertainer and singer. She/they becomes the most sought-after voice luring sheikhs who beg to hear her voice at their celebrations and weddings. Eventually, Diesel's popularity grows to the extent that she/they is able to incite a rebellion against the ruling elite.

[semusepsu]

I've been working on implementing stem change on my naturalistic conlang, and I thought of an interesting way to develop alternating stems. I'm not sure if I will end up using this sort of thing, but I wanted to share it.

Suppose you have a language where the addition of a suffix on a word shifts the stress backward, like in Ancient Greek helórion (nominative) vs heloríou (genitive) (technically this is pitch accent rather than stress but the principle is the same). As time goes by, the pretonic and post-tonic syllables reduce, and, where phonologically viable, they delete.

So if the root word in the old language is /ʹkaɹak/, suffixed form /kaʹɹaka/, In the later language these forms would be /kaɹk/ and /kɹak/. But if vowel deletion would create a cluster that is not allowed in the language, the reduced vowel does not delete, for example /ʹjagap/ and /jaʹgapa/ becoming /ʹjagəp/ and /jəʹgap/ instead of */jagp/ and */jgap/. And of course any root that had root-final stress would have identical forms in both cases. And of course, if the vowels in the root are different, the vowels in the alternating forms will be different as well. Here's all this on a table

This process is likely similar to how the whole triliteral consonant thing developed in the Semitic languages, but unless you had a lot of CVCVC roots, though, most examples of this phenomenon would not be very dramatic.

[riwaq]

Exploring the Rich World of Arabic Dictionaries

Arabic dictionaries are a vital resource for anyone learning the Arabic language or delving into its rich literary and cultural heritage. These dictionaries go beyond simply providing definitions. They offer insights into the roots of words, their grammatical forms, and their contextual meanings, which makes them indispensable for both native speakers and learners.

Arabic is known for its complexity and beauty, and understanding the language often requires grasping the triliteral roots on which most words are built. For example, a single root can generate multiple related words with distinct meanings, all interconnected in fascinating ways. Arabic dictionaries help users navigate this complexity, offering clarity and depth.

One of the oldest and most respected Arabic dictionaries is "Lisan al-Arab" by Ibn Manzur. This comprehensive work, compiled centuries ago, remains a cornerstone for anyone studying classical Arabic. Modern learners, however, may prefer user-friendly, digital resources that integrate contemporary vocabulary and accessibility.

For individuals interested in studying Arabic as part of Quranic learning, a focus on understanding Quranic vocabulary can be particularly enriching. The Quran's language is eloquent and precise, and dictionaries tailored to Quranic studies often provide valuable context, such as explanations of verses and theological nuances.

If you’re eager to deepen your connection to the Quran while mastering Arabic, consider exploring Riwaq Al Quran. This platform offers tailored learning experiences, blending the beauty of the Quran with accessible Arabic instruction. Whether you’re a beginner or looking to refine your skills, they provide a supportive and engaging environment to grow your knowledge.

In short, Arabic dictionaries are more than just reference tools; they’re gateways to a deeper understanding of one of the world’s most expressive languages. With resources like Riwaq Al Quran to guide you, learning Arabic becomes not only manageable but deeply rewarding.

[drmaqazi]

WHAT IS ISLAM?

INTRODUCING ISLAM TO BEGINNERS, 

ESPECIALLY TO NON-MUSLIMS

Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Holy Qur’an and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (SallAllahu ’alaihi wa Sallam) the religion's founder. 

Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number approximately 1.9 billion worldwide and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians,

Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times through earlier prophets and messengers, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. 

Muslims consider the Holy Qur’an to be the verbatim word of God and the unaltered, final revelation. Alongside the Holy Qur’an, Muslims also believe in previous revelations, such as the Taurat (the Torah), the Zabur (Psalms), and the Injil (Gospel). 

They believe that Prophet Muhammad is (SallAllahu ’alaihi wa Sallam) the main and final Islamic prophet, through whom the religion was completed. The teachings and normative examples of Prophet Muhammad (SallAllahu ’alaihi wa Sallam), called the Sunnah, documented in accounts called the Hadith, provide a constitutional model for Muslims. 

Islam is based on the belief in oneness and uniqueness of the God (tawhid), and belief in an afterlife (akhirah) with the Last Judgment—wherein the righteous will be rewarded in paradise (jannah) and the unrighteous will be punished in hell (jahannam).

The Five Pillars—considered obligatory acts of worship—are the Islamic oath and creed (shahada), daily prayers (salah), almsgiving (zakat), fasting (sawm) in the month of Ramadan, and a pilgrimage (hajj) to Makkah in Saudi Arabia. 

Islamic law, sharia, touches on virtually every aspect of life, from banking and finance and welfare to men's and women's roles and the environment. 

The two main religious festivals are Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. The three holiest sites in Islam are Masjid al-Haram in Makkah, Prophet's Mosque in Madinah, and Al-Aqsa' Mosque in Jerusalem.

The religion of Islam originated in Mecca in 610 CE. Muslims believe this is when Prophet Muhammad (SallAllahu ’alaihi wa Sallam). By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam. Muslim rule expanded outside Arabia under the Rashidun Caliphate and the subsequent Umayyad Caliphate ruled from the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus Valley. 

In the Islamic Golden Age, specifically during the reign of the Abbasid Caliphate, most of the Muslim world experienced a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various states and caliphates as well as extensive trade and religious conversion as a result of Islamic missionary activities (dawah), as well as through conquests.

The two main Islamic branches are Sunni Islam (85–90%) and Shi’ah Islam (10–15%). While the Shi’ah–Sunni divide initially arose from disagreements over the succession to Prophet Muhammad(SallAllahu ’alaihi wa Sallam). 

Shi’ah, they grew to cover a broader dimension, both theologically and juridically. The Sunni canonical hadith collection consists of six books, while the Shia canonical hadith collection consists of four books. 

Muslims make up a majority of the population in 49 countries. Approximately 12% of the world's Muslims live in Indonesia, the most populous Muslim-majority country; 31% live in South Asia; 20% live in the Middle East–North Africa; and 15% live in sub-Saharan Africa. Muslim communities are also present in the Americas, China, and Europe. Muslims are the world's fastest-growing major religious group, due primarily to a higher fertility rate and younger age structure compared to other major religions.

Etymology

In Arabic, Islam (Arabic: إسلام, lit. 'submission [to God]') is the verbal noun of Form IV originating from the verb سلم (salama), from the triliteral root س-ل-م (S-L-M), which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of submission, safeness, and peace.

In a religious context, it refers to the total surrender to the will of God. A Muslim (مُسْلِم), the word for a follower of Islam is the active participle of the same verb form, and means "submitter (to God)" or "one who surrenders (to God)". In the Hadith of Gabriel, Islam is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān (faith), and ihsān (excellence).

Islam itself was historically called Mohammedanism in the English-speaking world. This term has fallen out of use and is sometimes said to be offensive, as it suggests that a human being, rather than God, is central to Muslims' religion.

ARTICLES OF FAITH

Main articles: Aqidah and Iman

The Islamic creed (aqidah) requires belief in six articles: God, angels, revelation, prophets, the Day of Resurrection, and the divine predestination

DETAILS:

Islam is the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him (SallAllahu ‘alaihi wa Sallam) as the final Prophet of God Almighty (Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala).

In Arabic, Islām means ‘SUBMISSION,' from 'aslama which means to ‘SUBMIT (to God Almighty),' The word ISLAM in Arabic also means PEACE.

HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MUSLIM?

To become a Muslim, one simply declares the testimony of faith (in Arabic, it is called the shahada) with full conviction, in the presence of a witness. We wish to clarify that the whole matter is very easy, plain and simple, no water dipping, no money exchanged, and no certificate. The testimony of faith in Arabic is:

اشهد ان لا إله إلا الله و اشهد ان محمد الرسول الله

Ash hadu an laa ilaaha il Allah

I bear witness that there is nothing worthy of worship except God Almighty 

[Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala]

Wa ash hadu anna Muhammadar Rasul Allah And I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah 

(Peace and Blessings be upon him.)

FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

The Shahada is the first pillar of Islam and is what makes one a Muslim. The five (5) pillars of Islam consist of:

The testimony of faith (Shahada)

Five daily prayers (Salat)

Giving charity to the needy (Zakat)

Fasting the month of Ramadan

Performing the Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah) once in one’s lifetime, if able to do it.

ARTICLES OF FAITH

Faith is to believe in Allah, His Angels, His Books (including the Torah and the Bible), His Messengers (from Adam to Jesus to Muhammad), the Last Day, and to believe in providence, its good and its perceived harm.

IHSAN

Excellence is to worship Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta’ala) as if you see Him, or if you do not see Him, know that He surely sees you.

REFERENCES:

Al-Baqarah 2:208

O believers! Enter into Islam wholeheartedly and do not follow Satan’s footsteps. Surely he is your sworn enemy.

_____________

Ali 'Imran 3:19

True Religion, in God’s eyes, is Islam [devotion to Him alone]. Those who were given the Scripture did not dispute ˹among themselves˺ out of mutual envy until knowledge came to them. Whoever denies Allah’s signs, then surely Allah is swift in reckoning.

_____________

Ali 'Imran 3:85

Whoever seeks a way other than [Islam] complete devotion to God Almighty, it will not be accepted from them, and in the Hereafter they will be among the losers.

_____________

Al-Ma'idah 5:3

Forbidden to you are carrion, blood, and swine; what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah; what is killed by strangling, beating, a fall, or by being gored to death; what is partly eaten by a predator unless you slaughter it; and what is sacrificed on altars. You are also forbidden to draw lots for decisions. This is all evil. Today the disbelievers have given up all hope of ˹undermining˺ your faith. So do not fear them; fear Me! Today I have perfected your faith for you, completed My favour upon you, and chosen Islam as your way. But whoever is compelled by extreme hunger—not intending to sin—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

____________

At-Tawbah 9:33

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹true˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others, even to the dismay of the polytheists.

_____________

Al-Fath 48:28

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹right˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others. And sufficient is Allah as a Witness.

____________

As-Saf 61:9

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹true˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others, even to the dismay of the polytheists.

______________

Al-Anbya 21:77

And We made him [Noah] prevail over those who had rejected Our signs. They were truly an evil people, so We drowned them all.

________________________________

ARTICLES ON ISLAM

________________________________

REVISED

WHAT IS ISLAM

INTRODUCING ISLAM TO BEGINNERS, ESPECIALLY TO NON-MUSLIMS

Islam is the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him (SallAllahu ‘alaihi wa Sallam) as the final Prophet of God Almighty (Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala).

In Arabic, Islām means ‘SUBMISSION,' from 'aslama which means to ‘SUBMIT (to God Almighty),' The word ISLAM in Arabic also means PEACE.

HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MUSLIM

To become a Muslim, one simply declares the testimony of faith (in Arabic, it is called the shahada) with full conviction, in the presence of a witness. 

We wish to clarify that the whole matter is very easy, plain and simple, no water dipping, no money exchanged, and no certificate. The testimony of faith in Arabic is:

اشهدانلاإلهإلااللهواشهدانمحمدالرسولالله

Ash hadu an laa ilaaha illAllah

I bear witness that there is nothing worthy of worship except God Almighty [Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala].

Wa ash hadu anna Muhammadar Rasul Allah,

and I bear witness that Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him) is the Messenger of Allah.

FIVE (5) PILLARS OF ISLAM

The Shahada is the first pillar of Islam and that is what makes one a Muslim. The five (5) pillars of Islam consist of:

The testimony of faith (Shahada)

Five daily prayers (Salat)

Giving charity to the needy (Zakat)

Fasting the month of Ramadan

Performing the Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah) once in one’s lifetime, if able to do it.

ARTICLES OF FAITH

Faith is to believe in Allah, His Angels, His Books (including the Torah and the Bible), His Messengers (from Adam to Jesus to Muhammad), the Last Day (Day of Judgement), and to believe in providence, its good and its perceived harm.

IHSAN

Excellence is to worship Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta’ala) as if you see Him, or if you do not see Him, know that He surely sees you.

REFERENCES:

Al-Baqarah 2:208

O believers! Enter into Islam wholeheartedly and do not follow Satan’s footsteps. Surely he is your sworn enemy.

_____________

Ali 'Imran 3:19

True Religion, in God’s eyes, is Islam [devotion to Him alone]. Those who were given the Scripture did not dispute ˹among themselves˺ out of mutual envy until knowledge came to them. Whoever denies Allah’s signs, then surely Allah is swift in reckoning.

_____________

Ali 'Imran 3:85

Whoever seeks a way other than [Islam] complete devotion to God Almighty, it will not be accepted from them, and in the Hereafter they will be among the losers.

_____________

Al-Ma'idah 5:3

Forbidden to you are carrion, blood, and swine; what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah; what is killed by strangling, beating, a fall, or by being gored to death; what is partly eaten by a predator unless you slaughter it; and what is sacrificed on altars. 

You are also forbidden to draw lots for decisions. This is all evil. Today the disbelievers have given up all hope of ˹undermining˺ your faith. So do not fear them; fear Me! 

Today I have perfected your faith for you, completed My favor upon you, and chosen Islam as your way. But whoever is compelled by extreme hunger—not intending to sin—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

______________

At-Tawbah 9:33

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹true˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others, even to the dismay of the polytheists.

_____________

Al-Fath 48:28

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹right˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others. And sufficient is Allah as a Witness.

____________

As-Saff 61:9

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹true˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others, even to the dismay of the polytheists.

______________

Al-Anbya 21:77

And We made him [Noah] prevail over those who had rejected Our signs. They were truly an evil people, so We drowned them all.

______________

INTRODUCING ISLAM TO BEGINNERS, ESPECIALLY TO NON-MUSLIMS

Islam is the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him (SallAllahu ‘alaihi wa Sallam) as the final Prophet of God Almighty (Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala).

In Arabic, Islām means ‘SUBMISSION,' from 'aslama which means to ‘SUBMIT (to God Almighty),' The word ISLAM in Arabic also means PEACE.

HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MUSLIM

To become a Muslim, one simply declares the testimony of faith (in Arabic, it is called the shahada) with full conviction, in the presence of a witness. 

We wish to clarify that the whole matter is very easy, plain and simple, no water dipping, no money exchanged, and no certificate. The testimony of faith in Arabic is:

اشهدانلاإلهإلااللهواشهدانمحمدالرسولالله

Ash hadu an laa ilaaha illAllah

I bear witness that there is nothing worthy of worship except God Almighty [Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala].

Wa ash hadu anna Muhammadar Rasul Allah, 

and I bear witness that Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him) is the Messenger of Allah.

FIVE (5) PILLARS OF ISLAM

The Shahada is the first pillar of Islam and that is what makes one a Muslim. The five (5) pillars of Islam consist of:

The testimony of faith (Shahada)

Five daily prayers (Salat)

Giving charity to the needy (Zakat)

Fasting the month of Ramadan

Performing the Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah) once in one’s lifetime, if able to do it.

ARTICLES OF FAITH

Faith is to believe in Allah, His Angels, His Books (including the Torah and the Bible), His Messengers (from Adam to Jesus to Muhammad), the Last Day (Day of Judgement), and to believe in providence, its good and its perceived harm.

IHSAN

Excellence is to worship Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta’ala) as if you see Him, or if you do not see Him, know that He surely sees you.

REFERENCES:

Al-Baqarah 2:208

O believers! Enter into Islam wholeheartedly and do not follow Satan’s footsteps. Surely he is your sworn enemy.

_____________

Ali 'Imran 3:19

True Religion, in God’s eyes, is Islam [devotion to Him alone]. Those who were given the Scripture did not dispute ˹among themselves˺ out of mutual envy until knowledge came to them. Whoever denies Allah’s signs, then surely Allah is swift in reckoning.

_____________

Ali 'Imran 3:85

Whoever seeks a way other than [Islam] complete devotion to God Almighty, it will not be accepted from them, and in the Hereafter they will be among the losers.

_____________

Al-Ma'idah 5:3

Forbidden to you are carrion, blood, and swine; what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah; what is killed by strangling, beating, a fall, or by being gored to death; what is partly eaten by a predator unless you slaughter it; and what is sacrificed on altars. 

You are also forbidden to draw lots for decisions. This is all evil. Today the disbelievers have given up all hope of ˹undermining˺ your faith. So do not fear them; fear Me! 

Today I have perfected your faith for you, completed My favor upon you, and chosen Islam as your way. But whoever is compelled by extreme hunger—not intending to sin—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

______________

At-Tawbah 9:33

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹true˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others, even to the dismay of the polytheists.

_____________

Al-Fath 48:28

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹right˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others. And sufficient is Allah as a Witness.

____________

As-Saff 61:9

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹true˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others, even to the dismay of the polytheists.

______________

Al-Anbya 21:77

And We made him [Noah] prevail over those who had rejected Our signs. They were truly an evil people, so We drowned them all.

______________

____________

SHORT

INTRODUCING ISLAM TO BEGINNERS, ESPECIALLY TO NON-MUSLIMS

Islam is the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him (SallAllahu ‘alaihi wa Sallam) as the final Prophet of God Almighty (Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala).

In Arabic, Islām means ‘SUBMISSION,' from 'aslama which means to ‘SUBMIT (to God Almighty),' The word ISLAM in Arabic also means PEACE.

HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MUSLIM

To become a Muslim, one simply declares the testimony of faith (in Arabic, it is called the shahada) with full conviction, in the presence of a witness. 

We wish to clarify that the whole matter is very easy, plain and simple, no water dipping, no money exchanged, and no certificate. The testimony of faith in Arabic is:

اشهد ان لا إله إلا الله و اشهد ان محمد الرسول الله

Ash hadu an laa ilaaha illAllah

I bear witness that there is nothing worthy of worship except God Almighty [Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala].

Wa ash hadu anna Muhammadar Rasul Allah, 

and I bear witness that Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him) is the Messenger of Allah.

FIVE (5) PILLARS OF ISLAM

The Shahada is the first pillar of Islam and that is what makes one a Muslim. The five (5) pillars of Islam consist of:

The testimony of faith (Shahada)

Five daily prayers (Salat)

Giving charity to the needy (Zakat)

Fasting the month of Ramadan

Performing the Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah) once in one’s lifetime, if able to do it.

ARTICLES OF FAITH

Faith is to believe in Allah, His Angels, His Books (including the Torah and the Bible), His Messengers (from Adam to Jesus to Muhammad), the Last Day (Day of Judgement), and to believe in providence, its good and its perceived harm.

IHSAN

Excellence is to worship Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta’ala) as if you see Him, or if you do not see Him, know that He surely sees you.

[monsooninn]

Berakhot 11b: 18. "The Barzel."

In the prior frame, I establish the fact the Mishnah, all Mishnah are a type of stochastic progression that results from the peculiar nature of the Alefbeis. Within, there is proof no matter how one performs Gemara, the Lord Most High will tell us what we need to know.

The Master of the Disciplines of the Hymns, Rabbi Ha'Manuna said:

18. And Rabbi Ha'Manuna said: "He who chose us from all the nations and gave us his Torah. Blessed are you, O Lord, the Giver of the Torah.' Rabbi Ha'Manuna said: This is an excellent one in the blessings.

The Value in Gematria is 8387, חג‎חז‎‎, haghaz, "celebrate with iron."

Below is proof my Gemara is correct and true, as is the Mishnah. God has chosen us to exalt mankind from the lizard he has become:

"The masculine noun ברזל (barzel) means iron, and it's a mystery where it came from, and thus what iron literally meant to the ancients (unlike English, Hebrew words are commonly part of large families of similar words, and words that look alike commonly have similar meanings).

Older dictionaries commonly attach our noun ברזל (barzel) to the verb ברז (baraz), to pierce, on account that iron objects were commonly used to skewer things, but fail to explain where the final ל (lamed) might have come from (as this is not at all a common suffix), or why bronze wasn't called after ברז (baraz), since bronze was used to skewer things long before iron was.

More modern commentators confidently declare that the quadriliteral (four-letter) word ברזל (brzl), meaning iron, existed all over the Semitic language spectrum and appears to have originated in Hittite (as barzillu), or else a Phoenician dialect, but obviously, there's no way to tell what barzillu might have literally meant and thus what sentiment iron was named after. The Arabic firzil and even the familiar Latin ferrum all derive from our source word ברזל (brzl), but it remains utterly unclear what the first users of that word had meant to say with it.

However, words were extremely important to the Hebrews and language sat enthroned like a deity at the heart of Jewish society — quite literally; see our article on the name YHWH, the name of the Lord, which was probably the Hebrew way of saying ABC. Linguistic science was considered a very important part of worship and Hebrew linguists rarely did things for no reason.

Iron ushered in a new age, and the Iron Age began around the same time that the alphabet was completed (Psalm 16:10), when mass literacy became the norm and every ordinary man began to have access to the recorded history and science that until then was the prerogative of highly specialized priests (Exodus 19:6). If these brilliant scholars indeed accepted the word ברזל (barzel) from a foreign language, and adopted it without altering it to their design (like they commonly did with famous names; see our article on Amraphel), it must have meant something fitting to them, in Hebrew.

Most Hebrew words consist of three letters, and words of two of four letters can often easily be derived from a triliteral root. Not so with ברזל (barzel), and that makes it likely that this word looked sufficiently enough like one or more meaningful compounds of multiple existing words. Or perhaps better formulated: our word ברזל (barzel) was accepted into the Hebrew vocabulary because, despite its irrelevant original meaning, it clearly declared what the ancient Hebrews thought of iron.

The Iron Age started around the time of David (10th century BC) but by then, iron had been known about for thousands of years and iron smelting had been going on since the Middle Bronze Age (centuries before iron overtook bronze as the choice metal for tools and weapons). That means that iron had originally been rejected, and that the Iron Age began not when ancient engineers figured how to work it, but when their warnings began to be ignored.

The word ברזל (barzel) may have resembled a compound based on the verb רזה (raza), to grow thin or to waste away, and particularly the noun רזי (razi), a wasting away, combined with לי (le ay), to me, as used in Isaiah's (8th century BC) haunting cry: "From the ends of the earth we hear songs, "Glory to the Righteous One," But I say, "Woe to me! (רזי־לי, razi-lay) Woe to me! (רזי־לי, razi-lay); Alas for me! The treacherous deal treacherously, and the treacherous deal very treacherously"" (Isaiah 24:16). The leading ב (b) could be ascribed to the particle ב (be), meaning in. And the whole compound ברזל (barzel) could be construed as a compressed version of ברזי־לי, b'razi-lay, meaning "in [this is] the demise of [everyone]".

Another way to explain our noun ברזל (barzel) is as a compound of the adjective בר (bar), meaning pure or clean, from the root we mentioned earlier: ברר (barar), to be pure or clean. The second part could be construed to come from the verb זלל (zalal), which sometimes means to shake or agitate, but mostly means to be worthless or make light of (the related verb זול, zul, means to be cheap or of little value).

Psalm 12:6 reads: "The words of the Lord are pure words; As silver tried in a furnace on the earth, refined seven times." Psalm 12:8 reads: "The wicked strut about on every side, when worthlessness (from זלל, zalal) is exalted among the sons of men."

[sorrymyrabbisaidno]

I'm learning more hebrew and verbs are so cool! Like the three word stem is so neat. Triliteral root systems are so cool! And it makes me wonder why it seems unique to semitic languages. It makes me want to learn more. Maybe when I get money I'll try to find a hebrew workbook.

[almaqead]

"Ghaib: What Allah Sees." From Surah 2, Al Baqarah, "the Heifer."

Saturation with knowledge, Ghaib in Arabic is a process that creates a Clear Proof of what is correct and holy. Ghaib is essential for Right Guidance as it discredits what is impure or immoral, leaving behind what is logical and good, what consists of Masjid or Refuge.

Should God see what is unholy, He will indeed know what it is. A man will hide from it and pretend not to know. A pilgrim of Islam wants to know what is Holy and appear to be as Holy as possible before the Eyes of God lest he be forced to give up Refuge.

Ghaib guarantees the presence of Refuge from behind the mind by exposing its logic, by bleaching it of sinister thoughts with Knowledge of God found in the Quran.

All men must take Refuge in the Quran and act as if they know God through Ghaib if they are to be Rightly Guided and achieve Masjid. Rejection of the Refuge is rejection of God and is cause for punishment:

I.e. "To the wise, Allah is the Most Merciful, the Especially Merciful, to the corrupt, He is severe in punishment." If this statement is not true, then all we about God know is false.

So the purpose of Ghaib is to understand "What is unseen but knowable" in order to maintain the tangibility of Refuge.

Al-Ghaib is an Arabic expression used to convey that something is concealed (unseen). It is an important concept in Islam, encompassing not only the realm of the divine, including angels, paradise, and hell, but also future events, which only God knows.[1] Jinn (daemons), who are also generally invisible but bound to earthly lives, are thought be restricted from the unseen as humans are.[2]

In the Quran it has 6 forms and 3 meanings. But it can also be used in a general sense to refer to something that is known to some but concealed from others.

Meaning

In Arabic, al-Ghaib refers to anything that is hidden in some manner. The term is composed of two words (a definitive article and an adjective), "al" and "Ghaib", literally translating to "the" and "unseen" respectively. It possesses multiple intricate meanings stemming out from the figurative translation "the depth of the well."[3] Given that the bottom of the well is visually concealed as a result of its depth, its contents are generally undeterminable.

Al-Ghaib therefore refers to that which is absent, hidden, or concealed.[4] Like majority of adjectives in the Arabic language, al-Ghaib has a triliteral or triconsonantal root. It is composed of three root letters غ ي ب (gaain, yaa, baa), roughly tantamount to g-y-b respectively in the English language.

In Islam

In the Islamic context, al-Ghaib refers to transcendental or divine secrets. It is mentioned in sixty different places in the Qur'an, in six different forms. It has three primary meanings:[5]

Absent – "That is so al-'Azeez will know that I did not betray him in [his] absence and that Allah does not guide the plan of betrayers."[6] (12:52)

The Unknown or Hidden – "[Allah is] Knower of the unseen and the witnessed, the Grand, the Exalted."[7] (13:9)

The Future – "Say, "I hold not for myself [the power of] benefit or harm, except what Allah has willed. And if I knew the unseen, I could have acquired much wealth, and no harm would have touched me. I am not except a warner and a bringer of good tidings to a people who believe." " [8] (7:188) [5]

There are two types of Ghaib

1. Al-Ghaib al-Mutlaq (الغيب المطلق) - Absolute Ghaib refers to all knowledge that is unseen or concealed and is only known to Allah. As stated in the Quran: "And with Him are the keys of the Ghayb (all that is hidden), none knows them but He…" [9] (6:59) [10]

Examples of this form of Ghaib are illustrated in the narrations of Muhammad: It is narrated that Abdullah bin `Umar said that the Messenger of Allah said, "The Keys of the Ghaib (unseen knowledge) are five, nobody knows them but Allah. Nobody knows what will happen tomorrow except Allah; nobody knows what is in the womb except Allah; nobody knows when it will rain except Allah; no soul knows at what place he will die except Allah; and nobody knows when the (Final) Hour will begin except Allah.) [11]

2. Al-Ghaib al-Nisbi (الغيب النسبي) - Relative Ghaib is proportionate to an individual and their situation; hence it is apparent to some while hidden from others. An example to illustrate this notion is that of a class in which the students can see the lecturer, hear the content of the lecture, and the conversations that take place in the classroom, while those outside are unaware of the occurrences in the classroom.[10]

Belief in al-Ghaib

It is a fundamental constituent in a Muslim’s belief system to believe in the unseen. As illustrated in the Quran numerous times: "... it [theQuran] is guidance for the righteous… for those who believe in the unseen" (2:3-4).

These verses are mentioned at the beginning of the Quran as core characteristics of a believer and consequently all six articles of faith are based on this notion of "the unseen". The six articles of faith in Islam are:

Belief in God

Belief in the Angels

Belief in Divine Books

Belief in the Prophets

Belief in the Day of Judgment

Belief in God's predestination

As stated in a narration ascribed to Muhammad

"Iman is that you believe in Allah and His Angels and His Books and His Messengers and the Hereafter and the good and evil fate [ordained by your God]."[12]

Examples in Islamic texts.

In Islamic context, (al-)Ghaib (غيب) is (the) unseen and unknown, in reference to God (allah) and the forces that shape the world.[13] The Quran states that man (mankind) is unable to see God and his attributes. Belief in al-Ghaib is considered an important Muslim characteristic, as it allows for prayer and faith.

…قَالَ أَلَمْ أَقُل لَّكُمْ إِنِّي أَعْلَمُ غَيْبَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَأَعْلَمُ مَا تُبْدُونَ وَمَا كُنتُمْ تَكْتُمُونَ

"He said, "Did I not tell you that I know the unseen [aspects] of the heavens and the earth? And I know what you reveal and what you have concealed." (2:33)

قُل لَّا أَقُولُ لَكُمْ عِندِي خَزَائِنُ اللَّهِ وَلَا أَعْلَمُ الْغَيْبَ وَلَا أَقُولُ لَكُمْ إِنِّي مَلَكٌ ۖ إِنْ أَتَّبِعُ إِلَّا مَا يُوحَى إِلَيَّ

"Say, [O Muhammad], "I do not tell you that I have the depositories [containing the provision] of God or that I know the unseen, nor do I tell you that I am an angel. I only follow what is revealed to me." (6:50)

وَعِندَهُ مَفَاتِحُ الْغَيْبِ لَا يَعْلَمُهَا إِلَّا هُوَ ۚ وَيَعْلَمُ مَا فِي الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ ۚ وَمَا تَسْقُطُ مِن وَرَقَةٍ إِلَّا يَعْلَمُهَا وَلَا حَبَّةٍ فِي ظُلُمَاتِ الْأَرْضِ وَلَا رَطْبٍ وَلَا يَابِسٍ إِلَّا ��ِي كِتَابٍ مُّبِينٍ

"And with Him are the keys of the unseen; none knows them except Him. And He knows what is on the land and in the sea. Not a leaf falls but that He knows it. And no grain is there within the darknesses of the earth and no moist or dry [thing] but that it is [written] in the clear book." (6:59)

Ghaib Explained in Baqarah

2:204-205 

And of the people is he whose speech pleases you in worldly life, and he calls Allah to witness as to what is in his heart, yet he is the fiercest of opponents.

 And when he goes away, he strives throughout the land to cause corruption therein and destroy crops and animals. And Allah does not like corruption.

What is said reflects what is known. Lies kill the truth, they can kill plants, animals, and the land, they interfere with God's ability to provide the world with Masjid, AKA refuge.

When the refuge of Masjid cannot be seen or felt because of lies and corruption , there must be retribution against the opponents of Masjid. All attemps at retribution for the loss of Masjid must be visible, there must be a Ghaib, a revelation of the Clear Proof the Law of Refuge is being enforced:

2:206-212:

"And when it is said to him, "Fear Allah," pride in the sin takes hold of him. Sufficient for him is Hellfire, and how wretched is the resting place.

And of the people is he who sells himself, seeking means to the approval of Allah . And Allah is kind to [His] servants.

O you who have believed, enter into Islam completely [and perfectly] and do not follow the footsteps of Satan. Indeed, he is to you a clear enemy.

But if you deviate after clear proofs have come to you, then know that Allah is Exalted in Might and Wise.

Do they await but that Allah should come to them in covers of clouds and the angels [as well] and the matter is [then] decided? And to Allah [all] matters are returned.

Ask the Children of Israel how many clear signs We have given them. And whoever trades Allah’s favour—after receiving it—˹for disbelief˺ should know that Allah is indeed severe in punishment.

Beautified for those who disbelieve is the life of this world, and they ridicule those who believe. But those who fear Allah are above them on the Day of Resurrection. And Allah gives provision to whom He wills without account."

In the Torah, God flooded the earth to end its apparently endless thirst for bloodshed, He punished Pharaoh and the Egyptians for engaging in the slave trade, He punished the Israelites for having an worshipping gold and sex when they old enough to know better.

We have received the Law. It is not Hidden. We all know what it says, we all believe. There can be no observable differences between believers and actors within the scope of the law. There must be evidence Paradise exists. This means there can be no hidden seeds of sin within the parched soil of the heart waiting for rain to awaken them, and all corruption must be severey punished out in the open.

This is the essence of the practices associated with Ghaib, the Clear Proof of the Unknowable found in the Quran.

2:214-216 

 Or do you think that you will enter Paradise while such [trial] has not yet come to you as came to those who passed on before you? They were touched by poverty and hardship and were shaken until [even their] messenger and those who believed with him said,"When is the help of Allah ?" Unquestionably, the help of Allah is near.

They ask you, [O Muhammad], what they should spend. Say, "Whatever you spend of good is [to be] for parents and relatives and orphans and the needy and the traveler. And whatever you do of good - indeed, Allah is Knowing of it."

Fighting has been enjoined upon you while it is hateful to you. But perhaps you hate a thing and it is good for you; and perhaps you love a thing and it is bad for you. And Allah Knows, while you know not.

Muhammad was not particularly introspective. He did not think mankind should have to dig in order to understand God's plans for us. Even still as we continue to develop this Hadith, we see how important discrimination between what we think and what God wants us to know forms a critical path within the Quran.

Right Guidance is the objective, Qiblah is the direction, Haram is the destination, how we accommodate what we see along the way is Ghaib. Hadith is a clear record of all that results from Ghaib.

Hadith helps others in search of answers within the Quran and the Religion make their way with greater accuracy and vulnerability to misdirection. Of all the Sacraments named so far, Ghaib is the most important for understanding one's Qiblah and the Qiblah of God's Prophet and its conclusion in a global Masjid.

[senzacaponecoda]

crank theory

forget if i wrote it out before

basically every afroasiatic family shows signs of a perfective verb corresponding to an imperfective "reduplicated" verb

these are also generally associated with two systems for show their phi features; typically suffixing on the perfective, prefixing on the imperfective.

hypothetic root p r s would give something like

parusa, yaparrusa

Biliteral verbs were present in most daughter languages and regardless of controversies to their prominence vis a vis triliteral roots, were a thing. Following the above, we might reconstruct

bina, yabinna

Egyptian did not show the latter prefixes, but does show some evidence based on coptic reflexes of separate "sDm.f" forms, one reduplicated.

Vowel length seems to have played a role in most AA families, but its role in Egyptian was neutralized sometime before Old Egyptian, making it basically preditable and not morphological at that stage.

Long vowels are a feature that correlates, but not exactly, to systems with iambic stress. Two to three mora a foot, three only if the second syllable is long.

Conversely, trochaic meters are associated with phonologically (if not phonemically) level length systems, two mora a foot.

(extra moras can be parsed into what I can only remember my phonology teacher calling "shitty little feet" or unparsed moras. Both are suboptimal.)

Feet can be left aligned or right aligned. (moras want to be aligned into feet, and this grouping can either begin on the left or right of a word. If feet are right aligned, suboptimal moras are to the left, and vice versa)

Stress is cross linguistically associated with long syllables.

What was likely for PAA, assuming the yaparrusa stem is essentially accurate?

RI

pa(rusá), (yapár)(rusá) or ya(pár)(rusá)

(biná), yabinna [scrungly, either na is a full foot resulting in stress clash or you get a μμ.μ foot that no one likes]

LI

(parú)sa, (yapár)(rusá)

(biná), (yabín)na

RT

pa(rúsa), (yápar)(rúsa) [first foot is bad because stressed light syllable followed by heavy]

(bína), (yábin)na

LT

(páru)sa, (yápar)(rúsa) [bad, stressed minor]

(bína), (yábin)na

The best fit is left aligned iambs.

Funny thing, stress is roughly correlated with word order. Afroasiatic pretty uncontroversially reconstructs as a verb initial language. These are associated with trochees, or foot initial stress.

What happens if you're, like, a bunch of river dwellers who just got ag and then conquered by or just somehow linguistically absorbed a small amount of southerners from upriver such that language shift occurs? Like say a bunch of p celts conquered by a small number german danes in some irrelevant isle. Level the verb system, normalize a lot of the phonetics to your own, etc, right?

Maybe trochees are more natural for a ton of reasons?

But you don't just start stressing all the wrong syllables. You keep the stress in the same place

(parú)sa (yapár)(rusá) => pa(rúsa) ya(pár)(rúsa)

(biná) (yabín)na => bi(ná?) ya(bín)na

Shifting the stress in perfetive stems to the initial syllable is well motivated internally; it places the stress on the same mora as in the imperfective stem. It creates analogy which is easier on speakers (it's often easier to say polysyllabic words without trisyllabic laxening).

The imperfective stems create other issues, though. But the 2lt stem in particular leaves it pretty much inevitable that one of the edge syllables is unparsed. You could solve that by introducing assymmetries like lengthening ya or na, and I think some other Afroasiatic did that. You could also delete the n mu in bin, another asymmetry.

Common to both yaparrusa and yabinna though is an awkward second syllable heavy. Assuming feet stayed left aligned (which is parsimonious), what I think happened in the history of Egyptian is just that the prefixes syllables just became unlicensed. They didn't carry a ton of information as they just bared the phi features that was already lower information than the newer pronoun systems reflected in the independent or suffixing pronouns; the variable nature of the second half of the verb was more important.

And, importantly, was also not against the edge of the phrase, where voicing and pitch tends to be suppressed and is prone to loss. Unlike the prefix conjugation radicals.

Unlicensed and typologically unideal the prefix conjugation was lost while the Egyptian phonological system shifted to left aligned trochees. Which later manifested in Egyptian's notoriously weak right edge and erosion, before Coptic started agglutinating prefixes. And preserves the signals of long consonants, without inserting long vowels at either edge of the verb.

Process would have also unlicensed the m- series of participles, which is why they weren't productive. The causative su probably escaped by virture of intervening between the prefix conjugation and the root. The participles were incompatible with the finitude of the prefix conjugation, however.

[julaibib]

The Arabic word 'love' / المحبة is derived from the triliteral root ح ب ب, which can mean seed. Ali Al-Hujwiri (d. 465 A.H.) writes: "Love is equated with a seed, because love is the basis of life, just as seeds are the basis of plants."¹

¹ Ali Al-Hujwiri. (2007). Kashf Al-Mahjūb. Cairo: Maktaba Al-Thaqāfa Al-Dīnīyya, pp. 336-337.

[yaeggravate]

been thinking about this more and (tl;dr: seelies are angels):

there have been a couple of mentions of divine/heavenly envoys who would deliver messages from celestia to humans.

though no direct confirmation, reading the following lines from nabu malikata it sounds like the heavenly envoys could actually be the seelies.

Nabu Malikata: Nevertheless, hide my lesson in your heart. Remember the punishment that once was inflicted on the fallen envoys of heaven. Nabu Malikata: It was a faraway time of calm and peace. Divine envoys spoke openly with the people then, bringing them the word from the heavens… Nabu Malikata: But, in time, invaders descended from beyond the firmament, bringing with them destruction, overturning rivers, spreading plagues… […] We then suffered the torment of exile. Stripped was our connection to heaven, to our powers of enlightenment…

note: angel can also mean messenger.

ἄγγελος • (ángelos) a messenger, (later) angel, heavenly spirit

The Quranic word for angel (Arabic: ملك, romanized: malak) derives either from Malaka, meaning "he controlled", due to their power to govern different affairs assigned to them, or from the triliteral root '-l-k, l-'-k or m-l-k with the broad meaning of a "messenger", just as its counterpart in Hebrew (malʾákh).

in the book drunkard's tale, a lone wolf king meets a maiden, possibly a seelie, who is lamenting her fate. she sings in a language he has never heard before:

"The last singers, the first Seelie, they played their final tune in the halls of angels."

furthermore, this mural in dragonspine depicts a being with wings and possibly horns or a crown? gifting the humans something luminous in the shape of a flower....

translated, the writing next to it says:

Fidelis angeli iuvant: The angels help the faithful

description from the loading screen:

Now you see them, now you don't. Once a mighty race that lived to guide mankind, now the most Seelie offer is a little treasure to willing followers.

Theory: Kaeya's Vision was Given to Him by The Sinner and his Vision Gives us a Major Hint as to The Sinner's Identity.

can we talk about kaeya's vision? i've been dying to talk about kaeya's vision again.

(spoilers for everything up until 4.2)

good news, we finally got some more insight on what visions are! according to neuvilette's character story, when a person's desire reaches the heavens, archons are dutybound to put aside a shard of their mastery for them. this "mastery" originally belongs to the seven sovereigns.

To continue to subdue and control the resentments and loathing of the world, the usurper and one who came after created the Gnoses together. So it came to be that an order was made to be upheld, and thus did humans come to only possess these seven remembrances, and all fragments of the primordial were driven to devour each other. From that day on, whenever a person's wishes reached the heavens, the seven overseers of the material realm were duty-bound to grant them a gift. Though they might know nothing of who or what wish had stepped into the threshold of the sacred, the Seven Archons still had to impart a shattered shard of their mastery to that person.

after focalors destroyed the throne of the hydro archon, neuvilette gained complete authority over the hydro element. because he's a nice guy, he decided to also put aside some of his mastery to grant visions to people.

furina is one such person.

here's the cool part; her vision looks different from other fontainians. the decoration combines ousia and pneuma elements and there are four little fangs holding the vision in place.

KAEYA'S VISION

that brings me back to the conundrum that is kaeya's vision. before furina, he was the only character with a vision that deviated from the norm.

there are two unique oddities about his standard vision: it's missing two wings; the strings on the back are on the other side: this is an indication that it's mirrored.

(for simplicity's sake i will ignore the vision on his other outfit since it's essentially modified to match zosimos' design.)

what if kaeya's situation is similar to furina's? and i'm not just talking about their never-ending masquerade… what if his vision was granted by someone else?

WHY ARE THE STRINGS ON THE RIGHT SIDE?

i have briefly talked about this before but mirrors are associated with the abyss. this lead me to believe that it's possible that kaeya's vision might have been given by the abyss/the sinner.

it's relatively common knowledge by now that kaeya's kit shares similarities with abyss mages and heralds and that many khaenri'ahns were turned into abyssal creatures, (possibly due to them being in a similar situation as jakob ingold who possessed a "bit of the dark cold cosmos's power").

Paimon: And you said the people turned into monsters... You're trying to tell Paimon that the Abyss Order is not only related to Khaenri'ah but is actually the people of Khaenri'ah themselves!?

with the new information given, this theory seems more plausible. if neuvilette can give out visions, why not mr. purple crystal as well? if wishes can reach the "heavens", couldn't they also reach the abyss? we saw the crystal respond to clothar's praying and display a bit of creepy omniscience so you know it's powerful.

WHY IS THE VISION MISSING WINGS?

consider that the fangs on furina's vision is neuvilette's tongue-in-cheek way of hinting at him being a dragon, as his own personal touch. then could clipped wings hint towards the identity of whoever gave kaeya his vision? what do clipped wings indicate? fallen angels. what's a fallen angel? a sinner. 😏💯

Fallen angels are angels who were expelled from heaven. The literal term "fallen angel" does not appear in any Abrahamic religious texts, but is used to describe angels cast out of heaven or angels who sinned. Such angels often tempt humans to sin.

fun fact, the abyss mages are always chanting in ENOCHIAN which is popularized as the language of the angels.

The script for this language appears while Abyss Mages are chanting to regenerate their shields as well as over their heads when performing spells outside of combat. […] The script also appears in the yellow protective runes around the weak points of Automatons, where the mirrored glyphs for B, L, and G circle around the core. Ruin Guards are known to have been made by the people of Khaenri'ah, many of whom turned into "monsters of the Abyss," so this script was possibly used in Khaenri'ah as well.

perhaps a reach but kaeya has one giant wing on his outfit, possibly a reference to the most famous video game villain in history, sephiroth, the one-winged angel?

this one is not a reach because kaeya also owns a book called the adventures of angelos. angelos is from greek ἄγγελος which means angel.

Between the pages of "The Adventures of Angelos," you find a list of names written on a sheet of official Knights of Favonius letterhead paper.

another fun fact, nabu malikata's last name malikata, besides meaning queen, could also mean angels.

In Islam, angels (Arabic: ملاك٬ ملك‎, romanized: malāk; plural: ملائِكة‎, malāʾik/malāʾikah) are believed to be heavenly beings.

nabu malikata is a survivor of the seelie race who were abandoned by the heavens. she is also the originator of the jinn. huh, i wonder why kaeya gifted us a seemingly random lamp which is said to have housed a powerful jinni...

all this is pointing to the sinner being a fallen angel which makes sense since the archons have demonic names from the ars goetia, it stands to reason that higher abyssal beings should have angelic names.

in islam, there is a fallen angel named iblis who had four wings (like kaeya's vision) and who was chained up in the deepest part of hell (like the sinner), whose original name was azazil. khaenri'ah has some ties to arabic mythology, so who knows? this is just one possibility. the names of some of the angels ARE referenced in mona's magic circle but not azazil.

the interesting part about the crystal is that he denies being a god and addresses the traveller as "creature"… there has been some speculation that the dragon king nibelung is the sinner, but we honestly don't have enough information to make that leap.

WHY DOES THE VISION HAVE A MONDSTADT CASING?

khaenri'ah was outside of the rule of the seven, hidden from the gaze of the gods. we don't know yet if in days of old khaenri'ahns could receive visions but we do have dainsleif's character card to give us a clue.

The listed name of his Vision's element, as announced on his Chinese Character Card, is a set of indecipherable symbols.

so dainsleif does have a vision; it's just that it has manifested as something else, possibly because unlike kaeya-seemingly a normal human-he is cursed.

in any case, we've seen wanderer receive a complete sumeru vision despite not even being from there and arlecchino has a shneznayan casing despite loving her homeland fontaine. (although there might be some other shit going on with her.)

this means vision casings are tied to the region the receiver is in and has nothing to do with where a person is born. if neuvilette were to gift someone from outside fontaine a hydro vision, they would receive a casing from the region they're in. fontainians have pneuma or ousia alignments but arlecchino's shneznayan vision has no indication of what she is aligned with. though again, arlecchino is not a normal human being, who knows what's going on there.

Along with Divinity: Prologue [...] we should be conscious of the fact that what shapes our thinking, logic, culture, philosophy and aesthetics is not the archons themselves, but the objective environment that exists around us. This world around us is what we have inherited, and what this book shows is that the people of Teyvat have always been, and always will be, heirs to a divine legacy — but not to divinity itself.

(also thought it was pretty interesting how capitano calls the gnosis, the gnosis from inazuma instead of "the electro gnosis" or the "gnosis from the electro archon".)

aaand scene. please note that this is all kind of jumbled wild speculation and should not be taken as fact! this is all in good fun.

[im-mender]

JKR is a triliteral root from when english used to be a semitic language. The only remaining evidence of its existence is in the word "joker"

[yuk-tepat]

Typology

You know what analytical/isolating, agglutinative, and fusional languages are, I presume. You’ve heard about heads and dependents and word-orders, you can tell the difference between head-initial and head-final. You know what SOV, SVO, VSO, VOS, OVS, and OSV mean, and which ones like prepositions and which ones like postpositions. Maybe you know what an ergative language is. Is that all? What else do you know about your language? Some things to think  about:

Does your language have vowel harmony? OK, but does it have consonant harmony?

What restrictions does it place on the shape of roots? Are they different from restrictions on the shape of words or syllables? Can the same phoneme occur twice in a root? Are phonemes from the same class required, or banned?

Is its prosody stress-timed, syllable-timed, or mora-timed?

If it’s tonal, does it have contour tones? Is tone lexically determined? Does each syllable have marked tone?

Does your language mark grammatical relations in clauses? Does it bother to mark them at all?

Is your language accusative, ergative, tripartite, transitive, or neutral?

Is your ergative language totally ergative or split-ergative?

Does it have active-stative alignment? What determines the alignment of intransitive subjects? The semantics of the subject? The semantics of the verb? Something else?

Is it a topic-prominent language?

Does it use some other system, like an Austronesian ‘trigger’ system, or direct-inverse marking? What determines the order / marking of the arguments? An animacy hierarchy?

Does it mark experiencers of experiential verbs like agents or patients or something else?

Does your language have any ditransitive verbs? Is it dechticaetive or secundative?

Can a sentence omit any argument of the verb? Only the subject? No arguments at all?

What is the word order, and what determines it?

Is it consistently head-final or head-initial, or mixed? And where does the split occur?

Is there V2 order, or another unusual order?

Do certain structures, like subordinate clauses or questions, require different orders?

Does something other than syntactic relations determine word order?

Do relative clauses precede their head, or follow their head, or does it have internally-headed relative clauses?

Does it use a relative pronoun, another linking word, a special inflection, or no marking on the relative clause?

Does it allow gaps in a relative clause, or require resumptive pronouns?

Does it use some less common relativization strategy, like correlative constructions?

Is your language highly deranking? Are coordinate or subordinate constructions more marked?

Do you allow serial verbs?

Is your language head-marking or dependent-marking? Or double-marking? Or zero-marking? Or marks relations on something else?

Is your language inconsistent in marking type? Where does the split occur? Is there a pattern? (E.g., head-marked clauses and dependent-marked noun phrases in Bantu.)

Is your language synthetic?

Does your language have derivational morphology, but no inflectional morphology?

Do morphemes tack on to each other like legos, one after the other, in linear order? Or not?

Does it have portmanteau morphemes?

Does it have non-concatenating morphology?

Does it have templatic morphology (e.g., Semitic triliteral roots)

Is there a limit to the number of morphemes you can tack onto a root?

Do the morphemes occur in a fixed order, or can you change the order, say to indicate scope?

Do you allow multiple roots in one word form, or does each complex word have only one root, no matter how many derivations and inflections you apply to it?

Can verbs incorporate multiple verb roots?

Can verbs incorporate nouns?

If a verb incorporates a possessed noun, does the possessor get marked on its person-marking

How many different arguments are indexed in your verbs’ person-marking? None? Only subject? Subject and object? Indirect objects too? Non-core arguments?

How do you construct comparatives?

Do you use a case form or adposition, or a particle like ‘than’?

Do you have ‘exceed’ comparatives, positive-negative comparatives, or topical comparatives?

Are motion events verb-framing or satellite-framing?

For satellite-framing languages, are the motion verbs manner-conflating or figure-conflating? Or even ground-conflating?

Do you mark evidentiality?

Do you distinguish alienable and inalienable possession?

Does your language have a copula? Multiple copulas? Does it have a separate existential verb? Does it have a ‘have’ verb?

Does it have separate words for ‘tree’ and ‘wood’?

[amante-de-idiomas]

Bismillaah

Assalaamu ‘alaikum and hello 😊

🌺 Ramadhan Mubarak رمضان مبارك to all Muslims! 🌺

Readers! It's true that gratitude improves your attitude, so today, let's explore 8 words related to gratitude in Arabic and more, InshaaAllah. Please do enjoy this heartening Ramadhan special on The Word Collector 2. Happy reading! ;)

Be sure to follow this link, if you’re interested in reading about The Word Collector 2′s latest post. Here ya go: 8 Words Related to Gratitude in Arabic

[sammusbird]

In early medieval England, when Rome was gone and they hadn’t started minting their own coinage (England was lots of different countries then), they used Arabic coins! https://www.jstor.org/stable/42667284 (this is on coins found from around the 1100s in England!)

And here’s an excerpt from Wikipedia showing how widespread using Arabic coins was, reaching across Europe- “It is now generally accepted that mancus derives from the Arabic word منقوش manqūsh (from the triliteral verbal root n-q-sh 'to sculpt, engrave, inscribe')” Mancus was a widespread European word for money from the late 700s to 1300s.

Basically, even in medieval Europe, people latched onto the nearest legal tender they could use, even if it was from as far away as the Abbasid Caliphate!

Do you ever have a passive gripe with the way trade is represented in medieval/sci-fi/post-apocalyptic fiction? I can't shake the feeling that those are societies that have moved beyond the need for abstract currency - that such forms of trade are more a concession for the viewer to analogize trade to our world instead of offering some kind of unique barter for a world.

A medieval peasant isn't gonna want gold coins for jack because the next trade caravan is two seasons away, they'd much rather a useful tool or some extra fertilizer. Credits in science fiction universes can become worthless due to Future™️ hackers setting their bank accounts to extraordinarily high values, so extra parts for firearms and spaceships are much more useful. Caps in Fallout just make no sense in a world where food and water are few and far between!

I feel unreasonably grumpy about this and I wanted to know if you have any kind of insight to this kind of thing.

There are a couple of only partly related problems here:

1. The idea that the economies of most sci-fi and fantasy settings, as depicted, don't make any sense. This is absolutely true, because most science fiction and fantasy authors don't really think about that sort of thing – their settings only have economies to the extent that the details of those economies are relevant to the plot, which they usually aren't.

2. The idea that it doesn't make sense for currency to exist in these settings because most of them logically ought to have barter economies. The trouble with this assertion is that there's no such thing as a barter economy. Yes, you can describe what one would look like, but no civilisation which has ever actually existed has operated in this fashion. It's a made-up idea – at best, a spherical-cow approximation of how the exchange of goods and services operates in a stateless society, and at worst, complete bullshit.

Consequently, whether or not it makes sense for anything like currency to exist is going to depend on the particulars of how the setting's economy operates (i.e., all the details that that are getting glossed over in point 1, above). About the most we can say in nearly all cases is that we simply don't have enough information about a given fantasy or sci-fi setting's economic structure to know whether it makes sense to have currency or not; we can't simply assume in the absence of further details that things will default to a barter economy, because – again – there's no such animal.

[finest-quality]

Fun game: interpreting vowelless three letter acronyms as Semitic triliteral roots

the word for drivers is now mubmaween